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Wang N, Liu B, Wang D, Xing K, Wang W, Wang T, Yu D. Oil-in-water and oleogel-in-water emulsion encapsulate with hemp seed oil containing Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol: Stability, degradation and in vitro simulation characteristics. Food Chem 2024; 444:138633. [PMID: 38330607 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study focused on investigating the stability and in vitro simulation characteristics of oil-in-water (O/W) and oleogel-in-water (Og/W) emulsions. Compared with O/W emulsion, the Og/W emulsion exhibited superior stability, with a more evenly spread droplet distribution, and the Og/W emulsion containing 3 % hemp seed protein (HSP) showed better stability against environmental factors, including heat treatment, ionic strength, and changes in pH. Additionally, the stability of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabinol (CBN) and the in vitro digestion of hemp seed oil (HSO) were evaluated. The half-life of CBN in the Og/W emulsion was found to be 131.82 days, with a degradation rate of 0.00527. The in vitro simulation results indicated that the Og/W emulsion effectively delayed the intestinal digestion of HSO, and the bioaccessibility of Δ9-THC and CBN reached 56.0 % and 58.0 %, respectively. The study findings demonstrated that the Og/W emulsion constructed with oleogel and HSP, exhibited excellent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TNc, United Kingdom
| | - Kaiwen Xing
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Heilongjiang Nongtou Bio-industry Investment Co., Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Dianyu Yu
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Howard J, Bowtell M, Fisher Z, Tasker LH, Tree JJ. Can a previously co-designed device be used by others? A service evaluation of the use of the Sativex spray holder for individuals with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2024; 19:1700-1708. [PMID: 37354541 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2023.2228344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Co-design has previously been used to design custom assistive devices, involving the end user in the process to ensure the device meets their needs. From devices previously created, designs could be re-used and modified to meet variations in the needs of other individuals with similar clinical needs. This service evaluation explored the re-usability of a holder for helping administer the spray medication Sativex, for individuals with multiple sclerosis. METHODS This evaluation was conducted in a UK based Rehabilitation Engineering NHS department. Five individuals who were currently prescribed Sativex trialled the device and provided feedback to further customise the device. Questionnaires evaluated the satisfaction and impact of the devices provided. The resources to provide the devices were calculated. RESULTS Three of the five individuals who trialled the Sativex spray holder were using long term. Modifications to the shape of the holder were made due to differences in hand strength and dexterity from the initial user. Results indicated high satisfaction with the device and service provided, with improvements in the individuals' competence, adaptability and self-esteem. The mean cost of providing and modifying the device was £78.62. CONCLUSIONS The previously co-designed Sativex spray holder was used by other individuals, demonstrating how a co-design framework can be used to identify user needs and modifications to previous designs and then implement design changes. The wider use of the device helped off-set the initial costs associated with co-designing devices. Further work is required to explore how other devices could be modified to meet individual needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Howard
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Rehabilitation Engineering Unit, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Mark Bowtell
- Rehabilitation Engineering Unit, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Zoe Fisher
- Health and Wellbeing Academy, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Regional Neuropsychology and Community Brain Injury Service, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Lorna H Tasker
- Rehabilitation Engineering Unit, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Jeremy J Tree
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to determine any identifiable clinical utility of the practice of universal maternal and infant tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) testing at the time of birth. METHODS This was cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study comparing the following birth outcomes in relation to maternal and infant tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): APGAR scores, cord gases, NICU admission and need for immediate resuscitation. All births at the University of Maryland Medical Center between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 were reviewed. Those that had either maternal or infant test results missing were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA v27. Birth outcomes were adjusted for gestational age at delivery and tobacco use. Infant resuscitation was considered the need for any respiratory support. RESULTS A total of 4260 maternal/infant pairs were included. Of these, 314 (7.4%) birthing parents and 161 (3.8%) of infants tested positive for THC. Of the birth parents who tested positive for THC, 51.3% of their infants also tested positive for THC. Maternal/infant pairs that both tested positive for THC had the lowest need for immediate resuscitation and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission. Cord gases and APGAR scores were similar between the groups. Birth parents who tested positive for THC delivered infants at an earlier gestational age (37w6d v 38w5d, p = 0.001) and lower mean birth weight (2690gm v 3061gm, p = 0.001) than those who tested negative even after adjusting for confounders. When limited to only term births and broken down by weeks completed gestation, the mean birth weights were lower for every week in those who tested positive for THC versus those who tested negative. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that maternal and neonatal testing for THC at the time of birth is not predictive of important neonatal outcome parameters. Therefore, even though it is likely that there are some effects of in utero THC exposure on the neonate, we did not find any clinical benefits that would justify routine maternal and/or infant testing for THC at the time of birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Mark
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 11 S Paca Street, Suite 400, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Sarah Crimmins
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 11 S Paca Street, Suite 400, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Bottinelli C, Baradian P, Poly A, Hoizey G, Chatenay C. Identification and quantification of both isomers of hexahydrocannabinol, (9R)-hexahydrocannabinol and (9S)-hexahydrocannabinol, in three different matrices by mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2024; 38:e9711. [PMID: 38342829 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), a compound derived from synthetic production using cannabidiol (CBD) or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC), has gained recent attention due to its presence in seized materials across Europe. Sold legally in various forms, HHC poses potential health risks, particularly as a legal alternative to THC in some countries. Despite its historical description in the 1940s, limited toxicology data, pharmacological understanding, and analytical methods for HHC exist. METHOD This study proposes analytical techniques using mass spectrometry to detect, identify, and quantify (9R)-HHC and (9S)-HHC, concurrently with THC and CBD in various matrices, including oral fluid, whole blood, and seized material. Three distinct methods were employed for different matrices: GC/MS for seized material, GC/MS/MS for whole blood, and UHPLC/MS/MS for oral fluid. Methods were validated qualitatively for oral fluid with a FLOQSwab® device and quantitatively in whole blood and seized material according to Peters et al's recommendations and ICH guidelines. RESULTS Validated methods were considered reliable in detecting and quantifying HHC isomers in terms of repeatability, reproducibility, and linearity with r2 systematically >0.992. These methods were applied to authentic cases, including seized materials and biological samples from traffic control (whole blood and oral fluid). In seized materials, (9R)-HHC levels ranged from 2.09% to 8.85% and (9R)-HHC/(9S)-HHC ratios varied from 1.36 to 2.68. In whole blood sample, (9R)-HHC and (9S)-HHC concentrations were, respectively, 2.38 and 1.39 ng/mL. For all analyzed samples, cannabinoids such as THC and CBD were also detected. CONCLUSION This research contributes analytical insights into differentiating and simultaneously analyzing (9R)-HHC and (9S)-HHC, using widely applicable mass spectrometric methods. The study emphasizes the need for vigilance among toxicologists, as new semisynthetic cannabinoids continue to emerge in Europe, with potential health implications. The findings underscore the importance of reliable analytical methods for monitoring these compounds in forensic and clinical settings.
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Ugwuegbu O, Shibli F, Kim Y, Rangan V, Kurin M, Ayoub F, Ganocy S, Kavitt R, Fass R. The Impact of Chronic Cannabis Use on Esophageal Motility in Patients Referred for Esophageal Manometry. J Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 58:342-348. [PMID: 37436840 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, binds with high affinity to the cannabinoid 1 receptor. Small randomized controlled studies using conventional manometry have shown that the cannabinoid 1 receptor can modulate esophageal function, namely transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation frequency and lower esophageal sphincter tone. The effect of cannabinoids on esophageal motility in patients referred for esophageal manometry has not been fully elucidated using high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM). We aimed to characterize the clinical effect of chronic cannabis use on esophageal motility utilizing HREM. METHODS Patients who underwent HREM from 2009 to 2019 were identified at 4 academic medical centers. The study group consisted of patients with a noted history of chronic cannabis use, a diagnosis of cannabis-related disorder, or a positive urine toxicology screen. Age and gender-matched patients with no history of cannabis use were selected to form the control group. Data on HREM metrics based on the Chicago classification V3, and the prevalence of esophageal motility disorders were compared. Confounding effects of BMI and medications on esophageal motility were adjusted for. RESULTS Chronic cannabis use was found to be an independent negative predictor of weak swallows (β=-8.02, P =0.0109), but not a predictor of failed swallows ( P =0.6890). The prevalence of ineffective esophageal motility was significantly lower in chronic cannabis users compared with nonusers (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.19-0.93, P =0.0384). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of other esophageal motility disorders between the 2 cohorts. In patients with dysphagia as their primary indication for HREM, chronic cannabis use was found to be independently associated with increased median integrated relaxation pressure (β=6.638, P =0.0153) and increased mean lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure (β=10.38, P =0.0084). CONCLUSIONS Chronic cannabis use is associated with decreased weak swallows and reduced prevalence of ineffective esophageal motility in patients referred for esophageal manometry. In patients referred for dysphagia, chronic cannabis use is associated with increased integrated relaxation pressure and lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure, though not to levels above the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Ugwuegbu
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Esophageal and Swallowing Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Fahmi Shibli
- Esophageal and Swallowing Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yeseong Kim
- Esophageal and Swallowing Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Vikram Rangan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Digestive Disease Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Kurin
- Esophageal and Swallowing Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Fares Ayoub
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen Ganocy
- Center for Health Care Research and Policy, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Robert Kavitt
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Ronnie Fass
- Esophageal and Swallowing Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Mohammed SYM, Leis K, Mercado RE, Castillo MMS, Miranda KJ, Carandang RR. Effectiveness of Cannabidiol to Manage Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Manag Nurs 2024; 25:e76-e86. [PMID: 37953193 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cannabidiol (CBD), a component in Cannabis, is used to treat seizures, anxiety, and pain. Little is known about how effectively CBD works in managing chronic pain, a condition characterized by discomfort that persists beyond 3-6 months or beyond expected normal healing. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of CBD in chronic pain management. DESIGN A systematic review of literature utilizing PRISMA 2020 guidelines. DATA SOURCES PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, PsycArticles, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, and CENTRAL. The gray literature search was performed through the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS We searched eight databases and gray literature for relevant studies until August 30, 2022. We gathered original research articles with various study designs published in English that looked at patients who used CBD to manage their chronic pain. Two authors assessed the risk of bias and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. We used narrative synthesis to analyze the results. RESULTS We included 15 studies among 1,516 identified articles. The majority of the studies indicated pain reduction ranging from 42% - 66% with CBD alone and CBD with Tetrahydrocannabinol. Three studies showed no significant improvement in reducing pain, and one had mixed findings in pain control. The included studies had various methods of measuring pain reduction, mostly through self-reporting and scales such as visual analog scales and verbal numerical scales, among others. CONCLUSION CBD may be useful in treating chronic pain. Findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of included studies and heterogeneity brought about by different study designs and outcome measures. More studies with robust study designs are warranted to evaluate CBD's effectiveness in treating chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaizielyn Leis
- College of Pharmacy, Adamson University, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Rogie Royce Carandang
- College of Pharmacy, Adamson University, Ermita, Manila, Philippines; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT.
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Compton W, Weiss S. Commentary on Petrilli et al.: Assessing cannabis use in real-world settings - advances using standard THC units. Addiction 2024; 119:784-785. [PMID: 38263762 DOI: 10.1111/add.16440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Susan Weiss
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Petrilli K, Lawn W, Lees R, Mokrysz C, Borissova A, Ofori S, Trinci K, Dos Santos R, Leitch H, Soni S, Hines LA, Lorenzetti V, Curran HV, Freeman TP. Enhanced cannabis timeline followback (EC-TLFB): Comprehensive assessment of cannabis use including standard THC units and validation through biological measures. Addiction 2024; 119:772-783. [PMID: 38105033 DOI: 10.1111/add.16405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to present an enhanced cannabis timeline followback (EC-TLFB) enabling comprehensive assessment of cannabis use measures, including standard tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) units, and to validate these against objectively indexed urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) concentrations. DESIGN We used cross-sectional baseline data from the 'CannTeen' observational longitudinal study. SETTING The study was conducted in London, UK. PARTICIPANTS A total of 147 participants who used cannabis regularly took part in the study (n = 71 female, n = 76 male; mean age = 21.90, standard deviation = 5.32). MEASUREMENTS The EC-TLFB was used to calculate frequency of cannabis use, method of administration, including co-administration with tobacco, amount of cannabis used (measured with unaided self-report and also using pictorial aided self-report) and type of cannabis product (flower, hash) which was used to estimate THC concentration (both from published data on THC concentration of products and analysis of cannabis samples donated by participants in this study). We calculated total weekly standard THC units (i.e. 5 mg THC for all cannabis products and methods of administration) using the EC-TLFB. The outcome variable for validation of past week EC-TLFB assessments was creatinine-normalized carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in urine. FINDINGS All measures of cannabis exposure included in this analysis were positively correlated with levels of THC-COOH in urine (r = 0.41-0.52). Standard THC units, calculated with average concentrations of THC in cannabis in the UK and unaided self-report measures of amount of cannabis used in grams showed the strongest correlation with THC-COOH in urine (r = 0.52, 95% bias-corrected and accelerated = 0.26-0.70). CONCLUSIONS The enhanced cannabis timeline followback (EC-TLFB) can provide a valid assessment of a comprehensive set of cannabis use measures including standard tetrahydrocannabinol units as well as and traditional TLFB assessments (e.g. frequency of use and grams of cannabis use).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kat Petrilli
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Will Lawn
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lees
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Claire Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anya Borissova
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shelan Ofori
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katie Trinci
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Harry Leitch
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shilpa Soni
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lindsey A Hines
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Programme, the Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Daniels R, Yassin OA, Toribio JM, Gascón JA, Sotzing G. Re-Examining Cannabidiol: Conversion to Tetrahydrocannabinol Using Only Heat. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:486-494. [PMID: 36516105 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In the last decade, the market for Cannabidiol (CBD) has grown to become a near $2 billion dollar industry in the United States alone. This growth can be attributed to a growing social acceptance of marijuana, a more detailed understanding of many health benefits attributed to cannabinoids, and the low cost and wide availibility of hemp-derived cannabinoids. Due to the complex legal histories of marijuana and cannabinoids, the stability and safety of CBD is still an area of interest as research has been restricted globally. Conversion of CBD to its psychoactive isomers, most notably delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), presents a significant safety issue for consumers and producers of CBD products. Methods: Previous studies investigating the stability of CBD have focused mainly on replicating conditions experienced during long-term storage at room temperature or lower. Here, we report the thermal stability of CBD at 175°C. Dynamic 1H-NMR experiments and computational electronic structure calculations were used to characterize possible reaction paths from CBD to THC. Results: After 30 minutes of heating, Δ9-THC was produced in detectable amounts in aerobic and anaerobic conditions without an acid catalyst. Conclusions: Our findings support an energetically feasible reaction route that is favorable due to both an increase in phenol acidity at high temperatures and the presence of intramolecular OH-π hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Omer A Yassin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - John M Toribio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gregory Sotzing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Polymer Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Gibson LP, Giordano GR, Bidwell LC, Hutchison KE, Bryan AD. Acute Effects of Ad Libitum Use of Commercially Available Cannabis Products on the Subjective Experience of Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover Study. Sports Med 2024; 54:1051-1066. [PMID: 38147185 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to examine the acute effects of legal-market cannabis on regular cannabis users' subjective responses to exercise in a controlled laboratory environment. BACKGROUND Given the stereotype that cannabis is associated with extreme sedentary behavior, there are concerns that cannabis legalization may exacerbate the US physical inactivity epidemic. However, despite these concerns, recent years have seen considerable public interest in the use of cannabis concurrently with exercise (e.g., running). METHODS The present study compared participants' experiences of exercise without cannabis to their experiences of exercise after acute ad libitum use of one of two commercially available cannabis flower products: a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-dominant or a cannabidiol-dominant product. Participants (N = 42) were regular cannabis users between the ages of 21 and 39 years (mean = 30.81 years, standard deviation = 4.72 years). RESULTS Although participants reported a more positive affect (p < 0.001), enjoyment (p < 0.001), and runner's high symptoms (p < 0.001) during their cannabis (vs non-cannabis) exercise appointment, they also reported more exertion (p = 0.04). Pain levels were very low and did not differ between appointments (p = 0.45). Effects appeared to depend, in part, on cannabinoid content; there was a larger difference in enjoyment (p = 0.02), and a smaller difference in exertion (p = 0.02), between the cannabis and non-cannabis exercise appointments among participants in the cannabidiol (vs Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) condition. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the acute effects of commercially available cannabis on subjective responses to exercise in a laboratory environment. Our findings suggest that, among regular cannabis users who use cannabis in combination with exercise, cannabis use prior to exercise may lead to increases in both positive and negative aspects of the subjective exercise experience. Research using diverse samples, exercise modalities, and methodologies (e.g., placebo-controlled trials) is needed to establish the generalizability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel P Gibson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Gregory R Giordano
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Johnson DA, James LJ, Heaney LM. A comparison of cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations in venous vs. fingertip-capillary blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:e90-e93. [PMID: 37852610 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drusus A Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Xie Y, She JP, Zheng JX, Salminen K, Sun JJ. Rapid nanomolar detection of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in biofluids via electrochemical aptamer-based biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1295:342304. [PMID: 38355229 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fabrication of sensors capable of achieving rapid, sensitive, and highly selective detection of target molecules in complex fluids is key to realizing their real-world applications. For example, there is an urgent need in drugged driving roadside screening scenarios to develop a method that can be used for rapid drug detection and that avoids interference from the matrix in the sample. How to minimize the interference of complex matrices in biofluids at the electrode interface is the key to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. RESULTS This work develops a facile and green method to prepare rough electrodes with a porous structure for constructing electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors for rapid, sensitive and accurate detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in biofluids. The electroactive area of the rough electrode was 21 times of smooth electrode. And the antifouling performance of the rough electrode was much better than that of smooth electrode. Based on the unique advantages of the rough electrode, the developed EAB sensor achieves rapid nanomolar detection of THC in undiluted serum, undiluted urine and 50 % saliva with the detection limit of 5.0 nM, 10 nM and 10 nM, respectively. Moreover, our method possesses good reproducibility, accuracy and specificity. SIGNIFICANCE The porous structure can effectively reduce the non-specific adsorption and enhance the stability of the signal, while the larger active area can modify more aptamers, thus improving the sensitivity. The detection limits of the EAB sensor were lower than the cutoff concentration of THC in drugged driving and the measuring process was completed within 60 s after target addition, which makes the present sensors capable for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Jin-Ping She
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jia-Xing Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Kalle Salminen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jian-Jun Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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13
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Alvarez LD, Carina Alves NR. Structural Basis for Molecular Recognition of Cannabinoids by Inhibitory Cys-Loop Channels. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3274-3286. [PMID: 38428383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has a long history of medicinal use, dating back to ancient times. This plant produces cannabinoids, which are now known to interact with several human proteins, including Cys-loop receptors for glycine (GlyR) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAAR). As these channels are the primary mediators of inhibitory signals, they contribute to the diverse effects of cannabinoids on the nervous system. Evidence suggests that cannabinoid binding sites are located within the transmembrane domain, although their precise location has remained undetermined for over a decade. The process of identification of the binding site and the computational approaches employed are the main subjects of this Perspective, which includes an analysis of the most recently resolved cryo-EM structures of zebrafish GlyR bound to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the THC-GlyR complex obtained through molecular dynamics simulations. With this work, we aim to contribute to guiding future studies investigating the molecular basis of cannabinoid action on inhibitory channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro D Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- UMYMFOR, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad UniversitariaBuenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - N R Carina Alves
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- UMYMFOR, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad UniversitariaBuenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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14
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Gunther RS, Farrell MB, Banks KP. Got the Munchies for an Egg Sandwich? The Effects of Cannabis on Bowel Motility and Beyond. J Nucl Med Technol 2024; 52:8-14. [PMID: 38443102 PMCID: PMC10924153 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.123.266816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal cannabis has a long history dating back thousands of years. Recent discoveries have shed light on its mechanism of action with the identification of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids, which make up the body's endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoid receptors, particularly the cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors, play a crucial role in modulating the gut-brain axis and serve as potential therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal motility and inflammatory disorders. With increasing legalization of cannabis and a rising number of users, understanding the effects of cannabis on gut motility is essential for nuclear medicine providers. Although tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, may decrease gut motility in experimental settings, it appears to paradoxically improve symptoms in gastroparesis. Treatment effects are difficult to measure given the large number of variables that could significantly alter outcomes, such as cannabinoid type, potency, and route of intake. Another consideration is the highly personalized gut microbiome, which directly interacts with the endocannabinoid system. Further research is required to delineate these multifaceted, complex cannabinoid interactions. The goal of this article is to explore the knowns and unknowns of the impact of cannabis on the alimentary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger S Gunther
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;
- Department of Radiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Mary B Farrell
- Intersocietal Accreditation Commission, Ellicott City, Maryland
| | - Kevin P Banks
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Radiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
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15
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Goulette M, Schlienz NJ, Case AA, Hansen E, Rivard C, Ashare RL, Goniewicz ML, Bansal-Travers M, Hyland A, Smith DM. Self-reported knowledge of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol concentration in cannabis products among cancer patients and survivors. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:210. [PMID: 38443674 PMCID: PMC10915076 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabis use may introduce risks and/or benefits among people living with cancer, depending on product type, composition, and nature of its use. Patient knowledge of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) concentration could provide information for providers about cannabis use during and after treatment that may aide in risk and benefit assessments. This study aimed to examine knowledge of THC or CBD concentration among patients living with cancer who consume cannabis, and factors associated with knowledge of cannabinoid concentrations. METHODS People living with cancer who consumed cannabis since their diagnosis (n = 343) completed an anonymous, mixed-mode survey. Questions assessed usual mode of delivery (MOD), knowledge of THC/CBD concentration, and how source of acquisition, current cannabis use, and source of instruction are associated with knowledge of THC/CBD concentration. Chi-square and separate binary logistic regression analyses were examined and weighted to reflect the Roswell Park patient population. RESULTS Less than 20% of people living with cancer had knowledge of THC and CBD concentration for the cannabis products they consumed across all MOD (smoking- combustible products, vaping- vaporized products (e-cigarettes), edibles-eating or drinking it, and oral- taking by mouth (pills)). Source of acquisition (smoking-AOR:4.6, p < 0.01, vaping-AOR:5.8, p < 0.00, edibles-AOR:2.6, p < 0.04), current cannabis use (edibles-AOR:5.4, p < 0.01, vaping-AOR: 11.2, p < 0.00, and oral-AOR:9.3, p < 0.00), and source of instruction (vaping only AOR:4.2, p < 0.05) were found to be variables associated with higher knowledge of THC concentration. CONCLUSION Self-reported knowledge of THC and CBD concentration statistically differed according to MOD, source of acquisition, source of instruction, and current cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Goulette
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas J Schlienz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Amy A Case
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Eric Hansen
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Cheryl Rivard
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | | | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Danielle M Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Lafzi A, Demirci T, Yüce N, Annaç E, Çiçek M, Şişman T. A study on the possible neurotoxic effects of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in Sprague Dawley rats. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 67:102389. [PMID: 38185093 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Substances such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol cross the blood-brain barrier. Detecting the damage of these substances in the brain provides important data in drug abuse studies. The aim of the study is to define the neurotoxicity of a novel synthetic cannabinoid (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) in the Sprague-Dawley rats. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, behavioral, and biochemical examinations were performed to determine the acute and subacute toxicity of the cannabinoid. Three cannabinoid doses were administered for 2 days in the acute exposure groups and 14 days in the subacute exposure groups. Observations were made for 14 days and various changes such as mortality, injury, and illness were recorded daily. No mortality was determined. Serious pathological changes such as neurodegeneration, focal plague formation, vacuolation, edema, congestion, and fibrosis were observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain in a dose-dependent manner. Brain tissue caspase-3 activity showed that the cannabinoid triggered apoptosis in the rat brain. The detected cellular oxidative stress (higher lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant enzyme activity) also supported neurotoxicity. Significant behavioral abnormalities were also observed in the acute groups, while no behavioral changes were detected in the subacute groups. This study showed for the first time that CUMYL-4CN-BINACA adversely affects the rat brain. It can be estimated that the abuse of the cannabinoid may harm human health in the same way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Lafzi
- Department of Criminalistics, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Demirci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Yüce
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Annaç
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Adıyaman University, 02040 Adıyaman, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Çiçek
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medicine Faculty, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, 46050 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
| | - Turgay Şişman
- Department of Criminalistics, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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17
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Ghasemian-Yadegari J, Adineh A, Mohammadi H, Davari S, Veisani Y, Ghaneialvar H, Aidy A, Abbasi N, Karimi E. Attenuation of cannabis withdrawal symptoms by Prosopis farcta extract, its luteolin and melatonin in mice: Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and dopamine. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3980. [PMID: 38491827 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the identification of luteolin in Prosopis farcta extract (PFE) and melatonin to evaluate its effect on THC withdrawal syndrome in mice. Luteolin was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPCL). Signs of toxicity of mice in PFE and luteolin were monitored for LD50 calculation. The behavioral symptoms of THC withdrawal (stereotypies, ambulation, and inactivity time) induced by the rimonabant challenge were illustrated in THC-dependent mice receiving PFE, luteolin, and melatonin. The expression of mature BDNF (mBDNF) was evaluated by Western blot analysis. The dopamine concentrations were measured using HPLC. PFE and luteolin LD50 were 650 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. PFE (300 mg/kg), all doses of luteolin, and melatonin increased significantly the mBDNF expression and decreased the dopamine concentration. The findings suggest that PFE, luteolin, and melatonin are mighty in reducing the signs of THC withdrawal. It seems these effects were due to a decrease in dopamine concentration level and an increase in mBDNF protein expression in mice brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Ghasemian-Yadegari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Adineh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shima Davari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yousef Veisani
- Research Center for Psychosocial Injuries, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hori Ghaneialvar
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Aidy
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Naser Abbasi
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Elahe Karimi
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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18
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Cooke ME, Knoll SJ, Streck JM, Potter K, Lamberth E, Rychik N, Gilman JM, Evins AE, Schuster RM. Contingency management is associated with positive changes in attitudes and reductions in cannabis use even after discontinuation of incentives among non-treatment seeking youth. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 256:111096. [PMID: 38277735 PMCID: PMC10923125 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to identify interventions that reduce harm in youth not motivated to change their cannabis use. This study evaluated how short-duration contingency management (CM) impacts cannabis use attitudes and behavior after abstinence incentives are discontinued among non-treatment seeking youth. METHODS Participants (N=220) were randomized to 4 weeks of abstinence-based CM (CB-Abst; n=126) or monitoring (CB-Mon; n=94). Participants completed self-report and provided biochemical measures of cannabis exposure at baseline, end-of-intervention, and 4-week follow-up. Changes in self-reported cannabis use frequency (days/week; times/week) and biochemically verified creatinine-adjusted 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations (CN-THCCOOH) were analyzed between groups from baseline to follow-up. In CB-Abst, cannabis use goals at end-of-intervention were described and changes in cannabis use at follow-up were explored by goals and cannabis use disorder (CUD) diagnosis. RESULTS There was a group by visit interaction on cannabis use (days: beta=0.93, p=0.005; times: beta=0.71, p<0.001; CN-THCCOOH: beta=0.26, p=0.004), with reductions at follow-up detected only in CB-Abst. Following 4 weeks of abstinence, 68.4% of CB-Abst participants wanted to reduce or abstain from cannabis use following completion of CM. Those in CB-Abst who set end-of-intervention reduction goals and were without CUD had greater decreases in cannabis use frequency at follow-up (Goals*time on days/week: beta=-2.27, p<0.001; CUD*time on times/week: beta=0.48, SE=0.24, t=2.01, p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS Findings support the utility of brief incentivized abstinence for generating motivation to reduce cannabis use and behavior change even after incentives end. This study supports CM as a potentially viable harm reduction strategy for those not yet ready to quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Cooke
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah J Knoll
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Joanna M Streck
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin Lamberth
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Natali Rychik
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Jodi M Gilman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Eden Evins
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randi M Schuster
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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MacCallum CA, Lo LA, Pistawka CA, Christiansen A, Boivin M. Cannabis vaporisation: Understanding products, devices and risks. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:732-745. [PMID: 38124429 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
ISSUES Vaporisation is a common method of cannabis administration. Inconsistent terminology and jargon regarding vaporisation has led to confusion. The increasing public interest and access to cannabis, combined with possible safety concerns associated with certain cannabis vaping products, warrants improved consumer and public and health care professional knowledge. APPROACH To improve this knowledge, we conducted a review of the common terminology, regulatory status, products and device types related to cannabis vaporisation. KEY FINDINGS Cannabis vaporisation devices can be separated into nine types. While vaporisation reduces respiratory risks associated with cannabis combustion, not all vaping products and device types carry the same level of safety. Metered dose inhalers and dried product vaporisers present the lowest safety risk due to a lower risk of toxin exposure and the use of lower tetrahydrocannabinol potency products. IMPLICATIONS As both vaping and cannabis use increase in popularity, focusing on accurate health education will help facilitate health promotion to encourage lower risk use. The current lack of understanding on risk differences between types of cannabis vaporisation is a missed opportunity for harm reduction. Increased opportunities for public health and health care professional education on different cannabis vaporisation devices and associated risks are warranted. Improvements to health warning labelling may also be beneficial. CONCLUSION Not all cannabis vaporisation devices and products carry the same level of risk. A better understanding of risk differentiation is needed among consumers and health professionals. Continued research, policy development and health education can lead to safer cannabis vaporisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A MacCallum
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lindsay A Lo
- Department of Public Health Science, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carly A Pistawka
- Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Pulkoski M, Burrack H. Assessing the impact of piercing-sucking pests on greenhouse-grown industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Environ Entomol 2024; 53:1-10. [PMID: 37156240 PMCID: PMC10878361 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa or hemp, defined as <0.3% total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is a specialty crop in the United States, of particular interest among growers in the southeastern United States to replace tobacco production. Tetranychus urticae (twospotted spider mite), Aculops cannabicola (hemp russet mite), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (broad mites), and Phorodon cannabis (cannabis aphids) are considered the most significant pests in greenhouse grown hemp. Mite and aphid injury can cause cupping and yellowing of leaves, resulting in leaf drop, and reduced flower and resin production. We sought to understand the effects of feeding by T. urticae and Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), as a proxy for P. cannabis, on the concentration of economically significant cannabinoids through a series of experiments on greenhouse grown plants. First, we compared the variability of chemical concentrations in samples collected from individual plants versus pooled samples from 5 plants, and found that chemical concentrations in single plants were similar to those in pooled plant samples. Next, we compared chemical concentrations prior to arthropod infestation and post infestation. When evaluating the mite feeding damage in 2020, cannabinoids in plants infested with high densities of T. urticae increased more slowly than in uninfested control plants or plants infested with low T. urticae densities. In 2021, the concentration of tetrahydrocannabinol did not differ significantly between treatments. Cannabidiol increased more slowly in plants with low T. urticae densities when compared to uninfested controls but did not differ from the high T. urticae densities 14 days after infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pulkoski
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hannah Burrack
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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21
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Salthammer T. The legalization of cannabis may result in increased indoor exposure to Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Hazard Mater 2024; 464:132949. [PMID: 37976847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a genus of plants in the Cannabaceae family that contains tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. When heated or burned, the acid decarboxylates to form tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Its (-)-trans-Δ9-THC isomer is a psychoactive substance that has been used as a drug for centuries. In most countries, both the private sale of cannabis products and their use for non-medical purposes are still prohibited by law. However, for some time now there has been societal and political pressure to at least partially legalize cannabis products. It can be expected that such a measure will lead to a significant increase in the consumption of cannabis. However, this also increases the possibility of involuntary passive exposure to THC and contamination of the indoor environment. In indoor sciences, THC is still a largely unknown or underrepresented substance. In this perspective paper, THC will therefore first be presented on the basis of its physical properties. Then, the distribution of THC in different indoor compartments and potential routes of passive exposure are discussed. Finally, an assessment of the future importance of THC for indoor use is made. Previous experience has shown that early monitoring is always advantageous so that preventive and protective measures can be taken quickly if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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22
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Miller R, Brown T, Schmitt R, Gaffney G, Milavetz G. Predicting changes in driving performance in individuals who use cannabis following acute use based on self-reported readiness to drive. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 195:107376. [PMID: 37984112 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear to what extent individuals who use cannabis can accurately assess their ability to drive safely following cannabis use, and lack of understanding as to what factors influence changes in driving performance following cannabis use. This research explores whether self-reported readiness to drive (RTD) and previous experience (PE) using cannabis within 2 h of driving can predict observed changes in driving performance following acute cannabis use. METHODS Individuals who used cannabis at least monthly completed a baseline simulated drive, were dosed with cannabis of approximately 6.18% THC, then drove at approximately 30-minutes, 90-minutes, and 180-minutes post-dose. Before each drive, participants were asked if they felt safe to drive (on real roadways, not the simulator), a yes/no question (RTD-yes/RTD-no). Venous blood was drawn at baseline and approximately 15-minutes post-dose. Cannabis use history was obtained and included whether the participant had ever driven within 2 h of use (PE-yes/PE-no) and how many days out of the past 30 they had done so (NPD). Drives were segmented into events delineated by changes in the driving environment. Within events, standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP), average speed, and number of lane departures were calculated, and differences from baseline were modeled using mixed-effects regression. Models considered covariates of time, event, and speed, and used RTD-yes/RTD-no, PE-yes/PE-no, NPD, and their interactions as potential predictors. Conditional R2 was used to compare the predictive ability of RTD versus change in Delta-9-THC. DATA SOURCES Data were collected from 30 individuals who use cannabis and included cannabis use patterns, driving behaviors after use, self-reported RTD, measures of driving performance, and cannabinoid blood levels. RESULTS RTD-no predicted a 2.60 cm increase in SDLP relative to baseline (95 % CI: 0.43, 4.73, p = 0.018). Average speeds generally decreased relative to baseline, except for RTD-yes with PE-yes (+1.08 mph, 95 % CI: 0.05, 2.11). NPD predicted increased speed among RTD-yes (+0.11 mph per additional day, 95 % CI: 0.01, 0.22) and decreased speed among RTD-no (-0.06 mph per additional day, 95 % CI: -0.18, 0.32). The difference in these effects was statistically significant (p = 0.038). RTD, PE, and NPD were not significant predictors of changes in number of lane departures. For all outcomes, models using RTD achieved higher conditional R2 than models that replaced this variable with change in Delta-9-THC. Differences were most prominent when modeling change in speed with NPD (R2=0.544 with RTD vs. R2=0.481 with change in Delta-9-THC). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS These results suggest individuals who use cannabis can somewhat self-identify when they are likely to exhibit greater degraded lateral control, although RTD does not fully explain observed degradation in performance. Past research suggests drivers may reduce speed to compensate for recognized impairment following acute cannabis use. Our findings suggest this to be true for those who reported never having previously driven within 2 h of cannabis use or reported RTD-no, but not for those who had previously driven within 2 h of cannabis use and reported RTD-yes. This indicates compensatory behavior is not uniform and helps focus public health outreach efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Miller
- Grinnell College, 1115 8(th) Avenue, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA.
| | - Timothy Brown
- University of Iowa Driving Safety Research Institute, 2401 Oakdale Blvd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rose Schmitt
- University of Iowa Driving Safety Research Institute, 2401 Oakdale Blvd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gary Gaffney
- University of Iowa Driving Safety Research Institute, 2401 Oakdale Blvd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gary Milavetz
- University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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23
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Watson CJ, McMillin GA, Burns MM. False-Negative Confirmatory Testing in Patients With Cannabinoid-Positive Urine Drug Screens. JAMA Pediatr 2024; 178:199-201. [PMID: 38010707 PMCID: PMC10682935 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study discusses false-negative results associated with a change in the reporting threshold of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. James Watson
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland
| | | | - Michele M. Burns
- Harvard Medical Toxicology Program, Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Metrik J, McCarthy DM. How research and policy can shape driving under the influence of cannabis. Addiction 2024; 119:208-210. [PMID: 37877315 DOI: 10.1111/add.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Denis M McCarthy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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25
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Labadie M, Nardon A, Castaing N, Bragança C, Daveluy A, Gaulier JM, El Balkhi S, Grenouillet M. Hexahydrocannabinol poisoning reported to French poison centres. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2024; 62:112-119. [PMID: 38426845 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2318409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hexahydrocannabinol is a hexahydro derivative of cannabinol. Poisoning with hexahydrocannabinol was first observed in Europe in May 2022. METHOD This is a retrospective observational study of cases of self-reported hexahydrocannabinol exposure reported to French poison centres between 1 January 2022 and 31 May 2023. RESULTS There were 37 cases, including 19 in May 2023. The median age of the patients was 36 (interquartile range 28-43) years, and most were men. Eight patients had a history of substance use disorder. The route of exposure was ingestion in 24, inhalation (smoking or vaping) in 10, inhalation and ingestion in two and sublingual in one. Clinical features were neurological (85 per cent), cardiovascular (61 per cent), gastrointestinal (33 per cent), psychiatric (27 per cent) and ocular (21 per cent). Fifty-nine per cent of the patients were hospitalized. In four patients, the Poisoning Severity Score was 0 (asymptomatic); in 15 patients, the Score was 1 (minor); in 16, the Score was 2 (moderate); and in two cases, the Score was 3 (severe). In 70 per cent of patients, the outcome was known, and all recovered. Testing of biological samples was only undertaken in six cases. Five patients had positive blood or urine tests for hexahydrocannabinol; in two patients, tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolites were also detected. In addition, there was an additional patient in whom Δ8- and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was detected in the substances used. DISCUSSION Clinical effects reported in this series included neuropsychiatric and somatic effects. Whilst these cases related to self-reported hexahydrocannabinol use, it is likely that tetrahydrocannabinol use also contributed to the effects in a substantial proportion of cases. This study has some limitations, such as the lack of available information due to the retrospective nature of the study. As a result, it probably overestimates the number of moderate and severe cases due to under-reporting of cases of little or no severity. Analysis of the patient's blood and urine was performed only in six patients, so we cannot be certain that the products consumed by the other patients were hexahydrocannabinol. CONCLUSION The clinical effects attributed to hexahydrocannabinol were neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, psychiatric and ocular predominantly and were sometimes serious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Nardon
- Centre antipoison, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadège Castaing
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Département de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie and Pharmacovigilance, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France
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26
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Dadiotis E, Cui M, Gerasi M, Mitsis V, Melliou E, Makriyannis A, Logothetis DE, Magiatis P. A Simple Chiral 1H NMR Method for the Discrimination of ( R)- and ( S)-Cannabichromene in Complex Natural Mixtures and Their Effects on TRPA1 Activity. J Nat Prod 2024; 87:77-84. [PMID: 38158562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the enantiomeric ratio of cannabichromene (CBC) within the cannabis plant has attracted significant attention. Cannabichromene is one of the well-known cannabinoids found in cannabis, along with THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). Cannabichromene exists as a scalemic mixture, meaning it has two enantiomers, (S)-cannabichromene and (R)-cannabichromene, with the ratio between these enantiomers varying among different cannabis strains and even within individual plants. This study presents an accurate and robust chiral NMR method for analyzing cannabichromene's enantiomeric ratio, a well-investigated cannabinoid with numerous pharmacological targets. The use of Pirkle's alcohol as the chiral solvating agent (CSA) or, alternatively, the use of (S)-ibuprofen as a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA) facilitated this analysis. Moreover, the chiral NMR method proves to be a user-friendly tool, easily applicable within any NMR facility, and an expanded investigation of cannabichromene chirality may provide insights into the origin, cultivation, treatment, and processing of Cannabis sativa plants. This study also undertakes a pharmacological examination of the (R)- and (S)-cannabichromenes concerning their most extensively studied pharmacological target, the TRPA1 channels, with the two enantiomers showing the same strong agonistic effect as the racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Dadiotis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Maria Gerasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Eleni Melliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Ghovanloo MR, Effraim PR, Tyagi S, Zhao P, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Functionally-selective inhibition of threshold sodium currents and excitability in dorsal root ganglion neurons by cannabinol. Commun Biol 2024; 7:120. [PMID: 38263462 PMCID: PMC10805714 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinol (CBN), an incompletely understood metabolite for ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, has been suggested as an analgesic. CBN interacts with endocannabinoid (CB) receptors, but is also reported to interact with non-CB targets, including various ion channels. We assessed CBN effects on voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels expressed heterologously and in native dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Our results indicate that CBN is a functionally-selective, but structurally-non-selective Nav current inhibitor. CBN's main effect is on slow inactivation. CBN slows recovery from slow-inactivated states, and hyperpolarizes steady-state inactivation, as channels enter deeper and slower inactivated states. Multielectrode array recordings indicate that CBN attenuates DRG neuron excitability. Voltage- and current-clamp analysis of freshly isolated DRG neurons via our automated patch-clamp platform confirmed these findings. The inhibitory effects of CBN on Nav currents and on DRG neuron excitability add a new dimension to its actions and suggest that this cannabinoid may be useful for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Ghovanloo
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip R Effraim
- Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sidharth Tyagi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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28
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LoParco CR, Kong AY, Yockey RA, Sekhon V, Olsson S, Rossheim ME. Factors Associated with Delta-8 THC Retail Availability in Fort Worth, Texas, 2021-2022. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:840-846. [PMID: 38247162 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2305793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Background: Delta-8 THC is a federally unregulated psychoactive cannabis product rising in popularity. However, little is known regarding its retail availability. Method: We assessed Delta-8 THC retail by calling locations with alcohol, tobacco, and/or consumable hemp retail licenses in Fort Worth, Texas, before and after Texas announced ongoing litigation surrounding Delta-8 THC legality. We linked census block area deprivation index (ADI) scores (1-10; 10 = most disadvantaged) to locations. Logistic regression models examined associations between license type, ADI, ADI*license type interaction, and Delta-8 availability at each time. Results: Retail availability was 11% at Time 1 (n = 133/1,223) and 9% at Time 2 (n = 94/1,026). Alcohol (aORTime1 = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.12,0.28; aORTime2 = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.08,0.24), tobacco (aORTime1 = 15.13, 95%CI = 6.78,33.74; aORTime2 = 12.39, 95%CI = 4.97,30.91), and consumable hemp licenses (aORTime1 = 21.85, 95%CI = 7.91,60.39; aORTime2 = 22.93, 95%CI = 6.92,75.98) were associated with Delta-8 THC retail availability; ADI scores were borderline but not statistically significant. The multiplicative interaction at Time 2 indicated locations with both high ADI scores and alcohol retail licenses had higher odds of selling Delta-8 THC. Differential associations between ADI and Delta-8 THC availability were observed based on those with (b = 0.007) or without (b = -0.023) alcohol retail licenses. Conclusions: Both timepoints had similar proportions of Delta-8 THC retailers, indicating that despite the uncertain legal landscape in Texas, interest in Delta-8 did not appear to be declining. Geographic socioeconomic disparities were observed among locations with alcohol retail licenses. Future regulations may include minimum distances from specific locations (e.g., schools), particularly in more disadvantaged areas. Increasing the compliance of Texas Delta-8 THC retailers to have the required hemp license is important for surveillance and product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R LoParco
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Y Kong
- College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - R A Yockey
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - V Sekhon
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - S Olsson
- School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, TX, USA
| | - M E Rossheim
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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29
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Shao W, Liao P, Zhang X, Fan B, Chen R, Chen X, Zhao X, Liu W. Syntheses of Cannabinoid Metabolites: Ajulemic Acid and HU-210. Molecules 2024; 29:526. [PMID: 38276604 PMCID: PMC10818984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid metabolites have been reported to be more potent than their parent compounds. Among them, ajulemic acid (AJA) is a side-chain analog of Δ9-THC-11-oic acid, which would be a good template structure for the discovery of more potent analogues. Herein, we optimized the key allylic oxidation step to introduce the C-11 hydroxy group with a high yield. A series of compounds was prepared with this condition applied including HU-210, 11-nor-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-carboxylic acid and Δ9-THC-carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200072, China; (W.S.); (P.L.); (R.C.); (X.C.)
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Pingyong Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200072, China; (W.S.); (P.L.); (R.C.); (X.C.)
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Collage of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Binbin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Collage of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Ruijia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200072, China; (W.S.); (P.L.); (R.C.); (X.C.)
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xilong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200072, China; (W.S.); (P.L.); (R.C.); (X.C.)
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200072, China; (W.S.); (P.L.); (R.C.); (X.C.)
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200072, China; (W.S.); (P.L.); (R.C.); (X.C.)
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200072, China
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30
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Yeganegi A, Fardindoost S, Tasnim N, Hoorfar M. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) combined with Raman spectroscopy for selective detection of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Talanta 2024; 267:125271. [PMID: 37806109 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-concept sensor is developed for the sensitive and selective detection of Trans-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) synthesized with a THC template which was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy to perform label-free monitoring of THC based on a single identifying Raman peak. The MIP sensor produced a peak at 1614 cm-1 in the Raman spectrum originating from the THC target molecule, allowing for the selective quantification of bound THC with the lowest detection limit of 250 ppm. A higher sensitivity of the MIP to the THC target molecule was observed compared to the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) control which confirmed the presence of THC-specific recognition sites within the synthesized MIP sensing material. The selectivity of this MIP-based sensor was determined by measuring the Raman spectrum of MIP exposed to Cannabidiol (CBD), ethanol, and acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Yeganegi
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Somayeh Fardindoost
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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31
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English A, Uittenbogaard F, Torrens A, Sarroza D, Slaven AVE, Piomelli D, Bruchas MR, Stella N, Land BB. A preclinical model of THC edibles that produces high-dose cannabimimetic responses. eLife 2024; 12:RP89867. [PMID: 38214701 PMCID: PMC10945583 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
No preclinical experimental approach enables the study of voluntary oral consumption of high-concentration Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its intoxicating effects, mainly owing to the aversive response of rodents to THC that limits intake. Here, we developed a palatable THC formulation and an optimized access paradigm in mice to drive voluntary consumption. THC was formulated in chocolate gelatin (THC-E-gel). Adult male and female mice were allowed ad libitum access for 1 and 2 hr. Cannabimimetic responses (hypolocomotion, analgesia, and hypothermia) were measured following access. Levels of THC and its metabolites were measured in blood and brain tissue. Acute acoustic startle responses were measured to investigate THC-induced psychotomimetic behavior. When allowed access for 2 hr to THC-E-gel on the second day of a 3-day exposure paradigm, adult mice consumed up to ≈30 mg/kg over 2 hr, which resulted in robust cannabimimetic behavioral responses (hypolocomotion, analgesia, and hypothermia). Consumption of the same gelatin decreased on the following third day of exposure. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that THC-E-gel consumption led to parallel accumulation of THC and its psychoactive metabolite, 11-OH-THC, in the brain, a profile that contrasts with the known rapid decline in brain 11-OH-THC levels following THC intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. THC-E-gel consumption increased the acoustic startle response in males but not in females, demonstrating a sex-dependent effect of consumption. Thus, while voluntary consumption of THC-E-gel triggered equivalent cannabimimetic responses in male and female mice, it potentiated acoustic startle responses preferentially in males. We built a dose-prediction model that included cannabimimetic behavioral responses elicited by i.p. versus THC-E-gel to test the accuracy and generalizability of this experimental approach and found that it closely predicted the measured acoustic startle results in males and females. In summary, THC-E-gel offers a robust preclinical experimental approach to study cannabimimetic responses triggered by voluntary consumption in mice, including sex-dependent psychotomimetic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony English
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Fleur Uittenbogaard
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Alexa Torrens
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Anna Veronica Elizabeth Slaven
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nephi Stella
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Benjamin Bruce Land
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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Al-Khazaleh AK, Jaye K, Chang D, Münch GW, Bhuyan DJ. Buds and Bugs: A Fascinating Tale of Gut Microbiota and Cannabis in the Fight against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:872. [PMID: 38255944 PMCID: PMC10815411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging research has revealed a complex bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiome and cannabis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota can significantly influence the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids. One notable finding is the ability of the gut microbiota to metabolise cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This metabolic transformation can alter the potency and duration of cannabinoid effects, potentially impacting their efficacy in cancer treatment. Additionally, the capacity of gut microbiota to activate cannabinoid receptors through the production of secondary bile acids underscores its role in directly influencing the pharmacological activity of cannabinoids. While the literature reveals promising avenues for leveraging the gut microbiome-cannabis axis in cancer therapy, several critical considerations must be accounted for. Firstly, the variability in gut microbiota composition among individuals presents a challenge in developing universal treatment strategies. The diversity in gut microbiota may lead to variations in cannabinoid metabolism and treatment responses, emphasising the need for personalised medicine approaches. The growing interest in understanding how the gut microbiome and cannabis may impact cancer has created a demand for up-to-date, comprehensive reviews to inform researchers and healthcare practitioners. This review provides a timely and invaluable resource by synthesizing the most recent research findings and spotlighting emerging trends. A thorough examination of the literature on the interplay between the gut microbiome and cannabis, specifically focusing on their potential implications for cancer, is presented in this review to devise innovative and effective therapeutic strategies for managing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad K. Al-Khazaleh
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (A.K.A.-K.); (K.J.); (D.C.)
| | - Kayla Jaye
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (A.K.A.-K.); (K.J.); (D.C.)
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (A.K.A.-K.); (K.J.); (D.C.)
| | - Gerald W. Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (A.K.A.-K.); (K.J.); (D.C.)
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Flint HE, Hunt ABG, Logan DW, King T. Daily dosing of cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrates a positive effect on measures of stress in dogs during repeated exposure to car travel. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad414. [PMID: 38244994 PMCID: PMC10810271 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dogs are routinely exposed to events that may elicit stress and result in negative emotional states which can impact pet dog welfare. One event many dogs living with people are routinely exposed to is car travel, with many dogs displaying behaviors, along with corresponding physiological responses, that are indicative of stress and anxiety. There are a range of management and treatment options that exist from behavior modification, drug therapy, and supplements, often with varying results. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether multiple doses of a tetrahydrocannabinol-free cannabidiol (CBD) distillate over a period of 6 mo could positively influence measures of stress in dogs. In a blinded, parallel design study, dogs (n = 19) underwent a series of short car journeys (test) where a range of physiological and behavioral measures were collected pre, during, and post-test. The car journeys elicited stress in this population of dogs, as indicated by significant changes (P < 0.05) in several stress-related measures (serum cortisol, heart rate, heart rate variability, whining, lip licking, yawning, and qualitative behavioral ratings) observed from baseline to test, which persisted over repeated car travel events. The mitigating effect of CBD treatment varied by measure, with cortisol, whining, lip licking, and qualitative behavioral ratings indicating a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in canine stress compared to the placebo group for at least one time point. Additional research investigating a range of dog populations and stressors is required to fully understand the complex effect of CBD on canine emotional wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Flint
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Alysia B G Hunt
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Darren W Logan
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Tammie King
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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Tanaka R, Kikura-Hanajiri R. Identification of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), dihydro-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (dihydro-iso-THC) and hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP) in electronic cigarette cartridge products. Forensic Toxicol 2024; 42:71-81. [PMID: 37365398 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-023-00667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since 2021, products claiming to contain hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP), which are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) analogs, have been distributed via the Internet. Owing to the presence of three asymmetric carbons in their structure, HHC and HHCP have multiple stereoisomers. This study aimed to identify the actual stereoisomers of HHC and HHCP isolated from electronic cigarette cartridge products using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS) were used for the analyses of two major peaks and one minor peak in product A and two major peaks in product B. These five compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were analyzed by 1H, 13C-NMR and various two-dimensional NMR techniques, i.e., H-H correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy. RESULTS Three compounds isolated from product A were identified as rel-(6aR,9R,10aR)-hexahydrocannabinol (11β-hexahydrocannabinol; 11β-HHC), rel-(6aR,9S,10aR)-hexahydrocannabinol (11α-hexahydrocannabinol, 11α-HHC), and a minor compound (2R,5S,6R)-dihydro-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (dihydro-iso-THC). Meanwhile, the structural isomers of the major compound isolated from product B were identified as rel-(6aR, 9R, 10aR)-hexahydrocannabiphorol (11β-hexahydrocannabiphorol; 11β-HHCP) and rel-(6aR, 9S, 10aR)-hexahydrocannabiphorol (11α-hexahydrocannabiphorol; 11α-HHCP). CONCLUSIONS The presence of both 11β-HHC and 11α-HHC in the HHC products analyzed in this study suggests that they were most likely synthesized via the reduction reaction of Δ8-THC or Δ9-THC. Dihydro-iso-THC was probably obtained as a byproduct of the synthesis of Δ8-THC or Δ9-THC from cannabidiol. Similarly, 11β-HHCP and 11α-HHCP in the HHCP product could stem from Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiphorol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Tanaka
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Manning B, Downey LA, Narayan A, Hayley AC. A systematic review of oculomotor deficits associated with acute and chronic cannabis use. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13359. [PMID: 38221807 PMCID: PMC10898834 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Driving is a critical everyday task necessitating the rapid and seamless integration of dynamic visually derived information to guide neurobehaviour. Biological markers are frequently employed to detect Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) consumption among drivers during roadside tests, despite not necessarily indicating impairment. Characterising THC-specific alterations to oculomotor behaviour may offer a more sensitive measure for indexing drug-related impairment, necessitating discrimination between acute THC effects, chronic use and potential tolerance effects. The present review aims to synthesise current evidence on the acute and chronic effects of THC on driving-relevant oculomotor behaviour. The review was prospectively registered (10.17605/OSF.IO/A4H9W), and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines informed reporting standards. Overall, 20 included articles comprising 12 experimental acute dosing trials, 5 cross-sectional chronic use studies and 3 roadside epidemiological studies examined the effects of cannabis/THC on oculomotor parameters including saccadic activity gaze behaviour, nystagmus, smooth pursuit and eyelid/blink characteristics. Acute THC consumption selectively impacts oculomotor control, notably increasing saccadic latency and inaccuracy and impairing inhibitory control. Chronic cannabis users, especially those with early age of use onset, display enduring oculomotor deficits that affect visual scanning efficiency. The presence of eyelid tremors appears to be a reliable indicator of cannabis consumption while remaining distinct from direct impairment associated with visual attention and motor control. Cannabis selectively influences oculomotor activity relevant to driving, highlighting the role of cannabinoid systems in these processes. Defining cannabis/THC-specific changes in oculomotor control may enhance the precision of roadside impairment assessments and vehicle safety systems to detect drug-related impairment and assess driving fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Manning
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Science, School of Health SciencesSwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVictoriaAustralia
- International Council for Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS)RotterdamNetherlands
| | - Luke A. Downey
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Science, School of Health SciencesSwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Breathing and SleepAustin HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrea Narayan
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Science, School of Health SciencesSwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVictoriaAustralia
| | - Amie C. Hayley
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Science, School of Health SciencesSwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVictoriaAustralia
- International Council for Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS)RotterdamNetherlands
- Institute for Breathing and SleepAustin HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Chaturvedi K, Anthony CS, Pandey P, Doerksen RJ, Godfrey M. Influence of structural characteristics on the binding of synthetic cannabinoids from the JWH family to the CB1 receptor: A computational study. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 126:108620. [PMID: 37722351 PMCID: PMC10841904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, including some from the John W. Huffman (JWH) family, emerged on the drug scene around 2004 as "alternative marijuana," despite being considerably more potent than marijuana. Like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids have also been found to interact with cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, found in the brain, immune system, and peripheral organs. The JWH compounds and other synthetic cannabinoids have become important subjects of research in the forensic science community due to their drug-abuse potential, undetectability under routine drug screening, and unpredictable toxicity. In this study, an active-state CB1 receptor model was used to assess the receptor-ligand interactions between the CB1 receptor and ligands from the JWH synthetic cannabinoid family, as well as some newly designed JWH-like virtual compounds, labeled as MGCS compounds, using docking, binding free-energy calculations (ΔG), and molecular dynamics simulations (MDs). The calculated ΔG revealed that the carbonyl group between the naphthalene and the indole, characteristic of the JWH family, and the length of the N-linked alkyl chain were two important structural characteristics that influenced the predicted CB1 binding affinity, especially as increasing the length of the alkyl chain led to better predicted binding affinity. MDs and per-residue-breakdown results showed that the designed MGCS compounds with a pentyl chain attached to the naphthalene moiety and selected JWH compounds formed stable and strong hydrophobic interactions with the key residues Phe170, Phe174, Phe177, Phe200, Phe268, and Trp279 of the CB1 receptor. Comprehension of these critical interactions can help forensic chemists predict the structure of undiscovered families of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Caroline S Anthony
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, United States; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677-1848, United States
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Murrell Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, United States.
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Henion J, Hao C, Eikel D, Beck O, Stambeck P. An analytical approach for on-site analysis of breath samples for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). J Mass Spectrom 2024; 59:e4987. [PMID: 38108556 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased acceptance of cannabis containing the psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), raises concerns about the potential for impaired drivers and increased highway accidents. In contrast to the "breathalyzer" test, which is generally accepted for determining the alcohol level in a driver, there is no currently accepted roadside test for THC in a motorist. There is a need for an easily collectible biological sample from a potentially impaired driver coupled with an accurate on-site test to measure the presence and quantity of THC in a driver. A novel breath collection device is described, which includes three separate sample collectors for collecting identical A, B, and C breath samples from a subject. A simple one-step ethanol extraction of the "A" breath collector sample can be analyzed by UHPLC/selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to provide qualitative and quantitative determination of THC in breath sample in less than 4 min for samples collected up to 6 h after smoking a cannabis cigarette. SIM LC/MS bioanalyses employed d3-THC as the stable isotope internal standard fortified in negative control breath samples for quantitation including replicates of six calibrator standards and three quality control (QC) samples. Subsequent confirmation of the same breath sample in the B collectors was then confirmed by a reference lab by LC/MS/MS analysis. Fit-for-purpose bioanalytical validation consistent with pharmaceutical regulated bioanalyses produced pharmacokinetic (PK) curves for the two volunteer cannabis smokers. These results produced PK curves, which showed a rapid increase of THC in the breath of the subjects in the first hour followed by reduced THC levels in the later time points. A simpler single-point calibration curve procedure with calibrators and QC prepared in ethanol provided similar results. Limitations to this approach include the higher cost and operator skill sets for the instrumentation employed and the inability to actually determine driver impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Henion
- Advion Interchim Scientific, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Daniel Eikel
- Advion Interchim Scientific, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Olof Beck
- Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kaczor EE, Greene K, Babu KM, Berthold EC, Sharma A, Carreiro SP. Commercial Delta-8 THC Products: an Analysis of Content and Labeling. J Med Toxicol 2024; 20:31-38. [PMID: 37917314 PMCID: PMC10774316 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-023-00974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ∆-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a psychoactive cannabinoid and structural isomer of ∆-9 THC that is technically legal under United States Federal law. Commercial ∆-8-THC products being sold are currently unregulated. This study aims to (1) describe the advertising and labeling of Δ-8 THC retail products; (2) compare the advertised amount of Δ-8 THC for each product to that found during independent laboratory analysis; and (3) evaluate the presence and amount of other cannabinoids in those products. METHODS Twenty ∆-8 THC products were purchased from retail stores in Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Samples were analyzed to determine cannabinoid content using a validated UPLC-MS/MS method. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. Spearman's rank order correlation was calculated for the labeled ∆-8 THC content compared to ∆-8 THC content found on our analysis. Differences in continuous variables were compared using ANOVA, Wilcoxon Rank Sum, or Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS ∆-8 THC was detected in 95% (N=19) of the sample products. A weakly positive correlation (Spearman's rho =0.40) was found between the advertised ∆-8 THC content and our analysis results. Factors associated with decreased difference in these variables included (1) solid matrix (chocolate, gummies) and (2) absence of a "lab-tested" label. Δ-9 THC was found in 35% (N=7) of the products, and CBD was found in one. CONCLUSION A majority of the products analyzed contained ∆-8 THC in amounts that could cause intoxication. The range of ∆-8 THC content on independent analysis was wide and weakly correlated to the advertised content. ∆-8 THC, ∆-9 THC, and CBD were the only cannabinoids detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Kaczor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin Greene
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kavita M Babu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie P Carreiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Ghelani A. Perspectives toward cannabidiol (CBD) among youth in Early Psychosis Intervention programs: A qualitative study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024; 18:10-17. [PMID: 37038248 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cannabis is used by one third of youth in Early Psychosis Intervention (EPI) programs and high dose consumption of the primary constituent Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is associated with higher risk for relapse in this group. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a secondary cannabis constituent that may have antipsychotic properties, though its health risks are only beginning to be understood. Little is known about the views of youth in EPI programs toward CBD, including their reasons for use and perceptions of risk. METHODS This qualitative study used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to investigate the perspectives of a sample (n = 15) of cannabis-consuming youth in EPI programs toward CBD. RESULTS Those who used CBD (n = 13) did so for pain relief, THC substitution, relaxation, social reasons, and sleep enhancement. CBD was perceived to be beneficial for health and wellness, though many consumers were disappointed with its effects. Most believed there were no risks associated with its use or were unaware of any risks, and all believed CBD could be used safely. CONCLUSION Clinicians should assess THC and CBD consumption patterns, motives for use, and perceptions of risk separately to tailor interventions accordingly. Youth in EPI programs would benefit from education related to the known health risks and benefits associated with this drug. Clinicians in regions where cannabis is regulated should be open to discussing CBD as a safer substitute for THC. The potential for CBD to serve as viable treatment for psychosis requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Ghelani
- Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Morita H. Dual Engineering of Olivetolic Acid Cyclase and Tetraketide Synthase for the Formation of Longer Alkyl-Chain Olivetolic Acid Analogs and Their Antibacterial Activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:1-10. [PMID: 38171898 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Among presently used pharmaceuticals, about 60% were developed from natural products with unique chemical diversity and biological activities. Hence, the discovery of new bioactive compounds from natural products is still important for further drug development. In addition, breakthroughs in synthetic biology have also begun to produce many useful compounds through manipulations of the biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites. Theoretically, this approach can also be exploited to generate new unnatural compounds by intermixing the genes from different biosynthetic pathways and/or engineering the secondary metabolite enzyme(s) with expanded substrate and product specificities. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the heat-decarboxylated tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA) produced by Cannabis sativa, is the most important therapeutic cannabinoid due to its useful pharmacological features, such as analgesic, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-epileptic activities. In the structures of cannabinoids, the resorcinyl alkyl chain is a critical pharmacophore, and the therapeutic effects of Δ9-THC can be enhanced by converting the pentyl (C5) moiety at C-3 to other acyl moieties. Thus, the expansion of unnatural cannabinoids with different C-3 alkyl moiety analogs might establish an excellent platform for the further development of therapeutically beneficial cannabinoids. This article reviews the structure-based dual engineering of both enzymes responsible for the formation of the resorcinyl core of Δ9-THC and describes the effect of C-6 alkyl-length extension of olivetolic acid, along with related analogs, on the antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Karabulut G, Kahraman O, Pandalaneni K, Kapoor R, Feng H. A comprehensive review on hempseed protein: Production, functional and nutritional properties, novel modification methods, applications, and limitations. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127240. [PMID: 37806421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
With the global population on the rise, challenges in meeting protein demands are amplified by recent crises, prompting a swift shift to alternative protein sources due to disruptions in the supply chain. Plant-based proteins are gaining momentum due to economic, cultural, and environmental considerations, aligning with the preference for sustainable diets and resulting in more affordable plant-based products. The distinction between drug and industrial hemp fuels demand for its nutritional value, digestibility, low allergenicity, and bioactive properties. Industrial hempseed, featuring minimal Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content (<0.2 %), emerges as a promising crop, offering high-quality protein and oil. The de-oiled hempseed cake stands as an eco-friendly and promising protein source enriched with phenolic compounds and fiber. Ongoing research seeks to enhance techno-functional properties of hempseed protein, surmounting initial limitations for integration into various foods. A range of techniques, both conventional and innovative, optimize protein characteristics, while modifying plant-based protein structures augments their application potential. Modification approaches like ultrasound, high-pressure homogenization, conjugation, complexation, fibrillization, and enzymatic methods enhance hempseed protein functionality. The review critically evaluates the techno-functional attributes of hempseed protein and explores strategies for customization through structural modifications. Lastly, the review assesses its composition, potential as a plant-based source, addresses challenges, and discusses strategies for enhanced functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Karabulut
- Department of Food Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - Ozan Kahraman
- Applied Food Sciences, 2500 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Karthik Pandalaneni
- Plant Protein Innovation Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ragya Kapoor
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
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Smith BP, Hoots B, DePadilla L, Roehler DR, Holland KM, Bowen DA, Sumner SA. Using Transformer-Based Topic Modeling to Examine Discussions of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol: Content Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e49469. [PMID: 38127427 PMCID: PMC10767625 DOI: 10.2196/49469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in small amounts naturally in the cannabis plant; it can also be synthetically produced in larger quantities from hemp-derived cannabidiol. Most states permit the sale of hemp and hemp-derived cannabidiol products; thus, hemp-derived delta-8 THC products have become widely available in many state hemp marketplaces, even where delta-9 THC, the most prominently occurring THC isomer in cannabis, is not currently legal. Health concerns related to the processing of delta-8 THC products and their psychoactive effects remain understudied. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to implement a novel topic modeling approach based on transformers, a state-of-the-art natural language processing architecture, to identify and describe emerging trends and topics of discussion about delta-8 THC from social media discourse, including potential symptoms and adverse health outcomes experienced by people using delta-8 THC products. METHODS Posts from January 2008 to December 2021 discussing delta-8 THC were isolated from cannabis-related drug forums on Reddit (Reddit Inc), a social media platform that hosts the largest web-based drug forums worldwide. Unsupervised topic modeling with state-of-the-art transformer-based models was used to cluster posts into topics and assign labels describing the kinds of issues being discussed with respect to delta-8 THC. Results were then validated by human subject matter experts. RESULTS There were 41,191 delta-8 THC posts identified and 81 topics isolated, the most prevalent being (1) discussion of specific brands or products, (2) comparison of delta-8 THC to other hemp-derived cannabinoids, and (3) safety warnings. About 5% (n=1220) of posts from the resulting topics included content discussing health-related symptoms such as anxiety, sleep disturbance, and breathing problems. Until 2020, Reddit posts contained fewer than 10 mentions of delta-8-THC for every 100,000 cannabis posts annually. However, in 2020, these rates increased by 13 times the 2019 rate (to 99.2 mentions per 100,000 cannabis posts) and continued to increase into 2021 (349.5 mentions per 100,000 cannabis posts). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into emerging public health concerns around delta-8 THC, a novel substance about which little is known. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of transformer-based unsupervised learning approaches to derive intelligible topics from highly unstructured discussions of delta-8 THC, which may help improve the timeliness of identification of emerging health concerns related to new substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Patrice Smith
- Office of Strategy and Innovation, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brooke Hoots
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lara DePadilla
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Douglas R Roehler
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kristin M Holland
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel A Bowen
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Steven A Sumner
- Office of Strategy and Innovation, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Wolfe TJ, Kruse NA, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Sigworth KN, ElSohly MA, Hammer NI. A study of major cannabinoids via Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 303:123133. [PMID: 37473664 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids, a class of molecules specific to the cannabis plant, are some of the most relevant molecules under study today due to their widespread use and varying legal status. Here, we present Raman spectra of a series of eleven cannabinoids and compare them to simulated spectra from density functional theory computations. The studied cannabinoids include three cannabinoid acids (Δ9-THC acid, CBD acid, and CBG acid) and eight neutral ones (Δ9-THC, CBD, CBG, CBDVA, CBDV, Δ8-THC, CBN and CBC). All cannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis plant gown at the University of Mississippi. The data presented in this work represents the most resolved experimental and highest-level simulated spectra available to date for each cannabinoid. All cannabinoids displayed higher peak separation in the experimental spectra than CBGA, which is most likely attributable to physical composition of the samples. The overall agreement between the experimental and simulated spectra is good, however for certain vibrational modes, especially those in the -OH stretching region, deviations are observed due to hydrogen bonding, suggesting that the OH stretching region is a good probe for decarboxylation reactions in these and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kalee N Sigworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Liu J, Nabavizadeh P, Rao P, Derakhshandeh R, Han DD, Guo R, Murphy MB, Cheng J, Schick SF, Springer ML. Impairment of Endothelial Function by Aerosol From Marijuana Leaf Vaporizers. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e032969. [PMID: 38014661 PMCID: PMC10727338 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marijuana leaf vaporizers, which heat plant material and sublimate Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol without combustion, are popular alternatives to smoking cannabis that are generally perceived to be less harmful. We have shown that smoke from tobacco and marijuana, as well as aerosol from e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products, impair vascular endothelial function in rats measured as arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD). METHODS AND RESULTS We exposed 8 rats per group to aerosol generated by 2 vaporizer systems (Volcano and handheld Yocan) using marijuana with varying Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol levels, in a single pulsatile exposure session of 2 s/min over 5 minutes, and measured changes in FMD. To model secondhand exposure, we exposed rats for 1 minute to diluted aerosol approximating release of uninhaled Volcano aerosol into typical residential rooms. Exposure to aerosol from marijuana with and without cannabinoids impaired FMD by ≈50%. FMD was similarly impaired by aerosols from Yocan (237 °C), and from Volcano at both its standard temperature (185 °C) and the minimum sublimation temperature of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (157 °C), although the low-temperature aerosol condition did not effectively deliver Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to the circulation. Modeled secondhand exposure based on diluted Volcano aerosol also impaired FMD. FMD was not affected in rats exposed to clean air or water vapor passed through the Volcano system. CONCLUSIONS Acute direct exposure and modeled secondhand exposure to marijuana leaf vaporizer aerosol, regardless of cannabinoid concentration or aerosol generation temperature, impair endothelial function in rats comparably to marijuana smoke. Our findings indicate that use of leaf vaporizers is unlikely to reduce the vascular risk burden of smoking marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Pooneh Nabavizadeh
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Present address:
Division of CardiologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Poonam Rao
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and EducationUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Present address:
Christus Good Shepherd/Texas A&M University Internal Medicine Residency ProgramLongviewTXUSA
| | - Ronak Derakhshandeh
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Daniel D. Han
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Present address:
School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Raymond Guo
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Present address:
Stanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Morgan B. Murphy
- Division of Occupational and Environmental MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Present address:
Sutter Health California Pacific Medical CenterStanfordCAUSA
| | - Jing Cheng
- Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public HealthUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Suzaynn F. Schick
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and EducationUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Matthew L. Springer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and EducationUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
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Favretto D, Visentin C, Aprile A, Terranova C, Cinquetti A. Driving under the influence of cannabis: A 5-year retrospective Italian study. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 353:111854. [PMID: 37922577 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis consumption is associated with driving impairment and increased crash risk, endangering road safety. Toxicological analyses play a fundamental role in detecting a recent consumption of psychoactive substances. The aim of this study was to examine the concentration of cannabinoids in blood samples of driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders in order to investigate whether delayed sample collection affects the toxicological assessment of the offenders. MATERIALS AND METHODS An observational retrospective study was performed using anonymized toxicological data referring to cannabis-related DUI offenders involved in road traffic accidents (RTA) or apprehended by the police from 1 January 2017-31 December 2021 archived at Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department of the University Hospital of Padova, Italy. RESULTS In a total sample of 318 drivers, 143 blood samples tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and metabolites 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), and 173 blood samples were positive for THC-COOH with THC negative. In the first group, the mean concentrations of THC and THC-COOH were 4.05 ng/mL and 28.29 ng/mL, respectively. In THC-negative cases, the mean THC-COOH concentration was 7.3 ng/mL. The time elapsed between the event and sample collection varied from 15 min to 7 h (mean 2 h 29 min). The average estimated time elapsed after consumption of cannabinoids was 3 h 7 min (Model I) and 2 h 36 min (Model II). CONCLUSIONS The present research discussed the main difficulties in the toxicological evaluation of drivers under the influence of Cannabis. Issues related to the time between RTA and sample collection, the laws and legal limits in force in various Countries were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Aprile
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Terranova
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cinquetti
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Tascon I, Côté C, Garneau B, Desharnais B, Gosselin V, Mireault P. Postmortem redistribution of cannabinoids: Statistical analysis of a novel dataset and meta-analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 353:111873. [PMID: 37944415 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of human postmortem concentrations of Δ9-THC (THC) and its metabolites, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) and 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), is routinely performed in forensic toxicology laboratories. However, the literature on cannabinoids postmortem redistribution (PMR) is scarce and highlights their complex postmortem changes. This study aims to investigate the postmortem behavior of THC and its metabolites in order to provide practitioners with potential indicators of PMR. To do so, antemortem and postmortem cases positive for cannabinoids were compiled in a database. Its analysis shows significantly higher THC concentrations in postmortem blood than in antemortem blood. Antemortem and postmortem blood also present significantly different profiles for their THC to THCCOOH ratios. Whereas antemortem blood generally shows THCCOOH concentrations higher or equal to THC, several postmortem cases show the opposite, with THC concentrations higher than THCCOOH. While occurrence of postmortem redistribution (PMR) is difficult to measure directly, an evaluation was performed using the central to peripheral (C/P) blood concentrations ratio as a proxy. With a C/P significantly lower than 1.0 for THC and significantly higher than 1.0 for THCCOOH, the PMR hypothesis is supported for both compounds, with redistribution towards peripheral blood for THC and towards central blood for THCCOOH. On the other hand, 11-OH-THC does not show a C/P significantly different than 1.0, suggesting the absence of PMR. Influence of body mass index, conservation state and postmortem interval on C/P was statistically analyzed and no significant impact was observed. To compare and contrast C/P observed in the database with those published in the literature, a meta-analysis was performed using a median of median (MM) model. THC PMR towards peripheral blood is supported by a global estimate of 0.81 (CI95%: 0.51 to 1.2). Redistribution towards femoral blood appears to be stronger than towards iliac blood; indeed, the median estimate of C/P decreases to 0.64 (CI95%: 0.40 to 1.1) when studies with iliac blood were removed from the meta-analysis. THCCOOH PMR towards central blood is supported by a C/P median estimate of 1.3 (CI95%: 0.97 to 1.6). THC PMR can be suspected when these indicators are observed (i) high THC blood concentration (>50 ng/mL), (ii) THC C/P lower than 1.0 (iii) blood THC/THCCOOH concentration ratios greater than 1.0 and (iv) non-detectability of THCCOOH in urine. In postmortem samples, many factors may contribute to the overestimation of THC concentration, therefore a careful interpretation is required, relying on both central and peripheral blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tascon
- Université de Lausanne, École des sciences criminelles, Bâtiment Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Cynthia Côté
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada.
| | - Béatrice Garneau
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Véronique Gosselin
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Pascal Mireault
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
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Korb L, Tromans S, Perera B, Khan N, Burrows L, Laugharne R, Hassiotis A, Allgar V, Efron D, Maidment I, Shankar R. The potential for medicinal cannabis to help manage challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability: A perspective review. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:1201-1208. [PMID: 37937428 PMCID: PMC10714688 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231209192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 2% of the population have intellectual disabilities. Over one-third people with intellectual disabilities (PwID) present with 'challenging behaviour', which nosologically and diagnostically is an abstract concept. Challenging behaviour is influenced by a range of bio-psycho-social factors in a population, which is unable to suitably comprehend and/or communicate concerns. This predisposes to poor health and social outcomes. There is no evidence-based treatments for managing challenging behaviour. Cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are being trialled for a range of disorders, which are over-represented in PwID and provoke challenging behaviours, such as severe epilepsy, spasticity, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, pain, etc. METHODS This perspective review explores the different conditions, which benefit from medicinal CBD/THC preparations, by analysing recent literature from neurobiological, pre-clinical and clinical studies related to the topic. The evidence is synthesised to build an argument of the therapeutic benefits and challenges of medicinal cannabis to manage severe challenging behaviour in PwID. RESULTS There is developing evidence of medicinal CBD/THC improving psychiatric and behavioural presentations in general. In particular, there is emergent proof in certain key areas of influence of medicinal CBD/THC positively supporting challenging behaviour, for example in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, there are significant challenges in employing such treatments in vulnerable populations such as PwID. CONCLUSION Further clinical research for the considered use of medicinal CBD/THC for challenging behaviour management in PwID is needed. Strong co-production with experts with lived experience is needed for further testing to be done in this exciting new area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Korb
- Haringey Learning Disability Partnership, Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Samuel Tromans
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Bhathika Perera
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nagina Khan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | - Victoria Allgar
- Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
| | - Daryl Efron
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian Maidment
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
- Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
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Bouma J, Broekhuis JD, van der Horst C, Kumar P, Ligresti A, van der Stelt M, Heitman LH. Dual allosteric and orthosteric pharmacology of synthetic analog cannabidiol-dimethylheptyl, but not cannabidiol, on the cannabinoid CB 2 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115924. [PMID: 37972874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in a broad spectrum of physiological processes and pathological conditions. For that reason, targeting CB2R might provide therapeutic opportunities in neurodegenerative disorders, neuropathic pain, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. The main components from Cannabis sativa, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have been therapeutically exploited and synthetically-derived analogs have been generated. One example is cannabidiol-dimethylheptyl (CBD-DMH), which exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, its pharmacological mechanism of action is not yet fully understood and is hypothesized for multiple targets, including CB2R. The aim of this study was to further investigate the molecular pharmacology of CBD-DMH on CB2R while CBD was taken along as control. These compounds were screened in equilibrium and kinetic radioligand binding studies and various functional assays, including G protein activation, inhibition of cAMP production and ß-arrestin-2 recruitment. In dissociation studies, CBD-DMH allosterically modulated the radioligand binding. Furthermore, CBD-DMH negatively modulated the G protein activation of reference agonists CP55,940, AEA and 2-AG, but not the agonist-induced ß-arrestin-2 recruitment. Nevertheless, CBD-DMH also displayed competitive binding to CB2R and partial agonism on G protein activation, inhibition of cAMP production and ß-arrestin-2 recruitment. CBD did not exhibit such allosteric behavior and only very weakly bound CB2R without activation. This study shows a dual binding mode of CBD-DMH, but not CBD, to CB2R with the suggestion of two different binding sites. Altogether, it encourages further research into this dual mechanism which might provide a new class of molecules targeting CB2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Bouma
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy D Broekhuis
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Cas van der Horst
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Poulami Kumar
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, LIC, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, the Netherlands.
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Gething K, Erku D, Scuffham P. Stakeholders' Decisions and Preferences for the Provision and Use of Medicinal Cannabis: A Scoping Review. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:986-998. [PMID: 36888538 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this scoping review was to examine the extent that stakeholder's decisions about and preferences for the provision and use of medicinal cannabis (MC) had been investigated. We sought to identify which populations were examined, the methods used for eliciting preferences and exploring decisions, and the reported outcomes of studies. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, BSC and PsycINFO) and the reference lists of relevant articles were searched for studies published up to March 2022. Studies were included if stakeholder preferences for MC were (1) the primary focus of the research, or (2) an aspect of a larger preference focus. Studies that (3) described the decisions to use MC were also included. Results: Thirteen studies were reviewed. The population focus of these was primarily patient, with seven studies focused on general patient populations and five studies targeting specific patient populations such as cancer survivors, and people experiencing depression. Methods included health economics preference methods, qualitative interviews, and a single multicriteria decision-making study. Four categories of outcomes were defined and included comparisons of MC with a therapeutic alternative (n=5), preferences for MC attributes (n=5), administration preferences (n=4), and the decision process of users (n=2). Motivation differences in preference were found. Purely medicinal users and novice users place more importance on cannabidiol (CBD) than tetrahydrocannabinol. Overall, inhalation methods of administration were preferred due to quick onset of symptom relief. Price was the greatest influence on choice for recreational/medicinal users, whereas purely medicinal users were less price sensitive for products with higher CBD content. Conclusion: Studies examining public preferences for the provision and use of MC were absent. Revealed preference methods are a useful technique for understanding preferences for characteristics that are difficult to visibly assess such as cannabinoid or strain. The outcomes of symptom-specific multicriteria decision method studies that compare the benefit-safety profiles of commonly used treatments and MC may be a useful decision support tool for health practitioners. Studies with representative samples are needed to understand the impact of age, gender, and race on preferences for MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Gething
- Center for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Daniel Erku
- Center for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Paul Scuffham
- Center for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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50
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Nardone M, Cheung CP, Baker RE, Pfundt K, Lee JB, Burr JF, Millar PJ. Inhalation of THC-containing cannabis selectively diminishes cardiac autonomic function in humans. Clin Auton Res 2023; 33:919-922. [PMID: 37907708 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Nardone
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, ANNU 348A, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Christian P Cheung
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, ANNU 348A, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Ryleigh E Baker
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, ANNU 348A, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Kathryn Pfundt
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, ANNU 348A, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jordan B Lee
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, ANNU 348A, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, ANNU 348A, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Philip J Millar
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, ANNU 348A, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
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