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Pace A, Watkins L, Fiott D, Bassett P, Laugharne R, James C, Shankar R. Identifying co-morbidities and risk in people with epilepsy: The Maltese experience. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 155:109795. [PMID: 38643661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with epilepsy are at increased risk of multiple co-morbidities that may influence risk of adverse outcomes including impact on quality of life and premature mortality. These risk factors include potentially modifiable clinical characteristics associated with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). For services to tackle risk, the clinical complexity of the target epilepsy population needs to be defined. While this has been comprehensively studied in large, economically developed countries little knowledge of these issues exist in small economically developed countries, like Malta (population: 500,000). METHODS This was a single centre study focused exclusively on patients attending Gozo General Hospital (GGH) Malta. STROBE guidance for reporting cross sectional studies was used to design and report the study. This was a retrospective review of standard care and SUDEP and seizure risks provided to all adults (over 18 years) with epilepsy attending GGH (2018-2021). RESULTS The review identified 68 people and 92% were compliant with their anti-seizure medication. A fifth (21%) had an intellectual disability. Despite only one patient having a psychotic illness, 19% were on antipsychotic medication. Only 18% of patients had a specific epilepsy care plan, 6% nocturnal surveillance and none had received advice on SUDEP. DISCUSSION Patient outcomes may be improved with increasing rates of personalized epilepsy care plans, appropriate nocturnal surveillance and reducing the prescription of antipsychotic medication as it is associated with greater risk of mortality. Issues such as stigma and shame appear to play a significant role in small communities and their access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance Watkins
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK; Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust Truro, UK
| | | | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK; Statsconsultancy Ltd, Bucks, UK.
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Bishop R, Laugharne R, Burrows L, Ward S, Eustice S, Branford D, Wilcock M, Lamb K, Tavare A, Annesley C, Lewis S, Voulgaropoulos V, Sleeman F, Sargent B, Shankar R. Laxative use in adults with intellectual disabilities: development of prescribing guidelines. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e84. [PMID: 38634310 PMCID: PMC11060064 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2024.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constipation is overrepresented in people with intellectual disabilities. Around 40% of people with intellectual disabilities who died prematurely were prescribed laxatives. A quarter of people with intellectual disabilities are said to be on laxatives. There are concerns that prescribing is not always effective and appropriate. There are currently no prescribing guidelines specific to this population. AIMS To develop guidelines to support clinicians with their decision-making when prescribing laxatives to people with intellectual disabilities. METHOD A modified Delphi methodology, the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, was used. Step 1 comprised development of a bespoke six-item, open-ended questionnaire from background literature and its external validation. Relevant stakeholders, including a range of clinical experts and experts by experience covering the full range of intellectual disability and constipation, were invited to participate in an expert panel. Panel members completed the questionnaire. Responses were divided into 'negative consensus' and 'positive consensus'. Members were then invited to two panel meetings, 2 weeks apart, held virtually over Microsoft Teams, to build consensus. The expert-by-experience group were included in a separate face-to-face meeting. RESULTS A total of 20 people (ten professional experts and ten experts by experience, of whom seven had intellectual disability) took part. There were five main areas of discussion to reach a consensus i.e. importance of diagnosis, the role of prescribing, practicalities of medication administration, importance of reviewing and monitoring, and communication. CONCLUSIONS Laxative prescribing guidelines were developed by synthesising the knowledge of an expert panel including people with intellectual disabilities with the existing evidence base, to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Bishop
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; and CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- CIDER, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; and CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Lisa Burrows
- Knowledge Spa Library, Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust, Truro, UK; and The Southwest Clinical School, University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
| | - CHAMPS Team
- The Cornwall Intellectual Disability and Autism Support Team, Cornwall Council, Truro, UK
| | - Sandra Ward
- Independent expert with lived experience, Truro, UK
| | - Sharon Eustice
- CIDER, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - David Branford
- CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | - Kirsten Lamb
- CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | - Charlotte Annesley
- Learning Disability Liaison Service, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen Lewis
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | - Rohit Shankar
- CIDER, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; and CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
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Allard J, Pollard A, Laugharne R, Coates J, Wildfire-Roberts J, Millward M, Shankar R. Evaluating the impact of a UK recovery college on mental well-being: pre- and post-intervention study. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e87. [PMID: 38634329 PMCID: PMC11060092 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery colleges provide personalised educational mental health support for people who self-refer. The research evidence supporting them is growing, with key components and the positive experiences of attendees reported. However, the quantitative outcome evidence and impact on economic outcomes is limited. AIMS To evaluate the impact of attending a UK recovery college for students who receive a full educational intervention. METHOD This is a pre- and post-intervention study, with predominantly quantitative methods. Participants recruited over an 18-month period (01.2020-07.2021) completed self-reported well-being (Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS)) and recovery (Process of Recovery (QPR)) surveys, and provided details and evidence of employment and educational status. Descriptive statistics for baseline data and Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon signed-rank and paired t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-intervention scores, with Hedges' g-statistic as a measure of effect size. Medical records were reviewed and a brief qualitative assessment of changes reported by students was conducted. RESULTS Of 101 student research participants, 84 completed the intervention. Well-being (mean SWEMWBS scores 17.3 and 21.9; n = 80) and recovery (mean QPR scores 27.2 and 38.8; n = 75) improved significantly (P < 0.001; Hedges' g of 1.08 and 1.03). The number of economically inactive students reduced from 53 (69%) to 19 (24.4%). No research participants were referred for specialist mental health support while students. 'Within-self' and 'practical' changes were described by students following the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Findings detail the largest self-reported pre-post data-set for students attending a recovery college, and the first data detailing outcomes of remote delivery of a recovery college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Allard
- Research Team, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, UK; and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
| | - Adam Pollard
- Research Department, Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Research Team, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, UK; and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
| | - Jamie Coates
- Recovery College Cornwall, Pentreath Ltd, Truro, UK
| | | | | | - Rohit Shankar
- Research Team, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, UK; and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
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Watkins L, Kulkarni A, Webber E, Bassett P, Lamb K, Sawhney I, Laugharne R, Heslop P, Jones A, Napier G, Crocker A, Sivan M, Shankar R. People with Intellectual Disabilities, Dysphagia and Post-Covid Syndrome. Dysphagia 2024:10.1007/s00455-024-10679-1. [PMID: 38498202 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-024-10679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
People with Intellectual Disability (ID) were more likely to contract COVID-19 infection and more likely to die from the consequences. However, there is no evidence on the long-term impact of COVID-19 infection in people with ID. Post-Covid Syndrome (PCS) is an established diagnosis that requires specialist clinical support. To date there is no data on how common PCS is in people with ID, or how symptoms present. Dysphagia is identified as a clinical marker because of the known association with PCS, and the clear objective diagnostic criteria applicable through specialist assessment. This investigation presents a cohort of people with ID, who developed dysphagia/worsening of dysphagia post diagnosis with COVID-19. Cases were identified through support from the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. Data was collected by electronic survey, including application of the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale-modified (C19-YRSm). The C19-YRSm is a validated assessment tool for PCS and it's impact upon functional disability. This case series identifies that symptoms consistent with PCS are present in people with ID, post-COVID-19 infection. The risk of diagnostic overshadowing or misdiagnosis is high due to the subjective nature and the quality of PCS symptoms. People with ID who develop PCS may not be readily identified by clinical services and therefore not be accessing the specialist medical support required. Furthermore, changes in behaviour secondary to PCS may lead to unnecessary increased prescribing of psychotropic medication which in itself risks worsening dysphagia. Dysphagia could be an important bellwether to identify PCS in people with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Watkins
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Amit Kulkarni
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Emma Webber
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
| | | | - Kirsten Lamb
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Indermeet Sawhney
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Threemilestone Industrial Estate, Truro, TR 4 9LD, UK
| | - Pauline Heslop
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angela Jones
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
| | - Geraldine Napier
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
- South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Angela Crocker
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK.
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK.
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Laugharne R, Wilcock M, Rees J, Wainwright D, Newton N, Sterritt J, Badger S, Bishop R, Bassett P, Shankar R. Clinical characteristics of people with intellectual disability admitted to hospital with constipation: identifying possible specific high-risk factors. J Intellect Disabil Res 2024; 68:277-284. [PMID: 38031737 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities (ID) die on an average 20 years earlier to the general population. They have higher rates of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. Around 25% of people with ID report chronic constipation. The England Learning Disabilities Mortality Review found that nearly 25% of deaths identified constipation as a long-term health problem. However, the likely risk factors for constipation related harm are poorly enumerated. We sought to identify possible specific high-risk factors by examining the clinical characteristics of people with ID admitted to hospital with constipation. METHODS Data of people with ID admitted with constipation in two general hospitals covering a population of 1.3 million from 2017 to 2022 were reported using the STROBE guideline for cohort studies. Collected data included age, gender, intellectual disability severity, recorded medication, presenting complaint and co-morbidities. The medication anticholinergic burden was calculated using the anticholinergic burden scale. Continuous variables were summarised by mean and standard deviation if normally distributed, with categorical variables summarised by the number and percentage in each category. RESULTS Of 46 admissions (males 52%), 57% had moderate to profound ID, 37% had epilepsy, 41% prescribed antiseizure medication (ASM) and 45% were on laxatives. Average age was 46 years. The anticholinergic burden score mean was 2.3 and median, one. CONCLUSIONS We can hypothesise that people with more severe ID, suffering from epilepsy and on ASM may be more at risk of developing severe constipation. Some admissions may be avoided with earlier use of laxatives in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - M Wilcock
- Pharmacy department Learning Disability Liasion service, Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - J Rees
- Pharmacy department Learning Disability Liasion service, Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - D Wainwright
- Adult Learning Disability Services, Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - N Newton
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - J Sterritt
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - S Badger
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - R Bishop
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - P Bassett
- Statsconsultancy Ltd. Bucks, London, UK
| | - R Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
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Laugharne R, Sawhney I, Perera B, Wainwright D, Bassett P, Caffrey B, O'Dwyer M, Lamb K, Wilcock M, Roy A, Oak K, Eustice S, Newton N, Sterritt J, Bishop R, Shankar R. Chronic constipation in people with intellectual disabilities in the community: cross-sectional study. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e55. [PMID: 38425039 PMCID: PMC10951845 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2024.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third to half of people with intellectual disabilities suffer from chronic constipation (defined as two or fewer bowel movements weekly or taking regular laxatives three or more times weekly), a cause of significant morbidity and premature mortality. Research on risk factors associated with constipation is limited. AIMS To enumerate risk factors associated with constipation in this population. METHOD A questionnaire was developed on possible risk factors for constipation. The questionnaire was sent to carers of people with intellectual disabilities on the case-loads of four specialist intellectual disability services in England. Data analysis focused on descriptively summarising responses and comparing those reported with and without constipation. RESULTS Of the 181 people with intellectual disabilities whose carers returned the questionnaire, 42% reported chronic constipation. Constipation was significantly associated with more severe intellectual disability, dysphagia, cerebral palsy, poor mobility, polypharmacy including antipsychotics and antiseizure medication, and the need for greater toileting support. There were no associations with age or gender. CONCLUSIONS People with intellectual disabilities may be more vulnerable to chronic constipation if they are more severely intellectually disabled. The associations of constipation with dysphagia, cerebral palsy, poor mobility and the need for greater toileting support suggests people with intellectual disabilities with significant physical disabilities are more at risk. People with the above disabilities need closer monitoring of their bowel health. Reducing medication to the minimum necessary may reduce the risk of constipation and is a modifiable risk factor that it is important to monitor. By screening patients using the constipation questionnaire, individualised bowel care plans could be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
| | - Indermeet Sawhney
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Hatfield, UK
| | - Bhathika Perera
- Department of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Maire O'Dwyer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kirsten Lamb
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
| | | | - Ashok Roy
- Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katy Oak
- Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Nick Newton
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Ruth Bishop
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
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Bishop R, Laugharne R, Shaw N, Russell AM, Goodley D, Banerjee S, Clack E, Shankar R. The inclusion of adults with intellectual disabilities in health research - challenges, barriers and opportunities: a mixed-method study among stakeholders in England. J Intellect Disabil Res 2024; 68:140-149. [PMID: 37815212 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to understand system barriers to research participation for people with intellectual disabilities. METHODS A mixed-methods approach examined the inclusivity of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in a random sample of National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) studies conducted in 2019-2020. An online questionnaire (stage 1) was sent to the selected studies lead investigators. An expert by experience panel of 25 people with intellectual disabilities (IDs, stage 2), discussed the stage 1 feedback. Descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data was conducted. RESULTS Of 180 studies reviewed, 131 studies (78%) excluded people with IDs. Of these, 45 (34.3%) study researchers provided feedback. Seven (20%) of the 34 studies which included people with IDs gave feedback. Of all respondents over half felt their study had some relevance to people with IDs. A minority (7.6%) stated their study had no relevance. For a quarter of respondents (23.5%), resource issues were a challenge. Qualitative analysis of both stages produced four overarching themes of Research design and delivery, Informed consent, Resource allocation, and Knowledge and skills. CONCLUSION Health research continues to exclude people with IDs. Researchers and experts by experience identified non-accessible research design, lack of confidence with capacity and consent processes, limited resources such as time and a need for training as barriers. Ethics committees appear reluctant to include people with cognitive deficits to 'protect' them. People with IDs want to be included in research, not only as participants but also through coproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bishop
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - R Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
- School of Medicine, Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula, Truro, UK
| | - N Shaw
- NIHR Clinical Research Network South-West Peninsula, Exeter, UK
| | - A M Russell
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D Goodley
- School of Education, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Banerjee
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - E Clack
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - R Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
- School of Medicine, Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula, Truro, UK
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Marlow S, Laugharne R, Allard J, Bassett P, Priebe S, Ledger J, Kerr J, Priest D, Vanhoorn A, Boland C, Shankar R. A pragmatic randomized controlled exploratory trial of the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy for psychotic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 169:257-263. [PMID: 38056231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with severe mental illness are often excluded from trials related to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Principal concerns are that they may not tolerate treatment, might risk relapse or that psychotic symptoms may worsen. There is however building evidence of a traumatogenic etiology of psychotic disorder that may benefit therapeutically from EMDR. However, EMDR in this role is done mainly in specialist tertiary settings. AIM To conduct a randomized exploratory trial of prospective treatment of EMDR for people with psychotic disorder and a history of trauma in an adult community mental health service. METHODS A randomized exploratory trial with a controlled pilot design was employed to conduct a prospective treatment and six-month follow-up study with an interim 10-week analysis in a rural county in the UK (population 538,000). We recruited participants with psychotic disorder who had a reported history of trauma and were interested in receiving trauma therapy. They were then randomized to either receive EMDR or treatment as usual (TAU). The primary instrument used was the Impact of Events Scale (IES) with secondary instruments of Positive and Negative Symptoms of Psychotic Disorder (PANSS), PTSD Checklist (PCL-C), and subjective Quality of Life (MANSA). RESULTS IES scores showed significant improvements in the EMDR group (n = 24, age 42.0 SD (14.5), 42% male) compared to the TAU group (n = 12, age 34.4 SD (11.3), 50% male) at 10 weeks and at six months (p < 0.05). There were significant improvements in PCL-C and PANSS negative symptoms scores associated with treatment (p < 0.05). All other scales showed positive trends. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that EMDR can reduce the impact of traumatic events for patients with a psychotic disorder in a clinical setting in the UK. The improvements in psychotic disorder persisted for six months after treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN43816889.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Marlow
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Jon Allard
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Stefan Priebe
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary's, University of London, UK
| | - Joanne Ledger
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | | | - Alje Vanhoorn
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Cailin Boland
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK.
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9
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Watkins LV, Dunstall H, Musicha C, Lawthom C, John K, Bright C, Richings C, Harding K, Moon S, Pape SE, Winterhalder R, Allgar V, Thomas RH, McLean B, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Rapid switching from levetiracetam to brivaracetam in pharmaco-resistant epilepsy in people with and without intellectual disabilities: a naturalistic case control study. J Neurol 2023; 270:5889-5902. [PMID: 37610448 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately one quarter of people with an intellectual disability (PwID) have epilepsy of whom nearly three-quarters are pharmaco-resistant. There are higher reported neuropsychiatric side-effects to anti-seizure medication (ASM) in this group. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a first-line ASM with a stronger association with neuropsychiatric symptoms for PwID than other ASMs. Brivaracetam (BRV) is a newer ASM. Recent studies suggest a beneficial effect of swapping people who experience neuropsychiatric events with LEV to BRV. However, there is limited evidence of this for PwID. This evaluation analyses real world outcomes of LEV to BRV swap for PwID compared to those without ID. METHODS We performed a multicentre, retrospective review of clinical records. Demographic, clinical characteristics and reported adverse events of patients switched from LEV to BRV (2016-2020) were recorded at 3 months pre and 6- and 12-month post-BRV initiation. Outcomes were compared between PwID and those without and summarised using cross-tabulations and logistic regression models. A Bonferroni correction was applied. RESULTS Of 77 participants, 46 had ID and 52% had a past psychiatric illness. 71% participants switched overnight from LEV to BRV. Seizure reduction of > 50% was seen in 40% patients. Psychiatric illness history was predictive of having neuropsychiatric side-effects with LEV but not BRV (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference for any primary outcomes between PwID versus without ID. CONCLUSIONS Switching from LEV to BRV appears as well tolerated and efficacious in PwID as those without ID with over 90% still on BRV after 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Watkins
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
- University of South Wales, Aberdare, UK
- University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - H Dunstall
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
| | - C Musicha
- University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - C Lawthom
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
- Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - K John
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
| | - C Bright
- University of South Wales, Aberdare, UK
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
| | - C Richings
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
| | - K Harding
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
| | - S Moon
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
| | - S E Pape
- Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK
| | | | - V Allgar
- University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - R H Thomas
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - B McLean
- University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Rohit Shankar
- University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Threemilestone Industrial Estate, Truro, TR4 9LD, UK.
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10
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Laugharne R, Farid M, James C, Dutta A, Mould C, Molten N, Laugharne J, Shankar R. Neurotechnological solutions for post-traumatic stress disorder: A perspective review and concept proposal. Healthc Technol Lett 2023; 10:133-138. [PMID: 38111800 PMCID: PMC10725721 DOI: 10.1049/htl2.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety condition caused by exposure to severe trauma. It is characterised by nightmares, flashbacks, hyper-vigilance and avoidance behaviour. These all lead to impaired functioning reducing quality of life. PTSD affects 2-5% of the population globally. Most sufferers cannot access effective treatment, leading to impaired psychological functioning reducing quality of life. Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a non-invasive brain stimulation treatment that has shown significant clinical effectiveness in PTSD. Another treatment modality, that is, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy is also an effective intervention. However, both evidence-based treatments are significantly resource intensive as they need trained therapists to deliver them. A concept of a neuro-digital tool for development is proposed to put to clinical practice of delivering EMDR to improve availability, efficiency and effectiveness of treatment. The evidence in using new technologies to measure sleep, geolocation and conversational analysis of social media to report objective outcome measures is explored. If achieved, this can be fed back to users with data anonymously collated to evaluate and improve the tool. Coproduction would be at the heart of product development so that the tool is acceptable and accessible to people with the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Laugharne
- Psychoanalytica Community Interest CompanySt GermanUK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable ResearchUniversity of Plymouth and Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation TrustTruroUK
| | - Mohsen Farid
- Data Science Research CentreUniversity of DerbyDerbyUK
| | | | - Anirban Dutta
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of LincolnLincolnUK
| | | | | | | | - Rohit Shankar
- Psychoanalytica Community Interest CompanySt GermanUK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable ResearchUniversity of Plymouth and Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation TrustTruroUK
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11
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Korb L, Tromans S, Perera B, Khan N, Burrows L, Laugharne R, Hassiotis A, Allgar V, Efron D, Maidment I, Shankar R. The potential for medicinal cannabis to help manage challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability: A perspective review. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:1201-1208. [PMID: 37937428 PMCID: PMC10714688 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231209192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 2% of the population have intellectual disabilities. Over one-third people with intellectual disabilities (PwID) present with 'challenging behaviour', which nosologically and diagnostically is an abstract concept. Challenging behaviour is influenced by a range of bio-psycho-social factors in a population, which is unable to suitably comprehend and/or communicate concerns. This predisposes to poor health and social outcomes. There is no evidence-based treatments for managing challenging behaviour. Cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are being trialled for a range of disorders, which are over-represented in PwID and provoke challenging behaviours, such as severe epilepsy, spasticity, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, pain, etc. METHODS This perspective review explores the different conditions, which benefit from medicinal CBD/THC preparations, by analysing recent literature from neurobiological, pre-clinical and clinical studies related to the topic. The evidence is synthesised to build an argument of the therapeutic benefits and challenges of medicinal cannabis to manage severe challenging behaviour in PwID. RESULTS There is developing evidence of medicinal CBD/THC improving psychiatric and behavioural presentations in general. In particular, there is emergent proof in certain key areas of influence of medicinal CBD/THC positively supporting challenging behaviour, for example in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, there are significant challenges in employing such treatments in vulnerable populations such as PwID. CONCLUSION Further clinical research for the considered use of medicinal CBD/THC for challenging behaviour management in PwID is needed. Strong co-production with experts with lived experience is needed for further testing to be done in this exciting new area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Korb
- Haringey Learning Disability Partnership, Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Samuel Tromans
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Bhathika Perera
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nagina Khan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | - Victoria Allgar
- Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
| | - Daryl Efron
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian Maidment
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
- Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Truro, UK
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12
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Lennard S, Henley W, McLean B, Thompson T, Jadav M, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Risk characteristics of alcohol and/or drug misuse in repeat emergency department attendees for seizures: a case-control study. J Neurol 2023; 270:4914-4921. [PMID: 37354269 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a bi-directional relationship between seizures and substance misuse, i.e., alcohol and recreational drugs. Seizures and substance misuse are recognised separately to influence increased emergency department (ED) admissions and early death. There is however no understanding of the cumulative influence of these matters on repeat ED attenders for seizures esp. as a third are likely to re-attend within the year. This case-control study compares the characteristics of people with substance misuse to those without substance misuse presenting recurrently with seizures to the ED. METHODS From a single ED serving a rural population in the Southwest of England, data of all people presenting more than once with a seizure over a 4-year period were examined. The diagnosis of alcohol or drug misuse, deaths, demographic characteristics, and service use were captured. RESULTS Of 450 repeat attenders, 95 had a recorded history of alcohol and/or drug problems. Those with substance misuse had double the mortality when adjusted for age and gender compared to those without. They were also more likely to be male, younger in age, have mental health issues, live in socially deprived neighborhoods, not take anti-seizure medications and not have had a specialist review in epilepsy services in the previous year. Nearly a quarter of those with addiction issues died in the 4-year period. DISCUSSION Service provision for this vulnerable group may need to be modelled along different lines to traditional approaches, such as an assertive outreach community-based service as provided for chronic psychiatric and addiction management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lennard
- Department of Intellectual Disability Neuropsychiatry, Research Team, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
- CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
| | - William Henley
- Department of Health and Community Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Tom Thompson
- CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
| | - Mark Jadav
- Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro, TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Department of Intellectual Disability Neuropsychiatry, Research Team, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
- CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Department of Intellectual Disability Neuropsychiatry, Research Team, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK.
- CIDER, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK.
- Chygovenck, Three Milestone Industrial Estate, Truro, TR4 9LD, Cornwall, UK.
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13
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Eichenberg C, Strobl L, Jaeger T, Kirsha A, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Comparison of attitudes to media representation of mental illness between journalists and mental health professionals in Russia with German-speaking countries of Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1113-1120. [PMID: 36578127 PMCID: PMC10338694 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221141589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The media are an important source of information on mental health. They are often implicit in reinforcing negative stereotypes of people with mental health problems. There are no studies in German-speaking countries or Russia on media attitudes to mental health and mental health professionals' (MHP) attitudes to the media. AIMS This study explored journalists and MHPs attitudes to mental health media reporting in the German speaking countries of Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and in Russia. METHODS A cross-sectional online internet survey, of ten Likert scale statements to ascertain perceptions of stigma, role, and training needs following the STROBE guidance was conducted among journalists and MHPs via their professional organizations. A non-discriminatory exponential snowballing technique leading to non-probability sampling was used. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, and a post hoc Dunn's multiple comparisons test using Bonferroni adjustment were used to analyze data. RESULTS A total of 106 German-speaking and 78 Russian journalists, 109 German-speaking, and 82 Russian MHPs fully answered the survey. Journalists felt the media were more balanced about mental health than MHPs, and MHPs were wary of engagement with the media. Small minorities of journalists had engaged with mental health training, similarly few MHPs had engaged with media training, but both groups were interested in doing so in the future. Significant differences between German and Russian speaking respondents were found on a range of issues (e.g. stigmatization, image about psychotherapy, the media/MHPs, and their own role in engaging with the media/MHPs). Russians were more likely to know specialized (media/mental health awareness) training compared to German-speaking MHPs and journalists. CONCLUSION There are potential opportunities to engage journalists and MHPs in training about each other's worlds and reducing stigma toward mental illness through engaging MHPs with the media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Strobl
- Institute of Psychosomatics, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Jaeger
- Faculty of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alla Kirsha
- Faculty of Psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research, University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
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14
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Tromans S, Henley W, Summers I, Bilkey D, Datson J, Doherty N, Morpeth L, Benbow S, Jelbert R, Roy A, Watkins L, Perera B, Shazad S, Pender R, Alexander R, Laugharne R, Shankar R. The psychological and social impact of the digital self-support system 'Brain in Hand' on autistic people: prospective cohort study in England and Wales. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e96. [PMID: 37232106 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain in Hand (BIH) is a UK-based digital self-support system for managing anxiety and social functioning. AIMS To identify the impact of BIH on the psychological and social functioning of adults with autism. METHOD Adults with diagnosed or suspected DSM-5 (level 1) autism, identified by seven NHS autism services in England and Wales, were recruited for a 12-week prospective mixed-methods cohort study. The primary quantitative outcome measures were the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for People with Learning Disabilities (HONOS-LD) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Fisher's exact test explored sociodemographic associations. Paired t-test was utilised for pre-post analysis of overall effectiveness of BIH. Multivariable linear regression models, univariable pre-post analysis, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, logistic regression analysis, Bonferroni correction and normative analysis were used to give confidence in changes identified. A thematic analysis of semi-structured exist interviews following Braun and Clarke's six-step process of 10% of participants who completed the study was undertaken. RESULTS Sixty-six of 99 participants completed the study. There was significant reduction in mean HONOS-LD scores, with 0.65 s.d. decrease in those who used BIH for 12 weeks. Significant positive changes were identified in HONOS-LD subdomains of 'self-injurious behaviours', 'memory and orientation', 'communication problems in understanding', 'occupation and activities' and 'problems with relationship'. A significant reduction in the anxiety, but not depression, component of the HADS scores was identified. Thematic analysis showed high confidence in BIH. CONCLUSIONS BIH improved anxiety and other clinical, social and functioning outcomes of adults with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tromans
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, UK; and Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, UK
| | - William Henley
- Health Statistics Group, University of Exeter Medical School, UK
| | - Ian Summers
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK and University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
| | - Danielle Bilkey
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK and University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
| | - Jenna Datson
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK and University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Jelbert
- Adult Autism Assessment Team, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Ashok Roy
- Learning Disability Services, Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership Trust, UK
| | - Lance Watkins
- Unit for Development in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, University of South Wales, UK; and Mental Health and Learning Disabilities Service, Swansea Bay University Health Board, UK
| | - Bhathika Perera
- Learning Disability Services, Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, UK
| | - Saman Shazad
- Learning Disability Services, Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Regi Alexander
- Learning Disability Services, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK and University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK and University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, UK
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15
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Zhou SM, McLean B, Roberts E, Baines R, Hannon P, Ashby S, Newman C, Sen A, Wilkinson E, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Analysing patient-generated data to understand behaviours and characteristics of women with epilepsy of childbearing years: A prospective cohort study. Seizure 2023; 108:24-32. [PMID: 37060628 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with epilepsy (WWE) are vulnerable in pregnancy, with increased risks to mother and baby including teratogenic risks, especially from valproate. The free EpSMon mobile-phone app allows self-monitoring to afford patient-centred feedback on seizure related risks, such as sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP) to its users. We sought to generate insights into various seizure related risks and its treatments in WWE of childbearing age (16 to 60 years ) using EpSMon. METHODS The study utilizes a prospective real-world cohort of 5.5 years. Patient reported data on demographics, medication taken, diagnoses, seizure types and recognised biological, psychological, and social factors of seizure related harm were extracted. Data was stratified according to frequent and infrequent users and those scoring lower and higher risk scores. Multivariate logistic regression and different statistical tests were conducted. FINDINGS Data from 2158 WWE of childbearing age encompassing 4016 self-assessments were analysed. Overall risk awareness was 25.3% for pregnancy and 54.1% for SUDEP. Frequent users were more aware of pregnancy risks but not of SUDEP. Repeated EpSMon use increased SUDEP awareness but not pregnancy risks. Valproate was used by 11% of WWE, ranging from 6.5% of younger to 31.5% of older women. CONCLUSIONS The awareness to risks to pregnancy, SUDEP and valproate is low. Valproate is being used by a significant minority. It is imperative risk communication continues for WWE based on their individual situation and need. This is unlikely to be delivered by current clinical models. Digital solutions hold promise but require work done to raise implementation and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ming Zhou
- Centre for Health Technology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Brendan McLean
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Peninsula School of Medicine, University of Plymouth, Truro, TR4 9LD, UK; Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro TR1 3LJ, UK
| | - Elis Roberts
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rebecca Baines
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Peninsula School of Medicine, University of Plymouth, Truro, TR4 9LD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Arjune Sen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX39DU, UK
| | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Peninsula School of Medicine, University of Plymouth, Truro, TR4 9LD, UK; Psychoanalytica St Germans, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust Truro TR4 9LD UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Peninsula School of Medicine, University of Plymouth, Truro, TR4 9LD, UK; Psychoanalytica St Germans, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust Truro TR4 9LD UK.
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16
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Sun JJ, Watkins L, Henley W, Laugharne R, Angus-Leppan H, Sawhney I, Shahidi MM, Purandare K, Eyeoyibo M, Scheepers M, Lines G, Winterhalder R, Perera B, Hyams B, Ashby S, Shankar R. Mortality risk in adults with intellectual disabilities and epilepsy: an England and Wales case-control study. J Neurol 2023:10.1007/s00415-023-11701-6. [PMID: 37022478 PMCID: PMC10078066 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with epilepsy (PWE) and people with intellectual disabilities (ID) both live shorter lives than the general population and both conditions increase the risk of death further. We aimed to measure associations between certain risk factors for death in PWE and ID. METHODS A retrospective case-control study was conducted in ten regions in England and Wales. Data were collected on PWE registered with secondary care ID and neurology services between 2017 and 2021. Prevalence rates of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and medical diagnoses, seizure frequency, psychotropic and antiseizure medications (ASM) prescribed, and health activity (epilepsy reviews/risk assessments/care plans/compliance etc.) recorded were compared between the two groups. RESULTS 190 PWE and ID who died were compared with 910 living controls. People who died were less likely to have had an epilepsy risk assessment but had a greater prevalence of genetic conditions, older age, poor physical health, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, polypharmacy (not ASMs) and antipsychotic use. The multivariable logistic regression for risk of epilepsy-related death identified that age over 50, medical condition prevalence, antipsychotic medication use and the lack of an epilepsy review in the last 12 months as associated with increased risk of death. Reviews by psychiatrists in ID services was associated with a 72% reduction in the odds of death compared neurology services. CONCLUSIONS Polypharmacy and use of antipsychotics may be associated with death but not ASMs. Greater and closer monitoring by creating capable health communities may reduce the risk of death. ID services maybe more likely to provide this holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Sun
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lance Watkins
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
- University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | - Indermeet Sawhney
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | | | - Kiran Purandare
- Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mark Scheepers
- Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Brockworth, UK
| | - Geraldine Lines
- Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Brockworth, UK
| | | | - Bhathika Perera
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.
- University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK.
- Chy Govenek, Threemilestone Industrial Estate, Highertown, Truro, TR4 9LD, Cornwall, UK.
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Rooney J, Hodge R, Smith J, Vanstone K, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Survey of parents of children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism who experience chronic constipation. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2023. [PMID: 36994540 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constipation is common in children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism, but poorly researched. This study looks to understand parental knowledge, attitudes and management practices towards constipation in children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey developed with patient facing organisations was circulated to parents of children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism using an exponential and non-discriminatory snowballing method for recruitment. A smaller sample were purposively sampled for their in-depth experiences. RESULTS Of 68 responses, people were open to discussing constipation and knowledgeable about risk factors. In the qualitative interviews, of 15 parents, they wanted to be treated as an expert in their child's care. They desired a service that was more responsive when in difficulty. While wanting more information about medication options, parents want a more holistic approach. CONCLUSIONS Services need more emphasis on holistic management. Listening to parents and treating them as experts is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rooney
- NHS South Central and West, Eastleigh, SO50 5PB, UK
| | | | - Jade Smith
- NHS South Central and West, Eastleigh, SO50 5PB, UK
| | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, TR1 3QB, UK
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18
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Gabrielsson A, Tromans S, Watkins L, Burrows L, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Poo Matters! A scoping review of impact of constipation on epilepsy. Seizure 2023; 108:127-136. [PMID: 37146516 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder which frequently presents with co-morbid physical health conditions, including constipation. However, the nature of the relationship between the two conditions has not been well defined. AIM To quantify constipation's relationship with epilepsy and anti-seizure medication (ASM). METHOD A scoping review registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022320079) with suitable search terms was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidance. CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo and MEDLINE electronic databases were searched by an information specialist. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools alongside the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (OCEBM) levels of evidence were used to assist in assessing relevance, quality, and results of the included publications. RESULTS Nine articles selected for inclusion in the review. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (including constipation) was reported to be up to five times more frequent in people with epilepsy (PWE). Functional constipation was reported in 36% of PWE. Constipation was found to be the second most common co-morbid condition in children with epilepsy. Two studies found constipation to precede seizures. Constipation was reported as a common side effect of ASMs in PWE. Two studies rated OCEBM level 2 the remaining level 3. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a higher prevalence of constipation in PWE. Co-occurring multimorbidity and resulting polypharmacy adds further complexity to the process of establishing aetiology of constipation in PWE. Potential contributory aetiological factors for constipation such as neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders, ASM side effects and the epilepsy itself require better understanding and research.
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Tromans S, Bhui K, Sawhney I, Odiyoor M, Courtenay K, Roy A, Boer H, Alexander R, Biswas A, McCarthy J, Gulati G, Laugharne R, Shankar R. The potential unintended consequences of Mental Health Act reforms in England and Wales on people with intellectual disability and/or autism. Br J Psychiatry 2023; 222:188-190. [PMID: 36746616 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The draft Mental Health Bill, which amends the Mental Health Act 1983 for England and Wales, proposes protections for people with intellectual disability and/or autism (ID/A) to prevent detention in hospital in the absence of mental illness. This editorial critically appraises the positive impact and unintended consequences of the proposed reforms for people with ID/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tromans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; and Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamaldeep Bhui
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Indermeet Sawhney
- Faculty of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK; and Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Braintree, UK
| | - Mahesh Odiyoor
- Faculty of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Chester, Chester, UK; and Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK
| | - Ken Courtenay
- Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Services, Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ashok Roy
- Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Services, Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Harm Boer
- Learning Disabilities and Autism Services, West Midlands Partnership Alliance, Birmingham, UK
| | - Regi Alexander
- Intellectual Disability Forum, Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Asit Biswas
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Jane McCarthy
- Learning/Intellectual Disability Service, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK; and Department of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gautam Gulati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry, College of Psychiatrists of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK; Peninsula Clinical Research Network, Exeter, UK; and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK; Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
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Watkins LV, Ashby S, Hanna J, Henley W, Laugharne R, Shankar R. An evidence-based approach to provide essential and desirable components to develop surveys on Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) for doctors: A focused review. Seizure 2023; 106:14-21. [PMID: 36706666 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is a major concern for people with epilepsy, their families, their care givers, and medical professionals. There is inconsistency in the SUDEP counselling doctors provide, compared to what is recommended in clinical guidelines. Numerous national and international surveys have highlighted how epilepsy professionals, usually doctors, deliver SUDEP risk counselling, particularly, when they deliver it and to whom. These surveys help understand the unmet need, develop suitable strategies, and raise awareness among clinicians with the eventual goal to reduce SUDEPs. However, there is no standardised survey or essential set of questions identified that can be used to evaluate SUDEP counselling practice globally. This focused review analyses the content of all published SUDEP counselling surveys for medical professionals (n=16) to date covering over 4000 doctors across over 30 countries and five continents. It identifies 36 question themes across three topics. The questions are then reviewed by an expert focus group of SUDEP communication experts including three doctors, an expert statistician and SUDEP Action, an UK based charity specialising in epilepsy deaths with a pre-set criterion. The review and focus group provide ten essential questions that should be included in all future surveys inquiring on SUDEP counselling. They could be used to evaluate current practice and compare findings over time, between services, across countries and between professional groups. They are provided as a template to download and use. The review also explores if there is a continued need in future for similar surveys to justify this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Watkins
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK; Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
| | | | - J Hanna
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK; Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK; SUDEP Action, Wantage, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Highertown, Cornwall, UK; University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Truro, UK
| | - W Henley
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - R Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Highertown, Cornwall, UK; University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Truro, UK
| | - R Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Highertown, Cornwall, UK; University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Truro, UK.
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21
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Shankar R, Perera B, Roy A, Courtenay K, Laugharne R, Sivan M. Post-COVID syndrome and adults with intellectual disability: another vulnerable population forgotten? Br J Psychiatry 2023; 222:1-3. [PMID: 35766219 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2022.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An area of interest presently is the lingering symptoms after COVID-19, i.e. post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS). Specifics of diagnosis and management of PCS are emerging. However, vulnerable populations such as those with intellectual disabilities, who were disproportionately affected by the pandemic, risk being 'left behind' from these considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | - Ashok Roy
- Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Ken Courtenay
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- School of Medicine University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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Burrows L, Page G, Plugaru E, Kent B, Odiyoor M, Jaydeokar S, Williams J, Elliot K, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Ideal models of good inpatient care for adults with intellectual disability: Lessons from England. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022:207640221140290. [PMID: 36464852 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221140290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, a significant proportion of inpatient facilities for people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism has been de-commissioned in England, This has resulted in individuals with intellectual disabilities being sent to distant hospitals far away from their families and carers leading to challenges in follow-up, community care and interventions. The impact of de-institutionalisation, has often caused patient trauma, family distress and subsequent discharge difficulties. Not every individual with intellectual disabilities and/or autism requires inpatient care but inpatient care when needed has to be local, adequate and appropriate. AIMS To evaluate current evidence of utility of inpatient models for people with intellectual disabilities and outline best clinical practice. METHOD PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science were searched with key search terms. The search was conducted by the information specialist and identified abstracts screened further for inclusion criteria, methodological issues, and other appropriate characteristics. Twenty-three papers were included in the rapid review. Papers shortlisted had the inclusion criteria applied against the full text version independently by two reviewers. Disagreements regarding eligibility of studies was resolved by discussion and consensus within the project team. Key data related to in-patient models of care was extracted from the included papers, which included year of study, design, study objectives, target population, method/s tested, outcomes reported, country of study/studies, and results. Data extraction was performed by two reviewers and reviewed by the project team. RESULTS From the review of services for people with intellectual disabilities, we came across four broad models/frameworks/approaches. Evidence on what worked for inpatient service provision tended to be based on models developed and implemented locally. CONCLUSIONS We make recommendations for the best clinical practice and standards. Both clinical service providers and policymakers need to be aware of specific needs of individuals with intellectual disability and/or autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Page
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Elena Plugaru
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Bridie Kent
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mahesh Odiyoor
- Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK.,Centre for Autism, Neuro Developmental Disorders, and Intellectual Disabilities (CANDDID), Chester, UK.,University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Sujeet Jaydeokar
- Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK.,Centre for Autism, Neuro Developmental Disorders, and Intellectual Disabilities (CANDDID), Chester, UK.,University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK.,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK.,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increase in the development and application of serious games to support management of mental ill health, but their full impact is unclear. AIMS Evaluation of the current evidence of acceptability and effectiveness of serious games in improving mental health disorders. METHOD A PRISMA-guided scoping review was conducted, using a predefined criteria and a relevant word combination on three databases: EMBASE, Medline and PsycINFO. Each included study was examined for game format, study type, number of participants, basic demographics, disorder targeted, recruitment, setting, control conditions, duration and follow-up, study attrition, primary outcomes and their results. Each study was given a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations rating for quality. RESULTS Fourteen out of 513 studies met the inclusion criteria. The serious games focused on symptoms of anxiety (n = 4), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 3), depression (n = 2), schizophrenia (n = 2), alcohol use disorder (n = 2) and bipolar disorder (n = 1). There were multiple significant outcomes favouring serious games across conditions covered in the review. Study quality varied, with studies rated high (n = 3), moderate (n = 6), low (n = 3) and very low (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that serious games could be an effective format for an intervention to reduce mental health symptoms and improve outcomes of individuals. Better designed studies would further develop confidence in this area. This is a potential vehicle of change to deliver some of the much-needed psychiatric support to both economically developed and developing regions in a resource-utilitarian manner. Partnerships between the gaming industry, researchers and health services may benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research, University of Plymouth Medical School, UK; and Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research, University of Plymouth Medical School, UK; and Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Abraham J, Purandare K, McCabe J, Wijeratne A, Eggleston E, Oak K, Laugharne R, Roy A, Shankar R. An 8-year study of admissions and discharges to a specialist intellectual disability inpatient unit. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2021; 35:569-576. [PMID: 34931405 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United Kingdom, policy change has led to specialist intellectual disability inpatient bed reduction. Little evidence exists assessing the results for patients admitted to such units. This study evaluates the outcomes of a specialist intellectual disability inpatient unit. METHOD Gender/age/ethnicity/intellectual disability severity/co-morbid psychiatric/developmental disorders, treatment length and stay data were collected. The health of the nation outcome scales for people with learning disabilities (HoNOS-LD) scores at admission, treatment completion and discharge were recorded. Analysis of these multiple variables and correlations within different patient groups was investigated using various statistical tests. RESULTS Of 169/176 patients (2010-2018), admission to discharge, HoNOS-LD global and all individual items score decreased significantly, for all patient categories. Treatment completion to discharge duration was significant for the whole cohort. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of intellectual disability inpatient outcomes. Discharge from the hospital appears not associated with duration of treatment. Using HoNOS-LD to demonstrate treatment effectiveness is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Abraham
- University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Joanne McCabe
- University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK
| | | | | | - Katy Oak
- Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Epilepsy Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Medical School, Truro, UK
| | - Ashok Roy
- Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK.,Cornwall Intellectual Disability Epilepsy Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Medical School, Truro, UK
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25
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Boland C, Jalihal V, Organ C, Oak K, McLean B, Laugharne R, Woldman W, Beck R, Shankar R. EEG Markers in Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder-A Possible Outcome Measure for Neurofeedback: A Narrative Review. Clin EEG Neurosci 2021; 52:254-273. [PMID: 32635758 DOI: 10.1177/1550059420937948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. There is growing evidence for the use of biofeedback (BF) in affective disorders, dissocial personality disorder, and in children with histories of abuse. Electroencephalogram (EEG) markers could be used as neurofeedback in emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) management especially for those at high risk of suicide when emotionally aroused. This narrative review investigates the evidence for EEG markers in EUPD. Methods. PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct a narrative review. A structured search method was developed and implemented in collaboration with an information specialist. Studies were identified via 3 electronic database searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. A predesigned inclusion/exclusion criterion was applied to selected papers. A thematic analysis approach with 5 criteria was used. Results. From an initial long list of 5250 papers, 229 studies were identified and screened, of which 44 met at least 3 of the predesigned inclusion criteria. No research to date investigates EEG-based neurofeedback in EUPD. A number of different EEG biomarkers are identified but there is poor consistency between studies. Conclusions. The findings heterogeneity may be due to the disorder complexity and the variable EEG related parameters studied. An alternative explanation may be that there are a number of different neuromarkers, which could be clustered together with clinical symptomatology, to give new subdomains. Quantitative EEGs in particular may be helpful to identify more specific abnormalities. EEG standardization of neurofeedback protocols based on specific EEG abnormalities detected may facilitate targeted use of neurofeedback as an intervention in EUPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailín Boland
- Saint James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,8809Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Katy Oak
- 8028Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Richard Laugharne
- 7491Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.,151756Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Randy Beck
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rohit Shankar
- 7491Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.,151756Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Milne-Ives M, Shankar R, Goodley D, Lamb K, Laugharne R, Harding T, Meinert E. Humanising health and social care support for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Protocol for a scoping review (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e31720. [PMID: 35507388 PMCID: PMC9118084 DOI: 10.2196/31720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health care is shifting toward a more person-centered model; however, people with intellectual and developmental disabilities can still experience difficulties in accessing equitable health care. Given these difficulties, it is important to consider how humanizing principles, such as empathy and respect, can be best incorporated into health and social care practices for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to ensure that they are receiving equitable treatment and support. Objective The purpose of our scoping review is to provide an overview of the current research landscape and knowledge gaps regarding the development and implementation of interventions based on humanizing principles that aim to improve health and social care practices for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Methods The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) and PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, and Study) frameworks will be used to structure the review. A total of 6 databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) will be searched for English articles published in the previous 10 years that describe or evaluate health and social care practice interventions underpinned by the humanizing principles of empathy, compassion, dignity, and respect. Two reviewers will screen and select references based on the eligibility criteria and extract the data into a predetermined form. A descriptive analysis will be conducted to summarize the results and provide an overview of interventions in the following three main care areas: health care, social care, and informal social support. Results The results will be included in the scoping review, which is expected to begin in October 2022 and be completed and submitted for publication by January 2023. Conclusions Our scoping review will summarize the state of the field of interventions that are using humanizing principles to improve health and social care for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/31720
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Milne-Ives
- Centre for Health Technology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Goodley
- School of Education, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Lamb
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bodmin, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Harding
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Meinert
- Centre for Health Technology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Laugharne R, Priebe S, Chevalier A, Paton C, Sharma RK, O'Kelly A, Richards G. The sociocultural and behavioural characteristics that patients want in psychiatrists: cross-sectional survey of patients' views. BJPsych Bull 2021; 45:158-163. [PMID: 33349282 PMCID: PMC9059315 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2020.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND METHOD There appears to be no research to date investigating patients' preferences for sociocultural characteristics or behavioural qualities of psychiatrists. We aimed to assess which are most important to patients. Patients (132) in community mental health teams across two sites (East Cornwall, East London) completed a questionnaire ranking the importance of different sociocultural characteristics and behaviours of psychiatrists. RESULTS Patients cared more about age and gender than other characteristics. Four preferences (from a choice of ten) regarding behavioural qualities were clearly identified as important: explaining things clearly, dedication to personal treatment, being friendly and polite, and being up to date with medical knowledge. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Patients are fairly unconcerned about the age, gender, religion and social background of psychiatrists. Characteristics they care about most include communication skills, competence, dedication to personal treatment and friendliness. Explaining things clearly is particularly important. This indicates specific areas of improvement for training and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Priebe
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Agnes Chevalier
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Perera B, Laugharne R, Henley W, Zabel A, Lamb K, Branford D, Courtanay K, Alexander R, Purandare K, Wijeratne A, Radhakrishnan V, McNamara E, Daureeawoo Y, Sawhney I, Scheepers M, Taylor G, Shankar R. COVID-19 deaths in people with intellectual disability in the UK and Ireland: descriptive study. BJPsych Open 2020; 6:e123. [PMID: 33059790 PMCID: PMC7562776 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected people with intellectual disability disproportionately. Existing data does not provide enough information to understand factors associated with increased deaths in those with intellectual disability. Establishing who is at high risk is important in developing prevention strategies, given risk factors or comorbidities in people with intellectual disability may be different to those in the general population. AIMS To identify comorbidities, demographic and clinical factors of those individuals with intellectual disability who have died from COVID-19. METHOD An observational descriptive case series looking at deaths because of COVID-19 in people with intellectual disability was conducted. Along with established risk factors observed in the general population, possible specific risk factors and comorbidities in people with intellectual disability for deaths related to COVID-19 were examined. Comparisons between mild and moderate-to-profound intellectual disability subcohorts were undertaken. RESULTS Data on 66 deaths in individuals with intellectual disability were analysed. This group was younger (mean age 64 years) compared with the age of death in the general population because of COVID-19. High rates of moderate-to-profound intellectual disability (n = 43), epilepsy (n = 29), mental illness (n = 29), dysphagia (n = 23), Down syndrome (n = 20) and dementia (n = 15) were observed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study exploring associations between possible risk factors and comorbidities found in COVID-19 deaths in people with intellectual disability. Our data provides insight into possible factors for deaths in people with intellectual disability. Some of the factors varied between the mild and moderate-to-profound intellectual disability groups. This highlights an urgent need for further systemic inquiry and study of the possible cumulative impact of these factors and comorbidities given the possibility of COVID-19 resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability and Epilepsy Research (CIDER) Centre, Cornwall Partnership Foundation NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - Abigail Zabel
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability and Epilepsy Research (CIDER) Centre, Cornwall Partnership Foundation NHS Trust, UK
| | - Kirsten Lamb
- Royal College General Practitioners special interest group for learning disability, UK
| | | | - Ken Courtanay
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, UK
| | - Regi Alexander
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | | | | | - Eileen McNamara
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health trust, Barnet Learning Disability Team, UK
| | - Youshan Daureeawoo
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health trust, Barnet Learning Disability Team, UK
| | | | - Mark Scheepers
- Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a recent rise in antidepressant prescriptions. After the episode for which it was prescribed, the patient should ideally be supported in withdrawing the medication. There is increasing evidence for withdrawal symptoms (sometimes called discontinuation symptoms) occurring on ceasing treatment, sometimes having severe or prolonged effects. AIMS To identify and compare current knowledge, attitudes and practices of general practitioners (GPs) and psychiatrists in Cornwall, UK, concerning antidepressant withdrawal symptoms. METHOD Questions about withdrawal symptoms and management were asked of GPs and psychiatrists in a multiple-choice cross-sectional study co-designed with a lived experience expert. RESULTS Psychiatrists thought that withdrawal symptoms were more severe than GPs did (P = 0.003); 53% (22/42) of GPs and 69% (18/26) of psychiatrists thought that withdrawal symptoms typically last between 1 and 4 weeks, although there was a wide range of answers given; 35% (9/26) of psychiatrists but no GPs identified a pharmacist as someone they may use to help manage antidepressant withdrawal. About three-quarters of respondents claimed they usually or always informed patients of potential withdrawal symptoms when they started a patient on antidepressants, but patient surveys say only 1% are warned. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatrists and GPs need to effectively warn patients of potential withdrawal effects. Community pharmacists might be useful in supporting GP-managed antidepressant withdrawal. The wide variation in responses to most questions posed to participants reflects the variation in results of research on the topic. This highlights a need for more reproducible studies to be carried out on antidepressant withdrawal, which could inform future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne McCabe
- University of Exeter Medical School Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
| | - Mike Wilcock
- Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Treliske, Truro, UK
| | - Kate Atkinson
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- University of Exeter Medical School Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro; and Caradon CMHT, Trevillis House, Lodge Hill, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- University of Exeter Medical School Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro; and Adult ID, Neurodevelopmental services Truro, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
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Cocksedge KA, Guliani J, Henley W, Anderson T, Roberts S, Reed L, Skinnard D, Fisher S, Chapman B, Willcox J, Wilkinson E, Laugharne R, Shankar R. Local radio to promote mental health awareness: a public health initiative. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e60. [PMID: 31530299 PMCID: PMC6646966 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health strategies have focused largely on physical health. However, there is increasing recognition that raising mental health awareness and tackling stigma is crucial to reduce disease burden. National campaigns have had some success but tackling issues locally is particularly important. AIMS To assess the public's awareness and perception of the monthly BBC Cornwall mental health phone-in programmes that have run for 8.5 years in Cornwall, UK (population 530 000). METHOD A consultation, review and feedback process involving a multiagency forum of mental and public health professionals, people with lived experience and local National Health Service trust's media team was used to develop a brief questionnaire. This was offered to all attendees at two local pharmacies covering populations of 27 000 over a 2-week period. RESULTS In total, 14% (95% CI 11.9-16.5) were aware of the radio show, 11% (95% CI 9.0-13.1) have listened and the majority (76%) of those who listened did so more than once. The estimated reach is 70 000 people in the local population, of whom approximately 60 000 listen regularly. The show is highly valued among respondents with modal and median scores of 4 out of 5. CONCLUSIONS Local radio is a successful, cost-effective and impactful way to reach a significant proportion of the population and likely to raise awareness, reduce stigma and be well received. The format has been adopted in other regions thus demonstrating easy transferability. It could form an essential part of a public health strategy to improve a population's mental well-being. DECLARATION OF INTEREST W.H. received support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) for the South West Peninsula UK. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. L.R. and D.S. were involved in delivering the programmes but had no role in their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Cocksedge
- Speciality Trainee in General Adult Psychiatry, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust; and Livewell Southwest, Mount Gould Local Care Centre, UK
| | - Joshana Guliani
- Core Trainee in Psychiatry, Royal Cornwall Hospital; and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, UK
| | - William Henley
- Professor in Medical Statistics, Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, UK
| | - Tamsyn Anderson
- Director of Primary Care, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sara Roberts
- Public Health Lead for Mental Health, Public Health Cornwall, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah Fisher
- Communications Director, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Beth Chapman
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Joanna Willcox
- Community Nurse in Forensic Psychiatry, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Ellen Wilkinson
- Medical Director, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust; and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Consultant Neuropsychiatrist, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust; and Senior Clinical Lecturer, Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, UK
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Shankar R, Wilcock M, Deb S, Goodey R, Corson E, Pretorius C, Praed G, Pell A, Vujkovic D, Wilkinson E, Laugharne R, Axby S, Sheehan R, Alexander R. A structured programme to withdraw antipsychotics among adults with intellectual disabilities: The Cornwall experience. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2019; 32:1389-1400. [PMID: 31192534 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic medications are used among 19%-58% of adults with intellectual disabilities to manage challenging behaviour against the NICE guideline recommendations. Studies show that it is possible to completely withdraw antipsychotics in about one third of adults with intellectual disabilities and a dose reduction of 50% or more in another third. METHOD In Cornwall, over three years the present authors developed a structured pathway to withdraw antipsychotics among adults with intellectual disabilities which involved people with intellectual disabilities and their carers, GPs, community learning disability team members and pharmacists. RESULTS The present authors managed to withdraw antipsychotics totally among 46.5% (33/71) and reduced over 50% of dosage in another 11.3% (8/71) of adults with intellectual disabilities. At three months follow-up no one required hospital admission or change in placement. CONCLUSION It is possible to withdraw/reduce antipsychotics in a high proportion of adults with intellectual disabilities if a concerted effort is made involving all stakeholders from the outset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Mike Wilcock
- Kernow Clinical Commissioning Group, Saint Austell, UK
| | | | | | - Eve Corson
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | | | - Amanda Pell
- Kernow Clinical Commissioning Group, Saint Austell, UK
| | - Dee Vujkovic
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | | | - Sharon Axby
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
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Holt RI, Hind D, Gossage-Worrall R, Bradburn MJ, Saxon D, McCrone P, Morris TA, Etherington A, Shiers D, Barnard K, Swaby L, Edwardson C, Carey ME, Davies MJ, Dickens CM, Doherty Y, French P, Greenwood KE, Kalidindi S, Khunti K, Laugharne R, Pendlebury J, Rathod S, Siddiqi N, Wright S, Waller G, Gaughran F, Barnett J, Northern A. Structured lifestyle education to support weight loss for people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and first episode psychosis: the STEPWISE RCT. Health Technol Assess 2019; 22:1-160. [PMID: 30499443 DOI: 10.3310/hta22650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is twice as common in people with schizophrenia as in the general population. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance recommends that people with psychosis or schizophrenia, especially those taking antipsychotics, be offered a healthy eating and physical activity programme by their mental health care provider. There is insufficient evidence to inform how these lifestyle services should be commissioned. OBJECTIVES To develop a lifestyle intervention for people with first episode psychosis or schizophrenia and to evaluate its clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, delivery and acceptability. DESIGN A two-arm, analyst-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial, with a 1 : 1 allocation ratio, using web-based randomisation; a mixed-methods process evaluation, including qualitative case study methods and logic modelling; and a cost-utility analysis. SETTING Ten community mental health trusts in England. PARTICIPANTS People with first episode psychosis, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. INTERVENTIONS Intervention group: (1) four 2.5-hour group-based structured lifestyle self-management education sessions, 1 week apart; (2) multimodal fortnightly support contacts; (3) three 2.5-hour group booster sessions at 3-monthly intervals, post core sessions. Control group: usual care assessed through a longitudinal survey. All participants received standard written lifestyle information. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was change in weight (kg) at 12 months post randomisation. The key secondary outcomes measured at 3 and 12 months included self-reported nutrition (measured with the Dietary Instrument for Nutrition Education questionnaire), objectively measured physical activity measured by accelerometry [GENEActiv (Activinsights, Kimbolton, UK)], biomedical measures, adverse events, patient-reported outcome measures and a health economic assessment. RESULTS The trial recruited 414 participants (intervention arm: 208 participants; usual care: 206 participants) between 10 March 2015 and 31 March 2016. A total of 341 participants (81.6%) completed the trial. A total of 412 participants were analysed. After 12 months, weight change did not differ between the groups (mean difference 0.0 kg, 95% confidence interval -1.59 to 1.67 kg; p = 0.964); physical activity, dietary intake and biochemical measures were unchanged. Glycated haemoglobin, fasting glucose and lipid profile were unchanged by the intervention. Quality of life, psychiatric symptoms and illness perception did not change during the trial. There were three deaths, but none was related to the intervention. Most adverse events were expected and related to the psychiatric illness. The process evaluation showed that the intervention was acceptable, with participants valuing the opportunity to interact with others facing similar challenges. Session feedback indicated that 87.2% of participants agreed that the sessions had met their needs. Some indicated the desire for more ongoing support. Professionals felt that the intervention was under-resourced and questioned the long-term sustainability within current NHS settings. Professionals would have preferred greater access to participants' behaviour data to tailor the intervention better. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio from the health-care perspective is £246,921 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio from the societal perspective is £367,543 per QALY gained. CONCLUSIONS Despite the challenges of undertaking clinical research in this population, the trial successfully recruited and retained participants, indicating a high level of interest in weight management interventions; however, the STEPWISE intervention was neither clinically effective nor cost-effective. Further research will be required to define how overweight and obesity in people with schizophrenia should be managed. The trial results suggest that lifestyle programmes for people with schizophrenia may need greater resourcing than for other populations, and interventions that have been shown to be effective in other populations, such as people with diabetes mellitus, are not necessarily effective in people with schizophrenia. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN19447796. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 65. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ig Holt
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel Hind
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - David Saxon
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tiyi A Morris
- King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - David Shiers
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katharine Barnard
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Lizzie Swaby
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Marian E Carey
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Yvonne Doherty
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Psychological Medicine, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - Paul French
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Kathryn E Greenwood
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Sridevi Kalidindi
- Rehabilitation and Recovery, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Research and Innovation, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Redruth, UK
| | | | - Shanaya Rathod
- Research and Development, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Najma Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK.,Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Stephen Wright
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Glenn Waller
- Sheffield Health & Social Care NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,National Psychosis Unit and Research and Development Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Janette Barnett
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alison Northern
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Holt RIG, Gossage-Worrall R, Hind D, Bradburn MJ, McCrone P, Morris T, Edwardson C, Barnard K, Carey ME, Davies MJ, Dickens CM, Doherty Y, Etherington A, French P, Gaughran F, Greenwood KE, Kalidindi S, Khunti K, Laugharne R, Pendlebury J, Rathod S, Saxon D, Shiers D, Siddiqi N, Swaby EA, Waller G, Wright S. Structured lifestyle education for people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and first-episode psychosis (STEPWISE): randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 214:63-73. [PMID: 30251622 PMCID: PMC6330076 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major challenge for people with schizophrenia.AimsWe assessed whether STEPWISE, a theory-based, group structured lifestyle education programme could support weight reduction in people with schizophrenia. METHOD In this randomised controlled trial (study registration: ISRCTN19447796), we recruited adults with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or first-episode psychosis from ten mental health organisations in England. Participants were randomly allocated to the STEPWISE intervention or treatment as usual. The 12-month intervention comprised four 2.5 h weekly group sessions, followed by 2-weekly maintenance contact and group sessions at 4, 7 and 10 months. The primary outcome was weight change after 12 months. Key secondary outcomes included diet, physical activity, biomedical measures and patient-related outcome measures. Cost-effectiveness was assessed and a mixed-methods process evaluation was included. RESULTS Between 10 March 2015 and 31 March 2016, we recruited 414 people (intervention 208, usual care 206) with 341 (84.4%) participants completing the trial. At 12 months, weight reduction did not differ between groups (mean difference 0.0 kg, 95% CI -1.6 to 1.7, P = 0.963); physical activity, dietary intake and biochemical measures were unchanged. STEPWISE was well-received by participants and facilitators. The healthcare perspective incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was £246 921 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. CONCLUSIONS Participants were successfully recruited and retained, indicating a strong interest in weight interventions; however, the STEPWISE intervention was neither clinically nor cost-effective. Further research is needed to determine how to manage overweight and obesity in people with schizophrenia.Declaration of interestR.I.G.H. received fees for lecturing, consultancy work and attendance at conferences from the following: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Lundbeck, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Otsuka, Sanofi, Sunovion, Takeda, MSD. M.J.D. reports personal fees from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Servier, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc.; and, grants from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen. K.K. has received fees for consultancy and speaker for Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Lilly, Servier and Merck Sharp & Dohme. He has received grants in support of investigator and investigator-initiated trials from Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Lilly, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim and Merck Sharp & Dohme. K.K. has received funds for research, honoraria for speaking at meetings and has served on advisory boards for Lilly, Sanofi-Aventis, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Novo Nordisk. D.Sh. is expert advisor to the NICE Centre for guidelines; board member of the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH); clinical advisor (paid consultancy basis) to National Clinical Audit of Psychosis (NCAP); views are personal and not those of NICE, NCCMH or NCAP. J.P. received personal fees for involvement in the study from a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) grant. M.E.C. and Y.D. report grants from NIHR Health Technology Assessment, during the conduct of the study; and The Leicester Diabetes Centre, an organisation (employer) jointly hosted by an NHS Hospital Trust and the University of Leicester and who is holder (through the University of Leicester) of the copyright of the STEPWISE programme and of the DESMOND suite of programmes, training and intervention fidelity framework that were used in this study. S.R. has received honorarium from Lundbeck for lecturing. F.G. reports personal fees from Otsuka and Lundbeck, personal fees and non-financial support from Sunovion, outside the submitted work; and has a family member with professional links to Lilly and GSK, including shares. F.G. is in part funded by the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care Funding scheme, by the Maudsley Charity and by the Stanley Medical Research Institute and is supported by the by the Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. G. Holt
- Professor in Diabetes and Endocrinology, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton andHonorary Consultant Physician, Division B, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK,Correspondence: Richard I. G. Holt, The IDS Building (MP887), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Rebecca Gossage-Worrall
- Trial Manager (Research Associate), Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel Hind
- Reader in Complex Interventions and Assistant Director, Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael J. Bradburn
- Senior Medical Statistician, Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- Professor of Health Economics and Director of King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tiyi Morris
- Research Assistant, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Charlotte Edwardson
- Associate Professor in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Health, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Katharine Barnard
- Health Psychologist and Visiting Professor, Faculty of Health and Social Science, University of Bournemouth, UK
| | - Marian E. Carey
- Director: Structured Education Research Portfolio, Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicesterand Honorary Associate Professor, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J. Davies
- Professor of Diabetes Medicine, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Chris M. Dickens
- Professor of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, UK
| | - Yvonne Doherty
- Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Senior Research Associate, Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, UK
| | | | - Paul French
- Associate Director, Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Reader, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London and Consultant Psychiatrist and Director of Research, National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Kathryn E. Greenwood
- Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and Professor in Clinical Psychology, Sussex Psychosis Research Interest Group, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Sridevi Kalidindi
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Rehabilitation and Recovery, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Senior Clinical Lecturer, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Professor of Primary Care Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Consultant Psychiatrist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Shanaya Rathod
- Consultant Psychiatrist and Director of Research, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and Visiting Professor, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - David Saxon
- Research Fellow, Mental Health Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - David Shiers
- Honorary Research Consultant, Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust andHonorary Reader in Early Psychosis, School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Najma Siddiqi
- Clinical Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, Health Sciences, University of York, Hull York Medical School and Consultant Psychiatrist, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Swaby
- Study Manager, Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Glenn Waller
- Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen Wright
- Lead Consultant, Early Intervention Psychiatry, Tees Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Laugharne R, Thompson M, Srivastava A, Marlow S, Shankar R. Getting a balance between generalisation and specialisation in mental health services: a defence of general services. BJPsych Bull 2018; 42:229-232. [PMID: 30012234 PMCID: PMC6465214 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2018.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health services in the UK National Health Service have evolved to include primary-care generalist, secondary-care generalist and secondary-care specialist services. We argue that there continues to be an important role for the secondary-care generalists as they minimise interfaces, can live with diagnostic uncertainty and support continuity of care. The lack of commissioning and clinical boundaries in secondary-care generalist services can undermine their feasibility, leading to difficulties recruiting and retaining staff. There is a risk of a polo-mint service, where the specialist services on the edge are well resourced, but the secondary-care generalist services taking the greatest burden struggle to recruit and retain clinicians. We need to establish equity in resources and expectations between generalist and specialist mental health services.Declaration of interestNone.
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Shankar R, Rowe C, Van Hoorn A, Henley W, Laugharne R, Cox D, Pande R, Roy A, Sander JW. Under representation of people with epilepsy and intellectual disability in research. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198261. [PMID: 29927966 PMCID: PMC6013187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose One quarter of people with epilepsy have an intellectual disability (ID) and one fifth of people with an ID have epilepsy. Both conditions are associated with higher levels of morbidity, stigma and premature mortality. There have been calls for action to promote more research in this group. We examined if this group are represented adequately in current research. Methods The proportion of research output in epilepsy conferences and publications relevant to ID and the proportion in ID conferences and publications on epilepsy for 2015–2016 were identified. As the percentage of children in the population with epilepsy is 17%, research output of this group was compared with the ID group. Recognised material was classified based on whether it applied to general epilepsy/ID research, children with epilepsy or people with epilepsy and ID. Data was analysed to determine the proportion of presented research specifically identifying people with epilepsy and ID. Results Fewer than 2% of presentations at epilepsy conferences specifically related to the ID and epilepsy group compared to 15% relating to children with epilepsy. Similarly only 1.4% of the research presented at major ID conferences related to those with people with epilepsy and ID. About 5% of published research in the field of epilepsy related to those with ID as compared with 24% for children with epilepsy. Twelve percent of published research in ID specifically identified epilepsy. Conclusion Publications and conference presentations, on the population with epilepsy and comorbid ID is under-represented. Increased research in this area might assist in improving the quality of care for this relatively neglected group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, United Kingdom
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Rowe
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, United Kingdom
| | - Alje Van Hoorn
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, United Kingdom
| | - William Henley
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, United Kingdom
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Cox
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, United Kingdom
| | - Raj Pande
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Bodmin, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok Roy
- Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Solihul, United Kingdom
- Chair of the Faculty of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability - Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josemir W. Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London United Kingdom
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
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Shankar R, Henley W, Boland C, Laugharne R, McLean BN, Newman C, Hanna J, Ashby S, Walker MC, Sander JW. Decreasing the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: structured communication of risk factors for premature mortality in people with epilepsy. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:1121-1127. [PMID: 29611888 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Good practice guidelines highlight the importance of making people with epilepsy aware of the risk of premature mortality in epilepsy particularly due to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The SUDEP and Seizure Safety Checklist ('Checklist') is a structured risk communication tool used in UK clinics. It is not known if sharing structured information on risk factors allows individuals to reduce SUDEP and premature mortality risks. The aim of this study was to ascertain if the introduction of the Checklist in epilepsy clinics led to individual risk reduction. METHODS The Checklist was administered to 130 consecutive people with epilepsy attending a specialized epilepsy neurology clinic and 129 attending an epilepsy intellectual disability (ID) clinic within a 4-month period. At baseline, no attendees at the neurology clinic had received formal risk advice, whereas all those attending the ID clinic had received formal risk advice on multiple occasions for 6 years. The Checklist was readministered 1 year later to each group and scores were compared with baseline and between groups. RESULTS Of 12 risk factors considered, there was an overall reduction in mean risk score for the general (P = 0.0049) but not for the ID (P = 0.322) population. Subanalysis of the 25% of people at most risk in both populations showed that both sets had a significant reduction in risk scores (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Structured discussion results in behavioural change that reduces individual risk factors. This impact seems to be higher in those who are at current higher risk. It is important that clinicians share risk information with individuals as a matter of public health and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.,Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
| | - W Henley
- Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
| | - C Boland
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK
| | - R Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK.,Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
| | | | - C Newman
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | - M C Walker
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - J W Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
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Laugharne R, Eaves S, Mascas A, Psatha K, Dinnis G, Trower J, Shankar R. Desperately seeking outcomes: quantifying the effectiveness of community mental healthcare using Health of the Nation Outcome Scales. BJPsych Open 2018; 4:91-94. [PMID: 29606183 PMCID: PMC6003255 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2018.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community mental health services in the UK have struggled to measure the clinical effectiveness of their services.AimsTo measure clinical outcomes for different diagnostic clusters. METHOD Clinicians measure the clinical status of patients by the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS), and HoNOS scores should be recorded annually after treatment. Clinical outcomes were measured by changes in HoNOS for diagnostic clusters. RESULTS In two time periods (2014 and 2016), the health of patients with mild to moderate common mental disorders deteriorated after intervention. Patients with severe common mental disorders and psychoses improved in their clinical status. CONCLUSIONS British community mental health teams may be effective in improving the clinical status of people with severe mental illness, but may have a negative effect on people with mild to moderate illnesses. These teams need to focus on the severely mentally ill and build on this demonstrable effectiveness.Declaration of interestNone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Laugharne
- Consultant Psychiatrist,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and University of Exeter Medical School
| | - Scott Eaves
- Foundation Doctor,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Alin Mascas
- Specialist Registrar,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Kiki Psatha
- Foundation Doctor,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Gill Dinnis
- Patient Safety Specialist,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Rohit Shankar
- Consultant Psychiatrist,Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and University of Exeter Medical School
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Abstract
Working in general psychiatry requires us to live with tensions. We have to live with the tension between the paternalism of compulsory admissions and advocating the autonomy and rights of people with a mental illness. A further tension is exacerbated by two movements of recent years, evidence-based medicine and user involvement. These are broadly to be welcomed, but will ultimately bring psychiatry further into the conflict between the ‘modern’ and ‘post-modern’ views of the world.
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Abstract
Increasing involvement of users in health service planning has led to a movement towards patients having more information about their care. Some have advocated patients having access to their medical records and this is now a statutory right. There has been concern as to whether this is suitable in mental health. An addition or alternative to access to medical notes is a client held record which might increase the patient's feeling of autonomy while also improving communication and compliance. In studies on access most patients and staff have found this beneficial. Client held records have also been positively received in the few studies reported but more evaluation in routine practice Is needed.
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Abstract
A client held record for patients with long-term mental illness was introduced by a community mental health team in east London. The record was evaluated by asking the opinions of 45 patients and examining how their client record had been used. Over 80% of the patients found the record and the information it contained useful, 74% of contacts were recorded in the booklet and the client held record had begun to be used by many professionals for purposes other than appointments and medication. A client held record can increase patient involvement in care and help communication between professionals.
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Abstract
During March 1998 we had the privilege of visiting the mental health services in Kumasi, Ghana at the invitation of Dr Yaw Osei, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Behavioural Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology.
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Abstract
SummaryThere is an increasing requirement for mental health services to demonstrate the quality of care provided. We have developed a quality report of our local community mental health team in Cornwall and suggest quality measures that we believe are useful to patients and clinicians, and possible to implement without overwhelming busy team members. They include measures of satisfaction, accessibility, safe process and review, outcomes, evidence-based practice and staff performance. Different teams may need different standards but we hope this paper will stimulate discussion and debate.
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Abstract
‘But don't they get lost?’ This is usually the first comment made when the authors mention the use of patient-held records (PHRs) to colleagues. Nevertheless, PHRs have been used in mental health care as well as several other settings, including services for diabetes, cancer, maternity and child health. In some of these services, including mental health, PHRs have been an addition to clinician held standard notes, whereas in others the patient holds the only record for their care. The main purposes of introducing PHRs have been to empower patients with a sense of ownership of their care and to improve communication, between both patients and clinicians, as well as between different clinicians involved in that person's care (Laugharne & Stafford, 1996).
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Abstract
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine, and medicine has its roots in scientific empiricism. Scientific modernism, a product of the Enlightenment, has come under considerable fire from critics, often labelled as postmodern (Muir Gray, 1999; Bracken & Thomas, 2001; Laugharne, 2002). These criticisms include a portrayal of science as a ‘grand narrative’ that reduces reality to a material, measurable world, which follows rational rules, and excludes the non-measurable and non-material. The idea of the objective observer is questioned, because all observers have some interest in what is being observed. Also, multiple views of reality are seen as necessary to understand different perspectives, and the idea that scientific knowledge should ‘trump’ other forms of experience is criticised. This has been described by Bracken in the following way.
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Abstract
Aims and MethodPatient-held records have been introduced in mental health over the past 2 decades. This follow-up study aimed to evaluate one pilot project 5 years after the records were introduced. All patients initially interviewed 4 years previously were approached and asked about their use and opinion of the record.ResultsOf the 19 people interviewed, 12 were still using the record and had a positive opinion of its usefulness. Of all community mental health team contacts, 72% were recorded in the patient-held notes.Clinical ImplicationsPatient-held records are sustainable in a naturalistic clinical setting over the period of 5 years.
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Abstract
Aims and MethodSt John's wort is popularly taken as a herbal remedy, but it interacts with prescribed drugs. The aim of this survey was to estimate the prevalence of patients self-medicating with St John's wort. All new referrals to a community mental health team over 5 months were asked about any use of St John's wort.ResultsFifteen patients, of 101, had taken St John's wort at some time and of those seven were currently taking it. Patients who used St John's wort tended to be younger and female. Only nine of the 15 patients took it for depressive symptoms and none had received medical advice. One patient was taking an interacting medication.Clinical ImplicationsA significant number of patients are taking St John's wort. In order to prevent drug interactions, doctors should ask all patients whether they use it, especially young women who may be on the contraceptive pill. Patients need better education about its risks and benefits and it should be taken with medical advice.
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Allard J, Shankar R, Henley W, Brown A, McLean B, Jadev M, Parrett M, Laugharne R, Noble A, Ridsdale L. PO049 What drives ed attendance in people with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-abn.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Laugharne
- Department of Mental Health, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Wonford House Hospital, Dryden Road, Exeter EX2 5AF, UK
| | - Jonathan Laugharne
- Department of Mental Health, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Wonford House Hospital, Dryden Road, Exeter EX2 5AF, UK
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Laugharne R, Gough A. Disorders of Body Image. J R Soc Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/014107680209501120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Trust, Trevillis House, Lodge Hill, Liskeard, Cornwall, UK
| | - Anna Gough
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Trust, Trevillis House, Lodge Hill, Liskeard, Cornwall, UK
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