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Smith A, Greenwood D, Horton M, Osborne T, Goodwin M, Lawrence RR, Winch D, Williams P, Milne R, Sivan M. Psychometric analysis of the modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) in a prospective multicentre study. BMJ Open Respir Res 2024; 11:e002271. [PMID: 38724221 PMCID: PMC11086182 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long COVID (LC) is a novel multisystem clinical syndrome affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) is a condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure designed for assessment and monitoring of people with LC. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the psychometric properties of the C19-YRSm in a prospective sample of people with LC. METHODS 1314 patients attending 10 UK specialist LC clinics completed C19-YRSm and EuroQol 5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L) longitudinally. Scale characteristics were derived for C19-YRSm subscales (Symptom Severity (SS), Functional Disability (FD) and Overall Health (OH)) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). Convergent validity was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue Scale. Known groups validity was assessed for the Other Symptoms subscale as tertiles, as well as by hospitalisation and intensive care admission. Responsiveness and test-retest reliability was evaluated for C19-YRSm subscales and EQ-5D-5L. The minimal important difference (MID) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were estimated. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to determine the instrument's two-factor structure. RESULTS C19-YRSm demonstrated good scale characteristic properties. Item-total correlations were between 0.37 and 0.65 (for SS and FD), with good internal reliability (Cronbach's alphas>0.8). Item correlations between subscales ranged between 0.46 and 0.72. Convergent validity with FACIT was good (-0.46 to -0.62). The three subscales discriminated between different levels of symptom burden (p<0.001) and between patients admitted to hospital and intensive care. There was moderate responsiveness for the three subscales ranging from 0.22 (OH) to 0.50 (SS) which was greater than for the EQ-5D-5L. Test-retest reliability was good for both SS 0.86 and FD 0.78. MID was 2 for SS, 2 for FD and 1 for OH; MCID was 4 for both the SS and FD. The factor analysis supported the two-factor SS and FD structure. CONCLUSIONS The C19-YRSm is a condition-specific, reliable, valid and responsive patient-reported outcome measure for LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Smith
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mike Horton
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas Osborne
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Madeline Goodwin
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Darren Winch
- Kent & Medway ICB Patient Reference Group, Kent, UK
| | - Paul Williams
- Hertfordshire Community NHS Trust, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | | | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Diar Bakerly N, Smith N, Darbyshire JL, Kwon J, Bullock E, Baley S, Sivan M, Delaney B. Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:473. [PMID: 38673384 PMCID: PMC11050596 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long COVID (LC) is a global public health crisis affecting more than 70 million people. There is emerging evidence of different pathophysiological mechanisms driving the wide array of symptoms in LC. Understanding the relationships between mechanisms and symptoms helps in guiding clinical management and identifying potential treatment targets. METHODS This was a mixed-methods systematic review with two stages: Stage one (Review 1) included only existing systematic reviews (meta-review) and Stage two (Review 2) was a review of all primary studies. The search strategy involved Medline, Embase, Emcare, and CINAHL databases to identify studies that described symptoms and pathophysiological mechanisms with statistical analysis and/or discussion of plausible causal relationships between mechanisms and symptoms. Only studies that included a control arm for comparison were included. Studies were assessed for quality using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tools. RESULTS 19 systematic reviews were included in Review 1 and 46 primary studies in Review 2. Overall, the quality of reporting across the studies included in this second review was moderate to poor. The pathophysiological mechanisms with strong evidence were immune system dysregulation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and impaired gas transfer in the lungs. Other mechanisms with moderate to weak evidence were endothelial damage and hypercoagulation, mast cell activation, and auto-immunity to vascular receptors. CONCLUSIONS LC is a complex condition affecting multiple organs with diverse clinical presentations (or traits) underpinned by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. A 'treatable trait' approach may help identify certain groups and target specific interventions. Future research must include understanding the response to intervention based on these mechanism-based traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawar Diar Bakerly
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Nikki Smith
- Locomotion Study Patient Advisory Group, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Level D, Martin Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK;
| | - Julie L. Darbyshire
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (J.L.D.); (J.K.)
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (J.L.D.); (J.K.)
| | - Emily Bullock
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Sareeta Baley
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham B7 4BN, UK;
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds Teaching Hospitals and Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trusts, Leeds LS11 0DL, UK;
| | - Brendan Delaney
- Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
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Sivan M, Smith AB, Osborne T, Goodwin M, Lawrence RR, Baley S, Williams P, Lee C, Davies H, Balasundaram K, Greenwood DC. Long COVID Clinical Severity Types Based on Symptoms and Functional Disability: A Longitudinal Evaluation. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1908. [PMID: 38610673 PMCID: PMC11012375 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Long COVID (LC) is a multisystem clinical syndrome with functional disability and compromised overall health. Information on LC clinical severity types is emerging in cross-sectional studies. This study explored the pattern and consistency of long COVID (LC) clinical severity types over time in a prospective sample. Methods: Participants with LC completed the condition-specific outcome measure C19-YRSm (Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale modified version) at two assessment time points. A cluster analysis for clinical severity types was undertaken at both time points using the k-means partition method. Results: The study included cross-sectional data for 759 patients with a mean age of 46.8 years (SD = 12.7), 69.4% females, and a duration of symptoms of 360 days (IQR 217 to 703 days). The cluster analysis at first assessment revealed three distinct clinical severity type clusters: mild (n = 96), moderate (n = 422), and severe (n = 241). Longitudinal data on 356 patients revealed that the pattern of three clinical severity types remained consistent over time between the two assessments, with 51% of patients switching clinical severity types between the assessments. Conclusions: This study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that the pattern of three clinical severity types is consistent over time, with patients also switching between severity types, indicating the fluctuating nature of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.O.); (M.G.); (R.R.L.)
- COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds LS11 0DL, UK
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Adam B. Smith
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.B.S.); (D.C.G.)
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Osborne
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.O.); (M.G.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Madeline Goodwin
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.O.); (M.G.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Román Rocha Lawrence
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.O.); (M.G.); (R.R.L.)
- ELAROS 24/7 Digital Company, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Sareeta Baley
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham B7 4BN, UK;
| | - Paul Williams
- Hertfordshire Community NHS Trust, Welwyn AL6 9PW, UK;
| | - Cassie Lee
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK;
| | - Helen Davies
- Cardiff and Vale University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK;
| | - Kumaran Balasundaram
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre—Respiratory & Infection Theme, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK;
| | - Darren C. Greenwood
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.B.S.); (D.C.G.)
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Watkins L, Kulkarni A, Webber E, Bassett P, Lamb K, Sawhney I, Laugharne R, Heslop P, Jones A, Napier G, Crocker A, Sivan M, Shankar R. People with Intellectual Disabilities, Dysphagia and Post-Covid Syndrome. Dysphagia 2024:10.1007/s00455-024-10679-1. [PMID: 38498202 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-024-10679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
People with Intellectual Disability (ID) were more likely to contract COVID-19 infection and more likely to die from the consequences. However, there is no evidence on the long-term impact of COVID-19 infection in people with ID. Post-Covid Syndrome (PCS) is an established diagnosis that requires specialist clinical support. To date there is no data on how common PCS is in people with ID, or how symptoms present. Dysphagia is identified as a clinical marker because of the known association with PCS, and the clear objective diagnostic criteria applicable through specialist assessment. This investigation presents a cohort of people with ID, who developed dysphagia/worsening of dysphagia post diagnosis with COVID-19. Cases were identified through support from the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. Data was collected by electronic survey, including application of the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale-modified (C19-YRSm). The C19-YRSm is a validated assessment tool for PCS and it's impact upon functional disability. This case series identifies that symptoms consistent with PCS are present in people with ID, post-COVID-19 infection. The risk of diagnostic overshadowing or misdiagnosis is high due to the subjective nature and the quality of PCS symptoms. People with ID who develop PCS may not be readily identified by clinical services and therefore not be accessing the specialist medical support required. Furthermore, changes in behaviour secondary to PCS may lead to unnecessary increased prescribing of psychotropic medication which in itself risks worsening dysphagia. Dysphagia could be an important bellwether to identify PCS in people with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Watkins
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Amit Kulkarni
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Emma Webber
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
| | | | - Kirsten Lamb
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Indermeet Sawhney
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Threemilestone Industrial Estate, Truro, TR 4 9LD, UK
| | - Pauline Heslop
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angela Jones
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
| | - Geraldine Napier
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
- South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Angela Crocker
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, London, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK.
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK.
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Delgado-Sanchez A, Charalambous C, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Safi H, Jones A, Sivan M, Talmi D, Brown C. Test-retest reliability of Bayesian estimations of the effects of stimulation, prior information and individual traits on pain perception. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:434-453. [PMID: 37947114 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is inter-individual variability in the influence of different components (e.g. nociception and expectations) on pain perception. Identifying the individual effect of these components could serve for patient stratification, but only if these influences are stable in time. METHODS In this study, 30 healthy participants underwent a cognitive pain paradigm in which they rated pain after viewing a probabilistic cue informing of forthcoming pain intensity and then receiving electrical stimulation. The trial information was then used in a Bayesian probability model to compute the relative weight each participant put on stimulation, cue, cue uncertainty and trait-like bias. The same procedure was repeated 2 weeks later. Relative and absolute test-retest reliability of all measures was assessed. RESULTS Intraclass correlation results showed good reliability for the effect of the stimulation (0.83), the effect of the cue (0.75) and the trait-like bias (0.75 and 0.75), and a moderate reliability for the effect of the cue uncertainty (0.55). Absolute reliability measures also supported the temporal stability of the results and indicated that a change in parameters corresponding to a difference in pain ratings ranging between 0.47 and 1.45 (depending on the parameters) would be needed to consider differences in outcomes significant. The comparison of these measures with the closest clinical data we possess supports the reliability of our results. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that inter-individual differences in the weight placed on different pain factors are stable in time and could therefore be a possible target for patient stratification. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate the temporal stability of the weight healthy individuals place on the different factors leading to the pain response. These findings give validity to the idea of using Bayesian estimations of the influence of different factors on pain as a way to stratify patients for treatment personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hannah Safi
- Department of Medical Physics, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Northern Care Alliance, Salford, UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony Jones
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Deborah Talmi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Brown
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool and Human Pain Research Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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6
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Lee C, Greenwood DC, Master H, Balasundaram K, Williams P, Scott JT, Wood C, Cooper R, Darbyshire JL, Gonzalez AE, Davies HE, Osborne T, Corrado J, Iftekhar N, Rogers N, Delaney B, Greenhalgh T, Sivan M. Prevalence of orthostatic intolerance in long covid clinic patients and healthy volunteers: A multicenter study. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29486. [PMID: 38456315 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Orthostatic intolerance (OI), including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) and orthostatic hypotension (OH), are often reported in long covid, but published studies are small with inconsistent results. We sought to estimate the prevalence of objective OI in patients attending long covid clinics and healthy volunteers and associations with OI symptoms and comorbidities. Participants with a diagnosis of long covid were recruited from eight UK long covid clinics, and healthy volunteers from general population. All undertook standardized National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lean Test (NLT). Participants' history of typical OI symptoms (e.g., dizziness, palpitations) before and during the NLT were recorded. Two hundred seventy-seven long covid patients and 50 frequency-matched healthy volunteers were tested. Healthy volunteers had no history of OI symptoms or symptoms during NLT or PoTS, 10% had asymptomatic OH. One hundred thirty (47%) long covid patients had previous history of OI symptoms and 144 (52%) developed symptoms during the NLT. Forty-one (15%) had an abnormal NLT, 20 (7%) met criteria for PoTS, and 21 (8%) had OH. Of patients with an abnormal NLT, 45% had no prior symptoms of OI. Relaxing the diagnostic thresholds for PoTS from two consecutive abnormal readings to one abnormal reading during the NLT, resulted in 11% of long covid participants (an additional 4%) meeting criteria for PoTS, but not in healthy volunteers. More than half of long covid patients experienced OI symptoms during NLT and more than one in 10 patients met the criteria for either PoTS or OH, half of whom did not report previous typical OI symptoms. We therefore recommend all patients attending long covid clinics are offered an NLT and appropriate management commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Lee
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Harsha Master
- Covid Assessment and Rehabilitation Service, Hertfordshire Community NHS Trust, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Kumaran Balasundaram
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Respiratory & Infection Theme, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Williams
- Covid Assessment and Rehabilitation Service, Hertfordshire Community NHS Trust, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Janet T Scott
- Development and Innovation Department, NHS Highlands, Inverness, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Conor Wood
- Birmingham Community Healthcare, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rowena Cooper
- Development and Innovation Department, NHS Highlands, Inverness, UK
| | - Julie L Darbyshire
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Helen E Davies
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Osborne
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Joanna Corrado
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Nafi Iftekhar
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Brendan Delaney
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Trish Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
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Sivan M, Negrini S. An expanded workforce is needed to strengthen rehabilitation in health systems. BMJ 2024; 384:q60. [PMID: 38212055 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Stefano Negrini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University "La Statale," Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Corrado J, Iftekhar N, Halpin S, Li M, Tarrant R, Grimaldi J, Simms A, O'Connor RJ, Casson A, Sivan M. HEART Rate Variability Biofeedback for LOng COVID Dysautonomia (HEARTLOC): Results of a Feasibility Study. Adv Rehabil Sci Pract 2024; 13:27536351241227261. [PMID: 38298551 PMCID: PMC10826406 DOI: 10.1177/27536351241227261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Post-COVID-19 syndrome, or Long Covid (LC) refers to symptoms persisting 12 weeks after the COVID-19 infection. LC comprises a wide range of dysautonomia symptoms, including fatigue, breathlessness, palpitations, dizziness, pain and brain fog. This study tested the feasibility and estimated the efficacy, of a Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRV-B) programme via a standardised slow diaphragmatic breathing technique in individuals with LC. Methods LC patients underwent a 4-week HRV-B intervention for 10 minutes twice daily for 4 weeks using the Polar H10 ECG (Electrocardiogram) chest strap and Elite HRV phone application. Outcome measures C19-YRSm (Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale modified), Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS-31), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), EQ5D-5L (EuroQol 5 Dimensions) and Root Mean Square of Successive Differences between heartbeats (RMSSD) using a Fitbit device were recorded before and after the intervention. The study was pre-registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT05228665. Results A total of 13 participants (54% female, 46% male) completed the study with high levels of independent use of technology, data completeness and intervention adherence. There was a statistically significant improvement in C19YRS-m (P = .001), COMPASS-31 (P = .007), RMSSD (P = .047), WHODAS (P = .02) and EQ5D Global Health Score (P = .009). Qualitative feedback suggested participants could use it independently, were satisfied with the intervention and reported beneficial effects from the intervention. Conclusion HRV-B using diaphragmatic breathing is a feasible intervention for LC. The small sample size limits generalisability. HRV-B in LC warrants further exploration in a larger randomised controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Corrado
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Nafi Iftekhar
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen Halpin
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Tarrant
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer Grimaldi
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander Simms
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Rory J O'Connor
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Alex Casson
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Kwon J, Milne R, Rayner C, Rocha Lawrence R, Mullard J, Mir G, Delaney B, Sivan M, Petrou S. Impact of Long COVID on productivity and informal caregiving. Eur J Health Econ 2023:10.1007/s10198-023-01653-z. [PMID: 38146040 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-023-01653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 2 million people in the UK suffer from Long COVID (LC). Of concern is the disease impact on productivity and informal care burden. This study aimed to quantify and value productivity losses and informal care receipt in a sample of LC patients in the UK. METHODS The target population comprised LC patients referred to LC specialist clinics. The questionnaires included a health economics questionnaire (HEQ) measuring productivity impacts, informal care receipt and service utilisation, EQ-5D-5L, C19-YRS LC condition-specific measure, and sociodemographic and COVID-19 history variables. Outcomes were changes from the incident infection resulting in LC to the month preceding the survey in paid work status/h, work income, work performance and informal care receipt. The human capital approach valued productivity losses; the proxy goods method valued caregiving hours. The values were extrapolated nationally using published prevalence data. Multilevel regressions, nested by region, estimated associations between the outcomes and patient characteristics. RESULTS 366 patients responded to HEQ (mean LC duration 449.9 days). 51.7% reduced paid work hours relative to the pre-infection period. Mean monthly work income declined by 24.5%. The average aggregate value of productivity loss since incident infection was £10,929 (95% bootstrap confidence interval £8,844-£13,014) and £5.7 billion (£3.8-£7.6 billion) extrapolated nationally. The corresponding values for informal caregiving were £8,726 (£6,247-£11,204) and £4.8 billion (£2.6-£7.0 billion). Multivariate analyses found significant associations between each outcome and health utility and C19-YRS subscale scores. CONCLUSION LC significantly impacts productivity losses and provision of informal care, exacerbated by high national prevalence of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kwon
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
| | - Ruairidh Milne
- Public Health, Wessex Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, England
| | - Clare Rayner
- Locomotion Patient Advisory Group (Co-Lead), University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | | | - Jordan Mullard
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
- Department of Sociology, University of Durham, Durham, England
| | - Ghazala Mir
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Brendan Delaney
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
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Fyffe I, Sorensen J, Carroll S, MacPhee M, Andrews-Paul A, Crooks VA, Freeman S, Davison K, Walls J, Berndt A, Shams B, Sivan M, Mithani A. Long COVID in long-term care: a rapid realist review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076186. [PMID: 38128935 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goals of this rapid realist review were to ask: (a) what are the key mechanisms that drive successful interventions for long COVID in long-term care (LTC) and (b) what are the critical contexts that determine whether the mechanisms produce the intended outcomes? DESIGN Rapid realist review. DATA SOURCES Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science for peer-reviewed literature and Google for grey literature were searched up to 23 February 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included sources focused on interventions, persons in LTC, long COVID or post-acute phase at least 4 weeks following initial COVID-19 infection and ones that had a connection with source materials. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Three independent reviewers searched, screened and coded studies. Two independent moderators resolved conflicts. A data extraction tool organised relevant data into context-mechanism-outcome configurations using realist methodology. Twenty-one sources provided 51 intervention data excerpts used to develop our programme theory. Synthesised findings were presented to a reference group and expert panel for confirmatory purposes. RESULTS Fifteen peer-reviewed articles and six grey literature sources were eligible for inclusion. Eleven context-mechanism-outcome configurations identify those contextual factors and underlying mechanisms associated with desired outcomes, such as clinical care processes and policies that ensure timely access to requisite resources for quality care delivery, and resident-centred assessments and care planning to address resident preferences and needs. The underlying mechanisms associated with enhanced outcomes for LTC long COVID survivors were: awareness, accountability, vigilance and empathetic listening. CONCLUSIONS Although the LTC sector struggles with organisational capacity issues, they should be aware that comprehensively assessing and monitoring COVID-19 survivors and providing timely interventions to those with long COVID is imperative. This is due to the greater care needs of residents with long COVID, and coordinated efficient care is required to optimise their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Fyffe
- Long Term Care & Assisted Living, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janice Sorensen
- Long Term Care & Assisted Living, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon Carroll
- Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maura MacPhee
- Nursing, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison Andrews-Paul
- Long Term Care & Assisted Living, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Valorie A Crooks
- Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon Freeman
- Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Davison
- Institute of Life Course & Aging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Health Science Program, Faculty of Science and Horticulture, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer Walls
- Long-Term Care & Assisted Living Research Partners Group, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Annette Berndt
- Long-Term Care & Assisted Living Research Partners Group, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benajir Shams
- Long Term Care & Assisted Living, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Akber Mithani
- Long Term Care & Assisted Living, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Ceravolo MG, Anwar F, Andrenelli E, Udensi C, Qureshi J, Sivan M, Kiekens C, Zampolini M. Evidence-based position paper on physical and rehabilitation medicine professional practice for persons with COVID-19, including post COVID-19 condition: the European PRM position (UEMS PRM Section). Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2023; 59:789-799. [PMID: 38214046 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.23.08315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Although multiple factors still pose challenges to inpatient/outpatient rehabilitation for survivors of COVID-19, rehabilitation plays a key role for this patient population. This study aimed to improve Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) physician's professional practice for persons with COVID-19-related functioning limitations, to promote functional recovery and reduce activity limitations and/or participation restrictions. A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed from December 2019 to August 2022, followed by production of recommendations through 5 Delphi rounds, by consensus among the delegates of all European countries represented in the Union of European Medical Specialists PRM Section. The systematic literature review is reported together with thirty-two recommendations resulting from the Delphi procedure. The PRM physician's role for persons with COVID-19-related limitations of functioning is to develop, foster, and monitor the implementation of an individual rehabilitation project tailored to the patient's age, previous medical and functional status, current comorbidities and complications, activity limitations and participation restrictions and personal and environmental factors. This is done by applying the concept of a multi-specialty integrated service model with multi-professional/interdisciplinary teams, providing care at all stages of COVID-19 illness. This evidence-based position paper represents the official position of the European Union through the UEMS PRM Section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Ceravolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Politecnica delle Marche University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fahim Anwar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisa Andrenelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Politecnica delle Marche University, Ancona, Italy -
| | - Cynthia Udensi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jawaria Qureshi
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds General Infirmary, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mauro Zampolini
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital of Foligno, USL Umbria2, Perugia, Italy
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
- Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust
| | | | - Rishma Maini
- NHS Fife and Public Health Scotland, UK
- University of St Andrews, UK
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13
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Sivan M, Rocha Lawrence R, O'Brien P. Digital Patient Reported Outcome Measures Platform for Post-COVID-19 Condition and Other Long-Term Conditions: User-Centered Development and Technical Description. JMIR Hum Factors 2023; 10:e48632. [PMID: 37665334 PMCID: PMC10592725 DOI: 10.2196/48632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC), colloquially known as long COVID, is a multisystem condition characterized by persistent symptoms beyond 4 weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. More than 60 million people with PCC worldwide need prompt assessment, diagnosis, and monitoring, with many requiring specialist help from a multidisciplinary team of health care professionals (HCPs). Consequently, a scalable digital system is required for both people with PCC and HCPs to capture the breadth of symptoms and their impact on health, using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs). OBJECTIVE We aim to develop and implement a novel PCC digital PROM (DPROM) platform for (1) securely collecting PROM and PREM data from people with PCC, (2) enabling users to monitor symptoms longitudinally and assess response to treatment, (3) generating reports for the electronic health records (EHRs), (4) providing summary reports on PCC services based on national requirements, and (5) facilitating the sharing of relevant data with authorized research teams to accelerate our understanding of this new condition and evaluate new strategies to manage PCC. METHODS We (1) undertook requirement analysis with people with PCC, HCPs, and researchers to identify the needs of the DPROM platform and determine its required functionalities; (2) designed and developed a clinically useful web portal for staff and a mobile app for patients, with a web-based alternative app to improve patient and staff choice, limit the risk of digital exclusion, and account for variability across services; (3) determined the PROMs and PREMs that PCC services would prefer to use on the platform; and (4) designed the summary report function that can be generated for each user for the EHR and for reporting to national health authorities. RESULTS A DPROM platform to record PCC symptom profile, condition severity, functional disability, and quality of life, based on the C19-YRS (Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale) and other PROMs and PREMs, was developed. Individual-level medical information and details on the COVID-19 illness can be captured systematically. The platform generates easy-to-understand scores, radar plots and line graphs for people with PCC to self-monitor their condition and for HCPs to assess the natural course of the condition and the response to interventions. Clinics can configure a suite of PROMs and PREMs based on their local and national service and commissioning requirements and support research studies which require large-scale data collection on PROMs. The DPROM platform enables automatic aggregate data analysis for services to undertake service evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis. The DPROM platform generated summary report can be uploaded to the EHRs of people with PCC. CONCLUSIONS A multifunctional DPROM platform to assess, grade, and monitor PCC has been developed. Future research will analyze the system's usability in specialist PCC clinical services and other long-term conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Román Rocha Lawrence
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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14
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Delgado-Sanchez A, Brown C, Sivan M, Talmi D, Charalambous C, Jones AKP. Are We Any Closer to Understanding How Chronic Pain Develops? A Systematic Search and Critical Narrative Review of Existing Chronic Pain Vulnerability Models. J Pain Res 2023; 16:3145-3166. [PMID: 37727681 PMCID: PMC10506671 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s411628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying biopsychosocial factors underlying chronic pain vulnerability is essential for the design of preventative efforts. Multiple chronic pain vulnerability models exist, however, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of these models in the literature, potentially due to the lack of guidelines that specify the criteria by which these types of work should be assessed. In this work, we created evaluation criteria (based on the general goals of conceptual models), and we then used them to critically review the chronic pain vulnerability models available in the current peer-reviewed literature (identified through a systematic search). Particularly, we evaluated the models on the basis of conceptual clarity/specificity of measures, depth of description of aetiological and mechanistic factors, use of a whole system approach, and quality of the evidence associated with the models. We found nine conceptual models that have been explored in detail (eg, fear avoidance model, diathesis-stress model). These models excel at clarity and are supported mostly by self-report evidence of a psychological nature (anxiety sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, etc.), but provide little explanation of mechanistic and aetiological factors. In the future, models could be improved by complementing them with proposals from other models and exploring potential causal factors and mechanisms maintaining the condition. This task could be carried out through prospective cohort studies, and computational approaches, amongst others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Delgado-Sanchez
- Division of Human Communication, Development, and Hearing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Brown
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Deborah Talmi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anthony K P Jones
- Division of Human Communication, Development, and Hearing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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15
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Edwards SA, Martin SL, Rainey T, Whitaker G, Greenwood DC, Jones A, Sivan M. Influence of acute fasting on pain tolerance in healthy subjects: a randomised crossover study. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:1153107. [PMID: 37753146 PMCID: PMC10518402 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although chronic pain and obesity are global health crises with substantial healthcare costs, little is known about the relationship between pain perception and eating behaviours. Food consumption has been reported to provide an analgesic effect by the release of neurotransmitters modulating the pain network. However, whether short-term (acute) fasting affects pain perception remains unclear. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute fasting on pain perception and whether attention and mood changes drove the observed changes. Patients and methods The cold pressor test (CPT) was used to investigate the pain tolerance of 25 healthy participants in both non-fasting and 12-h fasting sessions. They were randomised to either session with a crossover to the other after at least 24 h, with the experimenter blinded to the sessions. The pain tolerance was measured using a Stroop task in both attentive and distracted states. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was used to capture the mood, and a 10-point hunger scale was used to measure hunger. Mixed-effects models were used to investigate the influence of fasting and distraction on pain perception, accounting for the repeated measures. Results Fasting reduced CPT pain tolerance, with fasting participants twice as likely to withdraw their hands early (hazard ratio = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3-4.5). Though men tolerated CPT pain longer than women, there was no evidence that men responded to fasting differently than women (p = 0.9). In addition, no evidence supporting that fasting affected attention or mood was found. Nonetheless, it increased hunger scores by 2.7 points on a 10-point scale (95% CI: 1.2-4.2) and decreased blood glucose concentration levels by 0.51 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.19-0.84). Conclusion Acute fasting reduces pain tolerance in the healthy participants, and this effect is independent of gender and attention or mood changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Edwards
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Martin
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Rainey
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Whitaker
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Darren C. Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Jones
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Sivan
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafi Iftekhar
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Long Covid service
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18
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Mansoubi M, Dawes J, Bhatia A, Vashisht H, Collett J, Greenwood DC, Ezekiel L, O'Connor D, Leveridge P, Rayner C, Read F, Sivan M, Tuckerbell I, Ward T, Delaney B, Muhlhausen W, Dawes H. Digital home monitoring for capturing daily fluctuation of symptoms; a longitudinal repeated measures study: Long Covid Multi-disciplinary Consortium to Optimise Treatments and Services across the NHS (a LOCOMOTION study). BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071428. [PMID: 37553189 PMCID: PMC10414119 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A substantial proportion of COVID-19 survivors continue to have symptoms more than 3 months after infection, especially of those who required medical intervention. Lasting symptoms are wide-ranging, and presentation varies between individuals and fluctuates within an individual. Improved understanding of undulation in symptoms and triggers may improve efficacy of healthcare providers and enable individuals to better self-manage their Long Covid. We present a protocol where we aim to develop and examine the feasibility and usability of digital home monitoring for capturing daily fluctuation of symptoms in individuals with Long Covid and provide data to facilitate a personalised approach to the classification and management of Long Covid symptoms. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a longitudinal prospective cohort study of adults with Long Covid accessing 10 National Health Service (NHS) rehabilitation services in the UK. We aim to recruit 400 people from participating NHS sites. At referral to study, 6 weeks and 12 weeks, participants will complete demographic data (referral to study) and clinical outcome measures, including ecological momentary assessment (EMA) using personal mobile devices. EMA items are adapted from the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale items and include self-reported activities, symptoms and psychological factors. Passive activity data will be collected through wrist-worn sensors. We will use latent class growth models to identify trajectories of experience, potential phenotypes defined by co-occurrence of symptoms and inter-relationships between stressors, symptoms and participation in daily activities. We anticipate that n=300 participants provide 80% power to detect a 20% improvement in fatigue over 12 weeks in one class of patients relative to another. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Yorkshire & The Humber-Bradford Leeds Research Ethics Committee (ref: 21/YH/0276). Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and presented at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN15022307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Mansoubi
- NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Center, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joanna Dawes
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | - Johnny Collett
- Department of Sport, Health and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Leisle Ezekiel
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Phaedra Leveridge
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Clare Rayner
- Patient Advisory Group (PAG) Representative, Leeds, UK
| | - Flo Read
- Department of Health and Community Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Tomas Ward
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Delaney
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Helen Dawes
- NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Center, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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19
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Sivan M, Mckeever V, Natt M, Newton J. A global need for more awareness of dysautonomia in postviral syndromes. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29048. [PMID: 37605820 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre in Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Vikki Mckeever
- Leeds and West Yorkshire ME/CFS Service, Leeds and York Partnership Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Fatigue ME/CFS Service, City Health Care Partnership, York, UK
| | | | - Julia Newton
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Falls and Syncope Service, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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20
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Kabir MF, Yin KN, Jeffree MS, Ahmedy FB, Jahan S, Islam MW, Jahid IK, Sivan M, Chakrovorty SK, Hossain KMA. Profile of long COVID symptoms needing rehabilitation: a cross-sectional household survey of 12,925 SARS-CoV-2 cases between July and December 2021 in Bangladesh. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:132. [PMID: 37461092 PMCID: PMC10351147 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is important to determine the profile of long COVID (LC) symptoms within the scope of rehabilitation in Bangladesh. This study's objective was to estimate the newly experienced long COVID symptoms needing rehabilitation by determining the prevalence and spectrum of impairments due to LC in Bangladesh. METHODS A Cross-sectional household survey of 12,925 COVID-19 patients confirmed by RT-PCR from 24 testing facilities in Bangladesh. LC was diagnosed according to WHO working group definition. COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS) was used to determine the symptom responses, symptom severity, new long COVID symptoms, and scope of rehabilitation. RESULTS The population proportion of LC symptoms requiring rehabilitation interventions are 0.22 [95% CI, 0.20-0.24] in Bangladeshi people diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Among them, 0.08 [95% CI, 0.07-0.09] had mild, 0.07 [95% CI, 0.06-0.09] had moderate, and 0.05 [95% CI, 0.04-0.06] had severe long COVID symptoms (LCS). There was a significant positive correlation between LCS and functional disabilities (r = 0.889, p < 0.001), while a negative correlation was observed between the severity of symptoms and overall health (r=-0.658, p < 0.001). In comparison to the pre-COVID status, 17 new LCS were observed and the increase in the scope of rehabilitation intervention among LCS ranged between 0.01 [95% CI, 0.001-0.01] and 0.21 [95% CI, 0.19-0.22]. In Bangladesh, 59% (n = 334) of the LC cases are out of reach for any rehabilitation interventions. CONCLUSION Nearly one-fourth of Bangladeshi Post-COVID-19 have long COVID (LC). Seventeen symptoms (LCS) were observed and more than half of the populations having long COVID are out of reach of any rehabilitation facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Feroz Kabir
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Khin Nyein Yin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Binti Ahmedy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Sharmila Jahan
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md Waliul Islam
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Kabir Jahid
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sonjit Kumar Chakrovorty
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - K M Amran Hossain
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore, Bangladesh
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21
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Halpin SJ, Tang NK, Casson AJ, Jones AK, O'Connor RJ, Sivan M. User experiences of pre-sleep sensory alpha brainwave entrainment for people with chronic pain and sleep disturbance. Pain Manag 2023. [PMID: 37424274 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2022-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the user experiences of pre-sleep alpha entrainment via a smartphone-enabled audio or visual stimulation program for people with chronic pain and sleep disturbance. Materials & methods: Semi-structured interviews were held with 27 participants completing a feasibility study of pre-sleep entrainment use for 4 weeks. Transcriptions were subject to template analysis. Results: Five top-level themes generated from this analysis are presented. These report on participants' impressions of the pain-sleep relationship, their previous experiences of strategies for these symptoms, their expectations and their experience of use and perceived impact on symptoms of audiovisual alpha entrainment. Conclusion: Pre-sleep audiovisual alpha entrainment was acceptable to individuals with chronic pain and sleep disturbance and perceived to have symptomatic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Halpin
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Alexander J Casson
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, UK
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony Kp Jones
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Rory J O'Connor
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
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22
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Delgado-Sanchez A, Brown C, Charalambous C, Sivan M, Jones A. Trauma in childhood is associated with greater pain catastrophizing but not anxiety sensitivity: a cross-sectional study. Pain Rep 2023; 8:e1083. [PMID: 37388407 PMCID: PMC10306427 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adverse life experiences have been identified as a possible vulnerability factor for chronic pain. This association could result from the effect of trauma on the psychological state of individuals. Previous studies found childhood trauma to be associated with pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity, both of which have been associated with an increased risk of chronic pain. However, it is unknown whether trauma in adulthood affects these variables and whether the effect on pain catastrophizing is independent of confounds such as depression and anxiety. Objectives To test the effect of childhood and adulthood trauma on pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity whilst controlling for depression and anxiety. Methods In the current study, we conducted an online survey in the United Kingdom in a chronic pain sample (N = 138; 123 women; age range 19-78). We analysed whether there is an association between different types of trauma (both in childhood and through the lifespan), pain catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity while controlling for anxiety and depression. Results We found that childhood trauma (particularly emotional abuse) significantly predicts pain catastrophizing, even when controlling for depression and anxiety, whereas it did not have a significant effect on anxiety sensitivity. Trauma through the lifespan (not childhood) did not have a significant effect on anxiety sensitivity nor did it have a significant effect on pain catastrophizing. Conclusions Our results show that the life stage in which trauma occurs is key in its psychological effects on patients with chronic pain. Furthermore, it shows that trauma affects some psychological variables but not others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Delgado-Sanchez
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Human Communication, Development, and Hearing, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Brown
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Human Communication, Development, and Hearing, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christiana Charalambous
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Human Communication, Development, and Hearing, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Human Communication, Development, and Hearing, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Jones
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Human Communication, Development, and Hearing, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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23
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Isaac RO, Corrado J, Sivan M. Detecting Orthostatic Intolerance in Long COVID in a Clinic Setting. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20105804. [PMID: 37239531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A likely mechanism of Long COVID (LC) is dysautonomia, manifesting as orthostatic intolerance (OI). In our LC service, all patients underwent a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lean Test (NLT), which can detect OI syndromes of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS) or Orthostatic Hypotension (OH) in a clinic setting. Patients also completed the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS), a validated LC outcome measure. Our objectives in this retrospective study were (1) to report on the findings of the NLT; and (2) to compare findings from the NLT with LC symptoms reported on the C19-YRS. METHODS NLT data, including maximum heart rate increase, blood pressure decrease, number of minutes completed and symptoms experienced during the NLT were extracted retrospectively, together with palpitation and dizziness scores from the C19-YRS. Mann-Witney U tests were used to examine for statistical difference in palpitation or dizziness scores between patients with normal NLT and those with abnormal NLT. Spearman's rank was used to examine the correlation between the degree of postural HR and BP change with C19-YRS symptom severity score. RESULTS Of the 100 patients with LC recruited, 38 experienced symptoms of OI during the NLT; 13 met the haemodynamic screening criteria for PoTS and 9 for OH. On the C19-YRS, 81 reported dizziness as at least a mild problem, and 68 for palpitations being at least a mild problem. There was no significant statistical difference between reported dizziness or palpitation scores in those with normal NLT and those with abnormal NLT. The correlation between symptom severity score and NLT findings was <0.16 (poor). CONCLUSIONS We have found evidence of OI, both symptomatically and haemodynamically in patients with LC. The severity of palpitations and dizziness reported on the C19-YRS does not appear to correlate with NLT findings. We would recommend using the NLT in all LC patients in a clinic setting, regardless of presenting LC symptoms, due to this inconsistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Oliver Isaac
- National Demonstration Centre for Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS6 1PF, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Joanna Corrado
- National Demonstration Centre for Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS6 1PF, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- National Demonstration Centre for Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS6 1PF, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
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24
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Mullard JCR, Kawalek J, Parkin A, Rayner C, Mir G, Sivan M, Greenhalgh T. Towards evidence-based and inclusive models of peer support for long covid: A hermeneutic systematic review. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115669. [PMID: 36708608 PMCID: PMC9840228 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the first wave of COVID-19 in March 2020 the number of people living with post-COVID syndrome has risen rapidly at global pace, however, questions still remain as to whether there is a hidden cohort of sufferers not accessing mainstream clinics. This group are likely to be constituted by already marginalised people at the sharp end of existing health inequalities and not accessing formal clinics. The challenge of supporting such patients includes the question of how best to organise and facilitate different forms of support. As such, we aim to examine whether peer support is a potential option for hidden or hardly reached populations of long COVID sufferers with a specific focus on the UK, though not exclusively. Through a systematic hermeneutic literature review of peer support in other conditions (57 papers), we evaluate the global potential of peer support for the ongoing needs of people living with long COVID. Through our analysis, we highlight three key peer support perspectives in healthcare reflecting particular theoretical perspectives, goals, and understandings of what is 'good health', we call these: biomedical (disease control/management), relational (intersubjective mutual support) and socio-political (advocacy, campaigning & social context). Additionally, we identify three broad models for delivering peer support: service-led, community-based and social media. Attention to power relations, social and cultural capital, and a co-design approach are key when developing peer support services for disadvantaged and underserved groups. Models from other long-term conditions suggest that peer support for long COVID can and should go beyond biomedical goals and harness the power of relational support and collective advocacy. This may be particularly important when seeking to reduce health inequalities and improve access for a potentially hidden cohort of sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C R Mullard
- Durham University and University of Leeds, UK; University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Clare Rayner
- University of Leeds LOCOMOTION Patient Advisory Group (Co-Lead), UK.
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25
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Baniya M, Rana C, Dhakal R, Makower SG, Halpin SJ, Hariharan R, Sivan M, Allsop MJ. The Experience of Limited Access to Care for Community-Based Patients With Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke in Nepal and the Potential of Telerehabilitation: A Qualitative Study. Inquiry 2023; 60:469580221146830. [PMID: 36799352 PMCID: PMC9940166 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221146830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the experiences of care received and management of disability for individuals with spinal cord injury and stroke following discharge from a specialty rehabilitation center, alongside perspectives on the potential role of telerehabilitation. We employed qualitative in-depth face-to-face interviews with patients who had accessed and been discharged from a specialist rehabilitation center in Nepal were used. Interviews sought perspectives of adjusting to, living with, and managing disability alongside the potential role of telerehabilitation in the community setting. Inductive thematic analysis was used to derive themes. A total of 17 participants with spinal cord injuries or stroke were interviewed. Four generated themes included: (i) Difficulties accessing support and perceived mismanagement following initial neurological injury; (ii) Realizing the magnitude and impact of an injury in the absence of clear routes to support; (iii) A multi-faceted symptom burden and its impact; and (iv) The nature and types of interaction with health professionals post-discharge and the potential role of telerehabilitation. We detail accounts of suspended periods with minimal or no support provided from healthcare providers for people with spinal cord injury and stroke following initial acute management. Telerehabilitation could be a worthwhile approach to enhance access to rehabilitation in the community setting but must accompany national efforts to enhance the provision of specialist rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chanda Rana
- Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Center, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Raju Dhakal
- Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Center, Kavre, Nepal
| | | | - Stephen J Halpin
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK,University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ram Hariharan
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK,University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew J Allsop
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK,Matthew Allsop, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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26
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Chandan JS, Brown KR, Simms-Williams N, Bashir NZ, Camaradou J, Heining D, Turner GM, Rivera SC, Hotham R, Minhas S, Nirantharakumar K, Sivan M, Khunti K, Raindi D, Marwaha S, Hughes SE, McMullan C, Marshall T, Calvert MJ, Haroon S, Aiyegbusi OL. Non-Pharmacological Therapies for Post-Viral Syndromes, Including Long COVID: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3477. [PMID: 36834176 PMCID: PMC9967466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-viral syndromes (PVS), including Long COVID, are symptoms sustained from weeks to years following an acute viral infection. Non-pharmacological treatments for these symptoms are poorly understood. This review summarises the evidence for the effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for PVS. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for PVS, as compared to either standard care, alternative non-pharmacological therapy, or placebo. The outcomes of interest were changes in symptoms, exercise capacity, quality of life (including mental health and wellbeing), and work capability. We searched five databases (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, MedRxiv) for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1 January 2001 to 29 October 2021. The relevant outcome data were extracted, the study quality was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and the findings were synthesised narratively. FINDINGS Overall, five studies of five different interventions (Pilates, music therapy, telerehabilitation, resistance exercise, neuromodulation) met the inclusion criteria. Aside from music-based intervention, all other selected interventions demonstrated some support in the management of PVS in some patients. INTERPRETATION In this study, we observed a lack of robust evidence evaluating the non-pharmacological treatments for PVS, including Long COVID. Considering the prevalence of prolonged symptoms following acute viral infections, there is an urgent need for clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for patients with PVS. REGISTRATION The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO [CRD42021282074] in October 2021 and published in BMJ Open in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joht Singh Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kirsty R. Brown
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nikita Simms-Williams
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nasir Z. Bashir
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Jenny Camaradou
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Dominic Heining
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK
| | - Grace M. Turner
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Samantha Cruz Rivera
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard Hotham
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sonica Minhas
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Midlands Health Data Research UK, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Devan Raindi
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Unit 1, B1, 50 Summer Hill Road, Birmingham B1 3RB, UK
| | - Sarah E. Hughes
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Applied Research Collaboration, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christel McMullan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tom Marshall
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Melanie J. Calvert
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Applied Research Collaboration, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamil Haroon
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Olalekan Lee Aiyegbusi
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Applied Research Collaboration, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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27
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Parker M, Sawant HB, Flannery T, Tarrant R, Shardha J, Bannister R, Ross D, Halpin S, Greenwood DC, Sivan M. Effect of using a structured pacing protocol on post-exertional symptom exacerbation and health status in a longitudinal cohort with the post-COVID-19 syndrome. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28373. [PMID: 36461167 PMCID: PMC9878088 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Post-exertional symptom exacerbation (PESE) is a characteristic symptom of post-COVID syndrome (PCS). This prospective study investigated the effect of a 6-week structured World Health Organization (WHO) Borg CR-10 5-phase pacing protocol on PESE episodes and quality of life in a cohort of individuals with long-standing PCS (average duration of symptoms was 17 months). Participants received weekly telephone calls with a clinician to complete the Leeds PESE questionnaire (LPQ) and identify the appropriate phase of the pacing protocol. EQ-5D 5L was completed at the intervention's beginning and end to measure overall health. Thirty-one participants completed the 6-week protocol, with a statistically and clinically significant reduction in the average number of PESE episodes (from 3.4 episodes in Week 1 to 1.1 in Week 6), with an average decrease of 16% (95% CI: 9%-24%; p < 0.001) each week, and reduction across all three exertional triggers (physical, cognitive, and emotional). Physical activity levels showed moderate improvements during the intervention period. Mean EQ-5D 5L scores improved from 51.4 to 60.6 points (paired difference of 9.2 points, 95% CI: 3.2-15.2 points; p = 0.004). A structured pacing protocol significantly reduces PESE episodes and improves overall health in PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Parker
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland
| | - Hannah Brady Sawant
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland
| | - Thuvia Flannery
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland
| | - Rachel Tarrant
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland
| | - Jenna Shardha
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland
| | - Rebecca Bannister
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical and Applied SciencesLeeds Beckett UniversityLeedsEngland
| | - Denise Ross
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland,National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation MedicineLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsEngland
| | - Stephen Halpin
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland,National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation MedicineLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsEngland,Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsEngland
| | | | - Manoj Sivan
- Covid Rehabilitation ServiceLeeds Community Healthcare NHS TrustLeedsEngland,National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation MedicineLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsEngland,Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsEngland
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28
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Shankar R, Perera B, Roy A, Courtenay K, Laugharne R, Sivan M. Post-COVID syndrome and adults with intellectual disability: another vulnerable population forgotten? Br J Psychiatry 2023; 222:1-3. [PMID: 35766219 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2022.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An area of interest presently is the lingering symptoms after COVID-19, i.e. post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS). Specifics of diagnosis and management of PCS are emerging. However, vulnerable populations such as those with intellectual disabilities, who were disproportionately affected by the pandemic, risk being 'left behind' from these considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | - Ashok Roy
- Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Ken Courtenay
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Truro, UK and Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- School of Medicine University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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29
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Halpin SJ, Casson AJ, Tang NKY, Jones AKP, O'Connor RJ, Sivan M. A feasibility study of pre-sleep audio and visual alpha brain entrainment for people with chronic pain and sleep disturbance. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:1096084. [PMID: 36910250 PMCID: PMC9996154 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1096084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic pain and sleep disturbance are bi-directionally related. Cortical electrical activity in the alpha frequency band can be enhanced with sensory stimulation via the phenomenon of entrainment, and may reduce pain perception. A smartphone based programme which delivers 10 Hz stimulation through flickering light or binaural beats was developed for use at night, pre-sleep, with the aim of improving night time pain and sleep and thereby subsequent pain and related daytime symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and give an indication of effect of this programme for individuals with chronic pain and sleep disturbance. Materials and methods In a non-controlled feasibility study participants used audio or visual alpha entrainment for 30 min pre-sleep each night for 4 weeks, following a 1 week baseline period. The study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the ID NCT04176861. Results 28 participants (79% female, mean age 45 years) completed the study with high levels of data completeness (86%) and intervention adherence (92%). Daily sleep diaries showed an increase compared to baseline in total sleep time of 29 min (p = 0.0033), reduction in sleep onset latency of 13 min (p = 0.0043), and increase in sleep efficiency of 4.7% (p = 0.0009). Daily 0-10 numerical rating scale of average pain at night improved by 0.5 points compared to baseline (p = 0.027). Standardised questionnaires showed significant within-participant improvements in sleep quality (change in median Global PSQI from 16 to 12.5), pain interference (change in median BPI Pain Interference from 7.5 to 6.8), fatigue (change in median MFI total score from 82.5 to 77), and depression and anxiety (change in median HADS depression score from 12 to 10.5 and anxiety from 13.5 to 11). Discussion Pre-sleep use of a smartphone programme for alpha entrainment by audio or visual stimulation was feasible for individuals with chronic pain and sleep disturbance. The effect on symptoms requires further exploration in controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Halpin
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Casson
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole K Y Tang
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony K P Jones
- Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rory J O'Connor
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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30
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Sivan M, Negrini S, Kiekens C, Khan F, Francisco GE, Gimigliano F. The INFORM (International Framework for Rehabilitation Medics) Project to Strengthen the Medical Specialty. Adv Rehabil Sci Pract 2023; 12:27536351231167482. [PMID: 37152355 PMCID: PMC10161326 DOI: 10.1177/27536351231167482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- British Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, London, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Manoj Sivan, Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Stefano Negrini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University ‘La Statale’, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotte Kiekens
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Fary Khan
- Director Rehabilitation Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerard E. Francisco
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, and TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK - .,British Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, London, UK -
| | - Javvad Haider
- British Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Major Trauma Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julian Harriss
- British Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, London, UK
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32
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Sivan M. Advances in Rehabilitation Science and Practice (AdvRSP) Editorial: A
Journal Showcasing Exciting Developments in the Field of Rehabilitation in
Medical Conditions. Rehabil Process Outcome 2022; 11:11795727221139517. [PMCID: PMC9716441 DOI: 10.1177/11795727221139517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Dr Manoj Sivan MD FRCP Ed, Associate
Clinical Professor, Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, D Floor,
Martin Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX,, UK.
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33
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Corrado J, Halpin S, Preston N, Whiteside D, Tarrant R, Davison J, Simms AD, O'Connor RJ, Casson A, Sivan M. HEART rate variability biofeedback for long COVID symptoms (HEARTLOC): protocol for a feasibility study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e066044. [PMID: 36410797 PMCID: PMC9680157 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long COVID (LC), also known as post-COVID-19 syndrome, refers to symptoms persisting 12 weeks after COVID-19 infection. It affects up to one in seven people contracting the illness and causes a wide range of symptoms, including fatigue, breathlessness, palpitations, dizziness, pain and brain fog. Many of these symptoms can be linked to dysautonomia or dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system after SARS-CoV2 infection. This study aims to test the feasibility and estimate the efficacy, of the heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-B) technique via a standardised slow diaphragmatic breathing programme in individuals with LC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 30 adult LC patients with symptoms of palpitations or dizziness and an abnormal NASA Lean Test will be selected from a specialist Long COVID rehabilitation service. They will undergo a 4-week HRV-B intervention using a Polar chest strap device linked to the Elite HRV phone application while undertaking the breathing exercise technique for two 10 min periods everyday for at least 5 days a week. Quantitative data will be gathered during the study period using: HRV data from the chest strap and wrist-worn Fitbit, the modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale, Composite Autonomic Symptom Score, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule and EQ-5D-5L health-related quality of life measures. Qualitative feedback on user experience and feasibility of using the technology in a home setting will also be gathered. Standard statistical tests for correlation and significant difference will be used to analyse the quantitate data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has received ethical approval from Health Research Authority (HRA) Leicester South Research Ethics Committee (21/EM/0271). Dissemination plans include academic and lay publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05228665.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Corrado
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre in Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen Halpin
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nick Preston
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Diana Whiteside
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Rachel Tarrant
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer Davison
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander D Simms
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Rory J O'Connor
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre in Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander Casson
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Demonstration Centre in Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Long COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Delaney B, Evans R, Milne R. Authors' reply to Ward. BMJ 2022; 379:o2506. [PMID: 36265876 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Brendan Delaney
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Evans
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ruairidh Milne
- School of Healthcare Enterprise and Innovation, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Hammond LD, Farrington AP, Sivan M. Verification of the Integrative Model of Adjustment to Chronic Conditions by Mapping it Onto the World Health Organization's International Classification of Function, Disability and Health. Rehabil Process Outcome 2022; 11:11795727221126891. [PMID: 36278118 PMCID: PMC9583227 DOI: 10.1177/11795727221126891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Literature regarding the WHO's International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) has called for research into psychosocial adjustment processes. This project aims to establish the relevance of the Integrative Model of Adjustment to Chronic Conditions (IMACC) as a framework for research and a clinical tool in rehabilitation by linking it with the ICF. Methods The study employed secondary analysis of data from the original IMACC grounded theory study, where 8 women and 2 men with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated. IMACC consists of 3 interconnected parts comprising a total of 13 components. Datasets used for the study consisted of the qualitative data underpinning each IMACC component. Meaningful concepts from each dataset were linked to ICF categories using the updated ICF linking rules. Results Results showed that all 13 IMACC components accommodate ICF category codes from all health and health related ICF components in patterns consistent with the theoretical conceptualisation of each separate IMACC component. Conclusion IMACC maps comprehensively to the ICF framework and provides a framework that may be useful for future ICF related research into biopsychosocial processes in psychosocial adjustment. IMACC provides a clinically applicable intervention for people with psychosocial adjustment difficulties consistent with the ICF framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis Dreijer Hammond
- Independent researcher, Morud,
Denmark,Lis Dreijer Hammond, Pederstrupvej 137,
Morud, DK-5462, Denmark.
| | - Alexander Paul Farrington
- Psychology Department, School of Social
Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley,
UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation
Medicine (ADRM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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36
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Dhakal R, Baniya M, Solomon RM, Rana C, Ghimire P, Hariharan R, Makower SG, Meng W, Halpin S, Xie SQ, O’Connor RJ, Allsop MJ, Sivan M. TEleRehabilitation Nepal (TERN) for People With Spinal Cord Injury and Acquired Brain Injury: A Feasibility Study. Rehabil Process Outcome 2022; 11:11795727221126070. [PMID: 36278119 PMCID: PMC9583203 DOI: 10.1177/11795727221126070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) or Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) leads to disability, unemployment, loss of income, decreased quality of life and increased mortality. The impact is worse in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) due to a lack of efficient long-term rehabilitative care. This study aims to explore the feasibility and acceptability of a telerehabilitation programme in Nepal. METHODS Prospective cohort feasibility study in a community setting following discharge from a specialist rehabilitation centre in Nepal. Patients with SCI or ABI who had previously accessed specialist rehabilitation were connected to a specialist Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) in the centre through a video conference system for comprehensive remote assessments and virtual individualised interventions. Data were captured on recruitment, non-participation rates, retention, acceptability (via end-of-study in-depth interviews with a subset of participants) and outcome measures including the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), completed pre- and post-programme. RESULTS 97 participants with SCI (n = 82) or ABI (n = 15) discharged from the centre during an 18-month period were approached and enrolled on the study. The telerehabilitation programme facilitated the delivery of support around multiple aspects of rehabilitation care, such as spasticity treatments and pain management. Outcome measures indicated a significant improvement in functional independence (P < .001), depression, anxiety and stress (P < .001) and quality of life (P < .001). Qualitative interviews (n = 18) revealed participants found the programme acceptable, valuing regular contact and input from MDT professionals and avoiding expensive and lengthy travel. CONCLUSION This is the first study in Nepal to identify telerehabilitation as a feasible and acceptable approach to augment the provision of specialist rehabilitation. Future research is needed to assess the suitability of the programme for other conditions requiring specialist rehabilitation and determine the mechanisms underpinning improved outcomes for people with SCI or ABI. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04914650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Dhakal
- Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Center,
Kavre, Nepal
| | | | | | - Chanda Rana
- Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Center,
Kavre, Nepal
| | | | - Ram Hariharan
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust,
Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Wei Meng
- School of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen Halpin
- National Demonstration Centre in
Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK,Academic Department of Rehabilitation
Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of
Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheng Quan Xie
- School of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rory J O’Connor
- National Demonstration Centre in
Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK,Academic Department of Rehabilitation
Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of
Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew J Allsop
- Leeds Institute of Health Science,
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK,Matthew J Allsop, Leeds Institute of Health
Sciences, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK.
| | - Manoj Sivan
- National Demonstration Centre in
Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK,Academic Department of Rehabilitation
Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of
Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Flannery T, Brady-Sawant H, Tarrant R, Davison J, Shardha J, Halpin S, Sivan M, Ross D. A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a Virtual Rehabilitation Program for Self-Management in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (Long COVID). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12680. [PMID: 36231979 PMCID: PMC9566175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Long COVID (LC) symptoms can be long standing, diverse and debilitating; comprehensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs are required to address this. A 10-week LC Virtual Rehabilitation Program (VRP) was developed to provide early education and self-management techniques to address the main symptoms of LC and was delivered to a group of persons with Long COVID (PwLC) online, facilitated by members of the multi-disciplinary rehabilitation team. This paper describes an evaluation of this VRP. Questionnaires completed by Healthcare Professionals (HCP) delivering the VRP were thematically analyzed to gain a priori themes and design semi-structured telephone interview questions for PwLC. Template analysis (TA) was used to analyze interview data. Routinely collected patient demographics and service data were also examined. Seventeen HCP survey responses were obtained and 38 PwLC telephone questionnaires were completed. The HCP interviews generated three a priori themes (1. Attendance and Availability, 2. Content, 3. Use of Digital Technology). TA was applied and three further themes emerged from the combined HCP and PwLC responses (4. Group Dynamics, 5. Individual Factors, 6. Internal Change). Key outcomes demonstrated that: the VRP was highly valued; digital delivery enabled self-management; barriers to attendance included work/life balance, use of technology, health inequalities; and LC was poorly understood by employers. Recommendations are provided for the design of VRPs for LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuvia Flannery
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
- Department of Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Hannah Brady-Sawant
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
| | - Rachel Tarrant
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
| | - Jennifer Davison
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
| | - Jenna Shardha
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
| | - Stephen Halpin
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
- Department of Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
- Department of Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Denise Ross
- Leeds Long COVID Rehabilitation Department, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
- Department of Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
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Silva-Passadouro B, Delgado-Sanchez A, Henshaw J, Lopez-Diaz K, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Jones AKP, Sivan M. Frontal alpha asymmetry: A potential biomarker of approach-withdrawal motivation towards pain. Front Pain Res 2022; 3:962722. [PMID: 36238351 PMCID: PMC9552005 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.962722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain-related catastrophising is a maladaptive coping strategy known to have a strong influence on clinical pain outcomes and treatment efficacy. Notwithstanding, little is known about its neurophysiological correlates. There is evidence to suggest catastrophising is associated with resting-state EEG frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) patterns reflective of greater relative right frontal activity, which is known to be linked to withdrawal motivation and avoidance of aversive stimuli. The present study aims to investigate whether such a relationship occurs in the situational context of experimental pain. A placebo intervention was also included to evaluate effects of a potential pain-relieving intervention on FAA. 35 participants, including both chronic pain patients and healthy subjects, completed the Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS) questionnaire followed by EEG recordings during cold pressor test (CPT)-induced tonic pain with or without prior application of placebo cream. There was a negative correlation between FAA and PCS-subscale helplessness scores, but not rumination or magnification, during the pre-placebo CPT condition. Moreover, FAA scores were shown to increase significantly in response to pain, indicative of greater relative left frontal activity that relates to approach-oriented behaviours. Placebo treatment elicited a decrease in FAA in low helplessness scorers, but no significant effects in individuals scoring above the mean on PCS-helplessness. These findings suggest that, during painful events, FAA may reflect the motivational drive to obtain reward of pain relief, which may be diminished in individuals who are prone to feel helpless about their pain. This study provides valuable insights into biomarkers of pain-related catastrophising and prospects of identifying promising targets of brain-based therapies for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Silva-Passadouro
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Bárbara Silva-Passadouro
| | - Ariane Delgado-Sanchez
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Henshaw
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Lopez-Diaz
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nelson J. Trujillo-Barreto
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony K. P. Jones
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Brendan Delaney
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Evans
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ruairidh Milne
- School of Healthcare Enterprise and Innovation, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Gorecka M, Jex N, Thirunavukarasu S, Chowdhary A, Corrado J, Davison J, Tarrant R, Poenar AM, Sharrack N, Parkin A, Sivan M, Swoboda PP, Xue H, Vassiliou V, Kellman P, Plein S, Halpin SJ, Simms AD, Greenwood JP, Levelt E. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in clinical long-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective case-control study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2022; 24:50. [PMID: 36089591 PMCID: PMC9464490 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-022-00887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying pathophysiology of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (long-COVID-19) syndrome remains unknown, but increased cardiometabolic demand and state of mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as candidate mechanisms. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides insight into pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease and 31-phosphorus CMR spectroscopy (31P-CMRS) allows non-invasive assessment of the myocardial energetic state. The main aim of the study was to assess whether long COVID-19 syndrome is associated with abnormalities of myocardial structure, function, perfusion and energy metabolism. METHODS Prospective case-control study. A total of 20 patients with a clinical diagnosis of long COVID-19 syndrome (seropositive) and no prior underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 10 matching healthy controls underwent 31P-CMRS and CMR at 3T at a single time point. All patients had been symptomatic with acute COVID-19, but none required hospital admission. RESULTS Between the long COVID-19 syndrome patients and matched contemporary healthy controls there were no differences in myocardial energetics (phosphocreatine to ATP ratio), in cardiac structure (biventricular volumes), function (biventricular ejection fractions, global longitudinal strain), tissue characterization (T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement) or perfusion (myocardial rest and stress blood flow, myocardial perfusion reserve). One patient with long COVID-19 syndrome showed subepicardial hyperenhancement on late gadolinium enhancement imaging compatible with prior myocarditis, but no accompanying abnormality in cardiac size, function, perfusion, extracellular volume fraction, native T1, T2 or cardiac energetics. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective case-control study, the overwhelming majority of patients with a clinical long COVID-19 syndrome with no prior CVD did not exhibit any abnormalities in myocardial energetics, structure, function, blood flow or tissue characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslawa Gorecka
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicholas Jex
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sharmaine Thirunavukarasu
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amrit Chowdhary
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joanna Corrado
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Ana-Maria Poenar
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Noor Sharrack
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amy Parkin
- Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter P Swoboda
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hui Xue
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive MSC-1061, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vassilios Vassiliou
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Peter Kellman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive MSC-1061, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sven Plein
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen J Halpin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - John P Greenwood
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eylem Levelt
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Sivan M, Corrado J, Mathias C. The adapted Autonomic Profile (aAP) home-based test for the evaluation of neuro-cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. ACNR 2022. [DOI: 10.47795/qkbu6715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction is an increasingly recognised complication in chronic neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, and other medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic fatigue syndrome, postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) with and without Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, fibromyalgia and recently Long COVID. Despite laboratory-based tests to evaluate normal and abnormal autonomic function, there are no home-based tests to record neuro-cardiovascular autonomic responses to common stimuli in daily life that are dependent on normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. We have developed an adapted blood pressure/heart rate Autonomic Profile (aAP) that can be used by an individual independently and repeatedly in a domiciliary setting to determine the physiological and symptomatic response to standing, food, and physical or mental (cognitive, emotional) activities. The aAP aids separating autonomic failure (often irreversible) from autonomic dysfunction. This helps the individual and attending healthcare professional understand the relationship between symptoms and common triggers in daily life and informs on self-management in debilitating conditions such as the postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) and Long Covid.
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Kluge HHP, Muscat NA, Mishra S, Nielsen S, Tille F, Pfeifer D, COVID Europe L, Sivan M. Call for action: Health services in the European region must adopt integrated care models to manage Post-Covid-19 Condition. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022; 18:100435. [PMID: 35756854 PMCID: PMC9217062 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Khoja O, Silva Passadouro B, Mulvey M, Delis I, Astill S, Tan AL, Sivan M. Clinical Characteristics and Mechanisms of Musculoskeletal Pain in Long COVID. J Pain Res 2022; 15:1729-1748. [PMID: 35747600 PMCID: PMC9212788 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s365026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is being increasingly reported by patients as one of the most common persistent symptoms in post-COVID-19 syndrome or Long COVID. However, there is a lack of understanding of its prevalence, characteristics, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The objective of this review is to identify and describe the features and characteristics of MSK pain in Long COVID patients. Methods The narrative review involved a literature search of the following online databases: MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL, PsyclNFO, and Web of Science (December 2019 to February 2022). We included observational studies that investigated the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors and mechanisms of MSK pain in Long COVID. After screening and reviewing the initial literature search results, a total of 35 studies were included in this review. Results The overall reported prevalence of MSK pain in Long COVID ranged widely from 0.3% to 65.2%. The pain has been reported to be localized to a particular region or generalized and widespread. No consistent pattern of progression of MSK pain symptoms over time was identified. Female gender and higher BMI could be potential risk factors for Long COVID MSK pain, but no clear association has been found with age and ethnicity. Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to contribute to MSK pain in Long COVID including increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, immune cell hyperactivation, direct viral entry of neurological and MSK system cells, and psychological factors. Conclusion MSK pain is one of the most common symptoms in Long COVID. Most of the current literature on Long COVID focuses on reporting the prevalence of persistent MSK pain. Studies describing the pain characteristics are scarce. The precise mechanism of MSK pain in Long COVID is yet to be investigated. Future research must explore the characteristics, risk factors, natural progression, and underlying mechanisms of MSK pain in Long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khoja
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Matthew Mulvey
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ioannis Delis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Astill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ai Lyn Tan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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44
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Gorecka M, Jex N, Thirunavukarasu S, Chowdhary A, Corrado J, Davison J, Tarrant R, Poenar AM, Sharrack N, Parkin A, Sivan M, Swoboda P, Xue H, Vassiliou V, Kellman P, Plein S, Halpin SJ, Simms AD, Greenwood JP, Levelt E. 150 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with clinical post-covid-19 syndrome. IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-bcs.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Straudi S, Manfredini F, Baroni A, Milani G, Fregna G, Schincaglia N, Androni R, Occhi A, Sivan M, Lamberti N. Construct Validity and Responsiveness of the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS) in a Cohort of Italian Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19116696. [PMID: 35682280 PMCID: PMC9180312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Post-COVID Syndrome (PCS) is characterized by physical, psychological and cognitive symptoms with a negative impact on daily activities. This study tested the responsiveness and construct validity of the original version of the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS) in a cohort of Italian hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This longitudinal study involved 79 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with rehabilitation needs, assessed after 12 and 26 weeks post-infection. Functional and patient-reported outcome measures were correlated with 10 items of the C19-YRS to test the construct validity, whereas distribution-based methods were used for the responsiveness over time. After 12 weeks since infection, 88.5% of patients reported fatigue, 83.3% breathlessness, 69.4% anxiety, 55.6% depression, and 44.9% pain. Moreover, 84.6% experienced reduced mobility, 75.7% had difficulties with usual activities, and 47.4% with personal care. Single items for each symptom had significant correlation (rho 0.25–0.60) with well-established scales for these symptoms. At 26 weeks, except for anxiety, all the PCS symptoms were still present but significantly reduced. The C19-YRS had moderate responsiveness for the most represented deficit reported. The C19-YRS was a valuable patient-reported outcome for screening, assessing severity, and monitoring the persistence of symptoms after 12 and 26 weeks from SARS-CoV2 infection in a cohort of Italian hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (N.S.); (A.O.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (N.S.); (A.O.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Andrea Baroni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (N.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Giada Milani
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (N.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Giulia Fregna
- Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, Ferrara University, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Nicola Schincaglia
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (N.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Riccardo Androni
- School of Physiotherapy, Ferrara University, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Antonella Occhi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (N.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, D Floor, Martin Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK;
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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46
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Sivan M, Preston N, Parkin A, Makower S, Gee J, Ross D, Tarrant R, Davison J, Halpin S, O'Connor RJ, Horton M. The modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) patient-reported outcome measure for Long Covid or Post-COVID-19 syndrome. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4253-4264. [PMID: 35603810 PMCID: PMC9348420 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C19-YRS is the literature's first condition-specific, validated scale for patient assessment and monitoring in Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS). The 22-item scale's subscales (scores) are: symptom severity (0-100), functional disability (0-50), additional symptoms (0-60), and overall health (0-10). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the scale's psychometric properties using Rasch analysis and modify the scale based on analysis findings, emerging information on essential PCS symptoms, and feedback from a working group of patients and professionals. METHODS Data from 370 PCS patients were assessed using a Rasch Measurement Theory framework to test model fit, local dependency, response category functioning, differential item functioning, targeting, reliability, and unidimensionality. The working group undertook iterative changes to the scale based on the psychometric results and including essential symptoms. RESULTS Symptom severity and functional disability subscales showed good targeting and reliability. Post hoc rescoring suggested that a 4-point response category structure would be more appropriate than an 11-point response for both subscales. Symptoms with binary responses were placed in the other symptoms subscale. The overall health single-item subscale remained unchanged. CONCLUSION A 17-item C19-YRSm was developed with subscales (scores): symptom severity (0-30), functional disability (0-15), other symptoms (0-25), and overall health (0-10). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds.,National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust.,Covid rehabilitation service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust
| | - Nick Preston
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds
| | - Amy Parkin
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust.,Covid rehabilitation service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust
| | - Sophie Makower
- Covid rehabilitation service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust
| | | | - Denise Ross
- National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
| | - Rachel Tarrant
- Covid rehabilitation service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust
| | - Jennifer Davison
- Covid rehabilitation service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust
| | - Stephen Halpin
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds.,National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust.,Covid rehabilitation service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust
| | - Rory J O'Connor
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds.,National Demonstration Centre of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
| | - Mike Horton
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching and Community Healthcare NHS Trusts, Leeds, UK
| | - Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Brendan Delaney
- Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Imperial College London, London, UK
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48
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Sivan M, Greenhalgh T, Darbyshire JL, Mir G, O'Connor RJ, Dawes H, Greenwood D, O'Connor D, Horton M, Petrou S, de Lusignan S, Curcin V, Mayer E, Casson A, Milne R, Rayner C, Smith N, Parkin A, Preston N, Delaney B. LOng COvid Multidisciplinary consortium Optimising Treatments and servIces acrOss the NHS (LOCOMOTION): protocol for a mixed-methods study in the UK. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063505. [PMID: 35580970 PMCID: PMC9114312 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long COVID, a new condition whose origins and natural history are not yet fully established, currently affects 1.5 million people in the UK. Most do not have access to specialist long COVID services. We seek to optimise long COVID care both within and outside specialist clinics, including improving access, reducing inequalities, helping self-management and providing guidance and decision support for primary care. We aim to establish a 'gold standard' of care by systematically analysing current practices, iteratively improving pathways and systems of care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This mixed-methods, multisite study is informed by the principles of applied health services research, quality improvement, co-design, outcome measurement and learning health systems. It was developed in close partnership with patients (whose stated priorities are prompt clinical assessment; evidence-based advice and treatment and help with returning to work and other roles) and with front-line clinicians. Workstreams and tasks to optimise assessment, treatment and monitoring are based in three contrasting settings: workstream 1 (qualitative research, up to 100 participants), specialist management in 10 long COVID clinics across the UK, via a quality improvement collaborative, experience-based co-design and targeted efforts to reduce inequalities of access, return to work and peer support; workstream 2 (quantitative research, up to 5000 participants), patient self-management at home, technology-supported monitoring and validation of condition-specific outcome measures and workstream 3 (quantitative research, up to 5000 participants), generalist management in primary care, harnessing electronic record data to study population phenotypes and develop evidence-based decision support, referral pathways and analysis of costs. Study governance includes an active patient advisory group. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION LOng COvid Multidisciplinary consortium Optimising Treatments and servIces acrOss the NHS study is sponsored by the University of Leeds and approved by Yorkshire & The Humber-Bradford Leeds Research Ethics Committee (ref: 21/YH/0276). Participants will provide informed consent. Dissemination plans include academic and lay publications, and partnerships with national and regional policymakers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05057260, ISRCTN15022307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ghazala Mir
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rory J O'Connor
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Dawes
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Darren Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mike Horton
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Vasa Curcin
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Erik Mayer
- Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Casson
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruairidh Milne
- Public Health, Wessex Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Parkin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Nick Preston
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Brendan Delaney
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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49
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Wright J, Astill SL, Sivan M. The Relationship between Physical Activity and Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:5093. [PMID: 35564488 PMCID: PMC9105041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between Long Covid (LC) symptoms and physical activity (PA) levels are unclear. In this cross-sectional study, we examined this association, and the advice that individuals with LC received on PA. Adults with LC were recruited via social media. The New Zealand physical activity questionnaire short form (NZPAQ-SF) was adapted to capture current and pre-COVID-19 PA levels and activities of daily living (ADLs). Participants reported how PA affected their symptoms, and what PA recommendations they had received from healthcare professionals and other resources; 477 participants completed the survey. Mean age (SD) was 45.69 (10.02) years, 89.1% female, 92.7% white, and median LC duration was 383.5 days (IQR: 168.25,427). Participants were less active than pre-COVID-19 (26.88 ± 74.85 vs. 361.68 ± 396.29 min per week, p < 0.001) and required more assistance with ADLs in a 7-day period compared to pre-COVID-19 (2.23 ± 2.83 vs. 0.11 ± 0.74 days requiring assistance, p < 0.001). No differences were found between the number of days of assistance required with ADLs, or the amount of PA, and the different durations of LC illness (p > 0.05). Participants reported the effect of PA on LC symptoms as: worsened (74.84%), improved (0.84%), mixed effect (20.96%), or no effect (28.72%). Participants received contradictory advice on whether to be physically active in LC. LC is associated with a reduction in PA and a loss of independence, with most participants reporting PA worsened LC symptoms. PA level reduction is independent of duration of LC. Research is needed to understand how to safely return to PA without worsening LC symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Wright
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Sarah L. Astill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds LS12 5SG, UK
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50
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Chandan JS, Brown K, Simms-Williams N, Camaradou J, Bashir N, Heining D, Aiyegbusi OL, Turner G, Cruz Rivera S, Hotham R, Nirantharakumar K, Sivan M, Khunti K, Raindi D, Marwaha S, Hughes SE, McMullan C, Calvert M, Haroon S. Non-pharmacological therapies for postviral syndromes, including Long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057885. [PMID: 35410933 PMCID: PMC9002258 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postviral syndromes (PVS) describe the sustained presence of symptoms following an acute viral infection, for months or even years. Exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and subsequent development of COVID-19 has shown to have similar effects with individuals continuing to exhibit symptoms for greater than 12 weeks. The sustained presence of symptoms is variably referred to as 'post COVID-19 syndrome', 'post-COVID condition' or more commonly 'Long COVID'. Knowledge of the long-term health impacts and treatments for Long COVID are evolving. To minimise overlap with existing work in the field exploring treatments of Long COVID, we have only chosen to focus on non-pharmacological treatments. AIMS This review aims to summarise the effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for PVS, including Long COVID. A secondary aim is to summarise the symptoms and health impacts associated with PVS in individuals recruited to treatment studies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Primary electronic searches will be performed in bibliographic databases including: Embase, MEDLINE, PyscINFO, CINAHL and MedRxiv from 1 January 2001 to 29 October 2021. At least two independent reviewers will screen each study for inclusion and data will be extracted from all eligible studies onto a data extraction form. The quality of all included studies will be assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tools and the Newcastle-Ottawa grading system. Non-pharmacological treatments for PVS and Long COVID will be narratively summarised and effect estimates will be pooled using random effects meta-analysis where there is sufficient methodological homogeneity. The symptoms and health impacts reported in the included studies on non-pharmacological interventions will be extracted and narratively reported. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review does not require ethical approval. The findings from this study will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication, shared at conference presentations and disseminated to both clinical and patient groups. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER The review will adhere to this protocol which has also been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021282074).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joht Singh Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Health Data Research UK, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kirsty Brown
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Nasir Bashir
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dominic Heining
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Olalekan Lee Aiyegbusi
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient-Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Centre West Midlands, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Grace Turner
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient-Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha Cruz Rivera
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient-Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Hotham
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Health Data Research UK, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Devan Raindi
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah E Hughes
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient-Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Centre West Midlands, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christel McMullan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient-Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Melanie Calvert
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Health Data Research UK, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient-Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Centre West Midlands, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research and Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shamil Haroon
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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