4701
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Plyuta V, Zaitseva J, Lobakova E, Zagoskina N, Kuznetsov A, Khmel I. Effect of plant phenolic compounds on biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. APMIS 2013; 121:1073-81. [PMID: 23594262 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the natural environment, bacteria predominantly exist in matrix-enclosed multicellular communities associated with various surfaces, referred to as biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms are extremely resistant to antibacterial agents thus causing serious problems for antimicrobial therapy. In this study, we showed that different plant phenolic compounds, at concentrations that did not or weakly suppressed bacterial growth, increased the capacity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to form biofilms. Biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 was enhanced 3- to 7-fold under the action of vanillin and epicatechin, and 2- to 2.5-fold in the presence of 4-hydroxybenzoic, gallic, cinnamic, sinapic, ferulic, and chlorogenic acids. At higher concentrations, these compounds displayed an inhibiting effect. Similar experiments carried out for comparison with Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 showed the same pattern. Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzoic, and gallic acids at concentrations within the range of 40 to 400 μg/mL increased the production of N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone in P. aeruginosa PAO1 which suggests a possible relationship between stimulation of biofilm formation and Las Quorum Sensing system of this bacterium. Using biosensors to detect N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL), we demonstrated that the plant phenolics studied did not mimic AHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Plyuta
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Moscow, Russia; D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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4702
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McCarty SM, Percival SL, Clegg PD, Cochrane CA. The role of polyphosphates in the sequestration of matrix metalloproteinases. Int Wound J 2013; 12:89-99. [PMID: 23590276 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study outlines the potential of a novel therapeutic dressing for the management of chronic wounds. The dressing incorporates polyphosphate, a non toxic compound with a number of beneficial characteristics in terms of wound healing, in a foam matrix. The aim of this study was to identify the potential of polyphosphate incorporated in the foam dressing to sequester the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods used included gelatin zymography and milk-casein agar plate analysis. Results have shown that this dressing is effectively capable of reducing the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in both their active and latent forms using an in vitro model. The dressing also demonstrated the compound's potential in the regulation of P. aeruginosa derived proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M McCarty
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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4703
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Zimmer KR, Macedo AJ, Nicastro GG, Baldini RL, Termignoni C. Egg wax from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:366-76. [PMID: 23583751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is constantly challenged during its life cycle by microorganisms present in their hosts or in the environment. Tick eggs may be especially vulnerable to environmental conditions because they are exposed to a rich and diverse microflora in the soil. Despite being oviposited in such hostile sites, tick eggs remain viable, suggesting that the egg surface has defense mechanisms against opportunistic and/or pathogenic organisms. R. microplus engorged females deposit a superficial wax layer onto their eggs during oviposition. This egg wax is essential for preventing desiccation as well as acting as a barrier against attack by microorganisms. In this study, we report the detection of anti-biofilm activity of R. microplus egg wax against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. Genes involved in the functions of production and maintenance of the biofilm extracellular matrix, pelA and cdrA, respectively, were markedly downregulated by a tick egg-wax extract. Moreover, this extract strongly inhibited fliC gene expression. Instead of a compact extracellular matrix, P. aeruginosa PA14 treated with egg-wax extract produces a fragile one. Also, the colony morphology of cells treated with egg-wax extract appears much paler and brownish, instead of the bright purple characteristic of normal colonies. Swarming motility was also inhibited by treatment with the egg-wax extract. The inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm does not seem to depend on inhibition of the quorum sensing system since mRNA levels of the 3 regulators of this system were not inhibited by egg-wax extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine R Zimmer
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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4704
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Rapsinski GJ, Newman TN, Oppong GO, van Putten JPM, Tükel Ç. CD14 protein acts as an adaptor molecule for the immune recognition of Salmonella curli fibers. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14178-14188. [PMID: 23548899 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.447060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids, protein aggregates with a cross β-sheet structure, contribute to inflammation in debilitating disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Enteric bacteria also produce amyloids, termed curli, contributing to inflammation during infection. It has been demonstrated that curli and β-amyloid are recognized by the immune system via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/TLR1 complex. Here we investigated the role of CD14 in the immune recognition of bacterial amyloids. We used HeLa 57A cells, a human cervical cancer cell line containing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of an NF-κB promoter. When HeLa 57A cells were transiently transfected with combinations of human expression vectors containing genes for TLR2, TLR1, and CD14, membrane-bound CD14 enhanced NF-κB activation through the TLR2/TLR1 complex stimulated with curli fibers or recombinant CsgA, the curli major subunit. Similarly, soluble CD14 augmented the TLR2/TLR1 response to curli fibers in the absence of membrane-bound CD14. We further revealed that IL-6 and nitric oxide production were significantly higher by wild-type (C57BL/6) bone marrow-derived macrophages compared with TLR2-deficient or CD14-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages when stimulated with curli fibers, recombinant CsgA, or synthetic CsgA peptide, CsgA-R4-5. Binding assays demonstrated that recombinant TLR2, TLR1, and CD14 bound purified curli fibers. Interestingly, CD14-curli interaction was specific to the fibrillar form of the amyloid, as demonstrated by using synthetic CsgA peptides proficient and deficient in fiber formation, respectively. Activation of the TLR2/TLR1/CD14 trimolecular complex by amyloids provides novel insights for innate immunity with implications for amyloid-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J Rapsinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Tiffanny N Newman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Gertrude O Oppong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.
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4705
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Makino T, Jimi S, Oyama T, Nakano Y, Hamamoto K, Mamishin K, Yahiro T, Hara S, Takata T, Ohjimi H. Infection mechanism of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus on indwelling foreign materials in mice. Int Wound J 2013; 12:122-31. [PMID: 23506400 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Indwelling foreign-body infections are a critical medical problem, especially in immunocompromised patients. To examine the pathogenicity of biofilm-forming bacteria settling on foreign materials, mice implanted with plastic discs were infected with Staphylococcus aureus. After opening a wide subcutaneous pocket on the dorsal side of mice with or without temporal leukocytopenia, a plastic sheet was placed in the left subcutaneous space; subsequently, bacteria in a planktonic state were dispersed over the subcutaneous space. Bacterial numbers were examined 7 days after inoculation. In subcutaneous tissue on the right, S. aureus was found only in leukocytopenic mice. Meanwhile, bacteria were detected on the plastic and neighbouring tissue in both leukocytopenic and normal mice; however, colony-forming analysis indicated that leukocytopenic mice possessed significantly more bacteria. Tissue reaction against bacteria was pathologically examined. Invading S. aureus induced severe inflammation. In transient leukocytopenic mice, bacterial microcolonies formed on the plastic as well as in the developed necrotic tissue - both of which were shielded from inflammatory cell infiltration - result in bacteraemia. These results indicate that biofilm-forming S. aureus settling on indwelling foreign material are tolerant against host immunity and assault neighbouring tissue, which may lead to chronic wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Makino
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4706
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Li X, Hoogenkamp MA, Ling J, Crielaard W, Deng DM. Diversity of Streptococcus mutans strains in bacterial interspecies interactions. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:97-103. [PMID: 23456658 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are matrix-enclosed microbial population adhere to each other and to surfaces. Compared to planktonic bacterial cells, biofilm cells show much higher levels of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to investigate Streptococcus mutans strain diversity in biofilm formation and chlorhexidine (CHX) resistance of single S. mutans and dual S. mutans-Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Four clinical S. mutans strains (C180-2, C67-1, HG723 and UA159) formed 24-h biofilms with or without an E. faecalis strain. These biofilms were treated for 10 min with 0.025% CHX. Biofilm formation, CHX resistance and S.mutans-E. faecalis interactions were evaluated by biomass staining, resazurin metabolism, viable count and competition agar assays. The main finding is that the presence of E. faecalis generally reduced all dual-species biofilm formation, but the proportions of S. mutans in the dual-species biofilms as well as CHX resistance displayed a clear S. mutans strain dependence. In particular, decreased resistance against CHX was observed in dual S. mutans C67-1 biofilms, while increased resistance was found in dual S. mutans UA159 biofilms. In conclusion, the interaction of S. mutans with E. faecalis in biofilms varies between strains, which underlines the importance of studying strain diversity in inter-species virulence modulation and biofilm antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4707
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Nichols DP, Caceres S, Caverly L, Fratelli C, Kim SH, Malcolm K, Poch KR, Saavedra M, Solomon G, Taylor-Cousar J, Moskowitz S, Nick JA. Effects of azithromycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection. J Surg Res 2013; 183:767-76. [PMID: 23478086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous thermal injuries (i.e., burns) remain a common form of debilitating trauma, and outcomes are often worsened by wound infection with environmental bacteria, chiefly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested the effects of early administration of a single dose of azithromycin, with or without subsequent antipseudomonal antibiotics, in a mouse model of standardized thermal injury infected with P aeruginosa via both wound site and systemic infection. We also tested the antimicrobial effects of these antibiotics alone or combined in comparative biofilm and planktonic cultures in vitro. RESULTS In our model, early azithromycin administration significantly reduced wound and systemic infection without altering wound site or circulating neutrophil activity. The antimicrobial effect of azithromycin was additive with ciprofloxacin but significantly reduced the antimicrobial effect of tobramycin. This pattern was reproduced in biofilm cultures and not observed in planktonic cultures of P aeruginosa. CONCLUSION These data suggest that early administration of azithromycin following burn-related trauma and infection may reduce P aeruginosa infection and potential interactions with other antibiotics should be considered when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Nichols
- Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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4708
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Fernandes A, Dias M. The Microbiological Profiles of Infected Prosthetic Implants with an Emphasis on the Organisms which Form Biofilms. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:219-23. [PMID: 23543034 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/4533.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the decreasing incidence of orthopaedic device related infections to 1%, nowadays, device-related infections still remain a diagnostic, therapeutic and cost -related problem. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE To record the common causative organisms and the contributing risk factors for orthopaedic device-related infections in a tertiary care teaching hospital. METHODS In a prospective study, fifty patients who underwent orthopaedic device implantation from Jan 2009 - June 2010 were enrolled; among them, 42 patients were complicated with infections. The demography, microbiological data, treatment and the outcome of each patient were recorded. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data was analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage. RESULTS Of the 50 samples, 42(84%) were culture positive, while 8(16%) were cultures negative. The femur was the most commonly affected bone in both males (median age-37.1yrs) and females (median age-41.3 yrs). Staphylococcus aureus was the organism which was most commonly isolated and which caused biofilms, followed by non-fermenting, gram negative bacilli and Klebsiella spp. We reported the first case till date in the literature of Candida krusei PJI, to the best of our knowledge. No anaerobes were isolated. Tissue trauma, open fractures, post-operative surgical site infections and Diabetes mellitus were found to be the important risk factors. The biofilm forming organisms were commonly associated with polymicrobial infections and even an aggressive antibiotic therapy was often inadequate to eliminate the infections. A conservative surgical treatment was associated with treatment failures. Implant removal or replacement was required in most of the cases to eradicate the infection. CONCLUSION The most common bacteria which were isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella. A majority of them are resistant to the commonly used antibiotics, leading to treatment failures which necessitated an implant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Fernandes
- Postgraduate Resident, Father Muller Medical College , Kankanady, Mangalore-575 002, Karnataka State, India
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4709
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Moody RG, Williamson MP. Structure and function of a bacterial Fasciclin I Domain Protein elucidates function of related cell adhesion proteins such as TGFBIp and periostin. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:71-7. [PMID: 23772377 PMCID: PMC3668549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciclin I (FAS1) domains have important roles in cell adhesion, which are not understood despite many structural and functional studies. Examples of FAS1 domain proteins include TGFBIp (βig-h3) and periostin, which function in angiogenesis and development of cornea and bone, and are also highly expressed in cancer tissues. Here we report the structure of a single-domain bacterial fasciclin I protein, Fdp, in the free-living photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and show that it confers cell adhesion properties in vivo. A binding site is identified which includes the most highly conserved region and is adjacent to the N-terminus. By mapping this onto eukaryotic homologues, which all contain tandem FAS1 domains, it is concluded that the interaction site is normally buried in the dimer interface. This explains why corneal dystrophy mutations are concentrated in the C-terminal domain of TGFBIp and suggests new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Moody
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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4710
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Niveditha S, Pramodhini S, Umadevi S, Kumar S, Stephen S. The Isolation and the Biofilm Formation of Uropathogens in the Patients with Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 6:1478-82. [PMID: 23285434 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2012/4367.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections are the most commonly acquired bacterial infections and they account for an estimated 25-40% of the nosocomial infections. The microbial biofilms pose a public health problem for the persons who require indwelling medical devices, as the microorganisms in the biofilms are difficult to treat with antimicrobial agents. AIMS The present study included the isolation and the biofilm formation of the uropathogens in patients with catheter associated urinary tract infections. METHODS AND MATERIALS This prospective analysis which was carried out over a period of two months, included 50 urine samples from catheterized patients with symptoms of UTI. Following their isolation and identification, all the isolates were subjected to the biofilm detection by the tube adherence method and the Congo Red agar method. RESULTS E.coli was found to be the most frequently isolated uropathogen 35(70%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 8(16%), Pseudomona aeruginosa 2(4%), Acinetobacter spp 1(2%), coagulase negative Staphylococci 3(6%) and Enterococci spp 1(2%). In the current study, 30 (60%) strains were positive in vitro for the biofilm production. CONCLUSION To conclude, there was significant bacteriuria in all the symptomatic catheterized patients and E.coli was the most frequent isolate. Diabetes (44%) was the most common factor which was associated with the UTIs in the catheterized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niveditha
- MBBS Student, Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Pondicherry 607402, India
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4711
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Abstract
Biofilm is the predominant mode of life for bacteria and today it is implicated in numerous human diseases. A growing body of scientific and clinical evidence now exists regarding the presence of biofilm in wounds. This review summarizes the clinical experiences and in vivo evidence that implicate biofilm in delayed wound healing. The various mechanisms by which biofilm may impede healing are highlighted, including impaired epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, and reduced susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents and host defenses. Strategies to manage biofilm and encourage progression to wound healing are discussed; these include debridement and appropriate antimicrobial therapies which may be improved upon in the future with the emergence of anti-biofilm technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Metcalf
- Infection Prevention, ConvaTec Ltd., Global Development Centre, First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Park, Flintshire, CH5 2NU UK
| | - Philip G. Bowler
- Infection Prevention, ConvaTec Ltd., Global Development Centre, First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Park, Flintshire, CH5 2NU UK
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4712
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Ebrahimi A, Moatamedi A, Lotfalian S, Mirshokraei P. Biofilm formation, hemolysin production and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from the mastitis milk of dairy cows in Shahrekord district, Iran. Vet Res Forum 2013; 4:269-72. [PMID: 25568683 PMCID: PMC4279622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a major contagious pathogen causing bovine sub-clinical mastitis. The present investigation was carried out to determine some phenotypic characteristics of the S. agalactiae strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases in dairy cows of Shahrekord in the west-center of Iran. One hundred eighty California mastitis test (CMT) positive milk samples were bacteriologically studied. A total of 31 (17.2%) S. agalactiae isolated. Twenty eight (90.3%) of the isolates were biofilm producers. This finding may indicate the high potential of pathogenicity in isolated strains. Sixteen (51.6%) isolates were α hemolysin producers. Only 19.3%, 22.5% and 29.0% of the isolates were sensitive to streptomycin, flumequine and kanamycin, respectively. None of these three agents is recommended for treatment of mastitis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizollah Ebrahimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran;,Correspondence: Azizollah Ebrahimi. DVM, PhD , Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Azar Moatamedi
- DVM student School of Veterinary Science, Shahrekord University;
| | - Sharareh Lotfalian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran;
| | - Pejhman Mirshokraei
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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4713
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Mohammadi Z, Shalavi S, Yazdizadeh M. Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide in endodontics: a review. Chonnam Med J 2012; 48:133-40. [PMID: 23323217 PMCID: PMC3539092 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2012.48.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of endodontic therapy is to preserve the patient's natural teeth without compromising the patient's local or systemic health. Calcium hydroxide has been included in several materials and antimicrobial formulations that are used in several treatment modalities in endodontics, such as inter-appointment intracanal medicaments. The purpose of this article was to review the antimicrobial properties of calcium hydroxide in endodontics. Calcium hydroxide has a high pH (approximately 12.5-12.8) and is classified chemically as a strong base. The lethal effects of calcium hydroxide on bacterial cells are probably due to protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. Calcium hydroxide has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Calcium hydroxide is also a valuable anti-endotoxin agent. However, its effect on microbial biofilms is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mohammadi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran. ; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research (ICER), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4714
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Bakkiyaraj D, Sivasankar C, Pandian SK. Anti-pathogenic Potential of Coral Associated Bacteria Isolated from Gulf of Mannar Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 53:111-3. [PMID: 24426087 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are of great concern because of its increasing resistance towards conventional antibiotics. Quorum sensing system of P. aeruginosa acts as a global regulator of almost all the virulence factors and majorly its biofilm formation. In the present study, quenching of QS system of P. aeruginosa has been explained with bioactives from bacteria associated with the coral Acropora digitifera. Isolated bioactives inhibited the expression of various virulence traits of P. aeruginosa like biofilm formation, and the production of extracellular enzymes like protease and elastase. This study also emphasises the potential of coral associated bacteria in producing bioactive agents with anti-pathogenic properties.
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4715
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Viju N, Satheesh S, Vincent SG. Anti biofilm activity of coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) husk fibre extract. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 20:85-91. [PMID: 23961225 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, antibiofilm activity of coconut husk extract (CHE) was tested by various assays in the laboratory. The effects of CHE on extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, hydrophobicity and adhesion ability of Pseudomonas sp., Alteromonas sp. and Gallionella sp. and the antimicrobial activity of the extract against these bacteria were assessed. CHE was found to possess antibacterial activity against all the bacterial strains and affected the EPS production. The CHE affected the growth of the biofilm-forming bacteria in a culture medium. The hydrophobicity of the bacterial cells was also changed due to the CHE treatment. The active compound of the CHE was characterised by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. HPLC spectrum showed a single peak and the FT-IR spectrum indicated the presence of an OH-group-containing compound in the extract. In conclusion the CHE could be used as a source for the isolation of antifouling compounds.
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4716
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Abstract
The oral cavity appears as an open ecosystem, with a dynamic balance between the entrance of microorganisms, colonization modalities, and host defenses aimed to their removal: To avoid elimination, bacteria need to adhere to either hard dental surfaces or epithelial surfaces. The oral biofilm formation and development, and the inside selection of specific microorganisms have been correlated with the most common oral pathologies, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and peri-implantitis. The mechanical removal of the biofilm and adjunctive use of antibiotic disinfectants or various antibiotics have been the conventional methods for periodontal therapy. Ozone (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms, and its application in medicine and dentistry has been indicated for the treatment of 260 different pathologies. The ozone therapy has been more beneficial than present conventional therapeutic modalities that follow a minimally invasive and conservative application to dental treatment. The exposition of molecular mechanisms of ozone further benefits practical function in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Saini
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Rural Dental College - Loni, Tehsil - Rahata, District - Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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4717
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Inhülsen S, Aguilar C, Schmid N, Suppiger A, Riedel K, Eberl L. Identification of functions linking quorum sensing with biofilm formation in Burkholderia cenocepacia H111. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:225-42. [PMID: 22950027 PMCID: PMC3426421 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia has emerged as an important pathogen for patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). Previous work has shown that this organism employs the CepIR quorum-sensing (QS) system to control the expression of virulence factors as well as the formation of biofilms. To date, however, very little is known about the QS-regulated virulence factors and virtually nothing about the factors that link QS and biofilm formation. Here, we have employed a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach to precisely define the QS regulon in our model strain B. cenocepacia H111, a CF isolate. Among the identified CepR-activated loci, three were analyzed in better detail for their roles in biofilm development: (i) a gene cluster coding for the BclACB lectins, (ii) the large surface protein BapA, and (iii) a type I pilus. The analysis of defined mutants revealed that BapA plays a major role in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces while inactivation of the type I pilus showed little effect both in a static microtitre dish-based biofilm assay and in flow-through cells. Inactivation of the bclACB lectin genes resulted in biofilms containing hollow microcolonies, suggesting that the lectins are important for biofilm structural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Inhülsen
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Plant Biology, University of ZurichZollikerstrasse, 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Plant Biology, University of ZurichZollikerstrasse, 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Schmid
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Plant Biology, University of ZurichZollikerstrasse, 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Suppiger
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Plant Biology, University of ZurichZollikerstrasse, 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of GreifswaldFriedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, D-17487, Greifswald,, Germany
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Plant Biology, University of ZurichZollikerstrasse, 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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4718
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Yadav MK, Chae SW, Song JJ. In VitroStreptococcus pneumoniae Biofilm Formation and In Vivo Middle Ear Mucosal Biofilm in a Rat Model of Acute Otitis Induced by S. pneumoniae. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 5:139-44. [PMID: 22977710 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2012.5.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common pathogens of otitis media (OM) that exists in biofilm, which enhances the resistance of bacteria against antibiotic killing and diagnosis, compared to the free-floating (planktonic) form. This study evaluated biofilm formation by S. pneumoniae on an abiotic surface and in the middle ear cavity in a rat model of OM. Methods In vitro biofilm formation was evaluated by inoculation of a 1:100 diluted S. pneumoniae cell suspension in a 96-well microplate. Adherent cells were quantified spectrophotometrically following staining with crystal violet by measurement of optical density at 570 nm. The ultrastructure of pneumococcal biofilm was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For in vitro biofilm study, S. pneumoniae cell suspensions containing 1×107 colony forming units were injected through transtympanic membrane into the middle ear cavity of Sprague Dawley rats. The ultrastructure of middle ear mucus was observed by SEM 1 and 2 weeks post-inoculation. Results The in vitro study revealed robust biofilm formation by S. pneumoniae after 12-18 hours of incubation in high glucose medium, independent of exogenously supplied competence stimulating peptide and medium replacement. Adherent cells formed three-dimensional structures approximately 20-30 µm thick. The in vivo study revealed that ciliated epithelium was relatively resistant to biofilm formation and that biofilm formation occurred mainly on non-ciliated epithelium of the middle ear cavity. One week after inoculation, biofilm formation was high in 50% of the treated rats and low in 25% of the rats. After 2 weeks, biofilm formation was high and low in 25% and 37.5% of rats, respectively. Conclusion The results imply that glucose level is important for the S. pneumoniae biofilm formation and S. pneumoniae biofilm formation may play important role in the pathophysiology of OM.
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4719
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Ramzi AA, Kassim M, George JV, Amin A. Dental Procedures: Is it a Risk Factor for Injectable Dermal Fillers? J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2015; 14:158-60. [PMID: 25838691 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-012-0398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental procedures done in the vicinity of dermal fillers may result in complications of the dermal fillers such as infections which may mimic a dental infection. These infections of dermal fillers must be differentiated from facial cellulitis or from dental infection as treatment for infection from dermal fillers may be prolonged with repeated use of antibiotics, incision and drainage or removal of the filler material itself. Dental surgeons need to be aware of this potential risk in order to recognize and manage it appropriately.
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4720
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Subramanian P, Shanmugam N, Sivaraman U, Kumar S, Selvaraj S. Antiobiotic resistance pattern of biofilm-forming uropathogens isolated from catheterised patients in Pondicherry, India. Australas Med J 2012; 5:344-8. [PMID: 22905060 DOI: 10.4066/amj.2012.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial biofilms pose a public health problem for persons requiring indwelling medical devices, as micro-organisms in biofilms are difficult to treat with antimicrobial agents. Thus the present study includes biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogens in hospitalised patients with catheter associated urinary tract infections (UTI). METHOD This prospective analysis included 100 urine samples from catheterised patients with symptoms of UTI over a period of six months. Following identification, all isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity using modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method. Detection of biofilms was done by tube adherence method and Congo red agar method. RESULTS E.coli was found to be the most frequently isolated uropathogen 70%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 16%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4%, Acinetobacter spp 2%, coagulase negative Staphylococci 6% and Enterococci Spp 2%. In the current study 60% of strains were in vitro positive for biofilm production. Biofilm positive isolates showed 93.3%, 83.3%, 73.3% and 80% resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, cephotaxime and cotrimoxazole, respectively, compared to 70%, 60%, 35%, 60% resistance showed by biofilm non-producers for the respective antibiotics. Approximately 80% of the biofilm producing strains showed multidrug resistant phenotype CONCLUSION To conclude E.coli was the most frequent isolate, of which 63% were biofilm producers. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern in the present study showed quinolones were the least active drug against uropathogens. The uropathogens showed the highest sensitivity to carbapenems. The next best alternatives were aminoglycosides. Significant correlation between biofilm production and multi-drug resistance was observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramodhini Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India
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4721
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Qurashi AW, Sabri AN. Bacterial exopolysaccharide and biofilm formation stimulate chickpea growth and soil aggregation under salt stress. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1183-91. [PMID: 24031943 PMCID: PMC3768896 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120003000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To compensate for stress imposed by salinity, biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production are significant strategies of salt tolerant bacteria to assist metabolism. We hypothesized that two previously isolated salt-tolerant strains Halomonas variabilis (HT1) and Planococcus rifietoensis (RT4) have an ability to improve plant growth, These strains can form biofilm and accumulate exopolysacharides at increasing salt stress. These results showed that bacteria might be involved in developing microbial communities under salt stress and helpful in colonizing of bacterial strains to plant roots and soil particles. Eventually, it can add to the plant growth and soil structure. We investigated the comparative effect of exopolysacharide and biofilm formation in two bacterial strains Halomonas variabilis (HT1) and Planococcus rifietoensis (RT4) in response to varying salt stress. We found that biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide accumulation increased at higher salinity. To check the effect of bacterial inoculation on the plant (Cicer arietinum Var. CM-98) growth and soil aggregation, pot experiment was conducted by growing seedlings under salt stress. Inoculation of both strains increased plant growth at elevated salt stress. Weight of soil aggregates attached with roots and present in soil were added at higher salt concentrations compared to untreated controls. Soil aggregation was higher at plant roots under salinity. These results suggest the feasibility of using above strains in improving plant growth and soil fertility under salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Waheed Qurashi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590
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4722
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Annapoorani A, Jabbar AKKA, Musthafa SKS, Pandian SK, Ravi AV. Inhibition of Quorum Sensing Mediated Virulence Factors Production in Urinary Pathogen Serratia marcescens PS1 by Marine Sponges. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:160-6. [PMID: 23729876 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal intent of this study was to find out an alternative strategy for the antibiotic usage against bacterial infections. The quorum sensing inhibitory (QSI) activity of marine sponges collected from Palk Bay, India was evaluated against acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) mediated violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472), CV026 and virulence gene expressions in clinical isolate Serratia marcescens PS1. Out of 29 marine sponges tested, the methanol extracts of Aphrocallistes bocagei (TS 8), Haliclona (Gellius) megastoma (TS 25) and Clathria atrasanguinea (TS 27) inhibited the AHL mediated violacein production in C. violaceum (ATCC 12472) and CV026. Further, these sponge extracts inhibited the AHL dependent prodigiosin pigment, virulence enzymes such as protease, hemolysin production and biofilm formation in S. marcescens PS1. However, these sponge extracts were not inhibitory to bacterial growth, which reveals the fact that the QSI activity of these extracts was not related to static or killing effects on bacteria. Based on the obtained results, it is envisaged that the marine sponges could pave the way to prevent quorum sensing (QS) mediated bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angusamy Annapoorani
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamil Nadu India
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4723
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Oliveira DM, Kwiatkowski A, Rosa CI, Clemente E. Refrigeration and edible coatings in blackberry (Rubus spp.) conservation. J Food Sci Technol 2014; 51:2120-6. [PMID: 25190872 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the conservation of blackberry, cv. Tupy, stored under refrigeration and coated with different edible coatings. Four treatments were carried out: control T1 (uncoated), T2 (chitosan 1.5 %), T3 (cassava starch 2.5 %) and T4 (kefir grains in water 20 %), stored at temperatures of 0 and 10 °C; 1.0 % (m/v) sorbitol/glycerol was added as plasticizers. Chemical and physical-chemical evaluations (weight loss, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, SS/TA ratio and anthocyanins) were made, besides rot incidence. The results showed that cooling to 0 °C combined with T2 showed an effect in reducing the physiological loss of weight (4.41 %), in retaining fruit firmness (19.1 N) and presenting lower incidence of rot (6.19 %). Likewise, in physical and chemical parameters: SS did not alter significantly during the whole period of 18 days of storage.
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4724
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Kusaba T, Kirita Y, Ishida R, Matsuoka E, Nakayama M, Uchiyama H, Kajita Y. Morphological analysis of biofilm of peritoneal dialysis catheter in refractory peritonitis patient. CEN Case Rep 2012; 1:50-54. [PMID: 28509153 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-012-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 66-year-old man undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) was admitted to our hospital for treatment of PD-related peritonitis. Culture of the PD fluid revealed the presence of Citrobacter freundii, and therapy with ceftazidime was started intraperitoneally. The cell count in PD fluid slowly decreased over time during the first 2 weeks of treatment, but increased again on the 14th hospital day. A second culture of the PD fluid revealed the presence of Enterococcus species. A switch in antibiotic therapy to vancomycin did not improve the cell count in the PD fluid. A third culture of the PD fluid revealed the presence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The PD was discontinued and the catheter removed on the 28th hospital day. Examination of the catheter revealed that the inner tip was coated with a fibrous sheet of cells, suggesting biofilm formation. Following catheter removal, the patient was administered intravenous ciprofloxacin, and the inflammatory reaction started to disappear immediately and had completely disappeared after 1 week of treatment. Microscopic analysis of the fibrous structure on the catheter revealed multiple layers of various inflammatory cells. Immunostaining revealed the presence of CD44-positive polynuclear cells, indicating neutrophils, facing the catheter lumen. CD68-positive cells, indicating macrophages, were observed in the following layer, and keratin-positive cells, indicating peritoneal mesothelial cells, were present at the bottom of the structure. Based on the immediate improvement of PD-related peritonitis after catheter removal, we presumed that this biofilm contributed to the intractability of the patient's peritonitis. Morphological analysis of catheter revealed that both the mesothelial cells and the various inflammatory cells may have contributed to biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kusaba
- Division of Nephrology, Nantan General Hospital, 25 Yagi-Ueno, Yagi-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 629-0197, Japan.
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Division of Nephrology, Nantan General Hospital, 25 Yagi-Ueno, Yagi-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 629-0197, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishida
- Division of Nephrology, Nantan General Hospital, 25 Yagi-Ueno, Yagi-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 629-0197, Japan
| | - Eiko Matsuoka
- Division of Nephrology, Nantan General Hospital, 25 Yagi-Ueno, Yagi-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 629-0197, Japan
| | - Mayuka Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology, Nantan General Hospital, 25 Yagi-Ueno, Yagi-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 629-0197, Japan
| | - Hitoji Uchiyama
- Division of Nephrology, Nantan General Hospital, 25 Yagi-Ueno, Yagi-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 629-0197, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kajita
- Division of Nephrology, Nantan General Hospital, 25 Yagi-Ueno, Yagi-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 629-0197, Japan
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4725
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Harakuni SU, Karadesai SG, Jamadar N. Biofilm production by Candida: comparison of bloodstream isolates with cervical isolates. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:504-6. [PMID: 23997348 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate biofilm formation among the clinical Candida isolates from blood and cervical swabs. A total of 16 Candida blood isolates from neonates and 21 cervical isolates from pregnant women with vulvovaginitis were included in the study. Each isolate was identified to species level by various phenotypic tests. Biofilm formation was detected by colorimetric method. C. glabrata and C. albicans were the major isolates from blood and cervical swab respectively. The biofilm formation was found in 14 (87.5 %) blood isolates and only in 4 (19.1 %) cervical isolates.
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4726
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Abstract
Evidenced-based-wound management continues to be a cornerstone for advancing patient care. The purpose of this article is to review the use of whirlpool as a wound treatment in light of evidence, outcomes, and potential harm. Whirlpool was initially harnessed as a means to impart biophysical energy to a wound or burn to enhance mechanical debridement and cleansing. Other credible single-patient-use technologies which provide an alternative to whirlpool in wound care are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanz Tao
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jaime P Butler
- Littleton Adventist Hospital, Centura Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Tammy Luttrell
- National Jewish Health, Colorado University, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA ; TCL Consulting Inc., USA
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4727
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Lasjerdi Z, Niyyati M, Haghighi A, Zaeri F, Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E. First report of vannellidae amoebae (vannella spp.) isolated from biofilm source. Iran J Parasitol 2011; 6:84-9. [PMID: 22347317 PMCID: PMC3279898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Vannellidae family are free-living amoebae (FLA) distributed mainly in water and soil sources. The present study reports the first isolation of this genus in the biofilm source from hospital environment in Tehran, Iran. METHODS Biofilm samples were collected from hospital environment. Cultivation was performed in non-nutrient agar covered with a heat-killed Escherichia coli. Cloning of the suspected amoebae was done. PCR amplification and Homology analysis using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) was performed to search for the most similar reference sequences. RESULTS Microscopic examination showed numerous fan-shaped amoebae and peculiar cysts different to the usual shape of typical FLA. Sequence analysis of the PCR- product revealed that the suspected amoebae are highly homologous with Vannella spp. gene (99% identity and 100% query coverage) available in the gene bank database. CONCLUSION Although Vannella spp. is not proved to be pathogenic itself, but they are capable of harboring pathogenic intracellular organisms such as Microsporidian parasites. Thus, identification of such amoebae can be of clinical importance, as they could lead to transmission of other pathogens to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lasjerdi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Niyyati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,Corresponding author: Tel: +989122407432; Fax: +982122294951, E-mail:
| | - A Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Zaeri
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Nazemalhosseini Mojarad
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4728
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Prasanth T, Mandlik VB, Kumar S, Jha AK, Kosala M. Evaluation of Aerosol and Water Contamination and Control of Cross Infection in Dental Clinics. Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 66:37-40. [PMID: 27365702 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(10)80090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral cavity is an unique environment which provides an ideal medium for bacterial growth. As a result of repeated exposure to the microorganisms present in blood and saliva, the dental health professionals and the patients are at a higher risk for developing many infectious diseases. A pilot study was carried out in the Dept of Dental Surgery, Armed Forces Medical College to assess the risk of cross infection in dental clinics. METHODS Samples were collected from different dental surgeries of the Dept of Dental Surgery, Armed Forces Medical College and sent for microbiological culture and identification to the Dept of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College. The sampling was carried out in two stages, before and after implementing a set protocol. RESULT All dental unit waterlines were coated with a well established biofilm made up of filamentous and bacillus-like microorganisms in first stage of study. There was marked reduction in the number of colonies from the samples collected during second stage. Same findings were observed in the samples of aerosol produced by ultrasonic scalers. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that the new set protocol followed is significantly effective in reducing the microbial load in the water tubing, container and aerosol production. It is an effective measure for reducing the chances of cross infection in the dental surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Prasanth
- Graded Specialist (Periodontology & Oral Implantology), 1 Air Force Dental Centre, Air Force Station, Palam, New Delhi-10
| | - V B Mandlik
- Commanding Officer & Corps Dental Advisor, 10 CDU, C/o-56 APO, Pune-40
| | - S Kumar
- Associate Professor (Dept of Microbiology), AFMC, Pune-40
| | - A K Jha
- Reader (Department of Dental Surgery), AFMC, Pune-40
| | - M Kosala
- Postgraduate Resident (Periodontology & Oral Implantology), AFMC, Pune-40
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4729
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Giridhara Upadhyaya PM, Umapathy BL, Ravikumar KL. Comparative study for the presence of enterococcal virulence factors gelatinase, hemolysin and biofilm among clinical and commensal isolates of enterococcus faecalis. J Lab Physicians 2011; 2:100-4. [PMID: 21346906 PMCID: PMC3040082 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2727.72159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biofilm production, gelatinase and hemolysin are the potential virulence factors of Enterococci. Gelatinase and hemolysin producing strains of Enterococcus Faecalis have been shown to cause severe infections in animal models. Biofilm production has been shown to enhance the persistence of E. faecalis in urinary bladder and other medical indwelling devices infections. Aims: To compare the presence of gelatinase, hemolysin and biofilm formation among clinical and commensal isolates and to study the co-relation between virulence factors with respect to different clinical specimens. Settings and Design: During the study period of 2 years from July 2004 to July 2006, 200 clinical isolates from nosocomial infections and 100 commensal isolates of E. faecalis were taken for the study. Materials and Methods: The clinical and commensal isolates were tested for the presence of gelatinase, hemolysin and biofilm and compared. The presence of these virulence factors among different clinical isolates was also studied. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square and likelihood ratio analysis were carried out using SSPS version 5.1 software. Results: The clinical isolates produced 39, 16.5 and 32.5% of gelatinase, hemolysin and biofilm, respectively, as compared to 31, 19 and 16% produced by the commensal isolates, respectively. Endotracheal tube infection, urinary tract infection, umbilical catheter tip infected isolates produced 60.8, 86.6 and 100% biofilm, respectively. Conclusion: Significant difference in the production of biofilm (P<0.001) was noted between clinical and commensal isolates. Organism isolated from medically indwelling devices produced high amount of biofilm, confirming its role in colonization and causing nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Giridhara Upadhyaya
- Department of Microbiology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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4730
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Mohandas V, Ballal M. Distribution of Candida species in different clinical samples and their virulence: biofilm formation, proteinase and phospholipase production: a study on hospitalized patients in southern India. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3:4-8. [PMID: 21572601 PMCID: PMC3068577 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.77288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Candida species are normal inhabitants of the skin and mucosa. The importance of epidemiological monitoring of yeasts involved in pathogenic processes is unquestionable due to the increase of these infections over the last decade; Materials and Methods: The clinical samples from the respiratory tract (sputum, bronchial wash, tracheal secretions), saliva, blood, urine, middle ear discharge, vitreous fluid, corneal ulcer, and plastic devices (endotracheal tube, catheter tip, suction tip) were collected and cultured. The species of Candida isolated were identified. Results: A total of 111 isolates of Candida species were recovered from 250 diverse clinical sources. C. albicans (39.64%) was the most isolated species, although the Candida non albicans species with 60.36% showed the major prevalence. In blood cultures, C. krusei (38.23%) and C. albicans (20.58%) were isolated frequently. C. albicans (63.27%) was the predominant species in mucosal surface. Urinary tract infections caused by yeasts were more frequent in hospitalized patients, C. krusei (50.0%) being commonly isolated, followed by C. albicans (25.0%). Discussion: Several virulence factors like, biofilm, proteinase, phospholipase, etc. contribute to the pathogenecity. Early detection of virulence factors by Candida is useful in clinical decision making. We therefore have aimed at demonstrating the formation of biofilm using the method proposed by Branchini et al, (1994). The proteinase produced by Candida was estimated as per the method of Staib et al, (1965). Phospholipase assay was carried out as per the method of Samaranayake et al, (2005). Conclusions: The data suggests that the capacity of Candida species to produce biofilm may be a reflection of the pathogenic potential of the isolates. C. krusei and C. tropicalis showed strong slime production. The non-Candida albicans produced more proteinase than C. albicans. C. albicans produced higher levels of phospholipase than non Candida albicans in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Mohandas
- Department of Microbiology, Dayanada Sagar Dental College, Bangalore; Kasturba Medical College International Center, Manipal, India
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4731
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Lee BC, Jung GY, Kim DJ, Han JS. Initial bacterial adhesion on resin, titanium and zirconia in vitro. J Adv Prosthodont 2011; 3:81-4. [PMID: 21814616 PMCID: PMC3141123 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2011.3.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the adhesion of initial colonizer, Streptococcus sanguis, on resin, titanium and zirconia under the same surface polishing condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were prepared from Z-250, cp-Ti and 3Y-TZP and polished with 1 µm diamond paste. After coating with saliva, each specimen was incubated with Streptococcus sanguis. Scanning electron microscope, crystal violet staining and measurement of fluorescence intensity resulting from resazurin reduction were performed for quantifying the bacterial adhesion. RESULTS Surface of resin composite was significantly rougher than that of titanium and zirconia, although all tested specimens are classified as smooth. The resin specimens showed lower value of contact angle compared with titanium and zirconia specimens, and had hydrophilic surfaces. The result of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that bound bacteria were more abundant on resin in comparison with titanium and zirconia. When total biofilm mass determined by crystal violet, absorbance value of resin was significantly higher than that of titanium or zirconia. The result of relative fluorescence intensities also demonstrated that the highest fluorescence intensity was found on the surface of resin. Absorbance value and fluorescence intensity on titanium was not significantly different from those on zirconia. CONCLUSION Resin specimens showed the roughest surface and have a significantly higher susceptibility to adhere Streptococcus sanguis than titanium and zirconia when surfaces of each specimen were polished under same condition. There was no significant difference in bacteria adhesion between titanium and zirconia in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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4732
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Abstract
Microbial biofilms are mainly implicated in etiopathogenesis of caries and periodontal disease. Owing to its properties, these pose great challenges. Continuous and regular disruption of these biofilms is imperative for prevention and management of oral diseases. This essay provides a detailed insight into properties, mechanisms of etiopathogenesis, detection and removal of these microbial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chandki
- Department of Periodontics, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Priyank Banthia
- Department of Periodontics, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Banthia
- Department of Periodontics, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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4733
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Kiran S, Sharma P, Harjai K, Capalash N. Enzymatic quorum quenching increases antibiotic susceptibility of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Iran J Microbiol 2011; 3:1-12. [PMID: 22347576 PMCID: PMC3279801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is increasing emergence of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) strains and drug resistance is positively-correlated with biofilm-forming ability. Since about 10% of P. aeruginosa genome is controlled by quorum sensing (QS), alteration in its antibiotic susceptibility by targeting QS was the focus of the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS One day biofilms of PAO1 and three urinary tract infection MDRPA isolates (PA2, PA8 and PA18) were formed in 96-well microtiter plate. Biofilms were exposed to concentration gradient of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin to obtain Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) by direct enumeration method. Susceptibility of 24 h biofilms was evaluated by treatment with ciprofloxacin and gentamicin per se and in combination with lactonase. The effect was also examined on 72 h biofilms by Scanning Electron Microscopy. RESULTS Lactonase treatment did not have any effect on growth of the selected strains but 73.42, 69.1, 77.34 and 72.5% reduction of biofilm was observed after lactonase (1 unit) treatment, respectively. Antibiotics in combination with lactonase (0.3 units) resulted in an increased susceptibility of the biofilm forms by>3.3, 4, 5 and 1.5 folds of MBEC, for ciprofloxacin and>6.67, 12.5, 6 and>2.5 folds, for gentamicin respectively, which could be due to the disruption of biofilm by lactonase treatment as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also there was significant reduction (p<0.001) in virulence factor production by the strains. CONCLUSION Lactonase treatment increased antibiotic susceptibility of the biofilms of MDRPA isolates underscoring the potential of quorum quenching in antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kiran
- Departments of Biotechnology
| | - P Sharma
- Mirobiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh
| | - K Harjai
- Mirobiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh
| | - N Capalash
- Departments of Biotechnology,Corresponding author: Dr. Neena Capalash Address: Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India. Tel: +91-172-2534091. Fax: +91-172-2541409. E-mail:
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4734
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Hu M, Zhang C, Mu Y, Shen Q, Feng Y. Indole affects biofilm formation in bacteria. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50:362-8. [PMID: 22282601 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is bacterial population adherent to each other and to surfaces or interfaces, often enclosed by a matrix. Various biomolecules contribute to the establishment of biofilms, yet the process of building a biofilm is still under active investigation. Indole is known as a metabolite of amino acid tryptophan, which, however, has recently been proved to participate in various aspects of bacterial life including virulence induction, cell cycle regulation, acid resistance, and especially, signaling biofilm formation. Moreover, indole is also proposed to be a novel signal involved in quorum sensing, a bacterial cooperation behavior sometimes concerning the biofilm formation. Here the signaling role and molecular mechanism of indole on bacterial biofilm formation are reviewed, as well discussed is its relation to bacterial living adaptivity.
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4735
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Lin SM, Svoboda KK, Giletto A, Seibert J, Puttaiah R. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on dental unit biofilms and treatment water contamination. Eur J Dent 2011; 5:47-59. [PMID: 21228956 PMCID: PMC3019751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study effects of various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on mature waterline biofilms and in controlling planktonic (free-floating) organisms in simulated dental treatment water systems; and to study in vitro the effects of 2%, 3%, and 7% hydrogen peroxide on the removal of mature biofilms and inorganic compounds in dental waterlines. METHODS Four units of an automated dental unit water system simulation device was used for 12 weeks. All units were initially cleaned to control biofilms and inorganic deposits. H2O(2) at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3% was used weekly for periodic cleaning in three treatment group units (units 1, 2 & 3), with 0.05%, 0.15% and 0.25% H(2)O(2) in municipal water used as irrigant respectively. The control unit (unit 4) did not have weekly cleanings and used municipal water as irrigant. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to study deposits on lines, and weekly heterotrophic plate counts done to study effluent water contamination. A 24 hour in vitro challenge test with 7%, 3% and 2% H(2)O(2) on mature biofilms was conducted using harvested waterlines to study biofilm and inorganic deposit removal. RESULTS Heterotrophic plate counts of effluent water showed that the control unit reached contamination levels in excess of 400,000 CFU/mL while all treatment units showed contamination levels <500 CFU/mL through most of the 12 weeks. All treatment units showed varying levels of biofilm and inorganic deposit control in this short 12 week study. The in vitro challenge test showed although there was biofilm control, there was no eradication even when 7% H(2)O(2) was used for 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS 2% H(2)O(2) used as a periodic cleaner, and diluted to 0.05% in municipal water for irrigation was beneficial in controlling biofilm and planktonic contamination in dental unit water systems. However, to remove well established biofilms, it may take more than 2 months when initial and multiple periodic cleanings are performed using H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ming Lin
- Graduate student, Biomedical Sciences, TAMHSC Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas, USA
| | | | - Anthony Giletto
- Co-Investigator & Vice Chair, Biomedical Sciences, TAMHSC Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas, USA
| | | | - Raghunath Puttaiah
- Co-PI & Research Mentor, Diagnostic Sciences, TAMHSC Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas, USA
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4736
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Pandit S, Kim HJ, Kim JE, Jeon JG. Separation of an effective fraction from turmeric against Streptococcus mutans biofilms by the comparison of curcuminoid content and anti-acidogenic activity. Food Chem 2010; 126:1565-70. [PMID: 25213928 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Turmeric has long been used as a colouring and flavouring agent for foods. Curcuminoids are the main component of turmeric and have a range of pharmacological activities. In this study, a fraction that could show anti-biofilm activity was separated from turmeric, based on a comparison of curcuminoid content and anti-acidogenic activity against Streptococcus mutans, and the effects of the separated fraction and curcuminoids on the adherence ability of S. mutans and the physiological ability of S. mutans biofilms were examined at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels. The separated fraction and curcuminoids had inhibitory effects on the sucrose-dependant adherence of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) discs and the acidogenicity and aciduricity of S. mutans biofilms. These results suggest that the separated turmeric fraction and its components, curcuminoids, may be useful for controlling dental biofilms and subsequent dental caries formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Pandit
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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4737
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Gontcharova V, Youn E, Sun Y, Wolcott RD, Dowd SE. A comparison of bacterial composition in diabetic ulcers and contralateral intact skin. Open Microbiol J 2010; 4:8-19. [PMID: 20461221 PMCID: PMC2866239 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801004010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An extensive portion of the healthcare budget is allocated to chronic human infection. Chronic wounds in particular are a major contributor to this financial burden. Little is known about the types of bacteria which may contribute to the chronicity, biofilm and overall bioburden of the wound itself. In this study we compare the bacteriology of wounds and associated intact skin. Wound and paired intact skin swabs (from a contralateral location) were collected. The bacterial diversity was determined using bacterial Tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). Diversity analysis showed intact skin to be significantly more diverse than wounds on both the species and genus levels (3% and 5% divergence). Furthermore, wounds show heightened levels of anaerobic bacteria, like Peptoniphilus, Finegoldia, and Anaerococcus, and other detrimental genera such as Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus. Although some of these and other bacterial genera were found to be common between intact skin and wounds, notable opportunistic wound pathogens were found at lower levels in intact skin. Principal Component Analysis demonstrated a clear separability of the two groups. The findings of the study not only greatly support the hypothesis of differing bacterial composition of intact skin and wounds, but also contribute additional insight into the ecology of skin and wound microflora. The increased diversity and lowered levels of opportunistic pathogens found in skin make the system highly distinguishable from wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gontcharova
- Medical Biofilm Research Institute, 4321 Marsha Sharp Freeway, Lubbock, TX 79407
| | - Eunseog Youn
- Texas Tech University, Computer Science Department, P.O. Box 43104, Lubbock, TX 79409-3104
| | - Yan Sun
- Medical Biofilm Research Institute, 4321 Marsha Sharp Freeway, Lubbock, TX 79407
| | - Randall D Wolcott
- Southwest Regional Wound Care Clinic, 2002 Oxford Ave, Lubbock TX 79410
| | - Scot E Dowd
- Medical Biofilm Research Institute, 4321 Marsha Sharp Freeway, Lubbock, TX 79407
- Research and Testing Laboratory, Lubbock, TX
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4738
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Derakhshan S, Sattari M, Bigdeli M. Effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seed essential oil on biofilm formation and plasmid Integrity of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pharmacogn Mag 2010; 6:57-61. [PMID: 20548937 PMCID: PMC2881652 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.59967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds of the cumin plant (Cuminum cyminum L.) have been used since many years in Iranian traditional medicine. We assessed the effect of cumin seed essential oil on the biofilm-forming ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and on the integrity of a native resistance plasmid DNA from K. pneumoniae isolates, treated with essential oil. Antibacterial coaction between the essential oil and selected antibiotic disks were determined for inhibiting K. pneumoniae. The essential oil of the cumin seeds was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clavenger system. A simple method for the formation of biofilms on semiglass lamellas was established. The biofilms formed were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of essential oil on plasmid integrity was studied through the induction of R-plasmid DNA degradation. The plasmid was incubated with essential oil, and agarose gel electrophoresis was performed. Disk diffusion assay was employed to determine the coaction. The essential oil decreased biofilm formation and enhanced the activity of the ciprofloxacin disk. The incubation of the R-plasmid DNA with essential oil could not induce plasmid DNA degradation. The results of this study suggest the potential use of cumin seed essential oil against K. pneumoniae in vitro, may contribute to the in vivo efficacy of this essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Derakhshan
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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4739
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Somayaji K, Acharya SR, Bairy I, Prakash PY, Rao MS, Ballal NV. In vitro scanning electron microscopic study on the effect of doxycycline and vancomycin on enterococcal induced biofilm. Iran Endod J 2010; 5:53-8. [PMID: 23130027 PMCID: PMC3487500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterococcus (E) faecalis bacteria adhere to dentine of teeth root canals to form the biofilm. E. faecalis has been shown to be resistant to antibiotics. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the efficacy of vancomycin and doxycycline in inhibiting E. faecalis biofilm formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 extracted human teeth were incubated with E. faecalis (ATCC 35550 strain) for 45 days to allow biofilm formation. The teeth were equally divided into six groups (n=10): 1) positive control, 2) negative control, 3) doxycycline alone 4) doxycycline with filing, 5) vancomycin alone, 6) vancomycin with filing. The relevant canals were irrigated with 4µg/mL of either vancomycin or doxycycline antibiotic. Teeth were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Areas of biofilm remaining in the canals after antibiotic treatment were measured with Scion image analysis software using the SEM images. RESULTS Vancomycin is more effective in reducing the overall biofilm area compared with doxycycline; moreover filing after antibiotic administration increased this effect. CONCLUSION We can conclude that vancomycin had greater efficacy than doxycycline for inhibiting and reducing E. faecalis biofilms growth in root canals. However, it failed to completely eliminate biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaraj Somayaji
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Corresponding author at: Krishnaraj Somayaji, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India (PIN: 576104). Tel.: +91-8202922172, E-mail:
| | - Shashi Rashmi Acharya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Indira Bairy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Nidambur Vasudev Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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4740
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Winkler H. Rationale for one stage exchange of infected hip replacement using uncemented implants and antibiotic impregnated bone graft. Int J Med Sci 2009; 6:247-52. [PMID: 19834590 PMCID: PMC2755120 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of a total hip replacement (THR) is considered a devastating complication, necessitating its complete removal and thorough debridement of the site. It is undoubted that one stage exchange, if successful, would provide the best benefit both for the patient and the society. Still the fear of re-infection dominates the surgeons decisions and in the majority of cases directs them to multiple stage protocols. However, there is no scientifically based argument for that practice. Successful eradication of infection with two stage procedures is reported to average 80% to 98%. On the other hand a literature review of Jackson and Schmalzried (CORR 2000) summarizing the results of 1,299 infected hip replacements treated with direct exchange (almost exclusively using antibiotic loaded cement), reports of 1,077 (83%) having been successful. The comparable results suggest, that the major factor for a successful outcome with traditional approaches may be found in the quality of surgical debridement and dead space management. Failures in all protocols seem to be caused by small fragments of bacterial colonies remaining after debridement, whereas neither systemic antibiotics nor antibiotic loaded bone cement (PMMA) have been able to improve the situation significantly. Reasons for failure may be found in the limited sensitivity of traditional bacterial culturing and reduced antibiotic susceptibility of involved pathogens, especially considering biofilm formation. Whenever a new prosthesis is implanted into a previously infected site the surgeon must be aware of increased risk of failure, both in single or two stage revisions. Eventual removal therefore should be easy with low risk of additional damage to the bony substance. On the other hand it should also have potential of a good long term result in case of success. Cemented revisions generally show inferior long term results compared to uncemented techniques; the addition of antibiotics to cement reduces its biomechanical properties. Efficient cementing techniques will result in tight bonding with the underlying bone, making eventual removal time consuming and possibly associated with further damage to the osseous structures. All these issues are likely to make uncemented revisions more desirable. Allograft bone may be impregnated with high loads of antibiotics using special incubation techniques. The storage capacities and pharmacological kinetics of the resulting antibiotic bone compound (ABC) are more advantageous than the ones of antibiotic loaded cement. ABC provides local concentrations exceeding those of cement by more than a 100fold and efficient release is prolonged for several weeks. The same time they are likely to restore bone stock, which usually is compromised after removal of an infected endoprosthesis. ABC may be combined with uncemented implants for improved long term results and easy removal in case of a failure. Specifications of appropriate designs are outlined. Based on these considerations new protocols for one stage exchange of infected TJR have been established. Bone voids surrounding the implants may be filled with antibiotic impregnated bone graft; uncemented implants may be fixed in original bone. Recent studies indicate an overall success rate of more than 90% without any adverse side effects. Incorporation of allografts appears as after grafting with unimpregnated bone grafts. Antibiotic loaded bone graft seems to provide sufficient local antibiosis for protection against colonisation of uncemented implants, the eluted amounts of antibiotics are likely to eliminate biofilm remnants, dead space management is more complete and defects may be reconstructed efficiently. Uncemented implants provide improved long term results in case of success and facilitated re-revision in case of failure. One stage revision using ABC together with uncemented implants such should be at least comparably save as multiple stage procedures, taking advantage of the obvious benefits for patients and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Winkler
- Osteitis Centre, Privatklinik Döbling, HeiligenstaedterStrasse 57-63, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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4741
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Kanematsu H, Ikigai H, Yoshitake M. Evaluation of various metallic coatings on steel to mitigate biofilm formation. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:559-571. [PMID: 19333421 PMCID: PMC2660664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In marine environments and water systems, it is easy for many structures to form biofilms on their surfaces and to be deteriorated due to the corrosion caused by biofilm formation by bacteria. The authors have investigated the antibacterial effects of metallic elements in practical steels so far to solve food-related problems, using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. However, from the viewpoint of material deterioration caused by bacteria and their antifouling measures, we should consider the biofilm behavior as aggregate rather than individual bacterium. Therefore, we picked up Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudoalteromonas carageenovara in this study, since they easily form biofilms in estuarine and marine environments. We investigated what kind of metallic elements could inhibit the biofilm formation at first and then discussed how the thin films of those inhibitory elements on steels could affect biofilm formation. The information would lead to the establishment of effective antifouling measures against corrosion in estuarine and marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Kanematsu
- Dept. MS & E, Suzuka National College of Technology (SNCT) / Shiroko-cho, Suzuka Mie, 510-0294, Japan
| | - Hajime Ikigai
- Dept. Chem & Biochem, Suzuka National College of Technology (SNCT)/ Shiroko-cho, Suzuka Mie, 510-0294, Japan
| | - Michiko Yoshitake
- Advanced Electronic Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)/ 3-13, Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
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4742
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Lal P, Agarwal V, Pruthi P, Pereira BMJ, Kural MR, Pruthi V. Biofilm formation by Candida albicans isolated from intrauterine devices. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 48:438-44. [PMID: 23100744 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our survey revealed that infected intrauterine devices (IUDs) recovered from patients suffering from reproductive tract infections (RTIs) were tainted with Candida biofilm composed of a single or multiple species. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of C. albicans biofilm topography showed that it consists of a dense network of mono- or multilayer of cells embedded within the matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images depicted that C. albicans biofilms have a highly heterogeneous architecture composed of cellular and noncellular elements with EPS distributed in the cell-surface periphery or at cell-cell interface. Biochemical analysis showed that EPS produced by C. albicans biofilm contained significantly reduced total carbohydrate (40%), protein (5%) and enhanced amount of hexosamine (4%) in contrast to its planktonic counterparts. The in vitro activity of antifungal agents amphotericin B, nystatin, fluconazole and chlorhexidine against pre-formed C. albicans biofilm, assessed using XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay revealed increased resistance of these infectious biofilm (50% reduction in metabolic activity at a concentration of 8, 16, 64, 128 μg/ml respectively) in comparison to its planktonic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Lal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667 India
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4743
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Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Sabzevari Z, Zareh O. Microbial quality of water in dental unit waterlines. J Res Med Sci 2009; 14:297-300. [PMID: 21772899 PMCID: PMC3129099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) are ideal environment for development of microbial biofilms. Microbial contamination of water in DUWLs is thought to be the result of biofilm formation as it could serves as a haven for pathogens. The aim of this study was to assess microbial quality of water in dental unit waterlines of dental units located at the dental school of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. METHODS Water samples were collected from air/water syringe and high-speed handpiece. Generally, 100-200 ml water samples were collected aseptically in sterile containers with sodium thiosulfate at the beginning of the day after a 2 minute purge. Samples were transferred to the laboratory in insulated box with cooling packs and examined for total viable heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. RESULTS The heterotrophic plate count levels were significantly exceeded the American Dental Association recommendations for DUWL water quality (< 200 CFU/ml), in both air/water syringe (84%, CFU/ml: 500-20000) and high-speed handpiece (96%, CFU/ml: 710-36800) samples. However, there was no significant difference between the level of contamination in the air/water syringe and high-speed handpiece. Fungi were found in 28% and 36% of air/water syringe and high-speed handpiece samples, respectively; and filamentous fungi were the most frequently isolated fungi. CONCLUSIONS DUWLs should be subjected to routine microbial monitoring and to a decontamination protocol in order to minimize the risk of exposure to potential pathogens from dental units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Corresponding Author E-mail:
| | - Maryam Hatamzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohre Sabzevari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omolbanin Zareh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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4744
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Galván A, de Castro F. Relationships among filamentous microorganisms in rotating biological contactors. Indian J Microbiol 2007; 47:15-25. [PMID: 23100634 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-007-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing relationships were studied among the different types of filamentous microorganisms that appear in the biofilm of a biological contactor system. Using the hierarchical cluster analysis it was observed that, in all the stages, Beggiatoa sp. and the Eikelboom's types 0803 and 1863 always appeared associated, while Sphaerotilus natans was always associated with the morphological type 021N. The remaining microorganisms were associated in variable forms in the plants. In addition, different association models were obtained according to the season of the year and the stage-season interaction. It has also been observed that a significant correlation exists among the filamentous microorganisms we have studied and the different physical-chemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galván
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of disruption of sarA gene on biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis).
METHODS: In order to disrupt sarA gene, the double-crossover homologous recombination was applied in S. epidermidis RP62A, and tetracycline resistance gene (tet) was used as the selective marker which was amplified by PCR from the pBR322 and inserted into the locus between sarA upstream and downstream, resulting in pBT2△sarA. By electroporation, the plasmid pBT2△sarA was transformed into S. epidermidis. Gene transcription was detected by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Determination of biofilm was performed in 96-well flat-bottomed culture plates, and antibiotic resistance was analyzed with test tube culture by spectrophotometry at 570 nm respectively.
RESULTS: A sarA disrupted strain named S. epidermidis RP62A△sarA was constructed, which was completely defective in biofilm formation, while the sarA complement strain RP62A△sarA (pHPS9sarA) restored the biofilm formation phenotype. Additionally, the knockout of sarA resulted in decreased erythromycin and kanamycin resistance of S. epidermidis RP62A. Compared to the original strain, S. epidermidis RP62A△sarA had an increase of the sensitivity to erythromycin at 200-400 μg/mL and kanamycin at 200-800 μg/mL respectively.
CONCLUSION: The knockout of sarA can result in the defect in biofilm formation and the decreased erythromycin and kanamycin resistance in S. epidermidis RP62A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hong Tao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Han Dan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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4746
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Abstract
Biofilms are described as a matrix of microorganisms which have adhered to and colonized a surface. Once formed, biofilms are difficult to remove and may be a source of contamination in food-processing environments. In this study, stainless-steel chips were fixed to surfaces adjacent to food-contact surfaces and cast-iron chips were suspended in the floor drains of four meat-processing plants. Biofilm formation was quantified by staining the attached cells and viewing them under epifluorescence microscopy. The stainless-steel and cast-iron chips removed from the plant environment showed some attached microorganisms. Floor drains appeared to provide an excellent environment for the formation of biofilms. Pseudomonas , Klebsiella , Aeromonas , and Hafnia species were identified as gram-negative microorganisms associated with the test surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Hood
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Edmund A Zottola
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Leriche V, Carpentier B. Viable but Nonculturable Salmonella typhimurium in Single- and Binary-Species Biofilms in Response to Chlorine Treatment. J Food Prot 1995; 58:1186-1191. [PMID: 31137317 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-58.11.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The survival after chlorine stress of the biofilm form of Salmonella typhimurium both alone and in association with the biofilm form of Pseudomo fluorescens was investigated. P. fluorescens showed the best adhesion and more extended growth than S. typhimurium when the two strains were cocultured. The presence of P. fluorescens resulted in an increased resistance of S. typhimurium to chlorine. This phenomenon, which was already seen in 1-day biofilms, increased in 4-day biofilms. Viable but nonculturable cells were observed only in 4-day single-species S. typhimurium biofilms subjected to chlorine stress; only 50% of substrate-responsive bacteria (SRB) were culturable. When daily cycles of disinfection, neutralization, and culture medium supply were performed with S. typhimurium biofilms for 4 days, only 20% of the SRB remained culturable. The chlorine consumption of such biofilms was more than twice that of 4-day single-species S. typhimurium biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Leriche
- Centre National d'Études Vétérinaires et Alimentaires, Laboratoire d'Études et de Recherches pour l'Alimentation Collective, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Carpentier
- Centre National d'Études Vétérinaires et Alimentaires, Laboratoire d'Études et de Recherches pour l'Alimentation Collective, Paris, France
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