Incoherent method for rotation-invariant recognition

An optodigital hybrid system using an incoherent circular correlator that has features suitable for space and industrial applications is introduced. The incoherent circular correlator uses a fiber-optics sampler and carries out the correlations in white light. The trade offs involved for efficient detection of objects are discussed. The system has been built, and experimental results on a real air photograph are presented.

Digital multiple correlation for pattern recognition

A method of digital multiple correlation for rotation-invariant recognition has been developed. It is also a computer simulation of an incoherent optodigital hybrid system previously introduced. Speed and flexibility of the digital system are investigated.

Hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides catalyzed by human lysozyme

Binding of N-acetyl-chitotetraose, 4-methylumbelliferyl chitotrioside ((GlcNAc)3-MeU), and 4-methylumbelliferyl chitotetraoside ((GlcNAc)4-MeU) to human lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was studied by fluorescence measurement. Hydrolysis of (GlcNAc)3-MeU and (GlcNAc)4-MeU catalyzed by human lysozyme was studied by measuring the release of 4-methylumbelliferone fluorimetrically and the kinetic constants were determined in the pH range of 2 to 8 at 0.1 ionic strength and 42 degrees C. On the basis of binding and kinetic data, it was shown that (GlcNAc)3-MeU binds mainly to subsites A to D with the terminal MeU group bound to subsite D (nonproductive binding) and that (GlcNAc)4-MeU binds to subsites A to E (productive binding) and subsites A to D with the nonreducing sugar residue extending beyond subsite A (nonproductive binding). The pH dependences of the kinetic constants for hydrolysis of (GlcNAc)3-MeU and (GlcNAc)4-MeU were analyzed assuming that nonproductive binding occurs competitively, that an ionizable group in addition to the catalytic groups (Asp 52 and Glu 35) participates in the catalysis, and that the molecular species with ionized Asp 52 and protonated Glu 35 is active. Analyses of the kinetic constants for (GlcNAc)3-MeU and (GlcNAc)4-MeU both gave the same pK values of the catalytic groups (pK52 = 3.6(3) and pK35 = 6.6(8) at 0.1 ionic strength and 42 degrees C). These pK values were very close to the values determined previously by spectroscopic methods in our laboratory (Kuramitsu et al. (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 671-683; (1978) ibid. 83, 159-170; (1980) ibid. 87, 771-778).

Hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-chitotetraoside catalyzed by hen lysozyme

Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl chitotetraoside ((GlcNAc)4-MeU) to hen lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was studied by measuring changes in fluorescence at 375 nm. Hydrolysis of (GlcNAc)4-MeU catalyzed by lysozyme was studied by measuring the release of 4-methylumbelliferone from (GlcNAc)4-MeU fluorimetrically, and the kinetic constants were determined in the pH range of 2 to 8 at 0.1 ionic strength and 42 degrees C. The binding and kinetic data showed that (GlcNAc)4-MeU binds to subsites A to E (productive binding) and subsites A to D with the nonreducing sugar residue extending beyond subsite A (nonproductive binding). The fraction of the productive complex was 0.77 at pH 8.5. The pH dependence of the kinetic constants was analyzed assuming that the molecular species with ionized Asp 52 and protonated Glu 35 is active and Asp 101 participates in the binding (Phillips (1966) Sci. Am. 215, 78-90; Blake et al. (1967) Proc. Roy. Soc. B167, 378-388), and the pK values of these groups were determined. The pK values of Asp 52, Glu 35, and Asp 101 were 3.60, 6.20, and 4.20, respectively, for free lysozyme, 3.40, 6.55, and 3.40, respectively, for the productive complex, and 3.95, 6.55, and 3.30, respectively, for the nonproductive complex. The pK values for free lysozyme were in excellent agreement with those obtained by analysis of the kinetic constants for (GlcNAc)3-MeU (Yang & Hamaguchi (1980) J. Biochem. 87, 1003-1014). The free energy of activation was 24 kcal mol-1 at pH 5.2. Comparison with the corresponding value obtained for hydrolysis of (GlcNAc)6 (Banerjee et all (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4355-4367) suggests that the interactions of GlcNAc residues with subsites E and F in the transition state are important in lysozyme catalysis. Hydrolysis of (GlcNAc)2-MeU catalyzed by lysozyme was also studied, and the Kcat/Km values for (GlcNAc)2-MeU, (GlcNAc)3-MeU, and (GlcNAc)4-MeU were compared.

Hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-chitotrioside catalyzed by hen and turkey lysozymes. pH dependence of the kinetics constants

The binding constants of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glycosides of (GlcNAc)2 ((GlcNAc)2-MeU) and of (GlcNAc)3 ((GlcNAc)3-MeU) to hen lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] were determined by measuring changes in the fluorescence at 375 nm. It was shown that (GlcNAc)2-MeU and (GlcNAc)3-MeU bind mainly at subsites B, C, and D, and A, B, C, and D, respectively, with the terminal MeU group bound at subsite D. The rate of hydrolysis of (GlcNAc)3-MeU catalyzed by hen and turkey lysozymes was determined at 0.1 ionic strength and 42 degrees C in the pH range of 2 to 8. The release of 4-methylumbelliferone was followed fluorimetrically. The pH dependences of kcat, kcat/Km, and Km were analyzed assuming that that nonproductive binding occurs competitively and that the molecular species with ionized Asp 52 and protonated Glu 35 is active. Comparison of the pH dependences of the kinetic constants for hen lysozyme with those for turkey lysozyme, in which Asp 101 of hen lysozyme is replaced by Gly, made it possible to determine the pK values of Asp 52, Glu 35, and Asp 101. The pK values of Asp 52 and Glu 35 were 3.60 and 6.20, respectively, for hen and turkey lysozymes and 3.95 and 6.55, respectively, for their nonproductive complexes. The pK value of Asp 101 of hen lysozyme was 4.20 for the free enzyme, 3.30 for the nonproductive complex, and 3.95 for the productive complex. These pK values, except for the pK value of Asp 52 of the nonproductive complex, are in excellent agreement with those determined by spectroscopic methods in our laboratory (Kurasmitsu et al. (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 671--683; (1975) ibid. 77, 291--301; (1977) ibid. 82, 585--597; (1978) ibid. 83, 159--170). This demonstrates that lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis can be fully explained in terms of the proposal based on the X-ray data (Blake et al. (1967) Proc. Roy. Soc. B167, 378--388), with regard to the participation of Asp 52 and Glu 35.

Interactions of alpha- and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamines with hen and turkey lysozymes

The binding constants of alpha- and beta-GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes [EC 3.2.1.17] were determined at various pH's using the method proposed by Ikeda and Hamaguchi (1975) J. Biochem. 77, 1-16). The pH dependence of the binding of beta-GlcNAc to hen lysozyme was essentially the same as that for turkey lysozyme. The pH dependence curves of the binding constants of beta-GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes were interpreted in terms of the participation of Glu 35 (pK 6.0), Asp 52 (pK 3.5), Asp 48 (pK 4.5), and Asp 66 (pK 1.5). The binding constants of alpha-GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes were the same below pH 3.5 but were different above this pH. The main participant residues in the binding of alpha-GlcNAc were Glu 35, Asp 48, and Asp 66 for hen lysozyme and Glu 35 and Asp 66 for turkey lysozyme. The results obtained here were well explained by the following assumptions: (1) above about pH 4, alpha-GlcNAc binds to hen lysozyme in both alpha- and beta-modes, which correspond to the binding orientation of alpha-GlcNAc and that of beta-GlcNAc, respectively, as determined by X-ray crystallographic studies, but it binds predominantly in the beta-mode below about pH 4, (2) beta-GlcNAc binds to hen and turkey lysozymes predominantly in the beta-mode above about pH 4 and in both alpha- and beta-modes below pH 4, and (3) alpha-GlcNAc binds to turkey lysozyme predominantly in the beta-mode over the whole pH range studied.

Interactions on 3-deoxy and 6-deoxy derivatives of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine with hen lysozyme

The interactions of deoxy derivatives of GlcNAc, 6-deoxy-GlcNAc, and 3-deoxy-GlcNAc with hen egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] were studied at various pH's by measuring the changes in the circular dichroic (CD) band at 295 nm. It was shown that 6-deoxy-GlcNAc and 3-deoxy-GlcNAc bind at subsite C of lysozyme and compete with GlcNAc. The pH dependence of the binding constant of 6-deoxy-GlcNAc was the same as that of GlcNAc. On the other hand, the binding constants of 3-deoxy-GlcNAc were 3--10 times smaller than those of GlcNAc in the pH range from 3 to 9. X-ray crystallographic studies show that O(6) and O(3) of GlcNAc at subsite C are hydrogen-bonded to the indole NH's of Trp 62 and Trp 63, respectively, but the above results indicate that Trp 63, not Trp 62, is important for the interaction of GlcNAc with lysozyme.