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Zhang W, Teng M, Chen L. A review on the enantioselective distribution and toxicity of chiral pesticides in aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:317. [PMID: 39002095 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Chiral pesticides account for about 40% of the total pesticides. In the process of using pesticides, it will inevitably flow into the surface water and even penetrate into the groundwater through surface runoff and other means, as a consequence, it affects the water environment. Although the enantiomers of chiral pesticides have the same physical and chemical properties, their distribution, ratio, metabolism, toxicity, etc. in the organism are often different, and sometimes even show completely opposite biological activities. In this article, the selective fate of different types of chiral pesticides such as organochlorine, organophosphorus, triazole, pyrethroid and other chiral pesticides in natural water bodies and sediments, acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, chronic toxicity and other aspects are summarized to further reflect the risks between the enantiomers of chiral pesticides to non-target organisms in the water environment. In this review, we hope to further explore its harm to human society through the study of the toxicity of chiral pesticide enantiomers, so as to provide data support and theoretical basis for the development and production of biochemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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2
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Hu D, Jia XW, Lu JL, Lu ZY, Tang CD, Xue F, Huang C, Ren QG, He YC. Chemoenzymatic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Triazole Fungicide ( R)-Tebuconazole in High Optical Purity Mediated by an Epoxide Hydrolase from Rhodotorula paludigensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10428-10438. [PMID: 38660720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tebuconazole is a chiral triazole fungicide used globally in agriculture as a racemic mixture, but its enantiomers exhibit significant enantioselective dissimilarities in bioactivity and environmental behaviors. The steric hindrance caused by the tert-butyl group makes it a great challenge to synthesize tebuconazole enantiomers. Here, we designed a simple chemoenzymatic approach for the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-tebuconazole, which includes the biocatalytic resolution of racemic epoxy-precursor (2-tert-butyl-2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl] oxirane, rac-1a) by Escherichia coli/Rpeh whole cells expressed epoxide hydrolase from Rhodotorula paludigensis (RpEH), followed by a one-step chemocatalytic synthesis of (R)-tebuconazole. It was observed that (S)-1a was preferentially hydrolyzed by E. coli/Rpeh, whereas (R)-1a was retained with a specific activity of 103.8 U/g wet cells and a moderate enantiomeric ratio (E value) of 13.4, which was remarkably improved to 43.8 after optimizing the reaction conditions. Additionally, a gram-scale resolution of 200 mM rac-1a was performed using 150 mg/mL E. coli/Rpeh wet cells, resulting in the retention of (R)-1a in a 97.0% ees, a 42.5% yields, and a 40.5 g/L/d space-time yield. Subsequently, the synthesis of highly optical purity (R)-tebuconazole (>99% ee) was easily achieved through the chemocatalytic ring-opening of the epoxy-precursor (R)-1a with 1,2,4-triazole. To elucidate insight into the enantioselectivity, molecular docking simulations revealed that the unique L-shaped substrate-binding pocket of RpEH plays a crucial role in the enantioselective recognition of bulky 2,2-disubstituted oxirane 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xue-Wei Jia
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jia-Lan Lu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Cun-Duo Tang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, Henan, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No 1, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Process Research Department, STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, A WuXi AppTec Company, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qing-Gong Ren
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Shen X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Yu X, Bai W, Huang X, Lei H. Central Chirality and Axial Chirality Recognition of the Enantioselective Antibodies to Herbicide Metolachlor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10055-10064. [PMID: 38634336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective antibodies have emerged as efficient tools in the field of chiral chemical detection and separation. However, it is complicated to obtain a highly stereoselective antibody due to the unclear recognition mechanism. In this study, the hapten of metolachlor was synthesized and enantio-separated. The absolute configuration of the four haptens obtained was identified by the computed and experimental electronic circular dichroism comparison. Five polyclonal antibodies against the Rac-metolachlor and its enantiomers were generated by immunization. The cross-activity of all the 5 antibodies with 44 structural analogues, including metolachlor enantiomers, was tested. It demonstrated that antibodies have higher specificity to recognize central chirality than axial chirality. Especially, αRR-MET-Ab exhibited excellent specificity and stereoselectivity. Accordingly, 3D-QSAR models were constructed and revealed that paired stereoisomers exhibited opposite interactions with the antibodies. It is the first time that the antibodies against four stereoisomers were prepared and analyzed, which will be conducive to the rational design of the stereoselective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - JingJing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - XiaoTing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - WenMing Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510400, China
| | - HongTao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Diao Z, Di S, Qi P, Liu Z, Wang Z, Zhao H, Wang M, Zhang C, Wang X. Stereoselective study on chiral fungicide metconazole in four kinds of fruits: Absolute configuration, SFC-MS/MS enantioseparation, degradation and risk assessment. Food Chem 2024; 438:137944. [PMID: 37984002 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Metconazole is a novel chiral fungicide with two chiral carbon atoms, but the research on its stereoselective behavior is limited. Therefore, the stereoselective behaviors of metconazole in four fruits, including grape, peach, pear and jujube, were summarized in this study. After determining the absolute configuration of metconazole stereoisomers, a chiral separation method through supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was first developed, which combined an improved QuEChERS method obtained the recoveries of 71.6-113 % with RSD ≤ 19.8 %. The LOD and LOQ were 4.30-95.9 and 10.5-143.2 ng/kg, respectively. Different stereoselective and diastereoselective behaviors were observed in four fruits. Dietary risk assessments of rac-metconazole were performed in populations with different ages and genders. Both acute (RQa, 0.0124-0.140 %) and chronic (HQ, 0.0234-0.0794 %) intake risks were acceptable. The results of this study would contribute to more complete risk assessments of metconazole and provide data for chiral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Diao
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Ma S, Xin H, Zhao P, Feng S, Chen J, Yin S, Wei Y, Shi Y, Jin G, Di X, Zhang H. Comprehensive Stereoselectivity Assessment of Toxicokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Cytotoxicity, and Environmental Fate of Chiral Pesticide Propiconazole. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19760-19771. [PMID: 38036940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Propiconazole (PRO) has been widely used in the treatment of fungal infection in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and seeds. In this study, a newly established chiral liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was applied to the systemic stereoselectivity evaluation of PRO enantiomers, including toxicokinetics, tissue distributions, cytotoxicity, accumulation, and degradation. Our results showed that both trans (+)-2S,4S-PRO and cis (-)-2S,4R-PRO had lower Cmax and AUC0-∞ and higher CLz/F values in plasma and lower accumulation concentrations in the liver, heart, and brain. In cytotoxic assays, cis (-)-2S,4R-PRO exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity in PC12 neuronal, N9 microglia, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, and MRC5 lung fibroblast cell lines. Moreover, the Eisenia fetida incubation experiment revealed that the accumulations of both trans (+)-2S,4S-PRO and cis (-)-2S,4R-PRO were higher than those of their antipodes in E. fetida. In summary, our findings first suggested that the application of cis (-)-2S,4R-PRO for agriculture would hugely reduce the environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siman Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hao Xin
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Feng
- School of Veterinary and Agriculture Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shiliang Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yitong Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ge Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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6
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Zhu M, Pang X, Wang K, Sun L, Wang Y, Hua R, Shi C, Yang X. Enantioselective effect of chiral prothioconazole on the conformation of bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124541. [PMID: 37086758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
As a typical chiral triazole fungicide, the enantioselective toxicity of prothioconazole to environmental organisms is of increasing concern. Herein, the binding mechanism of chiral PTCs to BSA was investigated by multi-spectral technique and molecular docking. Fluorescence titration and fluorescence lifetime experiments fully established that quenching BSA fluorescence by chiral PTCs is static quenching and could spontaneously bind to BSA. Hydrophobic interactions dominate the binding process of chiral PTCs to BSA. Differently, although both chiral PTCs and BSA have a primary binding site, the difference in chiral isomerism leads to a stronger binding ability of S-PTC than R-PTC. Both configurations of PTC can change the conformation of BSA and induce changes in the microenvironment around its amino acid residues, and the effect of S-PTC is more significant. Overall, S-PTC exhibited a more substantial effect on BSA structure relative to R-PTC. That is, S-PTC may lead to more potent potential toxicological effects on environmental organisms. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the environmental behavior of chiral pesticides and their potential toxicity to environmental organisms at the molecular level and provides a theoretical basis for the screening of highly effective and biologically less toxic enantiomers of chiral pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Xiaohui Pang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Kangquan Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Long Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ce Shi
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
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Zhang J, Jiang W, Jia Z, Zhang W, Zhang T, Wei M. Stereoselective behavior and residues of the imazalil during strawberry growth and strawberry wine production. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100006. [PMID: 36916581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Imazalil is a chiral fungicide widely used to protect strawberries against gray mold, which may pose threats to food safety. This study aims to investigate the stereoselective behavior of imazalil during strawberry growth and strawberry wine production. A method was proposed and validated for the extraction and quantitative analysis of imazalil residues in strawberry, strawberry pomace, and strawberry wine by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method exhibited mean recoveries ranging from 86.2% to 119.7% with relative standard deviations of 0.1-11.3%. The dissipation curve of imazalil during strawberry growth followed the first-order kinetic model with a half-life ranging from 6.5 to 7.1 days. Significant enantioselectivity of imazalil was observed in strawberry grown under field conditions and strawberry wine production process, with enantiomeric fraction values ranging from 0.51 (2 h) to 0.42 (27d) and from 0.48 (0d) to 0.52 (10d), respectively. (+)-imazalil was preferentially degraded in strawberry under field conditions, while (-)-imazalil was preferentially degraded during the fermentation process. The processing factor was lower than 1 for each procedure, indicating that the wine-making process can reduce imazalil residue in strawberry. These findings may facilitate a more accurate risk assessment of imazalil and provide important guidance for the safe and efficacious use of imazalil in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Zhihang Jia
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China.
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Chiral separation of new chiral insecticide pyraquinil isomers and establishment of analytical methods in vegetables. Se Pu 2022; 40:634-643. [PMID: 35791602 PMCID: PMC9404015 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
以全新手性杀虫剂唑虫酯为研究对象,通过筛选手性色谱柱和优化流动相比例,建立了唑虫酯及其氧化代谢物异构体的拆分方法,在此基础上开发利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定小白菜和蕹菜中唑虫酯及其氧化产物手性异构体的分析方法。以纤维素-三(3,5-二氯苯基氨基甲酸酯)共价键合手性柱(Chiral INC)(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)为分析柱,乙腈和2 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离,在多反应监测负离子模式下进行检测,唑虫酯4个异构体分离度分别为1.63、2.83和1.74,唑虫酯氧化产物异构体分离度为5.82。通过衍生化的方法进一步确定出峰顺序为RS-唑虫酯、SS-唑虫酯、RR-唑虫酯、SR-唑虫酯、S-唑虫酯氧化产物和R-唑虫酯氧化产物。唑虫酯和其氧化产物的手性异构体分别在1.25~1250 μg/L和2.5~2500 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)大于0.99。在蕹菜和小白菜样品中同时添加唑虫酯和唑虫酯氧化产物消旋体进行添加回收试验,添加水平为1、20、400 μg/kg(即唑虫酯异构体为0.25、5、100 μg/kg;唑虫酯氧化代谢产物异构体为0.5、10、200 μg/kg),回收率为72.6%~110.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均在9.4%以下,其中日内重复性的RSD在0.5%~9.4%之间;日间重复性的RSD在1.0%~8.6%之间,表明该方法具有良好的回收率和精密度。该研究可为唑虫酯这一新型手性农药的环境行为研究及后续质量控制、药效评价等提供相应的分析技术,为新农药开发应用提供有力的技术支撑。
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Yang X, Gong R, Chu Y, Liu S, Xiang D, Li C. Mechanistic Insights into Stereospecific Antifungal Activity of Chiral Fungicide Prothioconazole against Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. cubense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2352. [PMID: 35216468 PMCID: PMC8875126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a typical triazole fungicide, prothioconazole (Pro) has been used extensively due to its broad spectrum and high efficiency. However, as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (R-Pro and S-Pro), the enantiomer-specific outcomes on the bioactivity have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigate how chirality affects the activity and mechanism of action of Pro enantiomers on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), the notorious virulent strain causing Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB). The Pro enantiomers were evaluated in vivo and in vitro with the aid of three bioassay methods for their fungicidal activities against TR4 and the results suggested that the fungicidal activities of Pro enantiomers are stereoselective in a dose-dependent manner with R-Pro making a major contribution to the treatment outcomes. We found that R-Pro led to more severe morphological changes and impairment in membrane integrity than S-Pro. R-Pro also led to the increase of more MDA contents and the reduction of more SOD and CAT activities compared with the control and S-Pro groups. Furthermore, the expression of Cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylases (CYP51), the target for triazole fungicides, was significantly increased upon treatment with R-Pro rather than S-Pro, at both transcriptional and translational levels; so were the activities of the Cytochrome P450 enzymes. In addition, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular docking illuminated the stereoselective interactions between the Pro enantiomers and CYP51 of TR4 at the target site, and R-Pro showed a better binding affinity with CYP51 than S-Pro. These results suggested an enantioselective mechanism of Pro against TR4, which may rely on the enantioselective damages to the fungal cell membrane and the enantiospecific CYP51 binding affinity. Taken together, our study shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the differential activities of the Pro enantiomers against TR4 and demonstrated that Pro can be used as a potential candidate in the treatment of FWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Ronggao Gong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yuanqi Chu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Siwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Dandan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Chunyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
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10
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Tang S, Meng X, Wang F, Lin Q, Feng T, Hu D, Zhang Y. Four Propiconazole Stereoisomers: Stereoselective Bioactivity, Separation via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, and Dissipation in Banana Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:877-886. [PMID: 35029107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the stereoselective bioactivity of four propiconazole stereoisomers against the causal agents of the banana leaf spot disease (Curvularia lunata and Colletotrichum musae). We also evaluated the stereoselective degradation of the stereoisomers in banana leaves under field test conditions. The Superchiral S-OX column successfully separated the four propiconazole stereoisomers. X-ray single-crystal diffraction confirmed that the absolute configuration of the cis-stereoisomer-(+)-A of propiconazole was (2R,4S)-propiconazole and that of the cis-stereoisomer-(-)-A of propiconazole was (2S,4R)-propiconazole. In vitro antibacterial results revealed that (2R,4S)-(+)-propiconazole had the highest activity against the two target plant fungi. In this study, a new and efficient high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of the four stereoisomeric residues of propiconazole in banana leaves. The mean recoveries of the method for the stereoisomers were 76.3-103% with relative standard deviations of 1.25-11.4%. The four propiconazole stereoisomers had a detection limit of 0.002-0.006 mg/kg and a limit of quantification of 0.02-0.03 mg/kg in banana leaves. Propiconazole-(-)-B and propiconazole-(-)-A degraded slightly faster than their corresponding enantiomers propiconazole-(+)-B and propiconazole-(+)-A in banana leaves collected from three typical banana production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouying Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiurou Meng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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11
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Ran L, Yang Y, Zhou X, Jiang X, Hu D, Lu P. The enantioselective toxicity and oxidative stress of dinotefuran on zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112809. [PMID: 34592523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dinotefuran is a widely used neonicotinoid pesticides in agriculture and it has certain ecological toxicity to aquatic organisms. Studies on the potential toxicological effects of dinotefuran on fish are limited. In the present study, 96 h acute toxicity test indicated that enantiomers of R-(-)-dinotefuran had a greater toxic effect than Rac-dinotefuran on zebrafish, and S-(+)-dinotefuran was the least. In chronic assay, R-(-)-dinotefuran exerted more effects on the development of zebrafish than S-(+)-dinotefuran, and dinotefuran also had enantioselective effect on oxidative stress. Significant changes were observed in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, which demonstrated dinotefuran induced oxidative stress in zebrafish. Besides, through an ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-TOF mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics method was used to evaluate the enantioselectivity of dinotefuran enantiomers in zebrafish. The results indicated that R-(-)-dinotefuran caused greater disturbances of endogenous metabolites. Phenylalanine metabolic pathways, glycine, serine and threonine metabolic pathways are only involved in zebrafish exposed to R-(-)-dinotefuran; whereas phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis was only involved in zebrafish exposed to S-(+)-dinotefuran. This study provides a certain reference value for assessing the environmental risks of dinotefuran enantiomers to aquatic organisms, and has practical significance for guiding the ecologically and environmentally safety use of dinotefuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Ran
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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12
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Ji C, Tanabe P, Shi Q, Qian L, McGruer V, Magnuson JT, Wang X, Gan J, Gadepalli RS, Rimoldi J, Schlenk D. Stage Dependent Enantioselective Metabolism of Bifenthrin in Embryos of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9087-9096. [PMID: 34106693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bifenthrin (BF) is a widely used pyrethroid that has been frequently detected in surface waters. Previous studies indicated that BF had antiestrogenic activity in zebrafish embryos but estrogenic activity in posthatch fish. To determine whether age-related differences in metabolism contribute to the endocrine effects in developing fish, embryos from zebrafish and Japanese medaka were exposed to BF before and after liver development. Since the commercial mixture of BF is an isomer-enriched product containing two enantiomers (1R-cis-BF and 1S-cis-BF), enantioselective metabolism was also evaluated. The estrogenic metabolite, 4-hydroxybifenthrin (4-OH-BF) was identified in zebrafish embryos, and formation was higher in animals after liver development (>48 hpf). Treatments with β-glucuronidase indicated that 4-OH-BF underwent conjugation in embryos. Formation was reduced by cotreatment of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibitor, ketoconazole. Formation of 4-OH-BF was greater when treated with 1R-cis-BF compared to the S-enantiomer. However, metabolites were not observed in medaka embryos. These data indicate enantioselective oxidation of BF to an estrogenic metabolite occurs in zebrafish embryos and, since it is increased after liver development, may partially explain estrogenic activity observed in older animals. The lack of activity in medaka suggests species-specific effects with BF metabolism and may influence risk assessment strategies in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, P. R. China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Philip Tanabe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingyang Shi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Le Qian
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Victoria McGruer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310008, P. R. China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Rama S Gadepalli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Mississipi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - John Rimoldi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Mississipi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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13
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Liu Z, Chen D, Han J, Chen Y, Zhang K. Stereoselective degradation behavior of the novel chiral antifungal agrochemical penthiopyrad in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110680. [PMID: 33385389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Penthiopyrad is a chiral carboxamide fungicide with a broad spectrum of fungicidal activity. However, there is no report on the analysis of the enantiomers of penthiopyrad and their environmental behavior. Soil is an important carrier for pesticides to affect the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the absolute configuration, stereoselective degradation, configuration stability and potential metabolites of this agrochemical in soil under different laboratory conditions. R-(-)-penthiopyrad and S-(+)-penthiopyrad were identified by the electronic circular dichroism method. Regarding the racemic analyte, the degradation half-lives of the stereoisomers ranged from 38.9 to 97.6 days, the S-(+)-stereoisomer degraded preferentially in four types of Chinese soil. However, enantiopure R-(-)-penthiopyrad degraded faster than its antipode, a finding that might be related to the microbial activity in soil. The organic matter (OM) content influenced the stereoselective degradation of rac-penthiopyrad. No configuration conversion was observed in both enantiopure analyte degradation processes. One possible metabolite, 753-A-OH, was detected in the treated soil samples, and the degradation pathway might be a hydroxylation reaction. This is the first report of the absolute configuration of penthiopyrad stereoisomers and the first comprehensive evaluation of the stereoselective degradation of penthiopyrad in Chinese soil. Stereoselective degradation of rac-penthiopyrad was observed in the four types of soil. And the stereoselectivity might be inhibited by OM. This study provides more accurate data to investigate the environmental behavior of penthiopyrad at the stereoisomer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiahua Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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14
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Bao M, Li J, Chen H, Chen Z, Xu D, Wen Y. Enantioselective effects of imazethapyr on the secondary metabolites and nutritional value of wheat seedlings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143759. [PMID: 33279196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolism of plants is key for mediating responses to environmental stress, but few studies have examined how the relationship between secondary metabolism and the stress response of plants is affected by exposure to chiral herbicides. Here, we studied the enantioselective disturbance of the chiral herbicide imazethapyr (IM) on the secondary metabolism and nutrient levels of wheat seedlings. The bioactive enantiomer R-IM significantly increased the contents of major secondary metabolites, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and carotenoids but greatly inhibited the production of benzoxazine. The antioxidant system also responded strongly to R-IM; specifically, the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPX enzymes were all significantly induced, and the GSH content initially increased but then decreased. Furthermore, the nutrient levels of wheat seedlings were also affected; dietary fiber content decreased, while the contents of the microelements Fe, Mn, and Zn increased. In sum, this study provides new insight into the phytotoxic effects of IM and raises new questions on the role of secondary metabolites and nutrients in mediating enantioselective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Dongmei Xu
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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15
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Song Q, Wang Y, Tang S, Meng X, Wang F, Hu D, Zhang Y. Enantioselective Analysis and Degradation Studies of Four Stereoisomers of Difenoconazole in Citrus by Chiral Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:501-510. [PMID: 33393780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four difenoconazole stereoisomers were well separated on a Superchiral S-OX column. The absolute configurations of the four stereoisomers of difenoconazole eluted in an orderly fashion with the chiral column were confirmed as (2S,4S), (2S,4R), (2R,4R), and (2R,4S)-difenoconazole, respectively, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. For the first time, a simple and efficient trace detection method for the determination of residues of the four stereoisomers of difenoconazole in a plant sample by HPLC-MS/MS was developed. The mean recoveries were 78.23-104.38% with RSDs of 0.33-9.95%. The limits of detection for the four difenoconazole enantiomers were 0.0002-0.0004 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.0044-0.011 mg/kg in citrus leaves and whole fruits. There was no obvious enantioselectivity upon degradation of the four stereoisomers in citrus leaves and whole fruits in Hunan and Guizhou. In Guangzhou, the rate of degradation of (2R,4R)-difenoconazole was the slowest among the four stereoisomers of difenoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Shouying Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiurou Meng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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16
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Bielská L, Hale SE, Škulcová L. A review on the stereospecific fate and effects of chiral conazole fungicides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141600. [PMID: 33182213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of chiral pesticides are triggered by the need for more complex molecules capable of effectively combating a greater spectrum of pests and crop diseases, while sustaining high production yields. Currently, chiral pesticides comprise about 30% of all pesticides in use; however, some pesticide groups such as conazole fungicides (CFs) consist almost exclusively of chiral compounds. CFs are produced and field-applied as racemic (1:1) mixtures of two enantiomers (one chiral center in the molecule) or four diastereoisomers, i.e., two pairs of enantiomers (two chiral centers in the molecule). Research on the stereoselective environmental behavior and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs has become increasingly important within the fields of environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology. This is motivated by the fact that currently, the fate and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs that arise due to their stereoselectivity are not fully understood and integrated into risk assessment and regulatory decisions. In order to fill this gap, a summary of the state-of-the-art literature related to the stereospecific fate and effects of CFs is needed. This will also benefit the agrochemistry industry as they enhance their understanding of the environmental implications of CFs which will aid future research and development of chiral products. This review provides a collection of >80 stereoselective studies for CFs related to chiral analytical methods, fungicidal activity, non-target toxicity, and behavior of this broadly used pesticide class in the soil environment. In addition, the review sheds more light on mechanisms behind stereoselectivity, considers possible agricultural and environmental implications, and suggests future directions for the safe use of chiral CFs and the reduction of their environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bielská
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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17
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Li Y, Nie J, Chang W, Xu G, Farooq S, Liu M, Zhang J. Enantioselective behavior analysis of chiral fungicide tetraconazole in apples with UPLC-MS/MS. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Yao C, Sheng J, Yan S, Tian S, Meng Z, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Enantioselectivity effects of imazethapyr enantiomers to metabolic responses in mice. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 168:104619. [PMID: 32711760 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imazethapyr (IMZT) is a typical chiral pesticide with two enantiomers with the R-IMZT having the main herbicidal activity. However, the enantioselectivity of the effects of IMZT enantiomers on human and animals is still unclear. In this study, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics method and determination of oxidative stress were used to evaluate the enantioselectivity of IMZT enantiomers in mice. The results showed that the R-IMZT caused larger disturbances of endogenous metabolites and the S-IMZT had stronger interferences to oxidation defense system. The significantly perturbed metabolic pathways in mice exposed to the R-enantiomer were the valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis pathway as well as the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway. However, exposure of mice to the S-enantiomer did not significantly affect the metabolic pathways, but exposure led to an increase of catalase (CAT) activity and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver. These results indicate that we need to conduct a more comprehensive assessment of the health risks of pesticide monomers in the future. In a word, these results provide more evidence for assessing the differences in health risks of IMZT enantiomers to mammals as well as provide more references for the promotion and use of pesticide monomers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yao
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Sheng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Yan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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19
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Yuan X, Wang L, Zhang P, Xu W, Tang K. Enantioselective esterification of (R,S)-2-(4-methylphenyl) propionic acid via Novozym 435: Optimization and application. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Wu X, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. Enantioselective separation and dissipation of pydiflumetofen enantiomers in grape and soil by supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2217-2227. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
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21
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Qu Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhou Z, Ye Y, Lu T, Sun L, Qian H. Comparative molecular and metabolic responses of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) to the imazethapyr enantiomers S-IM and R-IM. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:723-731. [PMID: 31539980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective effects of imazethapyr (IM) enantiomers on wheat seedlings in a hydroponic medium were studied. R-IM at 0.05mg/L exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on shoot weight and root weight than 0.05mg/L S-IM, suggesting that R-IM more severely inhibited growth. Oxidative damage, based on the anthocyanin content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme activities and transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme genes, were studied together with the cellular ultrastructure of wheat leaves. The anthocyanin and MDA contents in the R-IM treatment group were significantly increased compared with those in the control group, but no significant changes were observed in the S-IM treatment group. The antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and SOD were inhibited by 0.32- and 0.73-fold, respectively, in the 14day R-IM treatment group compared to those in the control. However, the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme genes, including CuZnSOD, POD and CAT, were downregulated in the 14day R-IM exposure group, but those of DHAR were not. The number and size of starch granules increased and chloroplast swelling was observed in wheat leaf cells after R-IM exposure, which showed that photosynthetic functions were potentially disturbed. These results directly or indirectly imply that R-IM exposure causes more oxidative stress and exerts a stronger negative effect on wheat than S-IM. A metabolomics approach revealed that the tricarboxylic acid cycle was heavily suppressed by R-IM treatment. Some amino acids (proline, threonine, lysine, valine) were increased by only the R-IM treatment, indicating the activation of antioxidant pathways. The decrease in a series of fatty acids implied that the cell membrane composition changed in response to R-IM. These results provide a deeper understanding of the enantioselective effects of IM enantiomers on the molecular and metabolic responses in wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhigao Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yizhi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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22
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Li R, Pan X, Tao Y, Jiang D, Chen Z, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. Systematic Evaluation of Chiral Fungicide Imazalil and Its Major Metabolite R14821 (Imazalil-M): Stability of Enantiomers, Enantioselective Bioactivity, Aquatic Toxicity, and Dissipation in Greenhouse Vegetables and Soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11331-11339. [PMID: 31529945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chiral pesticides are often produced and applied without distinguishing the difference of enantiomers, which sometimes leads to overuse and inaccurate risk assessment. Imazalil is a widely used chiral fungicide; its parent and major metabolite R14821 (imazalil-M) are usually detected in environmental and plant samples. The enantioselective bioactivity of imazalil enantiomers to seven typical pathogens (e.g., Fulvia fulva) was explored. S-(+)-Imazalil showed 3.00-6.59 times higher bioactivity than its antipode for selected pathogens. Molecular docking partly explained the mechanism of enantioselectivity in bioactivity. S-(+)-Imazalil had a stronger hydrophobic interaction and lower energy conformation with binding sites than R-(-)-imazalil. The acute toxicity of S-(+)-imazalil was 1.23-fold and 2.25-fold more than R-(-)-imazalil to P. subcapitata and D. magna, respectively. And, S-(+)-imazalil-M had 2.21-fold and 1.70-fold higher toxicity than R-(-)-imazalil-M to P. subcapitata and D. magna, respectively. However, R-(-)-imazalil was 1.21 times more toxic than S-(+)-imazalil to D. rerio. The enantioselective dissipation of imazalil and imazalil-M was explored under greenhouse conditions. High-effective S-(+)-imazalil preferentially enriched in leaf and fruit of tomato and cucumber, and no enantioselective degradation was found in soil. Imazalil-M enantiomers formed in cucumber, leaf of cucumber, and tomato, and the EF values fluctuated between 0.332 and 0.499. The results could provide information for more accurate assessment of imazalil; they implicated that using S-(+)-imazalil could reduce pesticide input and the risk to D. rerio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Duoduo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
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23
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Zhang W, Chen L, Diao J, Zhou Z. Effects of cis-bifenthrin enantiomers on the growth, behavioral, biomarkers of oxidative damage and bioaccumulation in Xenopus laevis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105237. [PMID: 31276910 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chirality should be taken into consideration when assessing the effect of synthetic pyrethroids to aquatic environmental safety. In our study, 96 h acute toxicity assay showed that enantiomers of cis-BF had an addictive effect of toxicity on Xenopus laevis and R-cis-bifenthrin(R-cis-BF) had higher acute toxicity than S-cis-BF. In chronic assay, R-cis-BF exerted more toxic effect on behavior and development of tadpoles than S-cis-BF, and there was also enantioselective effect of cis-BF on antioxidant enzyme and LDH activity. Besides, thyroid development was also affected at the gene and hormone level, with varied effects observed with different exposure enantiomers. Moreover, in the enantioselective accumulation and tissue distribution of enantiomer assays, results showed that R-cis-BF had higher affinity to organisms than S-cis-BF. This study provided the evidence that chiral pesticides enantioselectively affected development of amphibians, and also shed light on the understanding of enantioselectivity in both acute and chronic eco-toxicities to improve risk assessment and regulation of chiral pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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24
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Chang W, Nie J, Yan Z. Enantioselective Behavior of Chiral Difenoconazole in Apple and Field Soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:501-505. [PMID: 31214756 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is a universal chiral fungicide which is widely used in apples. Recently, it is still employed as racemic mixtures without distinction of the enantiomers, which may lead to an incomplete risk assessment. Here, we analyzed the stereoselective degradation of difenoconazole in apple fruits and open-field soil using an HPLC-UV system. Different trends were established in various apple varieties under identical environmental conditions. No significant differences were found in its enantioselectivity of the degradation processes applied in the field soil of an apple orchard. However, preferential dissipation of (2R,4R)-difenoconazole and (2R,4S)-difenoconazole was observed in Hanfu and Fuji apples, resulting in the enrichment of stereoisomers of (2S,4S)-difenoconazole and (2S,4R)-difenoconazole. Meanwhile, no significant enantioselectivity was detected in Huahong apples. The present study will provide additional information that contributes to the comprehensive evaluation of the risks posed by the application of chiral difenoconazole in agricultural production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Chang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xing Cheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xing Cheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Yan
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xing Cheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China
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25
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Trace Enantioselective Determination of Imidazolinone Herbicides in Various Food Matrices Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Di S, Cang T, Qi P, Wang X, Xu M, Wang Z, Xu H, Wang Q, Wang X. A systemic study of enantioselectivity of isocarbophos in rice cultivation: Enantioselective bioactivity, toxicity, and environmental fate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 375:305-311. [PMID: 31082719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective bioactivity and acute toxicity to target and non-target model species, and environmental fate of isocarbophos (ICP) in rice cultivation were investigated systematically. Bioactivity and toxicity of S-(+)-ICP was significantly greater than R-(-)-ICP, and the difference was 2.9-101 times. Based on the toxic unit analysis, the toxic interaction of ICP enantiomers for target pests was synergistic effect, while for non-target fish was concentration addition or antagonistic effect. Rac-ICP displayed equivalent bioactivity to S-(+)-ICP under the equal dosage, but the toxicity of rac-ICP to the tested fishes reduced at least 2 times. Rac-ICP is more suitable than optically pure S-(+)-ICP for rice cultivation based on the toxicity and bioactivity results. In environmental behavior experiments, the main metabolite of ICP, isocarbophos oxon (ICPO) was detected in rice plants, water, rice and rice hull samples. S-(+)-ICP and S-(+)-ICPO were more persistent than the R-form in these matrices. The comprehensive data of ICP enantiomers in rice cultivation will improve environmental and ecological risk assessment, and using racemate may be more safe and reasonable in rice cultivation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Tao Cang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Peipei Qi
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejing Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Mingfei Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejing Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310021, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejing Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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27
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Wu H, Chen H, Jin C, Tang C, Zhang Y. The chirality of imazethapyr herbicide selectively affects the bacterial community in soybean field soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2531-2546. [PMID: 30474807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chiral herbicide imazethapyr (IM) is frequently used to control weeds in soybean fields in northeast China. However, the impact of IM enantiomers on microbial communities in soil is still unknown. Genetic markers (16S rRNA V3-V4 regions) were used to characterize and evaluate the variation of the bacterial communities potentially effected by IM enantiomers. Globally, the bacterial community structure based on the OTU profiles in (-)-R-IM-treated soils was significantly different from those in (+)-S-IM-treated soils, and the differences were enlarged with the treatment dose increasing. Interestingly, the Rhizobiaceae family and several other beneficial bacteria, including Bradyrhizobium, Methylobacterium, and Paenibacillus, were strongly enriched in (-)-R-IM treatment compared to (+)-S-IM treatment. In contrast, the pathogenic bacteria, including Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Streptomyces, and Agrobacterium, were suppressed in the presence of (-)-R-IM compared to (+)-S-IM. Furthermore, we also observed that the bacterial community structure in (-)-R-IM-treated soils was more quickly restored to its original state compared with those in (+)-S-IM-treated soils. These findings unveil a new role of chiral herbicide in the development of soil microbial ecology and provide theoretical support for the application of low-persistence, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly optical rotatory (-)-R-IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongshan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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28
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Li L, Gao B, Zhang Z, Yang M, Li X, He Z, Wang M. Stereoselective Separation of the Fungicide Bitertanol Stereoisomers by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Their Degradation in Cucumber. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13303-13309. [PMID: 30495953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bitertanol is a widely used triazole fungicide and consists of four stereoisomers. A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous analysis of the four stereoisomers in apple, pear, tomato, cucumber, and soil. The mechanism of separation was explained with molecular docking and effects of thermodynamic parameters on the resolution. The absolute configuration and optical rotation of four stereoisomers were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and HPLC tandem circular dichroism, respectively. A good linearity ( R2 ≥ 0.999) was obtained for four stereoisomers in all matrix-matched calibration curves in the range of 0.02-10 mg/L. The mean recoveries of four stereoisomers in five matrices ranged from 74.6% to 101.0% with an intraday and interday relative standard deviation from 0.6% to 9.9%. Stereoselective degradation of bitertanol in cucumber was observed: (1 R,2 S)-bitertanol and (1 R,2 R)-bitertanol were preferentially degraded with enantiomeric fraction values from 0.5 to 0.43 at 7 d and 0.42 at 5 d, respectively. This research provides a useful tool for the analysis of bitertanol stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Mailun Yang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
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29
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Pan X, Cheng Y, Dong F, Liu N, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. Stereoselective bioactivity, acute toxicity and dissipation in typical paddy soils of the chiral fungicide propiconazole. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:194-202. [PMID: 30036749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Propiconazole is a widely used systemic agricultural triazole fungicide with two chiral centers. In the present study, systemic assessments of propiconazole stereoisomers are reported for the first time, including absolute configuration, stereoselective bioactivity toward pathogens (Ustilaginoidea virens, Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, Thanatephorus cucumeris, and Rhizoctonia solani), and stereoselective acute toxicity toward aquatic organisms (Scenedesmus obliquus, and Daphnia magna). Moreover, the stereoselective dissipation of propiconazole in three types of paddy soil under laboratory-controlled conditions (aerobic, anaerobic and sterile) was investigated. The degree of bioactivity and acute toxicity of the propiconazole stereoisomers differed depending on the type of target pathogens and non-target organisms. There were 2.43-23.47 and 1.48-2.13 fold differences between the best and worst stereoisomer in bioactivity and toxicity, respectively. Under aerobic conditions, (2S,4S)-propiconazole and (2S,4R)-propiconazole were preferentially degraded in the three types of soils. However, no significant stereoselectivity was observed under anaerobic and sterile conditions. Propiconazole was configurationally stable throughout the study. In comprehensive consideration of bioactivity, toxicity and environmental behavior, using stereoisomer mixture rather than pure stereoisomer may help to control more species of disease in practical application, and the stereoselectivity should be taken into consideration in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Youpu Cheng
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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30
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Cheng C, Ma R, Lu Y, Liu C, Zhang W, Di S, Chen L, Diao J, Zhou Z, Hou Y. Enantioselective toxic effects and digestion of furalaxyl enantiomers in Scenedesmus obliquus. Chirality 2018; 30:1269-1276. [PMID: 30238504 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Research on the enantioselective environmental behavior of chiral pesticides has been a hot spot of environmental chemistry recently. In this study, the acute toxicity and digestion of furalaxyl enantiomers were determined on the aquatic algae Scendesmus obliquus. After exposure for 96 hours, the EC50 values for (S)-furalaxyl and (R)-furalaxyl were 13.59 and 15.26 mg/L, respectively. In addition, enantioselectivity was observed from the determined chlorophyll contents and antioxidant enzyme (CAT and SOD) activities of algae cells after exposure to furalaxyl enantiomers for 96 hours. The digestion rate of (S)-furalaxyl and (R)-furalaxyl were almost the same in S. obliquus. On the basis of these data, the inactive enantiomers (S)- furalaxyl is more toxic than the active one on the non-target species S. obliquus, indicating that such enantiomeric differences should be taken into consideration in the study of pesticide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuele Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Di
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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31
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Zhang Z, Gao B, Li L, Zhang Q, Xia W, Wang M. Enantioselective degradation and transformation of the chiral fungicide prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:875-883. [PMID: 29660882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prothioconazole is a widely used chiral triazole fungicide. In this work, the enantioselective degradation and transformation of prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite prothioconazole-desthio in five kinds of soils were investigated under native and sterile conditions using reversed phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with a Lux-cellulose-1 column. The results showed that an enantioselective degradation was observed with R-prothioconazole preferentially degraded in the five soils and enantiomeric fraction values that ranged from 0.32 to 0.41 under native conditions. Furthermore, the major metabolite prothioconazole-desthio was formed rapidly during prothioconazole dissipation. The prothioconazole-desthio enantiomers were degraded slowly, and there was a slight enantioselectivity with enantiomeric fraction values that ranged from 0.45 to 0.51 in the Nanjing and Jilin soils. Under sterile conditions, prothioconazole and its metabolite enantiomers were more slowly degraded with no enantioselectivity. The result of the incubation experiment with single enantiomers verified that R- and S-prothioconazole were transformed to R- and S-prothioconazole-desthio, respectively. No enantiomerization for prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite was observed. In addition, the excellent correlation between organic matter content and degradation rate indicated that organic matter could promote the degradation of prothioconazole and its metabolite enantiomers. The data in this study provide the experimental evidence of the stereoselective degradation and metabolism of both prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weitong Xia
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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32
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Zhao P, Zhao J, Lei S, Guo X, Zhao L. Simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of eight pesticides in soils and river sediments by chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:210-219. [PMID: 29656157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive multi-residue method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of eight chiral pesticides (including diniconazole, metalaxyl, paclobutrazol, epoxiconazole, myclobutanil, hexaconazole, napropamide and isocarbophos) at enantiomeric levels in environmental soils and sediments using chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on a combined pretreatment of matrix solid-phase dispersion and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MSPD-DLLME). Under optimized conditions, 0.1 g of solid sample was dispersed with 0.4 g of C18-bonded silica sorbent, and 3 mL of methanol was used for eluting the analytes. The collected eluant was dried and then further purified by DLLME with 550 μL of dichloromethane and 960 μL of acetonitrile as extraction and disperser solvent, respectively. The established method was validated and found to be linear, precise, and accurate over the concentration range of 2-500 ng g-1 for epoxiconazole, paclobutrazol and metalaxyl and 4-500 ng g-1 for isocarbophos, hexaconazole, myclobutanil, diniconazole and napropamide. Recoveries of sixteen enantiomers varied from 87.0 to 104.1% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 10.1%. Method detection and quantification limits (MDLs and MQLs) varied from 0.22 to 1.54 ng g-1 and from 0.91 to 4.00 ng g-1, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to analyze the enantiomeric composition of the eight chiral pesticides in environmental solid matrices, which will help better understand the behavior of individual enantiomer and make accurate risk assessment on the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuo Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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33
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Zhang H, Huang M, Yu W, Zhang A, Zhang K, Hu D. Enantioseparation and determination of dufulin enantiomers in cucumber and soil by chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4230. [PMID: 29500910 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method for enantioselective determination of dufulin in cucumber and soil was developed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The enantiomers were separated on a Superchiral S-OD chiral cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) column at 20°C, with a mixture of acetonitrile and water (0.1% formic acid; 52:48, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.65 mL/min. The pretreatment conditions were optimized using an orthogonal test, and the optimized method showed good linearity and sensitivity. The limits of detection and limits of quantification of two dufulin enantiomers were 0.006 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of S-enantiomer and R-enantiomer in cucumber and soil were 80.61-99.83% and 80.97-102.96%, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 1.30-9.72%. The method was successfully applied to determine dufulin in real cucumber and soil samples. The results demonstrate that the method could facilitate further research on the differences between individual dufulin enantiomers with respect to metabolites and environmental fate and finally help reveal the complex interactions that exist between dufulin, humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - A'wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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34
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Zhao L, Xie J, Guo F, Liu K. Enantioseparation of napropamide by supercritical fluid chromatography: Effects of the chromatographic conditions and separation mechanism. Chirality 2018; 30:661-669. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jingqian Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Fangjie Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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35
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Xu W, Wang S, Cheng Q, Jiang P, Zhang P, Tang K. Kinetic study on reactive extraction of clorprenaline enantiomers with a combined chiral selector. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1380671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Shichuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Panliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Kewen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
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36
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Zhang P, Wang S, Tang K, Xu W, Qiu Y, Xiong B, Liu Y. Multistage enantioselective reactive extraction of terbutaline enantiomers by hydrophobic phase transfer: Experiment and modeling. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Zhang P, Cheng Q, Tang K, Qiu Y, Xu W, Jiang P, Dai G. Study on kinetics of reactive extraction of propranolol enantiomers by multiple linear regression method. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083 Hunan China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang 414006 Hunan China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang 414006 Hunan China
| | - Kewen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang 414006 Hunan China
| | - Yunren Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083 Hunan China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang 414006 Hunan China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang 414006 Hunan China
| | - Guilin Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang 414006 Hunan China
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38
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Li R, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Pan X, Tao Y, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Enantioseparation of Imazalil and Monitoring of Its Enantioselective Degradation in Apples and Soils Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3259-3267. [PMID: 28383892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Imazalil is a widely used systemic chiral fungicide that is still being employed as a racemic mixture without distinguishing the difference between enantiomers, which often leads to its inaccurate risk assessment. In this study, a robust and highly sensitive chiral separation method was developed for imazalil enantiomers by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and was further applied to study the degradation dynamics of imazalil enantiomers in apples and field soils at three sites in China. The baseline enantioseparation for imazalil was achieved within 3.5 min on a Lux Cellulose-2 (CCMPC) column with acetonitrile (ACN)/water (65:35, v/v) with a mobile phase at 0.5 mL/min flow rate and a column temperature of 20 °C. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for each enantiomer was <0.60 μg/kg, with a baseline resolution of approximately 1.75. The research showed that (S)-(+)-imazalil degraded more rapidly than (R)-(-)-imazalil in Gala apples, whereas (R)-(-)-imazalil preferentially degraded in Golden Delicious apples. No significant enantioselectivity was observed in OBIR-2T-47 apples and field soils from the three sites. Results of this study provide useful references for risk assessment and the rational use of imazalil in further agricultural produce practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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39
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Kinetic study on reactive extraction of metoprolol enantiomers with cyclohexyl (D)-tartrate and boric acid as combined chiral selector. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Bystrická Z, Bystrický R, Lehotay J. Thermodynamic study of HPLC enantioseparations of some sulfur-containing amino acids on teicoplanin columns in ion-pairing reversed-phase mode. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1247715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Bystrická
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Bystrický
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Lehotay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
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41
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Xie J, Zhao L, Liu K, Guo F, Liu W. Enantioseparation of four amide herbicide stereoisomers using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Chen P, Wei S, Wang L, Tang B, Wang S, Wang Q, Du X. HPLC Determination of Enantiomeric Purity for 1-Styrene-3-Hexyl Propynol. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1794-1799. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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43
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Environmental Fate of Chiral Herbicide Fenoxaprop-ethyl in Water-Sediment Microcosms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26797. [PMID: 27225540 PMCID: PMC4880935 DOI: 10.1038/srep26797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental fate of the herbicide fenoxaprop-ethyl (FE) in water, sediment and water-sediment microcosm was studied and degradation products fenoxaprop (FA), ethyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate (EHPP), 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoic acid (HPPA) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB) were monitored. FE, FA, EHPP and HPPA were chiral and the environmental behavior was investigated on an enantiomeric level. In water, sediment and water-sediment microcosms, fenoxaprop-ethyl degraded very fast with half-lives less than 1 day and it was found the herbicidally inactive S-enantiomer degraded faster. Fenoxaprop was the main primary degradation product which was quickly formed and the further degradation was relatively slow with half-lives of 6.4–12.4 days, and the S-enantiomer degraded faster too. EHPP, HPPA and CDHB could be found and S-EHPP and S-HPPA were degraded preferentially. The effects of microorganism and water content were investigated and it was found that the enantioselectivity was attributed to microorganisms. In sediment, the main degradation pathway of fenoxaprop-ethyl was hydrolysis and the degradation rate of fenoxaprop-ethyl increased with water content. The degradation products and enantioselectivity should be considered for the impact of fenoxaprop-ethyl on the aquatic system.
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44
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Simultaneous enantioselective determination of phenylpyrazole insecticide flufiprole and its chiral metabolite in paddy field ecosystem by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:261-270. [PMID: 26809615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous enantioselective determination of flufiprole and its hydrolysis metabolite in paddy field ecosystem. The separation and determination were performed using reversed-phase chromatography on a novel cellulose chiral stationary phase, a Lux Cellulose-4 (150 mm × 2.0 mm) column, under isocratic conditions at 0.25 mL/min flow rate. The effects of other four different polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) on the separation and simultaneous enantioseparation of the two target compounds were also evaluated. The elution orders of the eluting enantiomers were identified by an optical rotation detector. Modified QuEChERS (acronym for Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method and solid-phase extraction (SPE) were used for the enrichment and cleanup of paddy water, rice straw, brown rice and paddy soil samples, respectively. Parameters including the matrix effect, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability were evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, the mean recoveries for all enantiomers from the above four sample matrix were ranged from 83.6% to 107%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 1.0-5.8%. Coefficients of determination R(2)≥0.998 were achieved for each enantiomer in paddy water, rice straw, brown rice and paddy soil matrix calibration curves within the range of 5-500 μg/kg. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for all stereoisomers in the above four matrices were all below 2.0 μg/kg. The methodology was successfully applied for simultaneously enantioselective analysis of flufiprole enantiomers and their chiral metabolite in the real samples, indicating its efficacy in investigating the environmental stereochemistry of flufiprole in paddy field ecosystem.
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45
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Simultaneous enantioselective determination of triadimefon and its metabolite triadimenol in edible vegetable oil by gel permeation chromatography and ultraperformance convergence chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8849-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Liu N, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Chen Z, Tao Y, Pan X, Chen X, Zheng Y. Stereoselective Determination of Tebuconazole in Water and Zebrafish by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6297-6303. [PMID: 26125486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for the enantioselective determination of tebuconazole enantiomers in water and zebrafish has been established using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-MS/MS. The effects of the chiral stationary phases, mobile phase, auto back pressure regulator (ABPR) pressure, column temperature, flow rate of the mobile phase, and compensation pump solvent were evaluated. Finally, the optimal SFC-MS/MS working conditions were determined to include a CO2/MeOH mobile phase (87:13, v/v), 2.0 mL/min flow rate, 2200 psi ABPR, and 30 °C column temperature using a Chiralpak IA-3 chiral column under electrospray ionization positive mode. The modified QuEChERS method was applied to water and zebrafish samples. The mean recoveries for the tebuconazole enantiomers were 79.8-108.4% with RSDs ≤ 7.0% in both matrices. The LOQs ranged from 0.24 to 1.20 μg/kg. The developed analytical method was further validated by application to the analysis of authentic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- †Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tao
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - XiXi Chen
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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47
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Cheng C, Huang L, Ma R, Zhou Z, Diao J. Enantioselective toxicity of lactofen and its metabolites in Scenedesmus obliquus. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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48
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Tian M, Zhang Q, Shi H, Gao B, Hua X, Wang M. Simultaneous determination of chiral pesticide flufiprole enantiomers in vegetables, fruits, and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3499-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Zhang Q, Hua X, Yang Y, Yin W, Tian M, Shi H, Wang M. Stereoselective degradation of flutriafol and tebuconazole in grape. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4350-4358. [PMID: 25300182 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective dissipation of flutriafol and tebuconazole in grape had been studied. A simple and sensitive method for determination of flutriafol and tebuconazole enantiomers in grape was developed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) column. The limits of quantification for flutriafol and tebuconazole in grape were 0.033 and 0.043 mg kg(-1), respectively. The dissipations of flutriafol and tebuconazole stereoisomers in grape followed first-order kinetics (R (2) > 0.93). The stereoisomers of flutriafol and tebuconazole were enantioselectively degraded in grape, and tebuconazole was more enantioselective than flutriafol. The half-life of (-)-tebuconazole was 5.2 days and shorter than (+)-tebuconazole with half-life of 6.4 days. The (-)-flutriafol was also preferentially degraded in grape, the half-lives of which were 6.59 and 6.98 days for (-) and (+)-flutriafol, respectively. The enantiomeric ratio value of the two fungicides was nearly 1.0 at the 1st day and increased to 1.143 for flutriafol and 2.015 for tebuconazole at the 28th day. The stereoselective dissipations could provide a reference to fully evaluate the risks of two important chiral triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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50
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Yao Z, Li Z, Zhuang S, Li X, Xu M, Lin M, Wang Q, Zhang H. Enantioselective determination of acaricide etoxazole in orange pulp, peel, and whole orange by chiral liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:599-604. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulin Yao
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Taizhou China
- MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoge Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Mingfei Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - Mei Lin
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Taizhou China
| | - Qiang Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - Hu Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
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