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Taniguchi T, Sharif NA, Ota T, Farjo RA, Rausch R. Assessment of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Retinal Structure and Visual Function in Rodent Models of Optic Nerve Crush. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:798. [PMID: 38931465 PMCID: PMC11206806 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and visual function were assessed in rat and mouse models of optic nerve (ON) crush. ONs were crushed on Day 1, followed by intravitreal injections of a vehicle or BDNF on Days 1 and 8. The spatial frequency threshold was measured using optokinetic tracking on Days 7 and 14. On Day 15, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness was quantified using optical coherence tomography. Furthermore, all eyes were enucleated for immunohistochemical analysis of the surviving RGC somas and axons. BDNF significantly reduced the RGC soma in mice and increased GCC thickness in intact eyes, with apparent axonal swelling in both species. It displayed significantly greater RGC soma survival in eyes with ON injury, with moderately thicker axonal bundles in both species and a thicker GCC in rats. Visual function was significantly reduced in all ON-crushed animals, regardless of BDNF treatment. Thus, we obtained a comprehensive analysis of the structural and functional impact of BDNF in intact and ON-crushed eyes in two rodent models. Our results provide a foundation for further BDNF evaluation and the design of preclinical studies on neuroprotectants using BDNF as a reference positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takazumi Taniguchi
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Najam A. Sharif
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary’s Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Eye-APC Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Global Research and Development, Nanoscope Therapeutics Inc., Dallas, TX 75207, USA
| | - Takashi Ota
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Wurl JA, Mac Nair CE, Dietz JA, Shestopalov VI, Nickells RW. Contralateral Astrocyte Response to Acute Optic Nerve Damage Is Mitigated by PANX1 Channel Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15641. [PMID: 37958624 PMCID: PMC10647301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial reactivity is considered a hallmark of damage-induced innate immune responses in the central nervous system. In the visual system, unilateral optic nerve damage elicits dramatic glial reactivity in the retina directly affected by the lesion and a similar, albeit more modest, effect in the contralateral eye. Evaluation of astrocyte changes in a mouse model of optic nerve crush indicates that astrocyte reactivity, as a function of retinal coverage and cellular hypertrophy, occurs within both the experimental and contralateral retinas, although the hypertrophic response of the astrocytes in the contralateral eyes is delayed for at least 24 h. Evaluation of astrocytic reactivity as a function of Gfap expression indicates a similar, muted but significant, response in contralateral eyes. This constrained glial response is completely negated by conditional knock out of Panx1 in both astrocytes and Müller cells. Further studies are required to identify if this is an autocrine or a paracrine suppression of astroglial reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A. Wurl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Caitlin E. Mac Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Joel A. Dietz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Valery I. Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Robert W. Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Nag TC. Müller cell vulnerability in aging human retina: Implications on photoreceptor cell survival. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109645. [PMID: 37683797 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Müller glial cells (MC) support various metabolic functions of the retinal neurons, and maintain the homeostasis. Oxidative stress is intensified with aging, and in human retina, MC and photoreceptors undergo lipid peroxidation and protein nitration. Information on how MC respond to oxidative stress is vital to understand the fate of aging retinal neurons. This study examined age-related changes in MC of donor human retina (age: 35-98 years; N = 18 donors). Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical observations indicate that MC undergo gliosis and increased lipid peroxidation, and show osmotic changes with advanced aging (>80 years). Photoreceptor cells also undergo oxidative-nitrosative stress with aging, and their synapses also show clear osmotic swelling. MC respond to oxidative stress via proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in their processes, and increased expression of aquaporin-4 in endfeet and outer retina. In advanced aged retinas (81-98 years), they showed mitochondrial disorganisation, accumulation of lipids and autophagosomes, lipofuscin granules and axonal remnants in phagolysosomes in their inner processes, suggesting a reduced phagocytotic potential in them with aging. Glutamine synthetase expression does not alter until advanced aging, when the retinas show its increased expression in endfeet and Henle fiber layer. It is evident that MC are vulnerable with normal aging and this could be a reason for photoreceptor cell abnormalities reported with aging of the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Zhao X, Xu M, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang T, Wan X, Jiang M, Luo X, Shen Y, Chen L, Zhou M, Wang F, Sun X. Bifidobacterium promotes retinal ganglion cell survival by regulating the balance of retinal glial cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29 Suppl 1:146-160. [PMID: 36924268 PMCID: PMC10314105 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optic nerve injury is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons cannot be regenerated once damaged. Therefore, reducing RGC damage is crucial to prevent blindness. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the potential influence of the gut microbiota on RGC survival, as well as the associated action mechanisms. METHODS We evaluated the effects of microbiota, specifically Bifidobacterium, on RGC. Optic nerve crush (ONC) was used as a model of optic nerve injury. Vancomycin and Bifidobacterium were orally administered to specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. RESULTS Bifidobacterium promoted RGC survival and optic nerve regeneration. The administration of Bifidobacterium inhibited microglia activation but promoted Müller cell activation, which was accompanied by the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of neurotrophic factors and retinal ERK/Fos signaling pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that Bifidobacterium-induced changes in intestinal flora promote RGC survival. The protective effect of Bifidobacterium on RGC can be attributed to the inhibition of microglia activation and promotion of Müller cell activation and the secondary regulation of inflammatory and neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mengqiao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xueting Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yao Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Minwen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Feng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
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Domouky AM, Samy WM, Rashad WA. Therapeutic effect of the mesenchymal stem cells on vigabatrin-induced retinopathy in adult male albino rat. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:217-228. [PMID: 35773221 PMCID: PMC9256488 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vigabatrin (VGB) is an effective antiepileptic drug used mainly to treat infantile spasms and refractory complex partial seizures. However, using VGB was restricted as it was known to cause retinal toxicity that appears as a severe peripheral visual field defect. Accordingly, this study was conducted to examine the histopathological and biochemical effects of VGB on the retina in adult male albino rats and assess the possible therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) against this potential toxicity. The rats were divided into three groups (control group, VGB group, and VGB/MSCs group), one week after 65 days of VGB treatment ±MSCs. The right eyeballs were prepared for histological and immunohistochemical examination, whereas the left eyeballs were prepared for real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Our results demonstrated that MSCs ameliorated retinal pathological changes and downregulated the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, and synaptophysin after VGB administration suggesting MSCs function and vascular modulating effect. Moreover, MSCs regulate retinal tissue gene expression of BAX, Bcl-2, BDNF, NGF, synapsin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and occludin suggesting MSCs antiapoptotic and immunomodulating effect. In conclusion, MSCs administration could be a suitable therapeutic line to ameliorate VGB-induced retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Mahmoud Domouky
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Walaa M Samy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Rashad
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Ye Q, Jiang W, Hong H, Jiang X, Xia Y, Zhang S, Wu W. In vivo evaluation of outer retinal function and structure after retrobulbar optic nerve crush by lateral orbitotomy in goats. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108652. [PMID: 34097904 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Large animal model of optic nerve crush (ONC) plays an important role in translating novel therapeutic strategies developed in rodent model to clinical application. Due to the poor accessibility of the optic nerve (ON) in humans and large animals, lateral orbitotomy is needed to expose the retrobulbar ON. This study was to explore the effects of ONC and ON exposure with lateral orbitotomy (sham surgery) on the outer retinal function and structure in goats by using standard flash electroretinogram (FERG) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). We found that ONC led to a transient reduction in FERG amplitudes at 1 week post injury (wpi), which recovered gradually over 2 months afterwards. Sham surgery alone also caused a similar pattern of amplitude reduction in FERG, although not as significantly as ONC did. Transient outer retinal thickening following ONC occurred at 4 wpi (when progressive thinning of the ganglion cell complex began), peaked at 8 wpi, then recovered gradually at 12 wpi. In contrast, outer retinal thickness remained unchanged statistically 3 months after sham surgery. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed that neither ONC nor ON exposure with lateral orbitotomy significantly caused any significant delay or absence of central retinal vascular filling. In summary, ONC with lateral orbitotomy affects outer retinal function and structure transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikui Zhang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jiaying Sun
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qian Ye
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huifeng Hong
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yu Xia
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Si Zhang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wencan Wu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Incomplete response to Anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular AMD: Exploring disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100906. [PMID: 33022379 PMCID: PMC10368393 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have revolutionized the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). However, many patients suffer from incomplete response to anti-VEGF therapy (IRT), which is defined as (1) persistent (plasma) fluid exudation; (2) unresolved or new hemorrhage; (3) progressive lesion fibrosis; and/or (4) suboptimal vision recovery. The first three of these collectively comprise the problem of persistent disease activity (PDA) in spite of anti-VEGF therapy. Meanwhile, the problem of suboptimal vision recovery (SVR) is defined as a failure to achieve excellent functional visual acuity of 20/40 or better in spite of sufficient anti-VEGF treatment. Thus, incomplete response to anti-VEGF therapy, and specifically PDA and SVR, represent significant clinical unmet needs. In this review, we will explore PDA and SVR in NVAMD, characterizing the clinical manifestations and exploring the pathobiology of each. We will demonstrate that PDA occurs most frequently in NVAMD patients who develop high-flow CNV lesions with arteriolarization, in contrast to patients with capillary CNV who are highly responsive to anti-VEGF therapy. We will review investigations of experimental CNV and demonstrate that both types of CNV can be modeled in mice. We will present and consider a provocative hypothesis: formation of arteriolar CNV occurs via a distinct pathobiology, termed neovascular remodeling (NVR), wherein blood-derived macrophages infiltrate the incipient CNV lesion, recruit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor cells (MPCs) from the circulation, and activate MPCs to become vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and myofibroblasts, driving the development of high-flow CNV with arteriolarization and perivascular fibrosis. In considering SVR, we will discuss the concept that limited or poor vision in spite of anti-VEGF may not be caused simply by photoreceptor degeneration but instead may be associated with photoreceptor synaptic dysfunction in the neurosensory retina overlying CNV, triggered by infiltrating blood-derived macrophages and mediated by Müller cell activation Finally, for each of PDA and SVR, we will discuss current approaches to disease management and treatment and consider novel avenues for potential future therapies.
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Deletion in the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene TTC8 Results in a Syndromic Retinal Degeneration in Dogs. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091090. [PMID: 32962042 PMCID: PMC7565673 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In golden retriever dogs, a 1 bp deletion in the canine TTC8 gene has been shown to cause progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), the canine equivalent of retinitis pigmentosa. In humans, TTC8 is also implicated in Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS). To investigate if the affected dogs only exhibit a non-syndromic PRA or develop a syndromic ciliopathy similar to human BBS, we recruited 10 affected dogs to the study. The progression of PRA for two of the dogs was followed for 2 years, and a rigorous clinical characterization allowed a careful comparison with primary and secondary characteristics of human BBS. In addition to PRA, the dogs showed a spectrum of clinical and morphological signs similar to primary and secondary characteristics of human BBS patients, such as obesity, renal anomalies, sperm defects, and anosmia. We used Oxford Nanopore long-read cDNA sequencing to characterize retinal full-length TTC8 transcripts in affected and non-affected dogs, the results of which suggest that three isoforms are transcribed in the retina, and the 1 bp deletion is a loss-of-function mutation, resulting in a canine form of Bardet–Biedl syndrome with heterogeneous clinical signs.
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Oxidative stress in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE): Role of aging, and DJ-1. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101623. [PMID: 32826201 PMCID: PMC7767746 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of oxidative radicals generated by daily light exposure and high metabolic rate suggest that the antioxidant machinery of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is crucial for their survival. DJ-1 is a redox-sensitive protein that has been shown to have neuroprotective function in the brain in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we analyzed the role of DJ-1 in the retina during oxidative stress and aging. We induced low-level oxidative stress in young (3-month-old) and old (15-month-old) C57BL/6J (WT) and DJ-1 knockout (KO) mice and evaluated effects in the RPE and retina. Absence of DJ-1 resulted in increased retinal dysfunction in response to low levels of oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that loss of DJ-1 affects the RPE antioxidant machinery, rendering it unable to combat and neutralize low-level oxidative stress, irrespective of age. Moreover, they draw a parallel to the retinal degeneration observed in AMD, where the occurrence of genetic variants may leave the retina and RPE unable to fight sustained, low-levels of oxidative stress. Antioxidants are upregulated in young DJ-1 KO RPE but downregulated in the retina. DJ-1 KO retinas are degenerated under low-level oxidative stress, regardless of age. Retinas of both young C57BL and DJ-1 KO were able to regulate antioxidant genes upon low-level oxidative stress. Retinas of both aged C57BL and DJ-1 KO were unable to regulate antioxidant genes upon low-level oxidative stress. RPE of aged C57BLl mice upregulated some antioxidant genes.
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Haematoxylon campechianum Extract Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain via Inhibition of NF-κB/TNF-α/NOX/iNOS Signalling Pathway in a Rat Model of Chronic Constriction Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030386. [PMID: 32131490 PMCID: PMC7175380 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: In this study, the phytochemical composition and the possible prophylactic effects of an aqueous ethanol extract of Haematoxylon campechianum flowers (HCF) on peripheral neuropathic pain in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model are investigated. Rats with induced CCI were subjected to neuropathic pain behaviour tests and evaluated by chemical, thermal, and mechanical sensation tests and functional recovery of the brain stem and sciatic nerve at 7- and 14-day intervals. The effect of the extract on acute pain and inflammation is also investigated. The extract exerted both peripheral and central analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in addition to antipyretic effects that are clear from targeting COX, LOX and PGE. It was found that CCI produced significant thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, cold allodynia and deleterious structural changes in both sciatic nerve and brain stem. Treatments with HCF extract significantly improved cold and thermal withdrawal latency, mechanical sensibility and ameliorated deleterious changes of sciatic nerve and brain stem at different dose levels. The extract also ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in brain stem and sciatic nerve. It suppressed the apoptotic marker, p53, and restored myelin sheath integrity. The effects of HCF extract were more potent than pregabalin. Fifteen secondary metabolites, mainly gallotannins and flavonoids, were characterized in the extract based on their retention times and MS/MS data. The identified phenolic constituents from the extract could be promising candidates to treat neuropathic pain due to their diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.
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11
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Smith CA, Hooper ML, Chauhan BC. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Mice: Quantitative Analysis After Experimental Models of Retinal Damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1556-1565. [PMID: 30995294 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We implemented optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in mice to: (1) develop quantitative parameters from OCT-A images, (2) measure the reproducibility of the parameters, and (3) determine the impact of experimental models of inner and outer retinal damage on OCT-A findings. Methods OCT-A images were acquired with a customized system (Spectralis Multiline OCT2). To assess reproducibility, imaging was performed five times over 1 month. Inner retinal damage was induced with optic nerve transection, crush, or intravitreal N-methyl-d-aspartic acid injection in transgenic mice with fluorescently labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Light-induced retinal damage was induced in albino mice. Mice were imaged at baseline and serially post injury. Perfusion density, vessel length, and branch points were computed from OCT-A images of the superficial, intermediate, and deep vascular plexuses. Results The range of relative differences measured between sessions across the vascular plexuses were: perfusion density (2.8%-7.0%), vessel length (1.9%-4.1%), and branch points (1.9%-5.0%). In mice with progressive RGC loss, imaged serially and culminating in around 70% loss in the fluorescence signal and 18% loss in inner retinal thickness, there were no measurable changes in any OCT-A parameter up to 4 months post injury that exceeded measurement variability. However, light-induced retinal damage elicited a progressive loss of the deep vascular plexus signal, starting as early as 3 days post injury. Conclusions Vessel length and branch points were generally the most reproducible among the parameters. Injury causing RGC loss in mice did not elicit an early change in the OCT-A signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michele L Hooper
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Balwantray C Chauhan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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12
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Hirahara Y, Wakabayashi T, Koike T, Gamo K, Yamada H. Change in phospholipid species of retinal layer in traumatic optic neuropathy model. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:325-337. [PMID: 31385342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Injured optic nerves induce death in almost all retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and cause a loss of axons. To date, we have studied injured RGC axon regeneration by using a traumatic optic nerve injury (TONI) rodent model, and we revealed that axonal regeneration is induced by the graft of an autologous peripheral nerve. The efficient approach to the regeneration of axons thus needs an environmental adjustment of RGC. However, the RGC environment induced by TONI remains unknown. Here, we analyzed female and male C57BL/6 mouse retinal tissue alterations in detail after TONI and focused on the major phospholipid species that are enriched in the whole retina. Reactive astrocyte accumulation, glia scar formation, and demyelination were observed in the injured optic nerve area, while RGC cell death, astrocyte accumulation, and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive Müller cell increases were detected in the retinal layer. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol (PI) 18:0/20:4 was localized to three nuclear layer structures: the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner nuclear layer (INL), and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in control retina; however, the localization of 18:0/20:4 PI in TONI was disturbed. Meanwhile, phosphatidylserine (PS) 18:0/22:6 showed that the expression was specifically in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with similar signal intensity in both cases. Other PS species and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were differentially localized in the retinal layer; however, the expressions of PE including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were affected by TONI. These results suggest that not only GCL but also other retinal layers were influenced by TONI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keizo Gamo
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Manogaran P, Samardzija M, Schad AN, Wicki CA, Walker-Egger C, Rudin M, Grimm C, Schippling S. Retinal pathology in experimental optic neuritis is characterized by retrograde degeneration and gliosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:116. [PMID: 31315675 PMCID: PMC6637505 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms and temporal sequence of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis are still unresolved. The visual pathway including its unmyelinated retinal axons, can serve as a prototypic model of neurodegeneration in experimental optic neuritis. We conducted a longitudinal study combining retinal imaging through optical coherence tomography (OCT) with immunohistochemical analyses of retinal and optic nerve tissue at various time points in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).Inner retinal layer (IRL) thickness was measured in 30 EAE and 14 healthy control C57BL/6 J mice using OCT. Distribution of marker proteins was assessed by immunofluorescence staining and retinal mRNA levels were assayed using real-time PCR. Histological morphology was evaluated on light and electron microscopy images.Signs of inflammatory edema 11 days post immunisation coincided with IRL thickening, while neuro-axonal degeneration throughout the disease course contributed to IRL thinning observed after 20 days post immunisation. Retinal pathology, including axonal transport impairment, was observed early, prior to cellular infiltration (i.e. T-cells) in the optic nerve 11 days post immunisation. Yet, the effects of early retinal damage on OCT-derived readouts were outweighed by the initial inflammatory edema. Early microglial activation and astrocytosis was detected in the retina prior to retinal ganglion cell loss and persisted until 33 days post immunisation. Müller cell reactivity (i.e. aquaporin-4 and glutamine synthetase decrease) presented after 11 days post immunisation in the IRL. Severe neuro-axonal degeneration was observed in the optic nerve and retina until 33 days post immunisation.Initial signs of retinal pathology subsequent to early glial activity, suggests a need for prophylactic treatment of optic neuritis. Following early inflammation, Müller cells possibly respond to retinal pathology with compensatory mechanisms. Although the majority of the IRL damage observed is likely due to retrograde degeneration following optic neuritis, initial pathology, possibly due to gliosis, may contribute further to IRL thinning. These results add morphological substrate to our OCT findings. The extent and rapid onset of axonal and neuronal damage in this model appears relevant for testing interventions scaled to human optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena Manogaran
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Nura Schad
- Department of Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Andrea Wicki
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Walker-Egger
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institue for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schippling
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Effects of a combinatorial treatment with gene and cell therapy on retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal outgrowth after optic nerve injury. Gene Ther 2019; 27:27-39. [PMID: 31243393 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After an injury, axons in the central nervous system do not regenerate over large distances and permanently lose their connections to the brain. Two promising approaches to correct this condition are cell and gene therapies. In the present work, we evaluated the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) gene therapy alone and combined with human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) therapy after optic nerve injury by analysis of retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal outgrowth. Overexpression of PEDF by intravitreal delivery of AAV2 vector significantly increased Tuj1-positive cells survival and modulated FGF-2, IL-1ß, Iba-1, and GFAP immunostaining in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) at 4 weeks after optic nerve crush, although it could not promote axonal outgrowth. The combination of AAV2.PEDF and hMSC therapy showed a higher number of Tuj1-positive cells and a pronounced axonal outgrowth than unimodal therapy after optic nerve crush. In summary, our results highlight a synergistic effect of combined gene and cell therapy relevant for future therapeutic interventions regarding optic nerve injury.
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Li XX, Zhang Z, Zeng HY, Wu S, Liu L, Zhang JX, Liu Q, Yang DY, Wang NL. Selective Early Glial Reactivity in the Visual Pathway Precedes Axonal Loss, Following Short-Term Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Reduction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3394-3404. [PMID: 30025070 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the early glial reactivity and neuron damage in response to short-term cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) reduction, as compared with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Methods The experiment included 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats with elevated translaminar cribrosa pressure difference (TLPD), defined as IOP minus CSFp. These rats underwent either continuous CSF drainage for 6 hours (n = 18), or unilateral IOP elevation to 40 mm Hg for 6 hours (n = 18). For control, 18 normal rats were anesthetized for 6 hours. Orthograde axonal transport was examined by intravitreal injection of 3% rhodamine-β-isothiocyanate. We also used transmission electron microscopy to display the ultrastructural features of retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve head. Early glial reactivity in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and superior colliculus (SC) was detected by immunostaining and Western blot for the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS). We also observed the glial reactivity in the inferior colliculus and hippocampus to rule out possible influences of CSF dynamics and composition. Results Anterograde staining with 3% rhodamine-β-isothiocyanate revealed decreased fluorescence intensity of the SC and LGN projected from both lower CSFp and higher IOP eyes. Transmission electron microscopy showed loss of axons from the optic nerve head in the high-IOP group, but not in the low-CSFp group. Compared with the anesthesia control group, GFAP expression was significantly increased in the retina, LGN, and SC, whereas GS expression was only increased in the retina following CSFp reduction. However, their expressions were not significantly elevated in the inferior colliculus and hippocampus. In the high-IOP group, expressions of GFAP and GS were significantly increased in the retina, LGN, and SC. Conclusions Visual system neurons may be much more sensitive than other nervous tissues. Following short-term CSFp reduction, early glial reactivity may precede axonal loss. Changes of translaminar cribrosa pressure difference in both experimental low-CSFp and high-IOP groups induce selective early glial reactivity. The neuron damage from abnormally low CSFp may be pathogenetically similar to high IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xia Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang Zeng
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Di Ya Yang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
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Devoldere J, Peynshaert K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Müller cells as a target for retinal therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1483-1498. [PMID: 30731239 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are specialized glial cells that span the entire retina from the vitreous cavity to the subretinal space. Their functional diversity and unique radial morphology render them particularly interesting targets for new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we reflect on various possibilities for selective Müller cell targeting and describe how some of their cellular mechanisms can be used for retinal neuroprotection. Intriguingly, cross-species investigation of their properties has revealed that Müller cells also have an essential role in retinal regeneration. Although many questions regarding this subject remain, it is clear that Müller cells have unique characteristics that make them suitable targets for the prevention and treatment of numerous retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Devoldere
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Peynshaert
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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17
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Ali Shariati M, Kumar V, Yang T, Chakraborty C, Barres BA, Longo FM, Liao YJ. A Small Molecule TrkB Neurotrophin Receptor Partial Agonist as Possible Treatment for Experimental Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1489-1499. [PMID: 30273053 PMCID: PMC10710940 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1508726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activation of its high affinity receptor tropomyosin kinase (Trk) B promote retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survival following injury. In this study, we tested the effects of LM22A-4, a small molecule TrkB receptor-specific partial agonist, on RGC survival in vitro and in experimental nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), the most common acute optic neuropathy in those older than 50 years. METHODS We assessed drug effects on immunopanned, cultured RGCs and calculated RGC survival and assessed TrkB receptor activation by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase translocation. To assess effects in vivo, we induced murine AION and treated the animals with one intravitreal injection and three-week systemic treatment. We measured drug effects using serial spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and quantified retinal Brn3A+ RGC density three weeks after ischemia. RESULTS In vitro, LM22A-4 significantly increased the survival of cultured RGCs at day 2 (95% CI control: 8.4-13.6; LM22A-4: 23.7-30.3; BDNF: 24.3-29.9; P ≤ 0.0001), similar to the effect of the endogenous TrkB receptor ligand BDNF. There was also significant nuclear and cytoplasmic translocation of MAP kinase (95% CI control: 0.9-6.8; LM22A-4: 38.8-84.4; BDNF: 64.0-93.0; P = 0.0002), a known downstream event of TrkB receptor activation. Following AION, LM22A-4 treatment led to significant preservation of the ganglion cell complex (95% CI: AION-PBS: 66.8-70.7%; AION-LM22A-4: 70.0-73.1; P = 0.03) and total retinal thickness (95% CI: AION-PBS: 185-196%; AION-LM22A-4: 195-203; P = 0.002) as measured by OCT compared with non-treated eyes. There was also significant rescue of the Brn3A+ RGC density on morphometric analysis of whole mount retinae (95% CI control: 2360-2629; AION-PBS: 1647-2008 cells/mm2; AION-LM22A-4: 1958-2216 cells/mm2; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS TrkB receptor partial agonist LM22A-4 promoted survival of cultured RGCs in vitro by TrkB receptor activation, and treatment in vivo led to increased survival of RGCs after optic nerve ischemia, providing support that LM22A-4 may be effective therapy to treat ischemic optic neuropathy. ABBREVIATIONS AION: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GCC: ganglion cell complex, MAP: mitogen-activated protein, OCT: spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, OD: right eye, ON: optic nerve, ONH: optic nerve head, OS: left eye, RGC: retinal ganglion cell; Trk: tropomyosin kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Shariati
- a Departments of Ophthalmology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Varun Kumar
- a Departments of Ophthalmology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Tao Yang
- b Neurobiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | | | - Ben Anthony Barres
- b Neurobiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Frank Michael Longo
- b Neurobiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- a Departments of Ophthalmology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
- b Neurobiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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18
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Takeuchi H, Inagaki S, Morozumi W, Nakano Y, Inoue Y, Kuse Y, Mizoguchi T, Nakamura S, Funato M, Kaneko H, Hara H, Shimazawa M. VGF nerve growth factor inducible is involved in retinal ganglion cells death induced by optic nerve crush. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16443. [PMID: 30401804 PMCID: PMC6219571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a polypeptide that is induced by neurotrophic factors and is involved in neurite growth and neuroprotection. The mRNA of the Vgf gene has been detected in the adult rat retina, however the roles played by VGF in the retina are still undetermined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of VGF on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of mice in the optic nerve crush (ONC) model, rat-derived primary cultured RGCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived RGCs. The mRNA and protein of Vgf were upregulated after the ONC. Immunostaining showed that the VGF was located in glial cells including Müller glia and astrocytes but not in the retinal neurons and their axons. AQEE-30, a VGF peptide, suppressed the loss of RGCs induced by the ONC, and it increased survival rat-derived RGCs and promoted the outgrowth of neurites of rat and human iPSCs derived RGCs in vitro. These findings indicate that VGF plays important roles in neuronal degeneration and has protective effects against the ONC on RGCs. Thus, VGF should be considered as a treatment of RGCs degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Takeuchi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inagaki
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Wataru Morozumi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimichi Nakano
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michinori Funato
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideo Kaneko
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Messchaert M, Dona M, Broekman S, Peters TA, Corral-Serrano JC, Slijkerman RWN, van Wijk E, Collin RWJ. Eyes shut homolog is important for the maintenance of photoreceptor morphology and visual function in zebrafish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200789. [PMID: 30052645 PMCID: PMC6063403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in eyes shut homolog (EYS), a gene predominantly expressed in the photoreceptor cells of the retina, are among the most frequent causes of autosomal recessive (ar) retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a progressive retinal disorder. Due to the absence of EYS in several rodent species and its retina-specific expression, still little is known about the exact function of EYS and the pathogenic mechanism underlying EYS-associated RP. We characterized eys in zebrafish, by RT-PCR analysis on zebrafish eye-derived RNA, which led to the identification of a 8,715 nucleotide coding sequence that is divided over 46 exons. The transcript is predicted to encode a 2,905-aa protein that contains 39 EGF-like domains and five laminin A G-like domains, which overall shows 33% identity with human EYS. To study the function of EYS, we generated a stable eysrmc101/rmc101 mutant zebrafish model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The introduced lesion is predicted to result in premature termination of protein synthesis and lead to loss of Eys function. Immunohistochemistry on retinal sections revealed that Eys localizes at the region of the connecting cilium and that both rhodopsin and cone transducin are mislocalized in the absence of Eys. Electroretinogram recordings showed diminished b-wave amplitudes in eysrmc101/rmc101 zebrafish (5 dpf) compared to age- and strain-matched wild-type larvae. In addition, decreased locomotor activity in response to light stimuli was observed in eys mutant larvae. Altogether, our study shows that absence of Eys leads to a disorganized retinal architecture and causes visual dysfunction in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriël Messchaert
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margo Dona
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Broekman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A. Peters
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julio C. Corral-Serrano
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph W. N. Slijkerman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Anders F, Mann C, Liu A, Teister J, Funke S, Thanos S, Grus F, Pfeiffer N, Prokosch V. Correlation of Crystallin Expression and RGC Susceptibility in Experimental Glaucoma Rats of Different Ages. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1267-1273. [PMID: 29979889 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1485950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide with age being an important risk factor. However, the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Aim of this study was to focus on age-dependent molecular changes in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. METHODS Intraocular pressure was elevated in Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3, 14, and 47 weeks for a period of 7 weeks by episcleral vein cauterization. Ganglion cell loss was monitored by an immunohistochemical staining of the Brain-specific homeobox/POU (Pit-1, Oct-2, Unc-86) domain protein 3A positive cells in retinal flat-mounts and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography measuring the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Molecular protein alterations were analyzed using a comprehensive mass spectrometric proteomics approach of the retina and vitreous body. RESULTS While juvenile animals did not show a significant loss of retinal ganglion cells due to intraocular pressure elevation, adolescent animals showed a decrease up to 26% (p < 0.05). A shift of retinal crystallin protein expression levels within all protein-family subclasses (α, β, γ) could be observed in the youngest animal group (p < 0.05), while the upregulation of crystallin proteins in older animals was less striking. In addition, numerous crystallin proteins were also detected in the vitreous body. CONCLUSION These results provide insights of a potential correlation of age-related glaucomatous damage and the absence of crystallin proteins in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Anders
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Carolina Mann
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Aiwei Liu
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Julia Teister
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Sebastian Funke
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Solon Thanos
- b Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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21
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Stankowska DL, Mueller BH, Oku H, Ikeda T, Dibas A. Neuroprotective effects of inhibitors of Acid-Sensing ion channels (ASICs) in optic nerve crush model in rodents. Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:84-95. [PMID: 29111855 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1383442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the current study was to assess the potential involvement of acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and investigate the neuroprotective effects of inhibitors of ASICs in promoting RGC survival following optic nerve crush (ONC). RESULTS ASIC1 protein was significantly increased in optic nerve extracts at day 7 following ONC in rats. Activated calpain-1 increased at 2 and 7 days following ONC as evidenced by increased degradation of α-fodrin, known substrate of calpain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein levels increased significantly at 2 and 7 days post-injury. By contrast, glutamine synthetase increased at 2 days while decreased at 7 days. The inhibition of ASICs with amiloride and psalmotoxin-1 significantly increased RGC survival in rats following ONC (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA). The mean number of surviving RGCs in rats (n = 6) treated with amiloride (100 µM) following ONC was 1477 ± 98 cells/mm2 compared with ONC (1126 ± 101 cells/mm2), where psalmotoxin-1 (1 μM) treated rats (n = 6) and subjected to ONC had 1441 ± 63 RGCs/mm2 compared with ONC (1065 ± 76 RGCs/mm2). Average number of RGCs in control rats (n = 12) was 2092 ± 46 cells/mm2. Blocking of ASICs also significantly increased RGC survival from ischemic-like insult from 473 ± 80 to 842 ± 49 RGCs/mm2 (for psalmotoxin-1) and from 628 ± 53 RGCs/mm2 to 890 ± 55 RGCs/mm2 (for amiloride) with p ≤ 0.05, using one-way ANOVA. Acidification (a known activator of ASIC1) increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in rat primary RGCs, which was statistically blocked by pretreatment with 100 nM psalmotoxin-1. CONCLUSIONS ASIC1 up-regulation-induced influx of extracellular calcium may be responsible for activation of calcium-sensitive calpain-1 in the retina. Calpain-1 induced degradation of α-fodrin and leads to morphological changes and eventually neuronal death. Therefore, blockers of ASIC1 can be used as potential therapeutics in the treatment of optic nerve degeneration. ABBREVIATIONS 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF); acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs); analysis of variance (ANOVA); bicinchoninic acid (BCA); brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); central nervous system (CNS); ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); Food and Drug Administration (FDA); glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); glutamine synthetase (GS); intraocular pressure (IOP); kilodalton (kDa); Krebs-Ringer Buffer (KRB); optic nerve crush (ONC); phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); plasma membrane (PM); polymerase chain reaction (PCR); retinal ganglion cell (RGC); RNA Binding Protein With Multiple Splicing (RBPMS); room temperature (RT); standard error of the mean (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota L Stankowska
- a North Texas Eye Research Institute , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth
| | - Brett H Mueller
- a North Texas Eye Research Institute , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki Osaka , Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki Osaka , Japan
| | - Adnan Dibas
- a North Texas Eye Research Institute , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth
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Cholesterol metabolism and glaucoma: Modulation of Muller cell membrane organization by 24S-hydroxycholesterol. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:179-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Cwerman-Thibault H, Lechauve C, Augustin S, Roussel D, Reboussin É, Mohammad A, Degardin-Chicaud J, Simonutti M, Liang H, Brignole-Baudouin F, Maron A, Debeir T, Corral-Debrinski M. Neuroglobin Can Prevent or Reverse Glaucomatous Progression in DBA/2J Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 5:200-220. [PMID: 28540323 PMCID: PMC5430497 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is responsible for hereditary optic neuropathies. We wished to determine whether preserving mitochondrial bioenergetics could prevent optic neuropathy in a reliable model of glaucoma. DBA/2J mice exhibit elevated intraocular pressure, progressive degeneration of their retinal ganglion cells, and optic neuropathy that resembles glaucoma. We established that glaucoma in these mice is directly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction: respiratory chain activity was compromised in optic nerves 5 months before neuronal loss began, and the amounts of some mitochondrial proteins were reduced in retinas of glaucomatous mice. One of these proteins is neuroglobin, which has a neuroprotective function. Therefore, we investigated whether gene therapy aimed at restoring neuroglobin levels in the retina via ocular administration of an adeno-associated viral vector could reduce neuronal degeneration. The approach of treating 2-month-old mice impeded glaucoma development: few neurons died and respiratory chain activity and visual cortex activity were comparable to those in young, asymptomatic mice. When the treatment was performed in 8-month-old mice, the surviving neurons acquired new morphologic and functional properties, leading to the preservation of visual cortex activity and respiratory chain activity. The beneficial effects of neuroglobin in DBA/2J retinas confirm this protein to be a promising candidate for treating glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cwerman-Thibault
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lechauve
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sébastien Augustin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Roussel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Élodie Reboussin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Ammara Mohammad
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris, France
| | - Julie Degardin-Chicaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Simonutti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Hong Liang
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Anne Maron
- Sanofi-Aventis, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thomas Debeir
- Departments of Evaluation and Expertise Strategy, Science Policy and External Innovation, Sanofi, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Marisol Corral-Debrinski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France
- Corresponding author: Marisol Corral-Debrinski, PROTECT, INSERM (UMR1141), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
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Said AMA, Zaki RGE, Salah Eldin RA, Nasr M, Azab SS, Elzankalony YA. Efficacy of Intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol in regression of neovascularization of a retinopathy of prematurity rat model. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:38. [PMID: 28376733 PMCID: PMC5379748 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the targets for early detection and treatment to prevent childhood blindness in world health organization programs. The purpose of study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) nanoemulsion in regressing neovascularization of a ROP rat model. Methods A prospective comparative case - control animal study conducted on 56 eyes of 28 healthy new born Sprague Dawley male albino rat. ROP was induced in 21 rats then two concentrations of 2-ME nanoparticles were injected in right eyes of 14 rats (low dose; study group I, high dose; study group II). A blank nanoemulsion was injected in the right eyes of seven rats (control positive group I). No injections performed in contralateral left eyes (control positive group II). Seven rats (14 eyes) were kept in room air (control negative group). On postnatal day 17, eyeballs were enucleated. Histological structure of the retina was examined using Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressions were detected by immunohistochemical studies. Results Intravitreal injection of 2-ME (in the two concentrations) caused marked regression of the new vascular tufts on the vitreal side with normal organization and thickness of the retina especially in study group II, which also show negative VEGF immunoreaction. Positive GFAP expression was detected in the control positive groups and study group (I). Conclusion Intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol nanoemulsion is a promising effective method in reduction of neovascularization of a ROP rat model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0433-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Mohamed Ahmed Said
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. .,, 10th Fawzy Elmoteay Street, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11361, Egypt.
| | | | - Rania A Salah Eldin
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Saad Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lin28b stimulates the reprogramming of rat Müller glia to retinal progenitors. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:164-174. [PMID: 28189638 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In lower-order vertebrates, Müller glia exhibit characteristics of retinal progenitor cells, while in higher vertebrates, such as mammals, the regenerative capacity of Müller glia is limited. Recently, we reported that Lin28b promoted the trans-differentiation of Müller cells to rod photoreceptor and bipolar cells in the retina of retinitis pigmentosa rat model, whereas it is unclear whether Lin28b can stimulate the reprogramming of Müller glia in vitro for transplantation into a damaged retina. In the present study, Long-Evens rat Müller glia were infected with Adeno-Lin28b or Adeno-GFP. Over-expression of Lin28b in isolated rat Müller glia resulted in the suppression of GFAP expression, enhancement of cell proliferation and a significant increase of the expression of retinal progenitor markers 5 days after infection. Moreover, Lin28b caused a significant reduction of the Let-7 family of microRNAs. Following sub-retinal space transplantation, Müller glia-derived retinal progenitors improved b-wave amplification of 30d Royal College of Surgeons retinitis pigmentosa model (RCS-P+) rats, as detected by electroretinography (ERG) recordings. Taken together, these data suggest that the up-regulation of Lin28b expression facilitated the reprogramming of Müller cells toward characteristics of retinal progenitors.
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26
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Regulation of Stem Cell Properties of Müller Glia by JAK/STAT and MAPK Signaling in the Mammalian Retina. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1610691. [PMID: 28194183 PMCID: PMC5282447 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1610691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the neural retina does not spontaneously regenerate, and damage to the retina that kills retinal neurons results in permanent blindness. In contrast to embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonic/fetal retinal stem cells, Müller glia offer an intrinsic cellular source for regenerative strategies in the retina. Müller glia are radial glial cells within the retina that maintain retinal homeostasis, buffer ion flux associated with phototransduction, and form the blood/retinal barrier within the retina proper. In injured or degenerating retinas, Müller glia contribute to gliotic responses and scar formation but also show regenerative capabilities that vary across species. In the mammalian retina, regenerative responses achieved to date remain insufficient for potential clinical applications. Activation of JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling by CNTF, EGF, and FGFs can promote proliferation and modulate the glial/neurogenic switch. However, to achieve clinical relevance, additional intrinsic and extrinsic factors that restrict or promote regenerative responses of Müller glia in the mammalian retina must be identified. This review focuses on Müller glia and Müller glial-derived stem cells in the retina and phylogenetic differences among model vertebrate species and highlights some of the current progress towards understanding the cellular mechanisms regulating their regenerative response.
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Tehrani S, Davis L, Cepurna WO, Choe TE, Lozano DC, Monfared A, Cooper L, Cheng J, Johnson EC, Morrison JC. Astrocyte Structural and Molecular Response to Elevated Intraocular Pressure Occurs Rapidly and Precedes Axonal Tubulin Rearrangement within the Optic Nerve Head in a Rat Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167364. [PMID: 27893827 PMCID: PMC5125687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous axon injury occurs at the level of the optic nerve head (ONH) in response to uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP). The temporal response of ONH astrocytes (glial cells responsible for axonal support) to elevated IOP remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the response of actin-based astrocyte extensions and integrin-based signaling within the ONH to 8 hours of IOP elevation in a rat model. IOP elevation of 60 mm Hg was achieved under isoflurane anesthesia using anterior chamber cannulation connected to a saline reservoir. ONH astrocytic extension orientation was significantly and regionally rearranged immediately after IOP elevation (inferior ONH, 43.2° ± 13.3° with respect to the anterior-posterior axis versus 84.1° ± 1.3° in controls, p<0.05), and re-orientated back to baseline orientation 1 day post IOP normalization. ONH axonal microtubule filament label intensity was significantly reduced 1 and 3 days post IOP normalization, and returned to control levels on day 5. Phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) levels steadily decreased after IOP normalization, while levels of phosphorylated paxillin (a downstream target of FAK involved in focal adhesion dynamics) were significantly elevated 5 days post IOP normalization. The levels of phosphorylated cortactin (a downstream target of Src kinase involved in actin polymerization) were significantly elevated 1 and 3 days post IOP normalization and returned to control levels by day 5. No significant axon degeneration was noted by morphologic assessment up to 5 days post IOP normalization. Actin-based astrocyte structure and signaling within the ONH are significantly altered within hours after IOP elevation and prior to axonal cytoskeletal rearrangement, producing some responses that recover rapidly and others that persist for days despite IOP normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandiz Tehrani
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lauren Davis
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William O. Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tiffany E. Choe
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ashley Monfared
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lauren Cooper
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joshua Cheng
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elaine C. Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John C. Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Wang X, Su J, Ding J, Han S, Ma W, Luo H, Hughes G, Meng Z, Yin Y, Wang Y, Li J. α-Aminoadipic acid protects against retinal disruption through attenuating Müller cell gliosis in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3449-3457. [PMID: 27799744 PMCID: PMC5076852 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ocular hypertension is an important risk factor for glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gliotoxic effects of α-aminoadipic acid (AAA) in a rat model of AOH and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the rat model of acute ocular hypertension (AOH), intraocular pressure was increased to 110 mmHg for 60 minutes. Animals were divided into four groups: sham operation (Ctrl), AOH, AOH + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and AOH + AAA. Cell apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer was detected with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) immunostained with Thy-1 were counted. Müller cell activation was detected using immunostaining with glutamine synthetase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was examined using Western blot. RESULTS In the rat model of AOH, cell apoptosis was induced in the ganglion cell layer and the number of RGCs was decreased. Müller cell gliosis in the retinas of rats was induced, and retinal protein levels of TNF-α were increased. Intravitreal treatment of AAA versus PBS control attenuated these retinal abnormalities to show protective effects in the rat model of AOH. CONCLUSION In the retinas of the rat model of AOH, AAA treatment attenuated retinal apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer and preserved the number of RGCs, likely through the attenuation of Müller cell gliosis and suppression of TNF-α induction. Our observations suggest that AAA might be a potential therapeutic target in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital; Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Jier Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing; Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo
| | - Jingwen Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing; Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Guy Hughes
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing
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Type-specific photoreceptor loss in pigeons after disruption of parasympathetic control of choroidal blood flow by the medial subdivision of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. Vis Neurosci 2016; 33:E008. [PMID: 27485271 PMCID: PMC5678271 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523816000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The medial part of the nucleus of Edinger–Westphal (EWM) in birds mediates light-regulated adaptive increases in choroidal blood flow (ChBF). We sought to characterize the effect of loss of EWM-mediated ChBF regulation on photoreceptor health in pigeons housed in either moderate intensity diurnal or constant light (CL). Photoreceptor abundance following complete EWM destruction was compared to that following a lesion in the pupil control circuit (as a control for spread of EWM lesions to the nearby pupil-controlling lateral EW) or following no EW damage. Birds were housed post-lesion in a 12 h 400 lux light/12 h dark light cycle for up to 16.5 months, or in constant 400 lux light for up to 3 weeks. Paraformaldehyde–glutaraldehyde fixed eyes were embedded in plastic, sectioned, slide-mounted, and stained with toluidine blue/azure II. Blinded analysis of photoreceptor outer segment abundance was performed, with outer segment types distinguished by oil droplet tint and laminar position. Brains were examined histologically to assess lesion accuracy. Disruption of pupil control had no adverse effect on photoreceptor outer segment abundance in either diurnal light or CL, but EWM destruction led to 50–60% loss of blue/violet cone outer segments in both light conditions, and a 42% loss of principal cone outer segments in CL. The findings indicate that adaptive regulation of ChBF by the EWM circuit plays a role in maintaining photoreceptor health and mitigates the harmful effect of light on photoreceptors, especially short wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors.
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Shao WY, Liu X, Gu XL, Ying X, Wu N, Xu HW, Wang Y. Promotion of axon regeneration and inhibition of astrocyte activation by alpha A-crystallin on crushed optic nerve. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:955-66. [PMID: 27500100 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.07.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the effects of αA-crystallin in astrocyte gliosis after optic nerve crush (ONC) and the mechanism of α-crystallin in neuroprotection and axon regeneration. METHODS ONC was established on the Sprague-Dawley rat model and αA-crystallin (10(-4) g/L, 4 µL) was intravitreously injected into the rat model. Flash-visual evoked potential (F-VEP) was examined 14d after ONC, and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in the retina and crush site were analyzed 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14d after ONC by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot respectively. The levels of beta Tubulin (TUJ1), growth-associated membrane phosphoprotein-43 (GAP-43), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and neurocan were also determined by IHC 14d after ONC. RESULTS GFAP level in the retina and the optic nerve significantly increased 1d after ONC, and reached the peak level 7d post-ONC. Injection of αA-crystallin significantly decreased GFAP level in both the retina and the crush site 3d after ONC, and induced astrocytes architecture remodeling at the crush site. Quantification of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons indicated αA-crystallin markedly promoted axon regeneration in ONC rats and enhanced the regenerated axons penetrated into the glial scar. CSPGs and neurocan expression also decreased 14d after αA-crystallin injection. The amplitude (N1-P1) and latency (P1) of F-VEP were also restored. CONCLUSION Our results suggest α-crystallin promotes the axon regeneration of RGCs and suppresses the activation of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Shao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xian-Liang Gu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xi Ying
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hai-Wei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
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Mac Nair CE, Schlamp CL, Montgomery AD, Shestopalov VI, Nickells RW. Retinal glial responses to optic nerve crush are attenuated in Bax-deficient mice and modulated by purinergic signaling pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:93. [PMID: 27126275 PMCID: PMC4850653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) soma death is a consequence of optic nerve damage, including in optic neuropathies like glaucoma. The activation of the innate immune network in the retina after nerve damage has been linked to RGC pathology. Since the eye is immune privileged, innate immune functions are the responsibility of the glia, specifically the microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells that populate the retina. Glial activation, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, is a hallmark feature of retinal injury resulting from optic nerve damage and purported to elicit secondary degeneration of RGC somas. Methods A mouse model of optic nerve crush (ONC) was used to study retinal glial activation responses. RGC apoptosis was blocked using Bax-deficient mice. Glial activation responses were monitored by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescent labeling in retinal sections of activation markers. ATP signaling pathways were interrogated using P2X receptor agonists and antagonists and Pannexin 1 (Panx1)-deficient mice with RGC-specific deletion. Results ONC induced activation of both macroglia and microglia in the retina, and both these responses were dramatically muted if RGC death was blocked by deletion of the Bax gene. Macroglial, but not microglial, activation was modulated by purinergic receptor activation. Release of ATP after optic nerve damage was not mediated by PANX1 channels in RGCs. Conclusions RGC death in response to ONC plays a principal stimulatory role in the retinal glial activation response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0558-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Mac Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3170-10K/L MFCB, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Cassandra L Schlamp
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Angela D Montgomery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 N.W. 17th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 N.W. 17th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Afarid M, Torabi-Nami M, Zare B. Neuroprotective and restorative effects of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in retinal diseases. J Neurol Sci 2016; 363:43-50. [PMID: 27000219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin proposed to be implicated in ameliorating the course of some neurodegenerative disorders. Given the fact that retina is considered as an out-pouching of the central nervous system, its related diseases have long been suggested to receive protective influence from this signaling molecule. The role of BDNF in retinal neurorestoration, neuroprotection and oxidative stress has extensively been tested over the past two decades. Nonetheless, almost the entire related literature root in animal studies and clinical research on this topic is lacking. Although much of the evidence have validated the protective properties of BDNF against various retinal cell diseases, bringing such insights into clinical context would depend on further well-designed research. The present review is an attempt to categorize and discuss the available evidence with regard to the BDNF and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Afarid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poostchi Eye Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Torabi-Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Bijan Zare
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Chidlow G, Wood JPM, Knoops B, Casson RJ. Expression and distribution of peroxiredoxins in the retina and optic nerve. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3903-3925. [PMID: 26501408 PMCID: PMC5065902 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in various pathological conditions of the retina and optic nerve. Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) comprise a recently characterized family of antioxidant enzymes. To date, little information exists regarding the distribution of Prdxs in the eye. Herein, we employed a combination of qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to determine the level of expression and distribution of the six Prdx isoforms in the retina and optic nerve of the rat. In addition, we performed some parallel analyses on the common marmoset (Callithrix Jacchus). In the rat, all of the Prdx transcripts were expressed in relatively high amounts in both retina and optic nerve, with abundances ranging from approximately 3–50 % of the level of the housekeeping gene cyclophilin. With regard to protein expression, each isoform was detected in the retina and optic nerve by either Western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry. Excepting Prdx4, there was a good correspondence between the rodent and primate results. In the retina, Prdx1 and Prdx2 were principally localized to neurons in the inner nuclear layer and cone photoreceptors, Prdx3 and Prdx5 displayed characteristic mitochondrial immunolabeling, while Prdx6 was associated with astrocytes and Müller cells. In the optic nerve, Prdx1 was robustly expressed by oligodendrocytes, Prdx3 and Prdx5 were observed in axons, and Prdx6 was restricted to astrocytes. The present findings augment our understanding of the distribution and expression of the Prdxs in the retina and optic nerve of rodents and primates and lay the foundation for subsequent analysis of their involvement in relevant blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - John P M Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Bernard Knoops
- Group of Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institut des Sciences de la Vie (ISV), Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robert J Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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Mac Nair CE, Nickells RW. Neuroinflammation in Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Damage. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:343-63. [PMID: 26310164 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons and somas, ultimately preventing light signals in the retina from reaching the brain. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the world, and treatment options for patients remain limited and minimally efficacious. A number of mechanisms have been linked to glaucomatous pathophysiology. A leading role is now attributed to neuroinflammatory conditions generated by the resident innate immune cells in the optic nerve and retina. Since the eye is immune privileged, the adaptation of these innate immune cells, termed glia, is crucial following trauma. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms associated with normal glial function in a healthy eye, and how changes in glial activation can contribute to the process of glaucomatous neurodegeneration in both the optic nerve and retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Mac Nair
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert W Nickells
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Schuld NJ, Hussong SA, Kapphahn RJ, Lehmann U, Roehrich H, Rageh AA, Heuss ND, Bratten W, Gregerson DS, Ferrington DA. Immunoproteasome deficiency protects in the retina after optic nerve crush. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126768. [PMID: 25978061 PMCID: PMC4433222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is upregulated by disease, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting an expanded role for the immunoproteasome in stress signaling that goes beyond its canonical role in generating peptides for antigen presentation. The signaling pathways that are regulated by the immunoproteasome remain elusive. However, previous studies suggest a role for the immunoproteasome in the regulation of PTEN and NF-κB signaling. One well-known pathway upstream of NF-κB and downstream of PTEN is the Akt signaling pathway, which is responsible for mediating cellular survival and is modulated after optic nerve crush (ONC). This study investigated the role of retinal immunoproteasome after injury induced by ONC, focusing on the Akt cell survival pathway. Retinas or retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice lacking either one (LMP2) or two (LMP7 and MECL-1) catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome were utilized in this study. We show that mRNA and protein levels of the immunoproteasome subunits are significantly upregulated in WT retinas following ONC. Mice lacking the immunoproteasome subunits show either a delayed or dampened apoptotic response as well as altered Akt signaling, compared to WT mice after ONC. Treatment of the RPE cells with insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to stimulate Akt signaling confirmed that the immunoproteasome modulates this pathway, and most likely modulates parallel pathways as well. This study links the inducible expression of the immunoproteasome following retinal injury to Akt signaling, which is important in many disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Schuld
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stacy A. Hussong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ute Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abrar A. Rageh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Heuss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wendy Bratten
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khalin I, Alyautdin R, Kocherga G, Bakar MA. Targeted delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor for the treatment of blindness and deafness. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3245-67. [PMID: 25995632 PMCID: PMC4425321 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s77480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative causes of blindness and deafness possess a major challenge in their clinical management as proper treatment guidelines have not yet been found. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been established as a promising therapy against neurodegenerative disorders including hearing and visual loss. Unfortunately, the blood–retinal barrier and blood–cochlear barrier, which have a comparable structure to the blood–brain barrier prevent molecules of larger sizes (such as BDNF) from exiting the circulation and reaching the targeted cells. Anatomical features of the eye and ear allow use of local administration, bypassing histo-hematic barriers. This paper focuses on highlighting a variety of strategies proposed for the local administration of the BDNF, like direct delivery, viral gene therapy, and cell-based therapy, which have been shown to successfully improve development, survival, and function of spiral and retinal ganglion cells. The similarities and controversies for BDNF treatment of posterior eye diseases and inner ear diseases have been analyzed and compared. In this review, we also focus on the possibility of translation of this knowledge into clinical practice. And finally, we suggest that using nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems may substantially contribute to the development of clinically viable techniques for BDNF delivery into the cochlea or posterior eye segment, which, ultimately, can lead to a long-term or permanent rescue of auditory and optic neurons from degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khalin
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Renad Alyautdin
- Scientific Centre for Expertise of Medical Application Products, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ganna Kocherga
- Ophthalmic Microsurgery Department, International Medical Center Oftalmika, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Muhamad Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Taylor L, Arnér K, Ghosh F. First Responders: Dynamics of Pre-Gliotic Müller Cell Responses in The Isolated Adult Rat Retina. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1245-60. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.988360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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Li L, Qu C, Wang F. A novel method for co-culture with Müller cells and microglia in rat retina in vitro.. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:25-27. [PMID: 25469241 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and Müller cells are glial cells of the retina and constitute a functional link between neurons and vessels. The aim of the present study was to introduce a novel method of co-culture with Müller cells and microglia in rat retina. A camera was used to analyze all the cell changes. Immunofluorescence staining of glutamine synthetase and OX-42 were used for the identification of Müller cells and microglial, respectively. On day 1, all the cell types from the retina were round or oval and floating in the medium. On the following days, microglial cells were adherent and proliferated. Müller cells stretched and quickly proliferated. On days 12-15, microglial cells were floating in the medium. Following agitation, microglial cells became quickly detached from the flask walls, whereas Müller cells remained adherent. In conclusion, agitation is an effective way to separate microglial cells from Müller cells. The time of detachment and the speed of agitation are essential. Co-culture with Müller cells and microglia in the retina is economical and useful for future methods in microglia and Müller cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Chen Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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40
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Tehrani S, Johnson EC, Cepurna WO, Morrison JC. Astrocyte processes label for filamentous actin and reorient early within the optic nerve head in a rat glaucoma model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6945-52. [PMID: 25257054 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if astrocyte processes label for actin and to quantify the orientation of astrocytic processes within the optic nerve head (ONH) in a rat glaucoma model. METHODS Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was produced by episcleral hypertonic saline injection and tissues were collected after 5 weeks. For comparison, eyes with optic nerve transection were collected at 2 weeks. Fellow eyes served as controls. Axonal degeneration in retrobulbar optic nerves was graded on a scale of 1 to 5. Optic nerve head sections (n ≥ 4 eyes per group) were colabeled with phalloidin (actin marker) and antibodies to astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein and aquaporin 4, or axonal tubulin βIII. Confocal microscopy and FIJI software were used to quantify the orientation of actin bundles. RESULTS Control ONHs showed stereotypically arranged actin bundles within astrocyte processes. Optic nerve head actin bundle orientation was nearly perpendicular to axons (82.9° ± 6.3° relative to axonal axis), unlike the retrobulbar optic nerve (45.4° ± 28.7°, P < 0.05). With IOP elevation, ONH actin bundle orientation became less perpendicular to axons, even in eyes with no perceivable axonal injury (i.e., 38.8° ± 15.1° in grade 1, P < 0.05 in comparison to control ONHs). With severe injury, ONH actin bundle orientation became more parallel to the axonal axis (24.1° ± 28.4°, P < 0.05 in comparison to control ONHs). Optic nerve head actin bundle orientation in transected optic nerves was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Actin labeling identifies fine astrocyte processes within the ONH. Optic nerve head astrocyte process reorientation occurs early in response to elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandiz Tehrani
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Elaine C Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - William O Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John C Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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41
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Vessey KA, Greferath U, Aplin FP, Jobling AI, Phipps JA, Ho T, De Iongh RU, Fletcher EL. Adenosine triphosphate-induced photoreceptor death and retinal remodeling in rats. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2928-50. [PMID: 24639102 PMCID: PMC4265795 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many common causes of blindness involve the death of retinal photoreceptors, followed by progressive inner retinal cell remodeling. For an inducible model of retinal degeneration to be useful, it must recapitulate these changes. Intravitreal administration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has recently been found to induce acute photoreceptor death. The aim of this study was to characterize the chronic effects of ATP on retinal integrity. Five-week-old, dark agouti rats were administered 50 mM ATP into the vitreous of one eye and saline into the other. Vision was assessed using the electroretinogram and optokinetic response and retinal morphology investigated via histology. ATP caused significant loss of visual function within 1 day and loss of 50% of the photoreceptors within 1 week. At 3 months, 80% of photoreceptor nuclei were lost, and total photoreceptor loss occurred by 6 months. The degeneration and remodeling were similar to those found in heritable retinal dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration and included inner retinal neuronal loss, migration, and formation of new synapses; Müller cell gliosis, migration, and scarring; blood vessel loss; and retinal pigment epithelium migration. In addition, extreme degeneration and remodeling events, such as neuronal and glial migration outside the neural retina and proliferative changes in glial cells, were observed. These extreme changes were also observed in the 2-year-old P23H rhodopsin transgenic rat model of retinitis pigmentosa. This ATP-induced model of retinal degeneration may provide a valuable tool for developing pharmaceutical therapies or for testing electronic implants aimed at restoring vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstan A Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Felix P Aplin
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital,East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
- The Bionics Institute,East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Andrew I Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanna A Phipps
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tracy Ho
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Robbert U De Iongh
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Sera from patients with seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectral disorders caused the degeneration of rodent optic nerve. Exp Eye Res 2013; 119:61-9. [PMID: 24374258 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune inflammatory, neurodestructive disease primarily targeting the optic nerve and spinal cord. An autoantibody against water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which is expressed at endofeet of astrocytes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NMO. We evaluated the impact of sera of seropositive patients with NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) on the rodent optic nerve and retina. Serum was obtained either from patients with seropositive NMOSD (AQP4+), seronegative patient with idiopathic optic neuritis (AQP4-), and healthy volunteers (control). Anti-AQP4 antibody in a serum was measured by a previously established cell-based assay. The patients' sera were applied on the optic nerve after de-sheathed. Immunohistochemistry showed that at 7 days after the treatment, the area of the optic nerve exposed to the AQP4+ sera lost expression of both AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Also, Human-IgG immunoreactivity and marked invasion of inflammation cells were observed in the optic nerve treated with AQP4+ serum. Immnoreactivity of neurofilament was reduced at 14 days after the treatment, not 7 days. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed the reduced gene expression of neurofilament in retina from the eye that was exposed to the AQP4+ sera at 14 days. Retrograde fluorogold-labeling on the retinal flatmount disclosed the significantly reduced number of retinal ganglion cells when the AQP4+ sera were applied. The present model has demonstrated that the sera from patients with seropositive NMOSDs led to the regional astrocytic degeneration and inflammatory cell invasion in the optic nerve, resulting in the ultimate loss of RGCs and their axons at areas beyond the injury site.
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Rai NK, Ashok A, Rai A, Tripathi S, Nagar GK, Mitra K, Bandyopadhyay S. Exposure to As, Cd and Pb-mixture impairs myelin and axon development in rat brain, optic nerve and retina. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:242-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Romero-Alemán MDM, Monzón-Mayor M, Santos E, Yanes CM. Regrowth of transected retinal ganglion cell axons despite persistent astrogliosis in the lizard (Gallotia galloti). J Anat 2013; 223:22-37. [PMID: 23656528 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the astroglia response that is concurrent with spontaneous axonal regrowth after optic nerve (ON) transection in the lizard Gallotia galloti. At different post-lesional time points (0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) we used conventional electron microscopy and specific markers for astrocytes [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (Vim), sex-determining region Y-box-9 (Sox9), paired box-2 (Pax2)¸ cluster differentiation-44 (CD44)] and for proliferating cells (PCNA). The experimental retina showed a limited glial response since the increase of gliofilaments was not significant when compared with controls, and proliferating cells were undetectable. Conversely, PCNA(+) cells populated the regenerating ON, optic tract (OTr) and ventricular wall of both the hypothalamus and optic tectum (OT). Subpopulations of these PCNA(+) cells were identified as GFAP(+) and Vim(+) reactive astrocytes and radial glia. Reactive astrocytes up-regulated Vim at 1 month post-lesion, and both Vim and GFAP at 12 months post-lesion in the ON-OTr, indicating long-term astrogliosis. They also expressed Pax2, Sox9 and CD44 in the ON, and Sox9 in the OTr. Concomitantly, persistent tissue cavities and disorganised regrowing fibre bundles reaching the OT were observed. Our ultrastructural data confirm abundant gliofilaments in reactive astrocytes joined by desmosomes. Remarkably, they also accumulated myelin debris and lipid droplets until late stages, indicating their participation in myelin removal. These data suggest that persistent mammalian-like astrogliosis in the adult lizard ON contributes to a permissive structural scaffold for long-term axonal regeneration and provides a useful model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial neuron-glia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Romero-Alemán
- Departamento de Morfología (Biología Celular), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Treadmill exercise induces hippocampal astroglial alterations in rats. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:709732. [PMID: 23401802 PMCID: PMC3562665 DOI: 10.1155/2013/709732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise effects on brain health and cognitive performance have been described. Synaptic remodeling in hippocampus induced by physical exercise has been described in animal models, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Changes in astrocytes, the glial cells involved in synaptic remodeling, need more characterization. We investigated the effect of moderate treadmill exercise (20 min/day) for 4 weeks on some parameters of astrocytic activity in rat hippocampal slices, namely, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities, glutathione content, and S100B protein content and secretion, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and glucose uptake activity in this tissue. Results show that moderate treadmill exercise was able to induce a decrease in GFAP content (evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry) and an increase in GS activity. These changes could be mediated by corticosterone, whose levels were elevated in serum. BDNF, another putative mediator, was not altered in hippocampal tissue. Moreover, treadmill exercise caused a decrease in NO content. Our data indicate specific changes in astrocyte markers induced by physical exercise, the importance of studying astrocytes for understanding brain plasticity, as well as reinforce the relevance of physical exercise as a neuroprotective strategy.
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Bringmann A, Grosche A, Pannicke T, Reichenbach A. GABA and Glutamate Uptake and Metabolism in Retinal Glial (Müller) Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:48. [PMID: 23616782 PMCID: PMC3627989 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina, support the synaptic activity by the uptake and metabolization of extracellular neurotransmitters. Müller cells express uptake and exchange systems for various neurotransmitters including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Müller cells remove the bulk of extracellular glutamate in the inner retina and contribute to the glutamate clearance around photoreceptor terminals. By the uptake of glutamate, Müller cells are involved in the shaping and termination of the synaptic activity, particularly in the inner retina. Reactive Müller cells are neuroprotective, e.g., by the clearance of excess extracellular glutamate, but may also contribute to neuronal degeneration by a malfunctioning or even reversal of glial glutamate transporters, or by a downregulation of the key enzyme, glutamine synthetase. This review summarizes the present knowledge about the role of Müller cells in the clearance and metabolization of extracellular glutamate and GABA. Some major pathways of GABA and glutamate metabolism in Müller cells are described; these pathways are involved in the glutamate-glutamine cycle of the retina, in the defense against oxidative stress via the production of glutathione, and in the production of substrates for the neuronal energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Reichenbach, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany. e-mail:
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Echevarria F, Walker C, Abella S, Won M, Sappington R. Stressor-dependent Alterations in Glycoprotein 130: Implications for Glial Cell Reactivity, Cytokine Signaling and Ganglion Cell Health in Glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 25018894 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9570.1000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines is associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and glial reactivity in glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate glaucoma-related changes in glycoprotein-130 (gp130), the common signal transducer of the IL-6 family of cytokines, as they relate to RGC health, glial reactivity and expression of IL-6 cytokine family members. METHODS For all experiments, we examined healthy retina (young C57), aged retina (aged C57), retina predisposed to glaucoma (young DBA/2) and retina with IOP-induced glaucoma (aged DBA/2). We determined retinal gene expression of gp130 and IL-6 family members, using quantitative PCR, and protein expression of gp130, using multiplex ELISA. For protein localization and cell-specific expression, we performed co-immunolabeling for gp130 and cell type-specific markers. We used quantitative microscopy to measure layer-specific expression of gp130 and its relationships to astrocyte and Müller glia reactivity and RGC axonal transport, as determined by uptake and transport of cholera toxin β-subunit (CTB). RESULTS Gene expression of gp130 was elevated with all glaucoma-related stressors, but only normal aging increased protein levels. In healthy retina, gp130 localized primarily to the inner retina, where it was expressed by astrocytes, Müller cells and RGCs. Layer-specific analysis of gp130 expression revealed increased expression in aging retina and decreased expression in glaucomatous retina that was eccentricity-dependent. These glaucoma-related changes in gp130 expression correlated with the level of GFAP and glutamine synthetase expression, as well as axonal transport in RGCs. The relationships between gp130, glial reactivity and RGC health could impact signaling by many IL-6 family cytokines, which exhibited overall increased expression in a stressor-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Glaucoma-related stressors, including normal aging, glaucoma predisposition and IOP-induced glaucoma, differentially alter expression of gp130 and these alterations have direct implications for astrocyte and Müller glia reactivity, RGC health and cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fd Echevarria
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - Cc Walker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - Sk Abella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - M Won
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
| | - Rm Sappington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Vanderbilt Eye Institute), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
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The effect of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression on neurite outgrowth from retinal explants in a permissive environment. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:693. [PMID: 23259929 PMCID: PMC3544725 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) within macroglia is commonly seen as a hallmark of glial activation after damage within the central nervous system, including the retina. The increased expression of GFAP in glia is also considered part of the pathologically inhibitory environment for regeneration of axons from damaged neurons. Recent studies have raised the possibility that reactive gliosis and increased GFAP cannot automatically be assumed to be negative events for the surrounding neurons and that the context of the reactive gliosis is critical to whether neurons benefit or suffer. We utilized transgenic mice expressing a range of Gfap to titrate the amount of GFAP in retinal explants to investigate the relationship between GFAP concentration and the regenerative potential of retinal ganglion cells. Findings Explants from Gfap-/- and Gfap+/- mice did not have increased neurite outgrowth compared with Gfap+/+ or Gfap over-expressing mice as would be expected if GFAP was detrimental to axon regeneration. In fact, Gfap over-expressing explants had the most neurite outgrowth when treated with a neurite stimulatory media. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that neurites formed bundles, which were surrounded by larger cellular processes that were GFAP positive indicating a close association between growing axons and glial cells in this regeneration paradigm. Conclusions We postulate that glial cells with increased Gfap expression support the elongation of new neurites from retinal ganglion cells possibly by providing a scaffold for outgrowth.
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Cho SH, Kim JY, Simons DL, Song JY, Le JH, Swindell EC, Jamrich M, Wu SM, Kim S. Genetic ablation of Pals1 in retinal progenitor cells models the retinal pathology of Leber congenital amaurosis. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2663-76. [PMID: 22398208 PMCID: PMC3363335 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the polarity gene Crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) is responsible for >10% of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) cases worldwide; LCA is characterized by early-onset degenerative retinal dystrophy. The role of CRB1 in LCA8 pathogenesis remains elusive since Crb1 mouse mutants, including a null allele, have failed to mimic the early-onset of LCA, most likely due to functional compensation by closely related genes encoding Crb2 and Crb3. Crb proteins form an evolutionarily conserved, apical polarity complex with the scaffolding protein associated with lin-seven 1 (Pals1), also known as MAGUK p55 subfamily member 5 (MPP5). Pals1 and Crbs are functionally inter-dependent in establishing and maintaining epithelial polarity. Pals1 is a single gene in the mouse and human genomes; therefore, we ablated Pals1 to establish a mouse genetic model mimicking human LCA. In our study, the deletion of Pals1 leads to the disruption of the apical localization of Crb proteins in retinal progenitors and the adult retina, validating their mutual interaction. Remarkably, the Pals1 mutant mouse exhibits the critical features of LCA such as early visual impairment as assessed by electroretinogram, disorganization of lamination and apical junctions and retinal degeneration. Our data uncover the indispensible role of Pals1 in retinal development, likely involving the maintenance of retinal polarity and survival of retinal neurons, thus providing the basis for the pathologic mechanisms of LCA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hee Cho
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | - Ji Yun Song
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Julie H. Le
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric C. Swindell
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Milan Jamrich
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA and
| | | | - Seonhee Kim
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Toops KA, Berlinicke C, Zack DJ, Nickells RW. Hydrocortisone stimulates neurite outgrowth from mouse retinal explants by modulating macroglial activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2046-61. [PMID: 22395888 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is mounting evidence that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) require a complex milieu of trophic factors to enhance cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. The authors' goal was to examine the contribution of components of a combination of hormones, growth factors, steroids, and small molecules to creating a regenerative environment and to determine if any of these components modulated macroglial behavior to aid in regeneration. METHODS Postnatal day 7 mouse retinal explants embedded in collagen were used as an in vitro model of neurite regeneration. Explants were treated with the culture supplements fetal bovine serum, N2, and G5 and a mixture of G5 and N2 components, designated enhanced N2 (EN2). Explants were evaluated for neurite outgrowth over 7 days in culture. The effects of each treatment were also evaluated on cultured RGCs purified by Thy1 immunopanning. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR analysis were used to evaluate differences in gene expression in the explants due to different treatments. RESULTS EN2 stimulated significant neurite outgrowth from explants but not from purified RGCs. Elimination of hydrocortisone (HC) from EN2 reduced the mean neurites per explant by 37%. EN2-treated explants demonstrated increased expression of Gfap, Glul, Glt1, Cntf, Pedf, and VegfA compared with explants treated with EN2 without HC. Subsequent experiments showed that increased expression of Cntf and Glul was critical to the trophic effect of HC. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the HC in EN2 indirectly contributed to neurite outgrowth by activating macroglia to produce neurotrophic and neuroprotective molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Toops
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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