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Vera E, Cornejo I, Henao JC, Tribiños F, Burgos J, Sepúlveda FV, Cid LP. Normal vision and development in mice with low functional expression of Kir7.1 in heterozygosis for a blindness-producing mutation inactivating the channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1178-C1192. [PMID: 38406825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00597.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
K+ channel Kir7.1 expressed at the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an essential role in retinal function. An isoleucine-to-threonine mutation at position 120 of the protein is responsible for blindness-causing vitreo-retinal dystrophy. We have studied the molecular mechanism of action of Kir7.1-I120T in vitro by heterologous expression and in vivo in CRISPR-generated knockin mice. Full-size Kir7.1-I120T reaches the plasma membrane but lacks any activity. Analysis of Kir7.1 and the I120T mutant in mixed transfection experiments, and that of tandem tetrameric constructs made by combining wild type (WT) and mutant protomers, leads us to conclude that they do not form heterotetramers in vitro. Homozygous I120T/I120T mice show cleft palate and tracheomalacia and do not survive beyond P0, whereas heterozygous WT/I120T develop normally. Membrane conductance of RPE cells isolated from WT/WT and heterozygous WT/I120T mice is dominated by Kir7.1 current. Using Rb+ as a charge carrier, we demonstrate that the Kir7.1 current of WT/I120T RPE cells corresponds to approximately 50% of that in cells from WT/WT animals, in direct proportion to WT gene dosage. This suggests a lack of compensatory effects or interference from the mutated allele product, an interpretation consistent with results obtained using WT/- hemizygous mouse. Electroretinography and behavioral tests also show normal vision in WT/I120T animals. The hypomorphic ion channel phenotype of heterozygous Kir7.1-I120T mutants is therefore compatible with normal development and retinal function. The lack of detrimental effect of this degree of functional deficit might explain the recessive nature of Kir7.1 mutations causing human eye disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human retinal pigment epithelium K+ channel Kir7.1 is affected by generally recessive mutations leading to blindness. We investigate one such mutation, isoleucine-to-threonine at position 120, both in vitro and in vivo in knockin mice. The mutated channel is inactive and in heterozygosis gives a hypomorphic phenotype with normal retinal function. Mutant channels do not interfere with wild-type Kir7.1 channels which are expressed concomitantly without hindrance, providing an explanation for the recessive nature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Vera
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Isabel Cornejo
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Henao
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | - Francisco V Sepúlveda
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Pablo Cid
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
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Zhao X, Xu M, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang T, Wan X, Jiang M, Luo X, Shen Y, Chen L, Zhou M, Wang F, Sun X. Bifidobacterium promotes retinal ganglion cell survival by regulating the balance of retinal glial cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29 Suppl 1:146-160. [PMID: 36924268 PMCID: PMC10314105 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optic nerve injury is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons cannot be regenerated once damaged. Therefore, reducing RGC damage is crucial to prevent blindness. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the potential influence of the gut microbiota on RGC survival, as well as the associated action mechanisms. METHODS We evaluated the effects of microbiota, specifically Bifidobacterium, on RGC. Optic nerve crush (ONC) was used as a model of optic nerve injury. Vancomycin and Bifidobacterium were orally administered to specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. RESULTS Bifidobacterium promoted RGC survival and optic nerve regeneration. The administration of Bifidobacterium inhibited microglia activation but promoted Müller cell activation, which was accompanied by the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of neurotrophic factors and retinal ERK/Fos signaling pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that Bifidobacterium-induced changes in intestinal flora promote RGC survival. The protective effect of Bifidobacterium on RGC can be attributed to the inhibition of microglia activation and promotion of Müller cell activation and the secondary regulation of inflammatory and neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mengqiao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xueting Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yao Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Minwen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Feng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghaiChina
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Song DJ, Bao XL, Fan B, Li GY. Mechanism of Cone Degeneration in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1037-1048. [PMID: 35792991 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetic disorders resulting in inherited blindness due to the degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors. The various mechanisms underlying rod degeneration primarily rely on genetic mutations, leading to night blindness initially. Cones gradually degenerate after rods are almost eliminated, resulting in varying degrees of visual disability and blindness. The mechanism of cone degeneration remains unclear. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying cone degeneration in RP, a highly heterogeneous disease, is essential to develop novel treatments of RP. Herein, we review recent advancements in the five hypotheses of cone degeneration, including oxidative stress, trophic factors, metabolic stress, light damage, and inflammation activation. We also discuss the connection among these theories to provide a better understanding of secondary cone degeneration in RP. Five current mechanisms of cone degenerations in RP Interactions among different pathways are involved in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Juan Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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Moran AL, Carter SP, Kaylor JJ, Jiang Z, Broekman S, Dillon ET, Gómez Sánchez A, Minhas SK, van Wijk E, Radu RA, Travis GH, Carey M, Blacque OE, Kennedy BN. Dawn and dusk peaks of outer segment phagocytosis, and visual cycle function require Rab28. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22309. [PMID: 35471581 PMCID: PMC9322422 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101897r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAB28 is a farnesylated, ciliary G-protein. Patient variants in RAB28 are causative of autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy (CRD), an inherited human blindness. In rodent and zebrafish models, the absence of Rab28 results in diminished dawn, photoreceptor, outer segment phagocytosis (OSP). Here, we demonstrate that Rab28 is also required for dusk peaks of OSP, but not for basal OSP levels. This study further elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which Rab28 controls OSP and inherited blindness. Proteomic profiling identified factors whose expression in the eye or whose expression at dawn and dusk peaks of OSP is dysregulated by loss of Rab28. Notably, transgenic overexpression of Rab28, solely in zebrafish cones, rescues the OSP defect in rab28 KO fish, suggesting rab28 gene replacement in cone photoreceptors is sufficient to regulate Rab28-OSP. Rab28 loss also perturbs function of the visual cycle as retinoid levels of 11-cRAL, 11cRP, and atRP are significantly reduced in larval and adult rab28 KO retinae (p < .05). These data give further understanding on the molecular mechanisms of RAB28-associated CRD, highlighting roles of Rab28 in both peaks of OSP, in vitamin A metabolism and in retinoid recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailís L. Moran
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
- UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Stephen P. Carter
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
- UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Joanna J. Kaylor
- Department of OphthalmologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLA Stein Eye InstituteUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zhichun Jiang
- Department of OphthalmologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLA Stein Eye InstituteUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sanne Broekman
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviorNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Alicia Gómez Sánchez
- UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
- Ocupharm Diagnostic Group ResearchFaculty of Optic and OptometryUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Sajal K. Minhas
- UCD School of Mathematics & StatisticsUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviorNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Roxana A. Radu
- Department of OphthalmologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLA Stein Eye InstituteUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gabriel H. Travis
- Department of OphthalmologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLA Stein Eye InstituteUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos Angeles School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michelle Carey
- UCD School of Mathematics & StatisticsUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Oliver E. Blacque
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
- UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Breandán N. Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
- UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
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Abstract
Dysfunction of the key sense of vision, leading to visual handicap or blindness, has a crucial effect on day-to-day life. In this commentary, I will summarize the work in my laboratory that is focused on a basic understanding of visual processing and the use of this information to understand disease mechanism and to develop correcting therapies. We are beginning to understand how cell types of the visual system interact in local circuits and compute visual information. This has brought insight into mechanisms of cell-type-specific diseases and has allowed us to design new therapies for restoring vision in genetic forms of blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology BaselBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Friedrich Miescher InstituteBaselSwitzerland
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6
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Gore AV, Rohner N, Rétaux S, Jeffery WR. Seeing a bright future for a blind fish. Dev Biol 2018; 441:207-208. [PMID: 30166000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket V Gore
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, KU Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience,UMR 9197, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - William R Jeffery
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland,College Park, MD 20742, United States
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7
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Song JY, Aravand P, Nikonov S, Leo L, Lyubarsky A, Bennicelli JL, Pan J, Wei Z, Shpylchak I, Herrera P, Bennett DJ, Commins N, Maguire AM, Pham J, den Hollander AI, Cremers FPM, Koenekoop RK, Roepman R, Nishina P, Zhou S, Pan W, Ying GS, Aleman TS, de Melo J, McNamara I, Sun J, Mills J, Bennett J. Amelioration of Neurosensory Structure and Function in Animal and Cellular Models of a Congenital Blindness. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1581-1593. [PMID: 29673930 PMCID: PMC5986734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most genetically distinct inherited retinal degenerations are primary photoreceptor degenerations. We selected a severe early onset form of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), caused by mutations in the gene LCA5, in order to test the efficacy of gene augmentation therapy for a ciliopathy. The LCA5-encoded protein, Lebercilin, is essential for the trafficking of proteins and vesicles to the photoreceptor outer segment. Using the AAV serotype AAV7m8 to deliver a human LCA5 cDNA into an Lca5 null mouse model of LCA5, we show partial rescue of retinal structure and visual function. Specifically, we observed restoration of rod-and-cone-driven electroretinograms in about 25% of injected eyes, restoration of pupillary light responses in the majority of treated eyes, an ∼20-fold decrease in target luminance necessary for visually guided behavior, and improved retinal architecture following gene transfer. Using LCA5 patient-derived iPSC-RPEs, we show that delivery of the LCA5 cDNA restores lebercilin protein and rescues cilia quantity. The results presented in this study support a path forward aiming to develop safety and efficacy trials for gene augmentation therapy in human subjects with LCA5 mutations. They also provide the framework for measuring the effects of intervention in ciliopathies and other severe, early-onset blinding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Song
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Puya Aravand
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergei Nikonov
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lanfranco Leo
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arkady Lyubarsky
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeannette L Bennicelli
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jieyan Pan
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhangyong Wei
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Shpylchak
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pamela Herrera
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicoletta Commins
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert M Maguire
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pham
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Center, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Shangzhen Zhou
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Pan
- Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tomas S Aleman
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jimmy de Melo
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilan McNamara
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junwei Sun
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason Mills
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT) and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Tedja MS, Wojciechowski R, Hysi PG, Eriksson N, Furlotte NA, Verhoeven VJ, Iglesias AI, Meester-Smoor MA, Tompson SW, Fan Q, Khawaja AP, Cheng CY, Höhn R, Yamashiro K, Wenocur A, Grazal C, Haller T, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Jonas JB, Wang YX, Xie J, Mitchell P, Foster PJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Shah RL, Williams C, Teo YY, Tham YC, Gupta P, Zhao W, Shi Y, Saw WY, Tai ES, Sim XL, Huffman JE, Polašek O, Hayward C, Bencic G, Rudan I, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Tsujikawa A, Matsuda F, Whisenhunt KN, Zeller T, van der Spek PJ, Haak R, Meijers-Heijboer H, van Leeuwen EM, Iyengar SK, Lass JH, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Vingerling JR, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Biino G, Concas MP, Schwantes-An TH, Igo RP, Cuellar-Partida G, Martin NG, Craig JE, Gharahkhani P, Williams KM, Nag A, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Delcourt C, Bellenguez C, Ried JS, Bergen AA, Meitinger T, Gieger C, Wong TY, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Simpson CL, Pfeiffer N, Pärssinen O, Baird PN, Vitart V, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Young TL, Saw SM, Stambolian D, MacGregor S, Guggenheim JA, Tung JY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CC. Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error. Nat Genet 2018; 50:834-848. [PMID: 29808027 PMCID: PMC5980758 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors, including myopia, are the most frequent eye disorders worldwide and an increasingly common cause of blindness. This genome-wide association meta-analysis in 160,420 participants and replication in 95,505 participants increased the number of established independent signals from 37 to 161 and showed high genetic correlation between Europeans and Asians (>0.78). Expression experiments and comprehensive in silico analyses identified retinal cell physiology and light processing as prominent mechanisms, and also identified functional contributions to refractive-error development in all cell types of the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix. Newly identified genes implicate novel mechanisms such as rod-and-cone bipolar synaptic neurotransmission, anterior-segment morphology and angiogenesis. Thirty-one loci resided in or near regions transcribing small RNAs, thus suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. Our results support the notion that refractive errors are caused by a light-dependent retina-to-sclera signaling cascade and delineate potential pathobiological molecular drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Virginie J.M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart W. Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adam Wenocur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clare Grazal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Barbara E.K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupal L. Shah
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Department of Health Service Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yuan Shi
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Woei-Yuh Saw
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Ling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter K. Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kristina N. Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Roxanna Haak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. van Leeuwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lass
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.HChan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, U1167 - Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Singapore
- Retino Center, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tenessee
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Liu X, Hao J, Xie T, Malik TH, Lu C, Liu C, Shu C, Lu C, Zhou D. Nrf2 as a target for prevention of age-related and diabetic cataracts by against oxidative stress. Aging Cell 2017; 16:934-942. [PMID: 28722304 PMCID: PMC5595676 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract is one of the most important causes of blindness worldwide, with age-related cataract being the most common one. Agents preventing cataract formation are urgently required. Substantial evidences point out aggravated oxidative stress as a vital factor for cataract formation. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like erythroid-cell-derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)-associated protein 1 (Keap1) system is considered as one of the main cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stresses. This review discusses the role of Nrf2 pathway in the prevention of cataracts and highlights that Nrf2 suppressors may augment oxidative stress of the lens, and Nrf2 inducers may decrease the oxidative stress and prevent the cataract formation. Thus, Nrf2 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for cataract treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐Fen Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Ji‐Long Hao
- Department of OphthalmologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe People's Hospital of Jilin ProvinceJilinChina
| | - Tayyab Hamid Malik
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Cheng‐Bo Lu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Hospital of Jiamusi UniversityHeilongjiangChina
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Cheng‐Wei Lu
- Department of OphthalmologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Dan‐Dan Zhou
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
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10
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Jee K, Rodrigues M, Kashiwabuchi F, Applewhite BP, Han I, Lutty G, Goldberg MF, Semenza GL, Montaner S, Sodhi A. Expression of the angiogenic mediator, angiopoietin-like 4, in the eyes of patients with proliferative sickle retinopathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183320. [PMID: 28832635 PMCID: PMC5568377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent success of therapies directly targeting the angiogenic mediator, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), for the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy has encouraged clinicians to extend the use of anti-VEGF therapies for the treatment of another ischemic retinal vascular disease, proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR), the most common cause of irreversible blindness in patients with sickle cell disease. However, results from case reports evaluating anti-VEGF therapies for PSR have been mixed. This highlights the need to identify alternative therapeutic targets for the treatment of retinal neovascularization in sickle cell patients. In this regard, angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is a novel angiogenic factor regulated by the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, the master regulator of angiogenic mediators (including VEGF) in ischemic retinal disease. In an effort to identify alternative targets for the treatment of sickle cell retinopathy, we have explored the expression of ANGPTL4 in the eyes of patients with PSR. To this end, we examined expression and localization of ANGPTL4 by immunohistochemistry in autopsy eyes from patients with known PSR (n = 5 patients). Complementary studies were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in aqueous (n = 8; 7 patients, 2 samples from one eye of same patient) and vitreous (n = 3 patients) samples from a second group of patients with active PSR. We detected expression of ANGPTL4 in neovascular tissue and in the ischemic inner retina in PSR, but not control, eyes. We further observed elevated expression of ANGPTL4 in the aqueous and vitreous of PSR patients compared to controls. These results suggest that ANGPTL4 could contribute to the development of retinal neovascularization in sickle cell patients and could therefore be a therapeutic target for the treatment of PSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Jee
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Murilo Rodrigues
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Fabiana Kashiwabuchi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Brooks P. Applewhite
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ian Han
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gerard Lutty
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Morton F. Goldberg
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Biological Chemistry, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Silvia Montaner
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Akrit Sodhi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Giacalone JC, Wiley LA, Burnight ER, Songstad AE, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Concise Review: Patient-Specific Stem Cells to Interrogate Inherited Eye Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 5:132-40. [PMID: 26683869 PMCID: PMC4729558 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable diseases of the retina are major causes of blindness worldwide. The recent success of gene augmentation trials for the treatment of RPE65-associated Leber congenital amaurosis has underscored the need for model systems that accurately recapitulate disease. How induced pluripotent stem cell technology is being used to confirm the pathogenesis of novel genetic variants, interrogate the pathophysiology of disease, and accelerate the development of patient-centered treatments is discussed. Whether we are driving to work or spending time with loved ones, we depend on our sense of vision to interact with the world around us. Therefore, it is understandable why blindness for many is feared above death itself. Heritable diseases of the retina, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa, are major causes of blindness worldwide. The recent success of gene augmentation trials for the treatment of RPE65-associated Leber congenital amaurosis has underscored the need for model systems that accurately recapitulate disease. With the advent of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), researchers are now able to obtain disease-specific cell types that would otherwise be unavailable for molecular analysis. In the present review, we discuss how the iPSC technology is being used to confirm the pathogenesis of novel genetic variants, interrogate the pathophysiology of disease, and accelerate the development of patient-centered treatments. Significance Stem cell technology has created the opportunity to advance treatments for multiple forms of blindness. Researchers are now able to use a person’s cells to generate tissues found in the eye. This technology can be used to elucidate the genetic causes of disease and develop treatment strategies. In the present review, how stem cell technology is being used to interrogate the pathophysiology of eye disease and accelerate the development of patient-centered treatments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Giacalone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Luke A Wiley
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Allison E Songstad
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in the United States and it is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults aged 20-74. It is estimated that about 20% of patients with type 2 DM have evidence of diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis with diabetes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of DR and to determine risk factors related to diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetes patients attending endocrinology clinics at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study design was observational prospective longitudinal follow-up study, the study was conducted with sample of 1077 type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatient recruited via attended the diabetes clinics at HUSM. Diagnosis of retinopathy is based on finding the diagnostic signs of retinopathy on eye exams by fundoscopy. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent variables that affect the development of retinopathy. RESULTS The prevalence of retinopathy was 39.3%. It has been noticed from this study findings, that the progression of retinopathy is been influenced by five independent risk factors such as duration of diabetes, presence neuropathy, total cholesterol at second and third visit and createnine clearance. CONCLUSION DR is highly prevalent among type 2 DM. The progression of retinopathy is been influenced by five independent risk factors such as duration of diabetes, presence neuropathy, total cholesterol at second and third visit and createnine clearance. DR is a serious diabetic complication and public health strategies are required in order to reduce its risk factors and decrease its prevalence.
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13
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Syed-Picard FN, Du Y, Lathrop KL, Mann MM, Funderburgh ML, Funderburgh JL. Dental pulp stem cells: a new cellular resource for corneal stromal regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:276-85. [PMID: 25713466 PMCID: PMC4339846 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal blindness afflicts millions of individuals worldwide and is currently treated by grafting with cadaveric tissues; however, there are worldwide donor tissue shortages, and many allogeneic grafts are eventually rejected. Autologous stem cells present a prospect for personalized regenerative medicine and an alternative to cadaveric tissue grafts. Dental pulp contains a population of adult stem cells and, similar to corneal stroma, develops embryonically from the cranial neural crest. We report that adult dental pulp cells (DPCs) isolated from third molars have the capability to differentiate into keratocytes, cells of the corneal stoma. After inducing differentiation in vitro, DPCs expressed molecules characteristic of keratocytes, keratocan, and keratan sulfate proteoglycans at both the gene and the protein levels. DPCs cultured on aligned nanofiber substrates generated tissue-engineered, corneal stromal-like constructs, recapitulating the tightly packed, aligned, parallel fibrillar collagen of native stromal tissue. After injection in vivo into mouse corneal stroma, human DPCs produced corneal stromal extracellular matrix containing human type I collagen and keratocan and did not affect corneal transparency or induce immunological rejection. These findings demonstrate a potential for the clinical application of DPCs in cellular or tissue engineering therapies for corneal stromal blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima N Syed-Picard
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary M Mann
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martha L Funderburgh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L Funderburgh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Xue Y, Shen SQ, Jui J, Rupp AC, Byrne LC, Hattar S, Flannery JG, Corbo JC, Kefalov VJ. CRALBP supports the mammalian retinal visual cycle and cone vision. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:727-38. [PMID: 25607845 DOI: 10.1172/jci79651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP, encoded by RLBP1) can lead to severe cone photoreceptor-mediated vision loss in patients. It is not known how CRALBP supports cone function or how altered CRALBP leads to cone dysfunction. Here, we determined that deletion of Rlbp1 in mice impairs the retinal visual cycle. Mice lacking CRALBP exhibited M-opsin mislocalization, M-cone loss, and impaired cone-driven visual behavior and light responses. Additionally, M-cone dark adaptation was largely suppressed in CRALBP-deficient animals. While rearing CRALBP-deficient mice in the dark prevented the deterioration of cone function, it did not rescue cone dark adaptation. Adeno-associated virus-mediated restoration of CRALBP expression specifically in Müller cells, but not retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, rescued the retinal visual cycle and M-cone sensitivity in knockout mice. Our results identify Müller cell CRALBP as a key component of the retinal visual cycle and demonstrate that this pathway is important for maintaining normal cone-driven vision and accelerating cone dark adaptation.
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15
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Abstract
One of the major complications in patients with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of blindness worldwide. It causes visual impairment and finally blindness, a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. It takes several years before any clinical symptoms of retinopathy appear in diabetic patients. Consequently, glycemic control, blood pressure and lipid-lowering therapy have all shown benefits in reducing the incidence and progression of DR. A number of hyperglycemia-induced metabolic stresses have been implicated in the pathophysiology of DR. The microvasculature of the retina responds to hyperglycemia through a number of biochemical changes, including the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation, polyol pathway and oxidative stress. There is an accumulating body of evidence indicating that inflammation and neurodegeneration play an important role in the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India.
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16
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Wu L, Tang Z, Sun X, Feng X, Qian W, Wang J, Jin L. Metabolic changes in the visual cortex of binocular blindness macaque monkeys: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80073. [PMID: 24224037 PMCID: PMC3818303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in a study of cross-modal plasticity in the visual cortex of binocular blindness macaque monkeys. Materials and Methods Four healthy neonatal macaque monkeys were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 2 in each group. Optic nerve transection was performed in both monkeys in the experimental group (group B) to obtain binocular blindness. Two healthy macaque monkeys served as a control group (group A). After sixteen months post-procedure, 1H-MRS was performed in the visual cortex of all monkeys. We compared the peak areas of NAA, Cr, Cho, Glx and Ins and the ratios of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, Glx/Cr and Ins/Cr of each monkey in group B with group A. Results The peak area of NAA and the NAA/Cr ratio in the visual cortex of monkey 4 in group B were found to be dramatically decreased, the peak area of NAA slightly decreased and the NAA/Cr ratio clearly decreased in visual cortex of monkey 3 in group B than those in group A. The peak area of Ins and the Ins/Cr ratio in the visual cortex of monkey 4 in group B slightly increased. The peak area of Cho and the Cho/Cr ratio in the visual cortex of all monkeys in group B dramatically increased compared with group A. The peak area of Glx in the visual cortex of all monkeys in group B slightly increased compared with group A. Conclusions 1H-MRS could detect biochemical and metabolic changes in the visual cortex and therefore this technique can be used to provide valuable information for investigating the mechanisms of cross-modal plasticity of binocular blindness in a macaque monkey model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Wu
- Department of Radiology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuohua Tang
- Department of Radiology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZHT); (XHS)
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZHT); (XHS)
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Qian
- Department of Radiology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Jin
- Siemens Ltd. Healthcare Sector, Shanghai, China
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17
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Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), characterized by pathologic retinal angiogenesis, is a major cause of blindness in the USA and globally. Treatments targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have emerged as a beneficial part of the therapeutic armamentarium for this condition, highlighting the utility of identifying and targeting specific pathogenic molecules. There continues to be active research into the molecular players regulating retinal angiogenesis, including pro-angiogenic factors, anti-angiogenic factors, and integrins and matrix proteinases. New insights have been especially prominent regarding molecules which regulate specialized endothelial cells called tip cells, which play a lead role in endothelial sprouting. Together, these research efforts are uncovering new, important molecular regulators of retinal angiogenesis, which provide fertile areas for therapeutic exploration. This review discusses potential molecular targets, with an emphasis towards newer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Ophthalmologic Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
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18
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a progressive condition that is untreatable in up to 90% of patients, is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly worldwide. The two forms of AMD, wet and dry, are classified based on the presence or absence of blood vessels that have disruptively invaded the retina, respectively. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying wet AMD has led to several robust FDA-approved therapies. In contrast, there are no approved treatments for dry AMD. In this review, we provide insight into the critical effector pathways mediating each form of the disease. A recurring theme that spans most aspects of AMD pathogenesis is defective immune modulation in the classically immune-privileged ocular haven. Interestingly, the latest advances in AMD research also highlight common molecular disease pathways with other neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, the therapeutic potential of intervening at known mechanistic steps of AMD pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrishna Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The visual loss that occurs with sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) in the absence of recognizable retinal damage and inflammatory cell infiltration is an enigma. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is an animal model used to study human endogenous uveitis. Both innate and adaptive immune responses have been well studied in the photoreceptor damage mechanism of EAU. In our studies, in the early phase of EAU, proinflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the subsequent mitochondrial DNA damage, mitochondrial protein alteration, and mitochondrial dysfunction by oxidative stress were observed before retinal inflammatory cell infiltration. Our recent study shows the importance of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the production of proinflammatory molecules and the induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Thus, the innate immune responses occur first with the activation of TLRs; this activation upregulates proinflammatory molecules, leading to mitochondrial oxidative stress before retinal inflammatory cell infiltration and the subsequent adaptive immune responses. Like EAU, SO also results in photoreceptor mitochondrial oxidative damage without retinal inflammatory cell infiltration. Such damage was associated with TNF-α, TNF-α receptors, and iNOS expression in the photoreceptors, suggesting that this molecular mechanism without retinal inflammatory cell infiltration may initiate photoreceptor damage in SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kaneko
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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20
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Xu S, Cheng F, Liang J, Wu W, Zhang J. Maternal xNorrin, a canonical Wnt signaling agonist and TGF-β antagonist, controls early neuroectoderm specification in Xenopus. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001286. [PMID: 22448144 PMCID: PMC3308935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus maternal Norrin, which activates Wnt signaling but inhibits TGF-β family molecules, is essential for neuroectoderm formation. Loss of TGF-β inhibition in Norrin may contribute to the development of Norrie disease. Dorsal–ventral specification in the amphibian embryo is controlled by β-catenin, whose activation in all dorsal cells is dependent on maternal Wnt11. However, it remains unknown whether other maternally secreted factors contribute to β-catenin activation in the dorsal ectoderm. Here, we show that maternal Xenopus Norrin (xNorrin) promotes anterior neural tissue formation in ventralized embryos. Conversely, when xNorrin function is inhibited, early canonical Wnt signaling in the dorsal ectoderm and the early expression of the zygotic neural inducers Chordin, Noggin, and Xnr3 are severely suppressed, causing the loss of anterior structures. In addition, xNorrin potently inhibits BMP- and Nodal/Activin-related functions through direct binding to the ligands. Moreover, a subset of Norrin mutants identified in humans with Norrie disease retain Wnt activation but show defective inhibition of Nodal/Activin-related signaling in mesoderm induction, suggesting that this disinhibition causes Norrie disease. Thus, xNorrin is an unusual molecule that acts on two major signaling pathways, Wnt and TGF-β, in opposite ways and is essential for early neuroectoderm specification. A key step during early embryogenesis is the generation of neural precursors, which later form the central nervous system. In vertebrates, this process requires proper dorsal–ventral axis specification, and we know that the canonical Wnt and BMP signaling pathways help pattern the dorsal ectoderm. In this study, we examine other factors that are involved in neuroectoderm development in the frog species Xenopus laevis. We find that maternal Xenopus Norrin (xNorrin) is required for canonical Wnt signaling in the dorsal ectoderm, functions upstream of neural inducers, and is required for neural formation. We also find that xNorrin not only activates Wnt signaling, but also inhibits BMP/Nodal-related signaling. In humans, mutations in Norrin cause Norrie disease. Using Norrin mutants identified in patients with Norrie disease, we find that some Norrin mutants fail to inhibit BMP/Nodal-related signaling (specifically, TGF-β) but retain the ability to activate the Wnt pathway, suggesting that loss of TGF-β inhibition may contribute to Norrie disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Yu L, Yang SJ. AMP-activated protein kinase mediates activity-dependent regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha and nuclear respiratory factor 1 expression in rat visual cortical neurons. Neuroscience 2010; 169:23-38. [PMID: 20438809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) is one of the key transcription factors implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis by activating the transcription of mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) and subunit genes of respiratory enzymes. NRF-1 transactivation activity can be enhanced by interaction with transcription coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha). The expression of PGC-1alpha, NRF-1 and mtTFA in neurons is known to be tightly regulated by neuronal activity. However, the coupling signaling mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we use primary cultures of rat visual cortical neurons and a rat model of monocular deprivation (MD) to investigate whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is implicated in mediating activity-dependent regulation of PGC-1alpha and NRF-1 expression in neurons. We find that KCl depolarization rapidly activates AMPK and significantly increases PGC-1alpha, NRF-1, and mtTFA levels with increased ATP production in neuron cultures. Similarly, pharmacological activation of AMPK with 5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) or resveratrol also markedly increases PGC-1alpha and NRF-1 mRNA levels in neuron cultures. All these effects can be completely blocked by an AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. Conversely, 1 week of MD significantly reduces AMPK phosphorylation and activity, dramatically down-regulates PGC-1alpha and NRF-1 expression in deprived primary visual cortex. Administration of resveratrol in vivo significantly activates AMPK activity and attenuates the effects of MD on mitochondria by significant increase in PGC-1alpha and NRF-1 levels, mitochondria amount, and coupled respiration. These results strongly indicate that AMPK is an essential upstream mediator that couples neuronal activity to mitochondrial energy metabolism by regulation of PGC-1alpha-NRF-1 pathway in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, 4th Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
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22
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Bernabeu A, Alfaro A, García M, Fernández E. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) reveals the presence of elevated myo-inositol in the occipital cortex of blind subjects. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1172-6. [PMID: 19426816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is addressed to investigate whether proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) may provide the means to investigate changes associated to alterations of neural activity and sensory experience in the blind. We examined the relationships between different brain metabolite levels in 10 blind volunteers and 10 sighted subjects matched for age and gender. Adjusted levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), glutamate/glutamine (Glx) and myo-inositol (mIno) in the occipital cortex region were quantified in the water-suppressed spectrum using the AMARES estimation algorithms. An unpaired two-tailed t-test was used to determine any significant difference in metabolite ratios. Our results show that none of the blind volunteers presented atrophy or any other MRI detectable degenerative change of the occipital cortex. The main finding was a significant increase of myo-inositol (mIno), a glial marker, in blind subjects compared to sighted controls. This simple sugar-like molecule can be found mainly within astrocytes, and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore its increase could reflect glial proliferation or an increase in glial cell size. These results show that (1)H-MRS may help to understand the complex mechanisms involved in brain plasticity and suggest an active role of glial cells in the reorganization of the brain in response to visual deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bernabeu
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnética, Hospital General Universitario, INSCANNER SL, Alicante, Spain
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23
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Ellouze S, Augustin S, Bouaita A, Bonnet C, Simonutti M, Forster V, Picaud S, Sahel JA, Corral-Debrinski M. Optimized allotopic expression of the human mitochondrial ND4 prevents blindness in a rat model of mitochondrial dysfunction. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:373-87. [PMID: 18771762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA can no longer be ignored in most medical areas. With prevalence certainly higher than one in 6000, they probably represent the most common form of metabolic disorders. Despite progress in identification of their molecular mechanisms, little has been done with regard to therapy. We have recently optimized the allotopic expression for the mitochondrial genes ATP6, ND1, and ND4 and obtained a complete and long-lasting rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction in the human fibroblasts in which these genes were mutated. However, biosafety and benefit to mitochondrial function must be validated in animal models prior to clinical applications. To create an animal model of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), we introduced the human ND4 gene harboring the G11778A mutation, responsible of 60% of LHON cases, to rat eyes by in vivo electroporation. The treatment induced the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which were 40% less abundant in treated eyes than in control eyes. This deleterious effect was also confirmed in primary cell culture, in which both RGC survival and neurite outgrowth were compromised. Importantly, RGC loss was clearly associated with a decline in visual performance. A subsequent electroporation with wild-type ND4 prevented both RGC loss and the impairment of visual function. Hence, these data provide the proof-of-principle that optimized allotopic expression can be an effective treatment for LHON, and they open the way to clinical studies on other devastating mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ellouze
- Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Unité mixte de recherche S 592, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
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24
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Alunni A, Menuet A, Candal E, Pénigault JB, Jeffery WR, Rétaux S. Developmental mechanisms for retinal degeneration in the blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus. J Comp Neurol 2008; 505:221-33. [PMID: 17853442 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sighted surface-dwelling (surface fish, SF) and the blind cave-living (cavefish, CF) forms of Astyanax mexicanus offer a unique opportunity to study the evolutionary changes in developmental mechanisms that lead to retinal degeneration. Previous data have shown the role of increased midline Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling in cavefish eye degeneration (Yamamoto et al. [2004] Nature 431:844-847). Here, we have compared the major steps of eye development in SF and CF between 14 hours and 5 days of development. We have analyzed cell proliferation through PCNA and phospho-histone H3 staining and apoptosis through TUNEL and live LysoTracker analysis. We have assessed the expression of the major eye development signalling factors Shh and Fgf8, and the eye patterning genes Pax6, Lhx2, Lhx9, and Vax1, together with the differentiation marker GAD65. We show that eye development is retarded in CF and that cell proliferation in CF retina is proportionately similar to SF during early development, yet the retina degenerates after massive apoptosis in the lens and widespread cell death throughout the neuroretina. Moreover, and surprisingly, the signalling, patterning, and differentiation processes leading to the establishment of retinal layers and cell types happen almost normally in CF, although some signs of disorganization, slight heterochronies, and a lack of expression gradients are observable. Our data demonstrate that the evolutionary process of eye degeneration in the blind CF does not occur because of patterning defects of the retina and are consistent with the proposed scenario in which the trigger for eye degeneration in CF is lens apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alunni
- MSNC INRA Group, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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25
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Davis JA, Handford PA, Redfield C. The N1317H Substitution Associated with Leber Congenital Amaurosis Results in Impaired Interdomain Packing in Human CRB1 Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGF) Domains. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28807-28814. [PMID: 17660513 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like (cbEGF) domain is a widely occurring module in proteins of diverse function. Amino acid substitutions that disrupt its structure or calcium affinity have been associated with various disorders. The extracellular portion of CRB1, the human homologue of Drosophila Crumbs, exhibits a modular domain organization that includes EGF and cbEGF domains. The N1317H substitution in the 19th cbEGF domain of CRB1 is associated with the serious visual disorder Leber congenital amaurosis. We have investigated the structure and Ca(2+) binding of recombinant wild-type and N1317H CRB1 fragments (EGF18-cbEGF19) using NMR and find that Ca(2+) binding is altered, resulting in disruption of long range interactions between adjacent EGF domains in CRB1. From these observations, we propose that this substitution affects the structural integrity of CRB1 in the inter-photoreceptor matrix of the retina, where it is expressed. Furthermore, we identify disease-causing substitutions in other cbEGF-containing proteins that are likely to result in similar disruption of interdomain packing, supporting the hypothesis that the tandem cbEGF domain linkages are critical for the structure and function of proteins containing cbEGF domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Penny A Handford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Redfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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26
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Lalonde J, Chaudhuri A. Dynamic changes in CREB phosphorylation and neuroadaptive gene expression in area V1 of adult monkeys after monocular enucleation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:24-37. [PMID: 17336089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular events that emerge after change in sensory input remains elusive, especially with regard to mature area V1. Here, we characterized P-CREB expression in area V1 of monkeys at multiple time-points after monocular enucleation (ME) to assess the possible contribution of CREB in visually deprived neocortex. Immunoblot assays and immunostainings showed that P-CREB is dynamically regulated in adult area V1, reaching a peak level between 5 and 30 days after ME, and becoming reduced at the 90-day post-ME time-point. This striking temporal increase in P-CREB level was paralleled by a concomitant increase of two CREB-regulated pro-survival effectors, namely Bcl-2 and Bcl-w. We present our results in the context of recent advances about adult visual neocortex and propose that ME induces a multifaceted CREB-mediated response that favors intrinsic stability of neurons and facilitates mature cortical networks to reorganize over a prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Lalonde
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1B1.
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27
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Duffy KR, Murphy KM, Frosch MP, Livingstone MS. Cytochrome oxidase and neurofilament reactivity in monocularly deprived human primary visual cortex. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:1283-91. [PMID: 16831856 PMCID: PMC2628812 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of human primary visual cortex (V1) have demonstrated a significant eye-specific decrease in cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining following monocular enucleation. We have extended these results by examining CO staining and neurofilament labeling in V1 from a patient with long-standing monocular blindness. A pattern of reduced neurofilament reactivity was found to align with pale CO-stained ocular dominance columns. Neurons located within deprived ocular dominance columns were significantly smaller compared with those in nondeprived columns. A spatial analysis of the relationship between CO blobs and ocular dominance columns revealed that both deprived and nondeprived blobs tended to align with the centers of ocular dominance columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Duffy
- Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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28
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Chen Y, Moiseyev G, Takahashi Y, Ma JX. Impacts of two point mutations of RPE65 from Leber's congenital amaurosis on the stability, subcellular localization and isomerohydrolase activity of RPE65. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4200-4. [PMID: 16828753 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RPE65, a membrane-associated protein in the retinal pigment epithelium, is the isomerohydrolase essential for regenerating 11-cis retinal, the chromophore for visual pigments. RPE65 mutations are associated with inherited retinal dystrophies. Here we report that single point mutations of RPE65, Y144D and P363T, identified in patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), significantly decreased the stability of RPE65. Moreover, these mutations altered subcellular localization of RPE65 and abolished its isomerohydrolase activity. These observations suggest that the decreased protein stability and altered subcellular localization of RPE65 may represent a mechanism for these mutations to lead to vision loss in LCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd, BSEB 328B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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29
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Maeda A, Maeda T, Imanishi Y, Golczak M, Moise AR, Palczewski K. Aberrant metabolites in mouse models of congenital blinding diseases: formation and storage of retinyl esters. Biochemistry 2006; 45:4210-9. [PMID: 16566595 PMCID: PMC1560103 DOI: 10.1021/bi052382x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, is a critical step in restoring photoreceptors to their dark-adapted conditions. This regeneration process, called the retinoid cycle, takes place in the photoreceptor outer segments and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Disabling mutations in nearly all of the retinoid cycle genes are linked to human conditions that cause congenital or progressive defects in vision. Several mouse models with disrupted genes related to this cycle contain abnormal fatty acid retinyl ester levels in the RPE. To investigate the mechanisms of retinyl ester accumulation, we generated single or double knockout mice lacking retinoid cycle genes. All-trans-retinyl esters accumulated in mice lacking RPE65, but they are reduced in double knockout mice also lacking opsin, suggesting a connection between visual pigment regeneration and the retinoid cycle. Only Rdh5-deficient mice accumulate cis-retinyl esters, regardless of the simultaneous disruption of RPE65, opsin, and prRDH. 13-cis-Retinoids are produced at higher levels when the flow of retinoid through the cycle was increased, and these esters are stored in specific structures called retinosomes. Most importantly, retinylamine, a specific and effective inhibitor of the 11-cis-retinol formation, also inhibits the production of 13-cis-retinyl esters. The data presented here support the idea that 13-cis-retinyl esters are formed through an aberrant enzymatic isomerization process.
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30
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Schmitz F, Tabares L, Khimich D, Strenzke N, de la Villa-Polo P, Castellano-Muñoz M, Bulankina A, Moser T, Fernández-Chacón R, Südhof TC. CSPalpha-deficiency causes massive and rapid photoreceptor degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2926-31. [PMID: 16477021 PMCID: PMC1413794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine string protein (CSP) alpha is an abundant synaptic vesicle protein that contains a DNA-J domain characteristic of Hsp40-type cochaperones. Previous studies showed that deletion of CSPalpha in mice leads to massive lethal neurodegeneration but did not clarify how the neurodegeneration affects specific subpopulations of neurons. Here, we analyzed the effects of the CSPalpha deficiency on tonically active ribbon synapses of the retina and the inner ear. We show that CSPalpha-deficient photoreceptor terminals undergo dramatic and rapidly progressive neurodegeneration that starts before eye opening and initially does not affect other retinal synapses. These changes are associated with progressive blindness. In contrast, ribbon synapses of auditory hair cells did not exhibit presynaptic impairments in CSPalpha-deficient mice. Hair cells, but not photoreceptor cells or central neurons, express CSPbeta, thereby accounting for the lack of a hair-cell phenotype in CSPalpha knockout mice. Our data demonstrate that tonically active ribbon synapses in retina are particularly sensitive to the deletion of CSPalpha and that expression of at least one CSP isoform is essential to protect such tonically active synapses from neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schmitz
- *Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universität des Saarlandes Homburg/Saar, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Lucia Tabares
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Darina Khimich
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Nicola Strenzke
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Anna Bulankina
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Tobias Moser
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | | | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
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Pawlyk BS, Smith AJ, Buch PK, Adamian M, Hong DH, Sandberg MA, Ali RR, Li T. Gene replacement therapy rescues photoreceptor degeneration in a murine model of Leber congenital amaurosis lacking RPGRIP. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:3039-45. [PMID: 16123399 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) is a photoreceptor protein anchored in the connecting cilia by an RPGR-interacting protein (RPGRIP). Loss of RPGRIP causes Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), a severe form of photoreceptor degeneration. The current study was an investigation of whether somatic gene replacement could rescue degenerating photoreceptors in a murine model of LCA due to a defect in RPGRIP. METHODS An RPGRIP expression cassette, driven by a mouse opsin promoter, was packaged into recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV). The AAV vector was delivered into the right eyes of RPGRIP(-/-) mice by a single subretinal injection into the superior hemisphere. The left eyes received a saline injection as a control. Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from both eyes at 2, 3, 4, and 5 months after injection. After the final follow-up, retinas were analyzed by immunostaining or by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Delivery of the AAV vector led to RPGRIP expression and restoration of normal RPGR localization at the connecting cilia. Photoreceptor preservation was evident by a thicker cell layer and well-developed outer segments in the treated eyes. Rescue was more pronounced in the superior hemisphere coincident with the site of delivery. Functional preservation was demonstrated by ERG. CONCLUSIONS AAV-mediated RPGRIP gene replacement preserves photoreceptor structure and function in a mouse model of LCA, despite ongoing cell loss at the time of intervention. These results indicate that gene replacement therapy may be effective in patients with LCA due to a defect in RPGRIP and suggest that further preclinical development of gene therapy for this disorder is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil S Pawlyk
- Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Gonzalez D, Satriotomo I, Miki T, Lee KY, Yokoyama T, Touge T, Matsumoto Y, Li HP, Kuriyama S, Takeuchi Y. Effects of monocular enucleation on calbindin-D 28k and c-Fos expression in the lateral geniculate nucleus in rats. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2005; 82:9-18. [PMID: 15934599 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.82.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of monocular enucleation on the calbindin-D 28k (CB) and c-Fos immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) complex of adult rats. The enucleation resulted in neuronal degeneration and decrease of neurons in the LGN complex. Our study demonstrated a decrease of CB-IR neuronal density on the contralateral side of the ventral (vLGN) and dorsal LGN (dLGN) until 12 weeks post-enucleation (PE). On the ipsilateral side, CB-IR neuronal density in the dLGN and vLGN showed significant and continuous decrease until 48 and 12 weeks PE, respectively. In an additional experiment, c-Fos-IR neurons were increased at 2 days PE in the vLGN with ipsilateral predominance. At 7 days, c-Fos-IR neurons on the ipsilateral vLGN were still higher than those of pre-enucleated rats. The present results suggest that monocular enucleation affects the expression of the CB and c-Fos in the LGN complex. It is indicated that these may play an important role in the neuronal degeneration and neuroplasticity of the subvisual system in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonzalez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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van de Pavert SA, Kantardzhieva A, Malysheva A, Meuleman J, Versteeg I, Levelt C, Klooster J, Geiger S, Seeliger MW, Rashbass P, Le Bivic A, Wijnholds J. Crumbs homologue 1 is required for maintenance of photoreceptor cell polarization and adhesion during light exposure. J Cell Sci 2005; 117:4169-77. [PMID: 15316081 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Crumbs homologue 1 (CRB1) function causes either the eye disease Leber congenital amaurosis or progressive retinitis pigmentosa, depending on the amount of residual CRB1 activity and the genetic background. Crb1 localizes specifically to the sub-apical region adjacent to the adherens junction complex at the outer limiting membrane in the retina. We show that it is associated here with multiple PDZ protein 1 (Mupp1), protein associated with Lin-7 (Pals1 or Mpp5) and Mpp4. We have produced Crb1(-/-) mice completely lacking any functional Crb1. Although the retinas are initially normal, by 3-9 months the Crb1(-/-) retinas develop localized lesions where the integrity of the outer limiting membrane is lost and giant half rosettes are formed. After delamination of the photoreceptor layer, neuronal cell death occurs in the inner and outer nuclear layers of the retina. On moderate exposure to light for 3 days at 3 months of age, the number of severe focal retinal lesions significantly increases in the Crb1(-/-) retina. Crb2, Crb3 and Crb1 interacting proteins remain localized to the sub-apical region and therefore are not sufficient to maintain cell adhesion during light exposure in Crb1(-/-) retinas. Thus we propose that during light exposure Crb1 is essential to maintain, but not assemble, adherens junctions between photoreceptors and Müller glia cells and prevents retinal disorganization and dystrophy. Hence, light may be an influential factor in the development of the corresponding human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge A van de Pavert
- The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pang JJ, Chang B, Hawes NL, Hurd RE, Davisson MT, Li J, Noorwez SM, Malhotra R, McDowell JH, Kaushal S, Hauswirth WW, Nusinowitz S, Thompson DA, Heckenlively JR. Retinal degeneration 12 (rd12): a new, spontaneously arising mouse model for human Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Mol Vis 2005; 11:152-62. [PMID: 15765048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the phenotype and characterization of a new, naturally occurring mouse model of hereditary retinal degeneration (rd12). METHODS The retinal phenotype of rd12 mice were studied using serial indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, electroretinography (ERG), genetic analysis including linkage studies and gene identification, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS Mice homozygous for the rd12 mutation showed small punctate white spots on fundus examination at 5 months of age. The retina in the rd12 homozygote had a normal appearance at the light microscopic level until 6 weeks of age when occasional voids appeared in the outer segments (OS) of the photoreceptor (PR) cells. The outer nuclear layer (ONL) appeared normal until 3 months of age though more obvious voids were detected in the OS. By 7 months of age, 6 to 8 layers of ONL remained in the mutant retina, and the OS were obviously shorter. The first sign of retinal degeneration was detected at the electron microscopic level around 3 weeks of age when occasional small lipid-like droplets were detected in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). By 3 months of age, much larger, lipid-like droplets accumulated in RPE cells accompanied by some OS degeneration. While the histology indicated a relatively slow retinal degeneration in the rd12 homozygous mutant mice, the rod ERG response was profoundly diminished even at 3 weeks of age. Genetic analysis showed that rd12 was an autosomal recessive mutation and mapped to mouse chromosome 3 closely linked to D3Mit19, a location known to be near the mouse Rpe65 gene. Sequence analysis showed that the mouse retinal degeneration is caused by a nonsense mutation in exon 3 of the Rpe65 gene, and the gene symbol for the rd12 mutation has been updated to Rpe65rd12 to reflect this. No RPE65 expression, 11-cis retinal, or rhodopsin could be detected in retinas from rd12 homozygotes, while retinyl esters were found to accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). CONCLUSIONS Mutations in the retinal pigment epithelium gene encoding RPE65 cause an early onset autosomal recessive form of human retinitis pigmentosa, known as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), which results in blindness or severely impaired vision in children. A naturally arising mouse Rpe65 mutation provides a good model for studying the pathology of human RPE65 mutations and the effects of retinyl ester accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jing Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Montiani-Ferreira F, Fischer A, Cernuda-Cernuda R, Kiupel M, DeGrip WJ, Sherry D, Cho SS, Shaw GC, Evans MG, Hocking PM, Petersen-Jones SM. Detailed histopathologic characterization of the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick phenotype. Mol Vis 2005; 11:11-27. [PMID: 15660021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological abnormalities in the retinas of chicks (Gallus gallus) suffering from the autosomal recessive disease, retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge/rge). METHODS rge/rge affected and age matched control retinas were examined from hatch up to 730 days of age. Thickness of retinal layers at six retinal regions was measured from plastic embedded sections. Morphological features were examined on semi-thin sections by light microscopy and on ultra-thin sections by transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a panel of several different antibodies. Additionally, comparative counting of rod outer segments, rows of cells in the inner nuclear layer, and ganglion cells per unit length was performed. RESULTS The earliest changes observed in rge/rge retinas were disorganization of the outer plexiform layer and abnormal location of the endoplasmic reticulum of the photoreceptors. In rge/rge retinas, cone pedicles were larger, irregular in shape, and usually contained multivesicular bodies. In addition, synaptic ribbons of the cone pedicles and rod spherules in rge/rge retinas were less numerous compared to controls. Large glycogen deposits progressively accumulated in the perinuclear cytoplasm associated with the abnormally located endoplasmic reticuli in accessory cones and rods. Total retinal thickness progressively decreased with age in rge/rge birds. This was accompanied by a decrease in the number of cells in the inner nuclear layer and a decrease in the number of rod outer segments (OSs). Several changes were detected in the rge/rge retinas using immunohistochemistry, including mislocalized opsin immunoreactivity of rod photoreceptors, a decrease in number and disorganization of opsin positive rod OSs (especially in the peripheral regions), a decrease in number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurites in the distal inner plexiform layer, and activation of macroglial and microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS As we previously reported, the rge/rge chick has vision loss that is not the result of photoreceptor loss and is unusual in that electroretinographic responses, although abnormal, are maintained until well after vision loss has developed. The phenotype is associated with a developmental disruption of both rod and cone photoreceptor synaptic terminals that progresses with age. It is possible that these changes may be indicative of abnormal circuitry within the outer plexiform layer, and that they underlie the progressive loss of vision in rge/rge birds. Other early changes suggesting photoreceptor abnormality are dilation of photoreceptor cell bodies, abnormal positioning of endoplasmic reticulum in the perinuclear region that is associated with abnormal glycogen deposition, and mislocalization of opsin immunoreactivity in rods. The rge/rge birds develop globe enlargement after the morphological and electroretinographic abnormalities. Globe enlargement in chicks can be induced by a number of different environmental factors. It is possible that abnormal signaling of photoreceptors to inner retinal cells could induce excessive ocular growth in the rge/rge birds. Many of the morphological changes such as retinal thinning seen in older rge/rge birds may be partly the result of the considerable globe enlargement that occurs later in the disease process. Molecular genetic studies to identify the causal gene mutation should help explain the morphological features of the rge/rge phenotype and clarify their association with vision loss and electroretinographic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Nandrot EF, Kim Y, Brodie SE, Huang X, Sheppard D, Finnemann SC. Loss of synchronized retinal phagocytosis and age-related blindness in mice lacking alphavbeta5 integrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:1539-45. [PMID: 15596525 PMCID: PMC2211990 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Daily phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of spent photoreceptor outer segment fragments is critical for vision. In the retina, early morning circadian photoreceptor rod shedding precedes synchronized uptake of shed photoreceptor particles by RPE cells. In vitro, RPE cells use the integrin receptor alphavbeta5 for particle binding. Here, we tested RPE phagocytosis and retinal function in beta5 integrin--deficient mice, which specifically lack alphavbeta5 receptors. Retinal photoresponses severely declined with age in beta5-/- mice, whose RPE accumulated autofluorescent storage bodies that are hallmarks of human retinal aging and disease. beta5-/- RPE in culture failed to take up isolated photoreceptor particles. beta5-/- RPE in vivo retained basal uptake levels but lacked the burst of phagocytic activity that followed circadian photoreceptor shedding in wild-type RPE. Rhythmic activation of focal adhesion and Mer tyrosine kinases that mediate wild-type retinal phagocytosis was also completely absent in beta5-/- retina. These results demonstrate an essential role for alphavbeta5 integrin receptors and their downstream signaling pathways in synchronizing retinal phagocytosis. Furthermore, they identify the beta5-/- integrin mouse strain as a new animal model of age-related retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline F Nandrot
- Margaret M Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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Hannibal J, Hindersson P, Ostergaard J, Georg B, Heegaard S, Larsen PJ, Fahrenkrug J. Melanopsin is expressed in PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells of the human retinohypothalamic tract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45:4202-9. [PMID: 15505076 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The putative circadian photoreceptor melanopsin is found in rodents in a subpopulation of intrinsic light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) constituting the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The study was conducted to determine whether melanopsin is expressed in the human retina and costored with the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), a marker for the RHT, projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Furthermore, whether melanopsin expression is conserved in retinas of blind patients with severe retinal degeneration was investigated. METHODS In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate melanopsin synthesis in human eyes of 17 donors and two postmortem hypothalami containing the SCN. The coexistence of melanopsin and PACAP in elements of the retinohypothalamic tract was studied by dual-labeling immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Melanopsin expression was found in a subpopulation of RGCs located in the ganglion cell layer and displaced in the inner nuclear cell layer. Melanopsin-containing cells comprised approximately 0. 8% of all RGCs, with a distinct morphology characterized by two to four dendritic processes constituting a panretinal network. Melanopsin immunoreactivity was primary present at perikaryal boundaries and neuronal processes and to some extent also in the cytoplasm. PACAP and melanopsin were colocalized in the RGCs and PACAP-containing nerve fibers, seemingly innervating the retinorecipient part of the SCN. Melanopsin-expressing RGCs were conserved in retinas of blind patients with severe degeneration of the outer and/or inner layers. CONCLUSIONS Given the expression of melanopsin in PACAP-containing RGCs of the human RHT, this photoreceptor is a likely first base in the chain of events leading to photoentrainment of both normal and blind people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are responsible for critical signalling events during development but their evolutionary roles remain to be determined. Here we show that hh gene expression at the embryonic midline controls eye degeneration in blind cavefish. We use the teleost Astyanax mexicanus, a single species with an eyed surface-dwelling form (surface fish) and many blind cave forms (cavefish), to study the evolution of eye degeneration. Small eye primordia are formed during cavefish embryogenesis, which later arrest in development, degenerate and sink into the orbits. Eye degeneration is caused by apoptosis of the embryonic lens, and transplanting a surface fish embryonic lens into a cavefish optic cup can restore a complete eye. Here we show that sonic hedgehog (shh) and tiggy-winkle hedgehog (twhh) gene expression is expanded along the anterior embryonic midline in several different cavefish populations. The expansion of hh signalling results in hyperactivation of downstream genes, lens apoptosis and arrested eye growth and development. These features can be mimicked in surface fish by twhh and/or shh overexpression, supporting the role of hh signalling in the evolution of cavefish eye regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Cremers FPM, Maugeri A, den Hollander AI, Hoyng CB. The expanding roles of ABCA4 and CRB1 in inherited blindness. Novartis Found Symp 2004; 255:68-79; discussion 79-84, 177-8. [PMID: 14750597 DOI: 10.1002/0470092645.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ABCA4 gene cause Stargardt disease (STGD), most cases with autosomal recessive (ar) cone-rod dystrophy (CRD), and some cases with atypical ar retinitis pigmentosa (arRP). We found compound heterozygous ABCA4 mutations in two unrelated patients with STGD and homozygous splice site mutations in their 2nd and 4th degree cousins with RP. Some ABCA4 mutations display strong founder effects. In Dutch and German STGD patients, the 768G > T mutation is present in 8% and 0.6% of ABCA4 alleles respectively. Vice versa, the complex L541P;A1038V allele is found in 70% of ABCA4 alleles in German STGD patients but absent in Dutch patients. As approximately 70% of ABCA4 mutations are known, a microarray-based analysis of known ABCA4 gene variants allows routine DNA diagnostics in Caucasian patients. Mutations in the CRB1 gene underlie RP12, some cases with classic arRP, 55% of cases with RP and Coats-like exudative vasculopathy, and 13% of patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), rendering CRB1 a significant cause of autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy. Different combinations of mutations in ABCA4 or CRB1 can be correlated with disease severity, suggesting that small increments of protein activities in patients might have significant therapeutic effects. Mouse and Drosophila studies strongly suggest that both patient groups might benefit from reduced light exposure and therefore should be detected as early as possible using molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Shastry BS, Trese MT. Overproduction and partial purification of the Norrie disease gene product, norrin, from a recombinant baculovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 312:229-34. [PMID: 14630047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal vascularization of the peripheral retina and retinal detachment are common clinical characteristics of Norrie disease (ND), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, Coats' disease, and retinopathy of prematurity. Although little is known about the molecular basis of these diseases, studies have shown that all of these diseases are associated with mutations in the ND gene. In spite of this, little is known about norrin, its molecular mechanism of action, and its functional relationship with the development of abnormal retinal vasculature. To obtain a large quantity of norrin for structural and functional studies, we have overproduced it in insect cells. For this purpose, a cDNA fragment (869 bp) was isolated from a human retinal cDNA library by amplification and was cloned into an expression vector. The purified plasmid was co-transfected with wild-type linearized Bac-N-Blue DNA into S. frugiperda Sf21 insect cells. The recombinant virus plaques were purified and clones were selected based on the level of recombinant protein expressed in Sf21 cells infected with a purified recombinant virus. From these, a high-titer stock was generated and subsequently used to prepare a fused protein on a large scale. The protein was partially purified by the process of immobilized metal affinity chromatography and the use of ion exchange chromatography
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkur S Shastry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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Bok D, Galbraith G, Lopez I, Woodruff M, Nusinowitz S, BeltrandelRio H, Huang W, Zhao S, Geske R, Montgomery C, Van Sligtenhorst I, Friddle C, Platt K, Sparks MJ, Pushkin A, Abuladze N, Ishiyama A, Dukkipati R, Liu W, Kurtz I. Blindness and auditory impairment caused by loss of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBC3. Nat Genet 2003; 34:313-9. [PMID: 12808454 DOI: 10.1038/ng1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2003] [Accepted: 04/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Normal sensory transduction requires the efficient disposal of acid (H+) generated by neuronal and sensory receptor activity. Multiple highly sensitive transport mechanisms have evolved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms to maintain acidity within strict limits. It is currently assumed that the multiplicity of these processes provides a biological robustness. Here we report that the visual and auditory systems have a specific requirement for H+ disposal mediated by the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBC3 (refs. 7,8). Mice lacking NBC3 develop blindness and auditory impairment because of degeneration of sensory receptors in the eye and inner ear as in Usher syndrome. Our results indicate that in certain sensory organs, in which the requirement to transduce specific environmental signals with speed, sensitivity and reliability is paramount, the choice of the H+ disposal mechanism used is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Bok
- Department of Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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Ohta H, Honma S, Abe H, Honma KI. Periodic absence of nursing mothers phase-shifts circadian rhythms of clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rat pups. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:1628-34. [PMID: 12752380 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of absence of nursing mothers on the circadian pacemaker of their offspring were examined by measuring clock genes, the rat Per1 (rPer1) and rPer2 expression rhythms in the pup suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Neonate rats born to mothers kept under a 12-h light : 12-h dark cycle (LD) were blinded immediately after birth and exposed to periodic maternal deprivation where pups were deprived of their mothers during the light phase of 12-h for the first week of life. At postnatal day 6, the periodic maternal deprivation completely phase-reversed the circadian rhythms in expression of the clock genes in the pup SCN and in spontaneous locomotor activity after the pups were weaned at postnatal day 21. The periodic maternal absence also altered the patterns of stress-related gene expressions such as corticotropine-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin, and glucocorticoid receptor in particular brain areas of the mother-deprived pups at P6. These findings indicate that periodic absence of the nursing mother in the first week of life produces a resetting effect on the neonatal circadian clock and induces stress responses in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Ohta
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Narfström K, Bragadóttir R, Redmond TM, Rakoczy PE, van Veen T, Bruun A. Functional and structural evaluation after AAV.RPE65 gene transfer in the canine model of Leber's congenital amaurosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 533:423-30. [PMID: 15180294 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0067-4_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
The cave-dwelling (hypogean) form of the teleost Astyanax fasciatus is blind, having only subdermal eye rudiments, but nevertheless maintains intact opsin genes. Second generation offspring of a cross between these and the normally sighted surface (epigean) form inherit opsin genes from both ancestries. A study of the expressed hypogean opsins of the hybrids, in comparison to the epigean forms, was undertaken by microspectrophotometry. The hybrid population showed considerable variation in the visual pigments of double cones, with evidence for two groups of cells with lambda(max) intermediate to those of the epigean pigments. Possible explanations for these intermediate pigments are discussed, including the hypothesis that they may represent hybrid genes similar to the genes for anomalous cone pigments in humans. Evidence was also found for ultraviolet-sensitive single cones and for an additional MWS pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet W L Parry
- Division of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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David-Gray ZK, Bellingham J, Munoz M, Avivi A, Nevo E, Foster RG. Adaptive loss of ultraviolet-sensitive/violet-sensitive (UVS/VS) cone opsin in the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi). Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:1186-94. [PMID: 12405979 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, fully functional rod and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone photopigments have been isolated from the eye of the subterranean blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies). Spalax possesses subcutaneous atrophied eyes and lacks any ability to respond to visual images. By contrast this animal retains the ability to entrain circadian rhythms of locomotor behaviour to environmental light cues. As this is the only known function of the eye, the rod and LWS photopigments are thought to mediate this response. Most mammals are dichromats possessing, in addition to a single rod photopigment, two classes of cone photopigment, LWS and ultraviolet-sensitive/violet-sensitive (UVS/VS) with differing spectral sensitivities which mediate colour vision. In this paper we explore whether Spalax is a dichromat and has the potential to use colour discrimination for photoentrainment. Using immunocytochemistry and molecular approaches we demonstrate that Spalax is a LWS monochromat. Spalax lacks a functional UVS/VS cone photopigment due to the accumulation of several deleterious mutational changes that have rendered the gene nonfunctional. Using phylogenetic analysis we show that the loss of this class of photoreceptor is likely to have arisen from the visual ecology of this species, and is not an artefact of having an ancestor which lacked a functional UVS/VS cone photopigment. We conclude that colour discrimination is not a prerequisite for photoentrainment in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K David-Gray
- Department of Integrative and Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
Despite severe degeneration of its eyes, the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax, is able to adjust circadian rhythms to the environmental light/dark cycle due to a conserved retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The photopigment mediating the circadian photoreception and it cellular localisation is unknown in the Spalax retina. Here we show, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, that melanopsin, a recently identified opsin, is expressed in retinal ganglion cells which also co-store PACAP, a neurotransmitter of the RHT. The melanopsin-component of retinal ganglion cells in the Spalax retina is well conserved resulting in a relatively higher density of melanopsin positive cells per area compared to the rat. The results show that the Spalax, as sighted animals expresses melanopsin in ganglion cells projecting to the circadian clock supporting a role of melanopsin as a circadian photopigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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Ohta H, Honma S, Abe H, Honma KI. Effects of nursing mothers on rPer1 and rPer2 circadian expressions in the neonatal rat suprachiasmatic nuclei vary with developmental stage. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:1953-60. [PMID: 12099901 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of nursing mothers to entrain the circadian pacemaker of rat pups was examined by measuring the rat Per1 (rPer1) and rPer2 expression levels in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Newborn rats from mothers under a light-dark cycle (LD) were blinded immediately after birth and reared by foster mothers under either LD (LD blind pups) or reversed light-dark cycle (DL; DL blind pups). At postnatal day (P)6, small but significant phase differences were observed in the circadian gene expression rhythms of the SCN not only between the blind and sighted pups, but also between the two groups of blind pups, indicating the involvement of both free-running and maternal influence in phase-resetting the circadian rhythms of blind pups. However, from P6 to P13 the circadian rhythms of both LD and DL blind pups showed phase delays of similar extent, which suggests that the influence of nursing mothers was lost. From P13 to P20 (the day of weaning), the rPer1 and rPer2 rhythms phase-shifted in a different manner, the rPer2 rhythm being related more closely to the behavioural rhythm than was the rPer1. This finding suggests a differential influence of mothers on the rPer1 and rPer2 rhythms in the third week of life. It is concluded that the ability of nursing mothers to entrain pup circadian oscillation depends on the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Ohta
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Trudeau MC, Zagotta WN. An intersubunit interaction regulates trafficking of rod cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and is disrupted in an inherited form of blindness. Neuron 2002; 34:197-207. [PMID: 11970862 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A mutation in a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGA1) is associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a common, inherited eye disease. Expression of mutant (CNGA1-RP) homomeric channels in Xenopus oocytes revealed no measurable differences compared to wild-type CNGA1 homomers. As native retinal rod CNG channels comprise CNGA1 and CNGB1 subunits, we coexpressed CNGA1-RP and CNGB1. Surprisingly, this subunit combination did not produce detectable channels at the membrane surface. We show that the mechanism underlying this defect involves an intersubunit interaction between CNGA1 and CNGB1 that was not formed between CNGA1-RP and CNGB1 subunits. In the absence of this interaction, a short N-terminal region in CNGB1 prevented membrane expression. Thus, disruption of a regulatory interaction by mutation in CNGA1 exposed a region of CNGB1 that disrupted surface expression of heteromeric CNGA1-RP/CNGB1 channels, accounting for this instance of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Trudeau
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Bhattacharya G, Miller C, Kimberling WJ, Jablonski MM, Cosgrove D. Localization and expression of usherin: a novel basement membrane protein defective in people with Usher's syndrome type IIa. Hear Res 2002; 163:1-11. [PMID: 11788194 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(01)00344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
People with Usher's syndrome type IIa have mutations in a novel gene encoding a protein with domains commonly found in many types of extracellular matrix and cell surface receptor proteins. Here we report that this protein, which we refer to as usherin, is a new basement membrane protein. In the mouse, usherin has a broad, but not ubiquitous, tissue distribution. Usherin is found in all of the capillary and structural basement membranes of the human and mouse retina and in the murine inner ear at both post-natal day 0 and in the adult. High levels of usherin are also observed in tissues not affected in Usher's syndrome type IIa, including spleen, testis, oviduct, epididymis, submaxillary gland, and large and small intestines. Many organs are completely devoid of usherin, including the brain, skin, kidney, lung, liver, and skeletal muscle. Expression was observed in the smooth muscle of the small intestine, colon, and oviduct, however, usherin is not present in cardiac smooth muscle. Usherin is critical for normal development and tissue homeostasis in the inner ear and retina, illustrating yet another example of the importance of basement membranes in the development and function of tissues.
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Semple-Rowland SL, Tepedino M, Coleman JE. Pinopsin mRNA levels are significantly elevated in the pineal glands of chickens carrying a null mutation in guanylate cyclase-1. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001; 97:51-8. [PMID: 11744162 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if the absence of guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1, GC1), a key visual phototransduction cascade enzyme that is expressed in both retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes, disrupts light regulation of pinopsin mRNA levels in the chicken pineal gland. In this series of experiments, we compared levels of pinopsin and tryptophan 5-hydroxylase mRNA in the pineal glands of GUCY1*B (*B) and normal chickens housed under either cyclic light or constant dark conditions. The *B chicken carries a null mutation in the gene encoding guanylate cyclase-1 that results in blindness in these animals at hatching. The results of our experiments show (1) that the amount of pinopsin mRNA in *B pineal is significantly higher than the amount in normal pineal in both light and dark conditions, (2) that light induces an increase in pinopsin mRNA levels in *B pineal, (3) that the relative magnitude of the light-induced increase in pinopsin mRNA in *B pineal is not significantly different from that observed in normal pineal, and (4) that the changes in the regulation of pinopsin mRNA levels in *B pineal gland are not accompanied by changes in the circadian expression of tryptophan 5-hydroxylase mRNA. These results show that the absence of guanylate cyclase-1 expression in the *B pineal gland leads to a significant increase in basal levels of pinopsin mRNA in this gland but does not alter the magnitude of the increase in pinopsin mRNA levels that is observed as a result of light stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Semple-Rowland
- University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, 100 S. Newell Drive, Bldg. 59, Rm L1-100, Gainesville, FL 32610-0255, USA.
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