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Mert S, Çalışkan İ, Koruk S. The Effect of Menthol Ice on Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patients' Thirst, Dry Mouth, Mouth Taste, and Bad Mouth Odor: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Perianesth Nurs 2024; 39:867-873. [PMID: 38795086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effect of menthol ice application on thirst, dry mouth, mouth taste, and bad mouth odor in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the postoperative period. DESIGN The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with an experimental design. METHODS The study sample consisted of 90 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and met the inclusion criteria. Patients were divided into three groups by randomization program. Patients in the menthol ice and ice popsicle (ice prepared with drinking water only) group were administered menthol ice/ice popsicle (10 mL) twice at 20 minutes intervals. Patients in the control group did not receive any intervention. Routine practices of the clinic were performed by the nurses of the general surgery clinic. Postoperative thirst intensity, severity of dry mouth, bad taste, and bad odor in the mouth were evaluated at 0, 20, and 40 minutes. FINDINGS No statistically significant difference was found between the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients in the control group, menthol ice group, and ice popsicle group (P > .05). A statistically significant difference was found between the 3 groups in terms of thirst intensity and severity of dry mouth at times at the 20th and 40th minutes after the application (P < .01). We found a statistically significant difference between the bad taste and bad odor sensation scores of the patients in the control and intervention groups at the 20th and 40th minutes after the application (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that menthol ice and ice popsicle application are effective strategies to reduce the intensity of thirst, severity of dry mouth, bad taste, and bad odor in postoperative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Mert
- İstanbul Galata University, Vocational School, Anesthesia program, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlknur Çalışkan
- Izmir Tinaztepe Unıversity, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Senem Koruk
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, İstanbul, Turkey
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Çelik SŞ, Mert S, Arslan HN. The Effect of Cold Oral Applications in the Management of Postoperative Thirst: A Systematic Review. J Perianesth Nurs 2024; 39:907-914. [PMID: 38556965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thirst is one of the most bothersome symptoms experienced by surgical patients. Effective thirst intervention and management in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and hospital wards is critical because patients are less sedated and more aware than in the past. There is a need to review the literature on the identification and management of thirst in the inpatient and PACU settings. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the available evidence on the effectiveness of oral cold applications on thirst in postoperative patients. DESIGN This was a systematic review study. Articles in PUBMED, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM, and TRDizin databases between January 2008 and January 2023 that included oral cold applications to relieve the thirst of patients in the postoperative period were included. METHODS The PICOT-SD (Patients Interventions Comparison Outcome Time-Study Design) method was used as an eligibility criterion for inclusion in the study. The eligibility criteria included that the articles were written in English-Turkish and within the target dates, the studies included nursing interventions, the primary outcome of the studies was thirst, and the study sample included postoperative patients. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB2 tool developed by Cochrane. FINDINGS A total of 254 articles were retrieved from the databases using the specified keywords. 244 articles did not meet the study criteria: 30 were excluded because they were not interventional studies, 61 were not conducted in a postoperative population, 56 were duplicates, and 79 were not on a related topic. A total of 10 studies consisting of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental articles met the criteria for our review. Oral cold applications effectively reduced the thirst rate of postoperative patients and improved their health-related quality of life. The intervention has also been shown to reduce other anesthesia-related complications. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review concluded that cold oral applications have promising effects on thirst, dry mouth, and health-related quality of life. Cold oral applications are cost-effective and suitable for large-scale health care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabiha Mert
- Istanbul Galata University, Vocational School, Anesthesia Program, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hawke KV, Gavel EH, Bentley DJ, Logan-Sprenger HM. Menthol Mouth Rinsing Improves Cycling Performance in Trained Adolescent Males Under Heat Stress. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39214518 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of menthol (MEN) mouth rinsing (MR) on cycling performance during a modified variable cycle test (M-VCT) in adolescent athletes under hot conditions (31.4 ± 0.9 °C, 23.4 ± 3.7% relative humidity). METHODS Trained adolescent male cyclists (n = 11, 16.7 ± 1.3 years, height 176.6 ± 8.8 cm, body mass 65.8 ± 11.6 kg, maximal oxygen uptake 62.97 ± 7.47 ml·kg-1·min-1) voluntarily completed three trials (familiarization and two experimental) of a 30-min M-VCT, which included five 6-min laps consisting of three 6-s accelerations and three 10-s sprints throughout each lap. In a randomized crossover design, MEN (0.01%) or placebo (PLA) (crystal-light), was swilled for 5 s before the start of each lap (total of 6 MR). Power output, distance (in kilometers), core temperature, heart rate, perceptual exertion, thermal stimulation (thermal comfort and thermal sensation), and blood lactate concentration were recorded. RESULTS MEN MR significantly improved M-VCT mean power output by 1.81 ± 1.57% compared to PLA (MEN, 177.8 ± 31.4 W; PLA, 174.7 ± 30.5 W, p < .001, 95% confidence interval [1.73, 4.46], d = 1.53). For maximal intermittent sprints, 6- and 10-s mean power output was significantly higher with MEN than PLA (6 s, p = .041, 95% confidence interval [0.73, 27.19], d = 0.71; 10 s, p = .002, 95% confidence interval [11.08, 35.22], d = 1.29). There was no significant difference in core temperature, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, or any perceptual measure between trials (p > .05) despite significantly higher work with MEN. CONCLUSION 64% of athletes (7/11) improved M-VCT performance with MEN. The results of this investigation suggest that a MEN MR may improve power output during a sport-specific stochastic cycling task in elite adolescent male cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kierstyn V Hawke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - David J Bentley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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Gungor S, Tosun B, Candir G, Ozen N. Effects of cold spray on thirst, frequency of oral care, and pain of general surgery intensive care unit patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9997. [PMID: 38693271 PMCID: PMC11063212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of intraoral cold water spray on thirst, frequency of oral care and postoperative period pain at surgical incision site in patients having abdominal surgery. The study was carried out as a randomized controlled trial, registered under Clinical Trial Number: NCT05940818. The study involved 110 participants, divided equally into two groups (n = 55): the experimental group and the control group. Data were collected using patient information form, NRS, Intensive Care Oral Care Frequency Assessment Scale (ICOCFAS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The severity of thirst at 1st, 8th, 16th h of post-operative period (p < 0.01) and the frequency of oral care application at 16th h were statistically significantly decreased in the experimental group when compared to the control group (p < 0.01).There wasn't statistically significant difference between the patients in the experimental and control groups in terms of pain at surgical incision site (p > 0.05). The patient's thirst and need for frequent oral care in the postoperative period were reduced by the application of a cold water spray. In patients undergoing abdominal surgery, the use of cold water spray application may be recommended to reduce thirst and the need for frequency of oral care application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Gungor
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Vocational School of Health Services, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - Betul Tosun
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gozde Candir
- Adana City Education and Research Hospital, General Surgery İntensive Care, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nurten Ozen
- Demiroglu Bilim University, Florence Nightingale Hospital School of Nursing, Department of English Nursing, İstanbul, Turkey
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Lian R, Zhou S, Guo Y, Liang H, Lin J, Li D, Wu W, Rao Y, Shao D, Zheng P, Yang X. The effect of ice-cold water spray following the model for symptom management on postoperative thirst in patients admitted to intensive care unit: A randomized controlled study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2024; 81:103571. [PMID: 38211420 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative thirst is common in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Existing methods like wet cotton swabs or oral care prove ineffectual or operationally intricate. Currently, an efficacious postoperative thirst alleviation method remains elusive. Exploring a prompt, safe, and efficacious solution is of paramount importance. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of ice-cold water spray applied following a symptom management model on postoperative thirst and to establish a framework for mitigating thirst in intensive care unit patients. RESEARCH DESIGN Single-center randomized controlled study. SETTING Surgical intensive care unit in a university-affiliated hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 56 intensive care unit patients were selected and equally randomized. The experimental group received ice-cold water spray in conjunction with eight symptom management strategies, while the control group underwent standard care involving wet cotton swabs. Thirst intervention was initiated 0.5 hours after postoperative extubation, followed by subsequent interventions at 2-hour, 4-hour, and 6-hour intervals post-extubation. Thirst intensity, oral comfort, and the duration of relief from thirst were assessed and compared between groups before and 0.5 hours after each thirst intervention. RESULTS Across different interventions, the experimental group exhibited superior scores in thirst intensity and oral comfort compared to the control group. Additionally, the nursing time required to alleviate thirst in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Ice-cold water spray following the model for symptom management can effectively mitigate the postoperative thirst intensity in intensive care unit patients, improve oral comfort, and reduce the nursing time for relieving thirst. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Clinical nurses can employ ice-cold water spray following the model for symptom management to ameliorate postoperative thirst intensity in ICU patients while enhancing oral comfort. Furthermore, the utilization of ice-cold water spray can reduce the nursing time required for relieving postoperative thirst in intensive care unit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Lian
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Song Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Emergency Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Haiyan Liang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Dongni Li
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Wenping Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Yuan Rao
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Daxing Shao
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Peici Zheng
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Nursing, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No.52, Meihua East Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China.
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Gavel EH, Hawke KV, Logan-Sprenger HM. The Effect of Menthol Mouth Rinsing and Fluid Temperature on Male Cycling Performance in Thermoneutral Conditions. Nutrients 2024; 16:1016. [PMID: 38613049 PMCID: PMC11013829 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a menthol (MEN) mouth rinse (MR) on cycling time trial (TT) performance in thermoneutral conditions and to explore the impact of fluid temperature (cold water [CW] or thermoneutral water [TNW]) on MEN's effect on performance. METHODS Twelve trained male cyclists (VO2 peak, 61.4 ± 12.1 mL/kg/min) completed a cycling TT in thermoneutral conditions (21 ± 0.2 °C, 40 ± 0.6% relative humidity) with four different mouth rinses: (1) MEN + CW; (2) MEN + TNW; (3) CW; and (4) TNW. The time to complete the TT and the power output (W) were recorded. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, Borg 6-20), thermal sensation (TS), and thermal comfort (TC) were recorded prior to and throughout the TT. The core body temperature (Tc) and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout. RESULTS The TT duration was not significantly different between trials (MEN + TNW: 38:11 ± 12:48, MEN + CW: 37:21 ± 13:00, CW: 38:12 ± 13:54, TNW: 36:06 ± 14:12 mins:secs, p < 0.05). The mean trial power output did not significantly differ between conditions (>0.05). The Tc, HR, RPE, TS, and TC were not significantly different between trials (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that a MEN MR with either CW or TNW does not significantly improve cycling TT performance in trained male cyclists compared to a CW or TNW MR in thermoneutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H. Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
- Departments of Family Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Tanenbaum Institute for Science in Sport, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Kierstyn V. Hawke
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
| | - Heather M. Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
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Gavel EH, Barreto G, Hawke KV, Stellingwerff T, James LJ, Saunders B, Logan-Sprenger HM. How Cool is That? The Effects of Menthol Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:18. [PMID: 38381237 PMCID: PMC10881929 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menthol (MEN) mouth rinsing (MR) has gained considerable interest in the athletic population for exercise performance; however, the overall magnitude of effect is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of menthol MEN MR and the impact it has on exercise capacity and performance. METHODS Three databases were searched with articles screened according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Three-level meta-analyses were used to investigate the overall efficacy of MEN MR and the impact it has on exercise capacity and performance. Meta-regressions were then performed with 1) mean VO2peak, 2) MEN swilling duration; 3) the MEN concentration of MR solution, 4) the number of executed swills throughout a single experiment, 5) the use of flavoured sweetened, non-caloric, or non-flavoured neutral solutions as controls, 6) mean environmental temperature at the time of exercise tests, and 7) exercise type as fixed factors to evaluate their influence on the effects of MEN MR. RESULTS Ten MEN MR studies included sufficient information pertaining to MEN MR and exercise performance and capacity. MR with MEN resulted in no significant change in capacity and performance (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI - 0.08, 0.31; p = 0.23, n = 1, tau21 < 0.0001, tau22 = < 0.0001, I2 = 0%). No significant influence was detected in meta-regressions for VO2peak, (estimate: 0.03; df = 8; 95% CI - 0.03, 0.09; p = 0.27), swilling duration (5 vs. 10 s: 0.00; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.41, 0.41; p = 1.0), MEN concentration (low [0.01%] vs. high [0.1%]: - 0.08; df = 15; 95% CI - 0.49, 0.32; p = 0.67), number of swills (estimate: 0.02; df = 13; 95% CI - 0.05, 0.09; p = 0.56), the use of flavoured sweetener or non-caloric as control (non-flavoured vs. flavoured: 0.12; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.30, 0.55; p = 0.55) or mean room temperature during exercise tests (estimate: 0.01; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.02, 0.04; p = 0.62). CONCLUSION MEN MR did not significantly improve overall exercise capacity and performance, though those involved in endurance exercise may see benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kierstyn V Hawke
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lewis J James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heather M Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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Roriz M, Brito J, Teixeira FJ, Spyrou K, Teixeira VH. The effect of menthol rinsing before intermittent exercise on physiological, physical, and thermo-behavioral responses of male football referees in hot and humid environment. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1334739. [PMID: 38318484 PMCID: PMC10839052 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1334739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the current experiment, we aimed to evaluate whether eliciting pre-exercise non-thermal cooling sensations would alter perceptual measures, and physical and physiological responses in football referees. Methods Nine highly trained male football referees undertook two 45-minute intermittent exercise protocols in hot and humid conditions (34.2 ± 0.6°C, 62.5 ± 1.0% relative humidity). In a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, 1 of 2 beverages were given before the warm-up: a 0.01% menthol solution or a placebo noncaloric solution. Physical performance was quantified as total distance covered in each of the three 15-minute exercise blocks. Core temperature, heart rate, thermal sensation and thermal comfort were measured at rest and after each exercise block. Results No changes were observed between trials and over time for distance covered. No main effect of mouth rinse was observed for core temperature and heart rate, but both increased over time in all conditions (P < 0.001). Thermal sensation and thermal comfort were significantly improved with menthol after mouth-rinsing (P < 0.05), but with no differences at any other time-point. Discussion These results indicate that non-thermal cooling oral stimuli provide immediate behavioral changes but may not influence physiological or physical responses in football referees, during intermittent exercise in hot and humid environments. Clinical Trial Registration www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT05632692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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9
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Villegas-Serna T, Wilson LJ, Curtis C. Topical application of L-Menthol - Physiological and genetic considerations to assist in developing female athlete research: A narrative review. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103758. [PMID: 38070272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
L-menthol is a cyclic monoterpene derived from aromatic plants, which gives a cooling sensation upon application. With this in mind, L-menthol is beginning to be considered as a potential ergogenic aid for exercise and sporting competitions, particularly in hot environments, however female-specific research is lacking. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize available literature relating to topical application of L-menthol and provide commentary on avenues of consideration relating to future research developments of topical L-menthol in female athletes. From available studies in male participants, L-menthol topical application results in no endurance exercise performance improvements, however decreases in thermal sensation are observed. Mixed results are observed within strength performance parameters. Several genetic variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in relation to sweat production, fluid loss and body mass changes - factors which may influence topical application of L-menthol. More specifically to female athletes, genetic variations relating to sweat responses and skin thickness, phases of the menstrual cycle, and body composition indices may affect the ergogenic effects of L-menthol topical application, via alterations in thermogenic responses, along with differing tissue distribution compared to their male counterparts. This narrative review concludes that further development of female athlete research and protocols for topical application of L-menthol is warranted due to physiological and genetic variations. Such developments would benefit research and practitioners alike with further personalized sport science strategies around phases of the menstrual cycle and body composition indices, with a view to optimize ergogenic effects of L-menthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Villegas-Serna
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura J Wilson
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Curtis
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Wickham KA, Spriet LL. Food for thought: Physiological considerations for nutritional ergogenic efficacy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14307. [PMID: 36648389 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Top-class athletes have optimized their athletic performance largely through adequate training, nutrition, recovery, and sleep. A key component of sports nutrition is the utilization of nutritional ergogenic aids, which may provide a small but significant increase in athletic performance. Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids, where over 80% of young athletes report using at least one nutritional ergogenic aid for training and/or competition. Accordingly, due to their extensive use, there is a growing need for strong scientific investigations validating or invalidating the efficacy of novel nutritional ergogenic aids. Notably, an overview of the physiological considerations that play key roles in determining ergogenic efficacy is currently lacking. Therefore, in this brief review, we discuss important physiological considerations that contribute to ergogenic efficacy for nutritional ergogenic aids that are orally ingested including (1) the impact of first pass metabolism, (2) rises in systemic concentrations, and (3) interactions with the target tissue. In addition, we explore mouth rinsing as an alternate route of ergogenic efficacy that bypasses the physiological hurdles of first pass metabolism via direct stimulation of the central nervous system. Moreover, we provide real-world examples and discuss several practical factors that can alter the efficacy of nutritional ergogenic aids including human variability, dosing protocols, training status, sex differences, and the placebo effect. Taking these physiological considerations into account will strengthen the quality and impact of the literature regarding the efficacy of potential ergogenic aids for top-class athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Wickham
- Environmental Ergonomics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Miranda Neto M, Meireles ACF, Alcântara MA, de Magalhães Cordeiro AMT, Silva AS. Peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) increases time to exhaustion in runners. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3411-3422. [PMID: 37665425 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of peppermint essential oil to improve the physical performance of runners in running protocol until exhaustion. METHODS In a clinical, randomized, double-blind, cross-over and controlled study, fourteen male recreational runners (37.1 ± 2.0 years; 24 ± 1.1 kg/m2; 53.1 ± 1.7 mL kg min) performed two runs to exhaustion at 70% of VO2max, after intake of 500 mL of water added with 0.05 mL of peppermint essential oil (PEO) or placebo (PLA), plus 400 mL of the drink during the initial part of the exercise. Records were made of body temperature (BT), thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), subjective perception of effort (SPE), sweat rate (SR), and urine volume and density. RESULTS Time to exhaustion was 109.9 ± 6.9 min in PEO and 98.5 ± 6.2 min in PLA (p = 0.009; effect size: 0.826). No significant changes were observed in the values of BT, TS, TC, SPE, SR, lost body mass, and urine volume and density (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Peppermint essential oil added to water before and during a race significantly increases the time to exhaustion of recreational runners but without altering BT, TS, TC, or hydration status, so the mechanisms involved were not clarified in this study. BRAZILIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS (REBEC) RBR-75zt25z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Miranda Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, University City, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Freitas Meireles
- Laboratory of Physical Training Studies Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Maristela Alves Alcântara
- Food Technology Department, Center for Technology and Regional Development, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, University City, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58059-900, Brazil.
- Associate Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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12
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Picó-Munyoz R, Tárrega A, Laguna L. Origins of thirstiness sensation and current food solutions. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4433-4450. [PMID: 37583300 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The sensation of thirstiness is the desire to drink water. In certain situations, the ingestion of liquid water can be restricted. As a result, thirstiness is not relieved, resulting in an uncomfortable and distressing situation. The present review describes thirstiness and hydration, the food products and beverages that cause thirstiness, and the beverages and food products currently available to quench thirstiness in individuals with restricted access to liquid ingestion. It also discusses how to measure the effectiveness of calming thirstiness. To diminish thirstiness distress, different alternatives to liquids are proposed. Individuals with swallowing disorders are given thickened water, individuals with restricted water ingestion are given ice cubes or ice popsicles of different flavors, and sportspeople are given energy gels. However, current beverage solutions seem not to relieve thirst fully, although some stimuli like iced water, flavors (especially lemon and mint), or acids seem to work better than plain stimuli and could be added to existing products. Therefore, there is still a need to incorporate these strategies into beverage and food formulations and to test their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Picó-Munyoz
- Consumer Perception and Behavior and Adapted Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Amparo Tárrega
- Consumer Perception and Behavior and Adapted Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Laura Laguna
- Consumer Perception and Behavior and Adapted Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Paterna, Spain
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13
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Roriz M, Brito J, Teixeira FJ, Spyrou K, Teixeira VH. Menthol mouth rinsing and performance in elite football referees in the heat: A study protocol for a randomized crossover trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023; 35:101202. [PMID: 37691850 PMCID: PMC10492210 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Within professional European competitions, matches can be played in extreme environmental temperatures, ranging from -5 °C to +30 °C in different countries. Furthermore, the World Cups are usually played in the summer months, when temperatures can exceed 35 °C, increasing physiological stress. Practical and cost-effective cooling strategies may be implemented to help players and referees to cope with exercising in the heat. No study has evaluated the effect of non-thermal internal cooling techniques regarding performance responses on elite football referees, so far. This study aims to analyse the effects of a menthol mouth rinse regarding physical, physiological, and perceptual performance in elite male football referees, during a 90-min football protocol in the heat. Methods At least thirteen male football referees will be recruited to perform two intermittent football protocols, separated by no less than 7 days. After passing the eligibility criteria, the participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 beverages: (1) intervention - menthol solution 0.01% and (2) placebo - noncaloric berry-flavored solution, both at room temperature. The beverages will be given before warm-up (pre-cooling) and at the half-time (per-cooling). The trials will follow a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, single blinded, and will take place in indoor facilities, with Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) > 30 °C, at the same time of the day to control for circadian variations. Impact of the project The results of this study are expected to determine whether mouth rinsing a menthol solution before and during a football exercise protocol performed in the heat will alter perceptual measures and help ease physiological strain and attenuate performance decrements in elite male football referees, comparing to a non-cooling strategy. Thus, we can be closer to defining nutritional strategies of internal cooling that may be an advantage for the performance of the football referees in the heat. Trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05632692 registered on 20 November 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, 2730-036, Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Jerram ML, Baker D, Smith TB, Healey P, Taylor L, Black K. A 0.1% L-Menthol Mouth Swill in Elite Male Rugby Players Has Different Effects in Forwards and Backs. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:909-917. [PMID: 36689991 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Menthol mouth swills can improve endurance performance in the heat, which is attributed to attenuations in nonthermally derived thermal sensation (TS) and perception of effort. However, research in elite team-sport athletes is absent. Therefore, this study investigated the performance and TS responses to a 0.1% menthol mouth rinse (MR) or placebo (PLA) among elite male rugby union players. METHOD Twenty-seven (15 Forwards and 12 Backs) elite male Super Rugby players completed two 3-minute 15-a-side rugby-specific conditioning blocks, with MR or PLA provided at the start of training (baseline), at the start of each 3-minute block (swill 1 [S1] and swill 2 [S2]), and at the end of training (swill 3 [S3]). TS was assessed using the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers 9-point Analog Sensation Scale after each swill and at baseline (preconditioning block). Acceptability was measured after baseline swill and S3 using a 5-question Likert scale. Physical performance was measured throughout training using global positioning system metrics. RESULTS MR attenuated TS from baseline to S1 (P = .003, SD = 1.01) and S2 (P = .002, SD = 1.09) in Forwards only, compared with PLA. Acceptability was higher only for Forwards in MR versus PLA at baseline (P = .003, SD = 1.3) and S3 (P = .004, SD = 0.75). MR had no effect on physical performance metrics (P > .05). CONCLUSION MR attenuated the rise in TS with higher acceptability at S1 and S3 (in Forwards only) with no effect on selected physical performance metrics. Longer-duration exercise (eg, a match) in hot-humid conditions eliciting markedly increased body temperatures could theoretically allow favorable changes in TS to enhance performance-these postulations warrant experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Jerram
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin,New Zealand
| | - Dane Baker
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin,New Zealand
| | | | - Phil Healey
- Blues Super Rugby Franchise, Auckland,New Zealand
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough,United Kingdom
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW,Australia
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW,Australia
| | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin,New Zealand
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15
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Spence C. Encouraging (Nudging) People to Increase Their Fluid Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:2702. [PMID: 37375606 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative historical review considers the various routes to nudging consumers towards drinking more, given self-reported evidence that many people are often not adequately hydrated. This review builds on the related notion of 'visual hunger'. Interestingly, however, while many desirable foods are associated with distinctive sensory qualities (such as an appetizing smell), that may capture the consumer's (visual) attention, it is less clear that there is an equivalent sensory attentional capture by hydration-related cues. One of the other important differences between satiety and thirst is that people tend to overconsume if they use interoceptive satiety cues to decide when to stop eating, while the evidence suggests that people typically stop drinking prior to being adequately hydrated. What is more, the increasing amount of time we spend in consistently warm indoor environments may also be exacerbating our need to drink more. A number of concrete suggestions are made concerning how people may be encouraged (or nudged) to imbibe sufficient water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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16
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Aucoin R, Lewthwaite H, Ekström M, von Leupoldt A, Jensen D. Impact of trigeminal and/or olfactory nerve stimulation on measures of inspiratory neural drive: Implications for breathlessness. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 311:104035. [PMID: 36792044 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The perception of breathlessness is mechanistically linked to the awareness of increased inspiratory neural drive (IND). Stimulation of upper airway cold receptors on the trigeminal nerve (TGN) with TGN agonists such as menthol or cool air to the face/nose has been hypothesized to reduce breathlessness by decreasing IND. The aim of this systematic scoping review was to identify and summarize the results of studies in animals and humans reporting on the impact of TGN stimulation or blockade on measures of IND. Thirty-one studies were identified, including 19 in laboratory animals and 12 in human participants. Studies in laboratory animals consistently reported that as TGN activity increased, measures of IND decreased (e.g., phrenic nerve activity). In humans, stimulation of the TGN with a stream of cool air to the face/nose decreased the sensitivity of the ventilatory chemoreflex response to hypercapnia. Otherwise, TGN stimulation with menthol or cool air to the face/note had no effect on measures of IND in humans. This review provides new insight into a potential neural mechanism of breathlessness relief with selected TGN agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Aucoin
- Clinical Exercise & Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Quebec H2W 1S4, Canada.
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, School of Environment & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Magnus Ekström
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Palliative Medicine, Institution for Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas von Leupoldt
- Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 Box 3726, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis Jensen
- Clinical Exercise & Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Quebec H2W 1S4, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program and Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, 2155 Guy Street Suite 500, Montréal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada
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17
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Donnan KJ, Williams EL, Bargh MJ. The effectiveness of heat preparation and alleviation strategies for cognitive performance: A systematic review. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:404-433. [PMID: 38130656 PMCID: PMC10732620 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2157645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of occupational and performance contexts (e.g. military personnel operations, emergency services, sport) require the critical maintenance of cognitive performance in environmentally challenging environments. Several reviews exist which evaluate the effectiveness of heat preparation strategies to facilitate physical performance. To date, no review has explored the usefulness of heat preparation strategies for cognitive performance. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate a range of interventions for the maintenance of cognitive performance, during or following active or passive heat exposure. Studies to be included were assessed by two authors reviewing title, abstract, and full-text. Forty articles were identified which met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorised into chronic (i.e. acclimation/acclimatisation) and acute strategies (i.e. hydration, cooling, supplementation, psychological). The results indicate that medium-term consecutive heat acclimation may mitigate some cognitive deficits under heat stress, although heat acclimation effectiveness could be influenced by age. Further, pre-cooling appears the most effective cooling method for maintaining cognitive performance under heat stress, although results were somewhat ambiguous. The hydration literature showed that the most effective hydration strategies were those which individualised electrolyte fortified fluid volumes to match for sweat loss. Limited research exploring psychological interventions indicates that motivational self-talk could be facilitative for maintaining cognitive skills following exercise in hot conditions. These findings can be used to help inform strategies for maintaining critical cognitive and decision-making skills in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J. Donnan
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Emily L. Williams
- Centre for Human Performance, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Melissa J. Bargh
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Science of University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
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18
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Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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19
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Bartolomei S, Nigro F, D'Amico A, Cortesi M, Di Michele R. Mud Pack With Menthol and Arnica Montana Accelerates Recovery Following a High-Volume Resistance Training Session for Lower Body in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1909-1915. [PMID: 32956264 PMCID: PMC10842651 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bartolomei, S, Nigro, F, D'Amico, A, Cortesi, M, and Di Michele, R. Mud pack with menthol and Arnica montana accelerates recovery following a high-volume resistance training session for lower body in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1909-1915, 2022-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a mud pack, containing menthol and Arnica montana, on the recovery responses following a high-volume resistance protocol. Ten resistance-trained men (mean ± SD: age = 25.3 ± 6.1 years; body mass = 79.1 ± 10.6 kg; height = 178.9 ± 7.5 cm) performed a high-volume resistance workout for lower body squat and leg extension, (5 sets of 10 reps at 70% of one repetition maximum for both exercises). All the subject used mud (MUD) or a placebo (PL) in randomized counterbalanced crossover design. MUD or PL were applied 4 times: 3, 19, 27, and 45 hours after the workout, on the skin surface above the quadriceps muscle of both legs. Muscle performance (countermovement jump power [CMJP], isokinetic leg press at 75 cm·s-1 and 25 cm·s-1 [ISOK75 and ISOK25, respectively], isometric squat [ISQ]), and morphology (muscle thickness of vastus lateralis [VLMT]), were measured before exercise (baseline [BL]), and 15 minutes (15P), 24 hours (24P), and 48 hours (48P) postexercise. In addition, muscle soreness was assessed at the same time points using a visual analog scale (VAS). No significant interactions (p > 0.05) between the trials were detected for CMJP, ISOK75, ISQ, and VLMT. A significant interaction between trials was noted for ISOK25 (p = 0.022) and for VAS (p = 0.001). ISOK25 was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced from BL at 15P, 24P and 48P in PL, whereas changes were significant (p < 0.05) at 15P and 24P only in MUD. The present findings indicate that MUD may enhance the recovery rate of strength and reduce muscle soreness after high-volume exercise. Muscle morphology do not seem to be influenced by mud packs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Bartolomei
- Department of Biomedical and Neuoromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Federico Nigro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio D'Amico
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Cortesi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuoromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; and
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20
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The Matrix Matters: Beverage Carbonation Impacts the Timing of Caffeine Effects on Sustained Attention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112305. [PMID: 35684105 PMCID: PMC9183000 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Both caffeine and the perception of refreshment delivered by cooling, tingling, and mouth-watering flavors have individually been shown to positively impact cognitive performance and mood, though presently there is limited evidence on their possible combined effects. This study explored the contribution of refreshing compounds in beverages, namely, carbon dioxide and citric acid, on the acute effects of caffeine on sustained attention and self-rated physical and mental energy. A randomized, controlled crossover trial was conducted by testing three products: a carbonated caffeinated beverage; a comparator caffeinated beverage; and a flavor-matched control beverage. Findings from 24 healthy adults revealed product-dependent variations in cognitive performance during a 60-min visual sustained-attention task, suggesting that the carbonated-caffeinated beverage led to faster, greater and more consistent levels of accuracy, compared to the control beverage. Specifically, significant differences were found between: (1) the carbonated-caffeinated beverage and the caffeinated beverage, and (2) between the caffeinated beverage and the control beverage for number of hits, reaction time and false alarm scores. Both caffeinated beverages led to higher physical and mental energy, and lower physical and mental fatigue 60-min post-consumption. These findings suggest beneficial effects on sustained attention through the combination of caffeine with refreshing compounds.
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21
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Crosby S, Butcher A, McDonald K, Berger N, Bekker PJ, Best R. Menthol Mouth Rinsing Maintains Relative Power Production during Three-Minute Maximal Cycling Performance in the Heat Compared to Cold Water and Placebo Rinsing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063527. [PMID: 35329209 PMCID: PMC8949398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous menthol studies have demonstrated ergogenic effects in endurance-based activity. However, there is a need for research in sports whose physiological requirements exceed maximal aerobic capacity. This study assessed the effects of 0.1% menthol mouth-rinsing upon a modified three-minute maximal test in the heat (33.0 ± 3.0 °C; RH 46.0 ± 5.0%). In a randomised crossover single blind placebo-controlled study, 11 participants completed three modified maximal tests, where each trial included a different mouth rinse: either menthol (MEN), cold water (WAT) or placebo (PLA). Participants were asked to rate their thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) throughout the test. Heart rate, core temperature, oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were monitored continuously throughout the test, alongside cycling power variables (W; W/kg). A blood lactate (BLa) level was taken pre- and post- test. Small to moderate effects (Cohen's d and accompanying 90% confidence intervals) between solutions MEN, WAT and PLA were observed towards the end of the test in relation to relative power. Specifically, from 75-105 s between solutions MEN and WAT (ES: 0.795; 90% CI: 0.204 to 1.352) and MEN and PLA (ES: 1.059; 90% CI: 0.412 to 1.666), this continued between MEN and WAT (ES: 0.729; 90% CI: 0.152 to 1.276) and MEN and PLA (ES: 0.791; 90% CI: 0.202 to 1.348) from 105-135 s. Between 135-165 s there was a moderate difference between solutions MEN and WAT (ES: 1.058; 90% CI: 0.411 to 1.665). This indicates participants produced higher relative power for longer durations with the addition of the menthol mouth rinse, compared to cold water or placebo. The use of menthol (0.1%) as a mouth rinse showed small performance benefits for short duration high intensity exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seana Crosby
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (A.B.); (K.M.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Anna Butcher
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (A.B.); (K.M.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Kerin McDonald
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (A.B.); (K.M.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Nicolas Berger
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK;
| | - Petrus J. Bekker
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (A.B.); (K.M.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (A.B.); (K.M.); (P.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Halm MA. Managing Thirst in the Critically Ill. Am J Crit Care 2022; 31:161-165. [PMID: 35229147 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2022475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margo A. Halm
- Margo A. Halm is associate chief nurse executive, nursing research and evidence-based practice, VA Portland HealthCare System, Portland, Oregon
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Zhang W, Gu Q, Gu Y, Zhao Y, Zhu L. Symptom management to alleviate thirst and dry mouth in critically ill patients: A randomised controlled trial. Aust Crit Care 2022; 35:123-129. [PMID: 34119409 DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critically ill patients often experience coexisting symptoms. Thirst, in particular, appears to be an important symptom, having the highest prevalence, intensity, and induction of distress, and is significantly correlated with other symptoms. However, thirst and dry mouth are not usually assessed or treated. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention bundle to relieve thirst and dry mouth. METHODS The present study was a randomised controlled trial in which critically ill patients were allocated to an experimental or control group. The intervention bundles, including vitamin C sprays, peppermint water mouthwash, and a lip moisturiser, were provided to the experimental group for 3 days, whereas patients in the control group were exposed to the placebo interventions, including saline sprays, 40 °C water mouthwash, and wetting the lips with water. RESULTS A total of 61 patients were recruited to the study; 65.6% (n = 41) were men, and the average age was 64.2 ± 16.8 years. The average decrease in thirst intensity and oral mucosa situation scores after the interventions was larger in the experimental group patients relative to controls (1.27 and 0.36 vs. 0.19 and 0.1 points, respectively; p < 0.05). Being male, scoring highly on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scale, not receiving diuretics, and having higher serum sodium levels were potential predictors of thirst and oral dryness. CONCLUSIONS The interventional bundle used in this study was shown to be a promising approach that can relieve thirst intensity and dry mouth, which are pervasively distressful to critically ill patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS The study was registered on the www.Chictr.org.cn under the identification number ChiCTR1900022873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuying Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanting Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujin Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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24
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Best R, Crosby S, Berger N, McDonald K. The Effect of Isolated and Combined Application of Menthol and Carbohydrate Mouth Rinses on 40 km Time Trial Performance, Physiological and Perceptual Measures in the Heat. Nutrients 2021; 13:4309. [PMID: 34959861 PMCID: PMC8708984 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study compared mouth swills containing carbohydrate (CHO), menthol (MEN) or a combination (BOTH) on 40 km cycling time trial (TT) performance in the heat (32 °C, 40% humidity, 1000 W radiant load) and investigates associated physiological (rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate (HR)) and subjective measures (thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS), thirst, oral cooling (OC) and RPE (legs and lungs)). Eight recreationally trained male cyclists (32 ± 9 y; height: 180.9 ± 7.0 cm; weight: 76.3 ± 10.4 kg) completed familiarisation and three experimental trials, swilling either MEN, CHO or BOTH at 10 km intervals (5, 15, 25, 35 km). The 40 km TT performance did not differ significantly between conditions (F2,14 = 0.343; p = 0.715; η2 = 0.047), yet post-hoc testing indicated small differences between MEN and CHO (d = 0.225) and MEN and BOTH (d = 0.275). Subjective measures (TC, TS, RPE) were significantly affected by distance but showed no significant differences between solutions. Within-subject analysis found significant interactions between solution and location upon OC intensity (F28,196 = 2.577; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.269). While solutions containing MEN resulted in a greater sensation of OC, solutions containing CHO experienced small improvements in TT performance. Stimulation of central CHO pathways during self-paced cycling TT in the heat may be of more importance to performance than perceptual cooling interventions. However, no detrimental effects are seen when interventions are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Seana Crosby
- Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Nicolas Berger
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK;
| | - Kerin McDonald
- Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (S.C.); (K.M.)
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25
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Dilution Method of Menthol Solutions Affects Subsequent Perceptual Thermal Responses during Passive Heat Exposure in Non-Heat Acclimated Participants. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to its volatility, the qualitative experience of menthol may be modulated by its preparation and combination with other compounds. One such method of preparation is dilution, with two dilution methods existing within the sport and exercise science literature, where menthol is used to impart feelings of oral cooling and improve thermal comfort and sensation during heat exposure. This study compared these two dilution methods; one using a solvent the other using temperature, via a randomized counterbalanced repeated measures design (n = 12; Height: 174.0 ± 8.5 cm Mass: 73.4 ± 13.3 kg Age: 28.7 ± 8.4 y; two exposures to each solution) to assess the effect of solution and heat exposure, upon thermal comfort, thermal sensation and associated physiological parameters in non-heat acclimated participants. Thermal comfort was significantly affected by solution (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.017) and time (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.228), whereas thermal sensation was significantly affected by time only (p = 0.012; η2 = 0.133), as was tympanic temperature (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.277). Small to moderate clear differences between solutions at matched time points were also observed. These trends and effects suggest that, depending upon the dilution method employed, the resultant perceptual effects are likely impacted; this also likely depends upon the timing of menthol administration within a heat exposure session.
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26
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Gavel EH, Hawke KV, Bentley DJ, Logan-Sprenger HM. Menthol Mouth Rinsing Is More Than Just a Mouth Wash-Swilling of Menthol to Improve Physiological Performance. Front Nutr 2021; 8:691695. [PMID: 34307438 PMCID: PMC8292615 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.691695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventions that solely act on the central nervous system (CNS) are gaining considerable interest, particularly products consumed through the oral cavity. The oropharyngeal cavity contains a wide array of receptors that respond to sweet, bitter, and cold tastants, all of which have been shown to improve physiological performance. Of late, the ergogenic benefits of carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsings (MRs) have been widely studied; however, less is known about menthol (MEN). That the physiological state and environmental conditions impact the response each product has is increasingly recognized. While the effects of CHO and CAF MRs have been thoroughly studied in both hot and thermoneutral conditions, less is known about MEN as it has only been studied in hot environments. As such, this review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the MEN MR and exercise modality, frequency of the mouth rinse, and mouth rinse duration and compares two different types of study designs: time trials vs. time to exhaustion (TTE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kierstyn V Hawke
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - David J Bentley
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather M Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Arboleda AM, Arroyo C, Alonso JC. Creating psychometric scales for perceptual assessment of fruit juices' refreshing and thickness attributes. Appetite 2021; 163:105232. [PMID: 33811945 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Persons look for beverages to satisfy thirst (refresh) and feel fulfilled (thick). However, refreshing and thickness are concepts that lack a measurement instrument that captures an accurate judgment of consumers' perceptions. This research aims to propose a tool to assess consumers' refreshing and thickness expectations of fruit juices. Items were developed through a two-stage qualitative-exploratory study, followed by a quantitative study describing the scale's composition using an Item Response Theory approach. Hence, we suggest a set of items to consider when measuring both concepts from a perception task. Moreover, results show that thickness and refreshing are distinct and independent ideas. We provide a theoretical contribution defining each construct and recognizing the attributes that best describe refreshing and thickness for five different fruit juices. Our methodological contribution is creating a scale for each of the concepts. Practically, developing a thickness and refreshing scale is useful for product developers and marketers who expect to satisfy consumers' needs for soft drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Arboleda
- Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas, Universidad Icesi, Colombia.
| | - Christian Arroyo
- Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas, Universidad Icesi, Colombia
| | - Julio Cesar Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas, Universidad Icesi, Colombia
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28
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Menthol Mouth Rinsing and Cycling Performance in Females Under Heat Stress. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1014-1020. [PMID: 33662928 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of menthol (MEN) mouth rinse (MR) on performance, physiological, and perceptual variables in female cyclists during a 30-km independent time trial (ITT) were tested. METHODS The participants (n = 9) cycled for 30 km in hot conditions (30°C [0.6°C], 70% [1%] relative humidity, 12 [1] km/h wind speed) on 2 test occasions: with a placebo MR and with MEN MR. Handgrip and a 5-second sprint were measured before, following the first MR, and after the ITT. Ratings of perceived exertion Borg 6 to 20, thermal sensation, and thermal pleasantness were recorded every 5 km. Core temperature and heart rate were recorded throughout. RESULTS The ITT performance significantly improved with MEN MR by 2.3% (2.7%) relative to the placebo (62.6 [5.7] vs 64.0 [4.9] min P = .034; d = 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 2.8 min). The average power output was significantly higher in the MEN trial (P = .031; d = 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 15.0 W). No significant interaction of time and MR for handgrip (P = .581, η2 = .04) or sprint was observed (P = .365, η2 = .103). Core temperature, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and thermal sensation did not significantly differ between trials at set distances (P > .05). Pleasantness significantly differed between the placebo and MEN only at 5 km, with no differences at other TT distances. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a nonthermal cooling agent can improve 30-km ITT performance in female cyclists, although the improved performance with MEN MR is not due to altered thermal perception.
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Waldock KAM, Hayes M, Watt PW, Maxwell NS. The elderly's physiological and perceptual responses to cooling during simulated activities of daily living in UK summer climatic conditions. Public Health 2021; 193:1-9. [PMID: 33662760 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The elderly are the most at-risk population for heat-related illness and mortality during the periods of hot weather. However, evidence-based elderly-specific cooling strategies to prevent heat-illness are limited. The aim of this investigation was to quantify the elderly's physiological and perceptual responses to cooling through cold water ingestion (COLD) or an L-menthol mouth rinse (MENT) during simulated activities of daily living in UK summer climatic conditions. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, controlled repeated measures research design. METHODS A total of ten participants (men n = 7, women n = 3: age; 69 ± 3 yrs, height; 168 ± 10 cm, body mass; 68.88 ± 13.72 kg) completed one preliminary and three experimental trials; control (CON), COLD and MENT. Experimental trials consisted of 40 min rest followed by 30 min of cycling exercise at 6 metabolic equivalents and a 6-min walk test (6MWT), within a 35 °C, 50% relative humidity environment. Experimental interventions (every 10 min); cold water (4 °C) ingestion (total of 1.5L) or menthol (5 ml mouth swill for 5 s, menthol concentration of 0.01%). RESULTS Peak rectal temperature (Tre) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in COLD compared with CON (-0.34 ± 0.16 °C) and MENT (-0.36 ± 0.20 °C). End exercise heart rate (HR) decreased in COLD compared with CON (-7 ± 9 b min-1) and MENT (-6 ± 7 b min-1). There was no difference in end exercise thermal sensation (TS) (CON; 6.1 ± 0.4, COLD; 6.0 ± 0.4, MENT; 6.4 ± 0.6) or thermal comfort (TC) (CON; 4 ± 1, COLD; 4 ± 1, MENT; 4 ± 1) between trials. The participants walked significantly further during the COLD 6MWT compared with CON (40 m ± 40 m) and MENT (40 m ± 30 m). There was reduced physiological strain in the COLD 6MWT compared with CON (Tre; -0.21 ± 0.24 °C, HR; -7 ± 8 b min-1) and MENT (Tre; -0.23 ± 0.24 °C, HR; -4 ± 7 b min-1). CONCLUSION The elderly have reduced physiological strain (Tre and HR) during activities of daily living and a 6MWT in hot UK climatic conditions, when they drink cold water. Furthermore, the elderly's perception (TS and TC) of the hot environment did not differ from CON at the end of exercise with COLD or MENT interventions. Menthol provided neither perceptual benefit to exercise in the heat nor functional gain. The TS data indicate that elderly may be at increased risk of heat illness, due to not feeling hot and uncomfortable enough to implement physiological strain reducing strategies such as cold-water ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A M Waldock
- Army Health and Performance Research, Andover, United Kingdom; Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom.
| | - M Hayes
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - P W Watt
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - N S Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
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30
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Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate and menthol mouth-swilling have been used to enhance exercise performance in the heat. However, these strategies differ in mechanism and subjective experience. Participants (n = 12) sat for 60 min in hot conditions (35 °C; 15 ± 2%) following a 15 min control period, during which the participants undertook three 15 min testing blocks. A randomised swill (carbohydrate; menthol; water) was administered per testing block (one swill every three minutes within each block). Heart rate, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort, thermal sensation and thirst were recorded every three minutes. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with carbohydrate intake controlled for via ANCOVA. Small elevations in heart rate were observed after carbohydrate (ES: 0.22 ± 90% CI: −0.09–0.52) and water swilling (0.26; −0.04–0.54). Menthol showed small improvements in thermal comfort relative to carbohydrate (−0.33; −0.63–0.03) and water (−0.40; from −0.70 to −0.10), and induced moderate reductions in thermal sensation (−0.71; from −1.01 to −0.40 and −0.66; from −0.97 to −0.35, respectively). Menthol reduced thirst by a small to moderate extent. These effects persisted when controlling for dietary carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate and water may elevate heart rate, whereas menthol elicits small improvements in thermal comfort, moderately improves thermal sensation and may mitigate thirst; these effects persist when dietary carbohydrate intake is controlled for.
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TEREZA DENISEM, BALDASSO GABRIELAM, PAES RODRIGOS, PACHECO MARIAE, ROSA PATRÍCIAP, VENDRAMINE BEATRIZ, HULSE SERGIOC, CAPASSO RAFFAELE, DUTRA RAFAELC. Evaluation of the protocol for thirst management using ice popsicles in the immediate postoperative period: A pilot study in southern Brazilian hospital. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- DENISE M. TEREZA
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - RAFAEL C. DUTRA
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Armstrong LE, Giersch GEW, Colburn AT, Lopez V, Sekiguchi Y, Muñoz CX, Lee EC. Progression of human subjective perceptions during euhydration, mild dehydration, and drinking. Physiol Behav 2020; 229:113211. [PMID: 33141048 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thirst motivates consumption of water necessary for optimal health and cognitive-physiological functions. Other than thirst, little is known about coexisting perceptions and moods that provide information to the brain and participate in body water homeostasis. The purpose of this investigation was to observe perceptions, somatic sensations, and moods during controlled changes of hydration status. During routine daily activities interspersed with laboratory visits, 18 healthy young men (age, 23±3 y; body mass, 80.13±10.61 kg) self-reported hourly ratings (visual analog scales, VAS) of 17 subjective perceptions, across two 24-h periods (ad libitum food and water intake while euhydrated; water restriction with dry food intake [WR]) and during a 30-min rehydration session (R30, 1.46±0.47 L water intake). At the end of WR, body mass loss reached 1.67 kg (2.12%). Distinct perceptions were identified during euhydration, WR and immediately after R30. Starting approximately 4 h after WR began (body mass loss of ∼0.5%), perceptual changes included progressively intensifying ratings of thirst, mouth dryness, desire for water, and pleasantness of drinking. In comparison, immediately after R30, participants reported a reversal of the perceptions observed during WR (above) plus cooler thermal sensation, increased satisfaction, and stomach fullness. These VAS ratings suggested that aversive moods contributed to drinking behavior and supported previously published animal studies. In conclusion, this investigation delineates previously unreported perceptions and their evolution (e.g., appearance, extinction, time course) that motivated drinking during WR and discouraged overdrinking after R30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Abigail T Colburn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Virgilio Lopez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Colleen X Muñoz
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, 06117 United States.
| | - Elaine C Lee
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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Barwood MJ, Gibson OR, Gillis DJ, Jeffries O, Morris NB, Pearce J, Ross ML, Stevens C, Rinaldi K, Kounalakis SN, Riera F, Mündel T, Waldron M, Best R. Menthol as an Ergogenic Aid for the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games: An Expert-Led Consensus Statement Using the Modified Delphi Method. Sports Med 2020; 50:1709-1727. [PMID: 32623642 PMCID: PMC7497433 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol topical application and mouth rinsing are ergogenic in hot environments, improving performance and perception, with differing effects on body temperature regulation. Consequently, athletes and federations are beginning to explore the possible benefits to elite sport performance for the Tokyo 2021 Olympics, which will take place in hot (~ 31 °C), humid (70% RH) conditions. There is no clear consensus on safe and effective menthol use for athletes, practitioners, or researchers. The present study addressed this shortfall by producing expert-led consensus recommendations. METHOD Fourteen contributors were recruited following ethical approval. A three-step modified Delphi method was used for voting on 96 statements generated following literature consultation; 192 statements total (96/96 topical application/mouth rinsing). Round 1 contributors voted to "agree" or "disagree" with statements; 80% agreement was required to accept statements. In round 2, contributors voted to "support" or "change" their round 1 unaccepted statements, with knowledge of the extant voting from round 1. Round 3 contributors met to discuss voting against key remaining statements. RESULTS Forty-seven statements reached consensus in round 1 (30/17 topical application/rinsing); 14 proved redundant. Six statements reached consensus in round 2 (2/4 topical application/rinsing); 116 statements proved redundant. Nine further statements were agreed in round 3 (6/3 topical application/rinsing) with caveats. DISCUSSION Consensus was reached on 62 statements in total (38/24 topical application/rinsing), enabling the development of guidance on safe menthol administration, with a view to enhancing performance and perception in the heat without impairing body temperature regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Barwood
- Department of Sport, Health and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University, Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK.
| | - O R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Department Life Sciences, Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - D J Gillis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Movement Science, Salem State University, Salem, MA, 01970, USA
| | - O Jeffries
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Catherine Cookson Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - N B Morris
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Pearce
- Performance Nutrition Technical Lead, High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M L Ross
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, 2617, Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - C Stevens
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Hogbin Dr, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia
| | - K Rinaldi
- Laboratoire ACTES (EA3596), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 250, 97157, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
- Arkea Samsic Pro Cycling Team, 35170, Bruz, France
| | - S N Kounalakis
- Faculty of Physical and Cultural Education, Evelpidon Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, Greece
| | - F Riera
- UPRES EA 35-96, UFR-STAPS, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 250, 97157, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Performance Santé Altitude, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, UFR Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, 7 avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120, Font-Romeu, France
| | - T Mündel
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston, New Zealand
| | - M Waldron
- College of Engineering, Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - R Best
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, 3200, New Zealand
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley, TS1 3BX, UK
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Lemyze M, Lavoisier J, Temime J, Granier M, Mallat J. To Relieve the Patient's Thirst, Refresh the Mouth First: A Pilot Study Using Mini Mint Ice Cubes in Severely Dehydrated Patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 60:e82-e88. [PMID: 32278099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Lemyze
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Arras Hospital, Arras, France.
| | - Johann Lavoisier
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Arras Hospital, Arras, France
| | - Johanna Temime
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Schaffner Hospital, Lens, France
| | - Maxime Granier
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Arras Hospital, Arras, France
| | - Jihad Mallat
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Schaffner Hospital, Lens, France; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Best R, Temm D, Hucker H, McDonald K. Repeated Menthol Mouth Swilling Affects Neither Strength nor Power Performance. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E90. [PMID: 32560472 PMCID: PMC7353636 DOI: 10.3390/sports8060090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of repeated menthol mouth swilling upon strength and power performance. Nineteen (10 male) participants completed familiarisation and experimental trials of repeated menthol mouth swilling (0.1% concentration) or control (no swill) in a randomised crossover design. Participants performed an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP; peak and mean force; N), vertical jump (peak; cm) and six second sprint (peak and mean power; W) under each condition. Participants completed three efforts per exercise task interspersed with three-minute recoveries. Mean best values were analysed via a two-way mixed repeated measures ANOVA, and differences reported as effect sizes ± 95% confidence intervals, with accompanying descriptors and p values. Differences in peak IMTP values were unclear between familiarisation and experimental trials, and between menthol and control conditions. Mean IMTP force differed between familiarisation and control (0.51; -0.15 to 1.14; p = 0.001) and familiarisation and menthol conditions (0.50; -0.15 to 1.14; p = 0.002) by a small degree, but were unclear between control and menthol conditions. Unclear differences were also noted on vertical jump performance compared to familiarisation and between experimental conditions, with repeated six second peak and average power performance also showing unclear effects across all comparisons. We conclude that repeated menthol mouth swilling does not improve strength or power performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Dani Temm
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Holly Hucker
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Kerin McDonald
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
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Abstract
Taste is a homeostatic function that conveys valuable information, such as energy density, readiness to eat, or toxicity of foodstuffs. Taste is not limited to the oral cavity but affects multiple physiological systems. In this review, we outline the ergogenic potential of substances that impart bitter, sweet, hot and cold tastes administered prior to and during exercise performance and whether the ergogenic benefits of taste are attributable to the placebo effect. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing seemingly improves endurance performance, along with a potentially ergogenic effect of oral exposure to both bitter tastants and caffeine although subsequent ingestion of bitter mouth rinses is likely required to enhance performance. Hot and cold tastes may prove beneficial in circumstances where athletes' thermal state may be challenged. Efficacy is not limited to taste, but extends to the stimulation of targeted receptors in the oral cavity and throughout the digestive tract, relaying signals pertaining to energy availability and temperature to appropriate neural centres. Dose, frequency and timing of tastant application likely require personalisation to be most effective, and can be enhanced or confounded by factors that relate to the placebo effect, highlighting taste as a critical factor in designing and administering applied sports science interventions.
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Leemhuis A, Shichishima Y, Puntillo K. Palliation of Thirst in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Translating Research Into Practice. Crit Care Nurse 2020; 39:21-28. [PMID: 31575591 DOI: 10.4037/ccn2019544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirst is prevalent among patients in intensive care units. A research-based "thirst bundle" was shown to significantly decrease thirst in these patients. OBJECTIVE To implement a research-based thirst intervention performed by intensive care unit nurses and patients' family members. METHODS Nurses and family members were taught the thirst intervention through video training and project team reinforcement. The intervention was performed by nurses for 123 patients and by family members for 13 patients. Thirst was measured with a numeric rating scale of 0 to 10, a word scale of 0 to 3, or "yes/no" answers, whichever was easiest for the patient. Inferential statistics were used to assess changes in thirst scores over time. Also assessed were nurse and family member burden levels, family level of satisfaction, and patient enjoyment. RESULTS Thirst scores on the numeric rating scale decreased significantly: from a mean (SD) of 7.9 (2.0) before to 3.9 (2.7) after the intervention for nurses (P < .001); and from 9.2 (1.5) to 5.3 (2.6) for family members (n = 13; P = .002). Word scale scores also decreased significantly, from a median (interquartile range) of 3 (3-3) before to 2 (1-2) after the intervention for nurses (P < .001). Most patients (96%) reported enjoying the procedure. Median burden levels were less than 2 on a numeric rating scale of 0 to 10. CONCLUSIONS The palliative "thirst bundle" significantly alleviated patients' thirst and resulted in little caregiver burden. Further efforts are warranted to incorporate this intervention into intensive care unit practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Leemhuis
- Ann Leemhuis is clinical nurse III, adult medical-surgical intensive care unit, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California. Yuriko Shichishima is a clinical nurse II and a clinical nurse educator, Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco Medical Center. Kathleen Puntillo is professor emeritus, Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing
| | - Yuriko Shichishima
- Ann Leemhuis is clinical nurse III, adult medical-surgical intensive care unit, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California. Yuriko Shichishima is a clinical nurse II and a clinical nurse educator, Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco Medical Center. Kathleen Puntillo is professor emeritus, Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing
| | - Kathleen Puntillo
- Ann Leemhuis is clinical nurse III, adult medical-surgical intensive care unit, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California. Yuriko Shichishima is a clinical nurse II and a clinical nurse educator, Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco Medical Center. Kathleen Puntillo is professor emeritus, Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing
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Saldaris JM, Landers GJ, Lay BS. Physical and perceptual cooling: Improving cognitive function, mood disturbance and time to fatigue in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:801-811. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta M. Saldaris
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) The University of Western Australia Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Grant J. Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) The University of Western Australia Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Brendan S. Lay
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) The University of Western Australia Western Australia Perth Australia
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Ligtenberg A, Meuffels M, Veerman E. Effects of environmental temperature on saliva flow rate and secretion of protein, amylase and mucin 5B. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 109:104593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jeffries O, Waldron M. The effects of menthol on exercise performance and thermal sensation: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:707-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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VonStein M, Buchko BL, Millen C, Lampo D, Bell T, Woods AB. Effect of a Scheduled Nurse Intervention on Thirst and Dry Mouth in Intensive Care Patients. Am J Crit Care 2019; 28:41-46. [PMID: 30600225 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2019400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirst is a common, intense symptom reported by hospitalized patients. No studies indicate frequency of use of ice water and lip moisturizer with menthol to ameliorate thirst and dry mouth. In an audit of 30 intensive care unit patients at a 580-bed community teaching hospital, 66% reported dry mouth with higher thirst distress and intensity scores than in published studies. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of scheduled use of ice water oral swabs and lip moisturizer with menthol compared with unscheduled use in relieving thirst and dry mouth for intensive care unit patients. METHODS In a quasi-experimental design, adult patients admitted to 2 intensive care units at a community hospital were provided with ice water oral swabs and lip moisturizer with menthol upon request. The intervention was unscheduled in 1 unit and scheduled in the other unit. The scheduled intervention was provided hourly during a 7-hour period (n = 62 participants). The unscheduled intervention consisted of usual care (n = 41 participants). A numeric rating scale (0-10) was used to measure thirst intensity, thirst distress, and dry mouth before and after 7 hours in both groups. RESULTS The scheduled-use group had significant lessening of thirst intensity (P = .02) and dry mouth (P = .008). Thirst distress in the scheduled-use group did not differ from that in the unscheduled-use group (P = .07). CONCLUSION Scheduled use of ice water oral swabs and lip moisturizer with menthol may lessen thirst intensity and dry mouth in critical care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle VonStein
- Michelle VonStein and Cristina Millen are clinical nurses, and Deborah Lampo is a nurse manager, WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania. Barbara L. Buchko is director, Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research, and Theodore Bell is a research program manager, WellSpan Health, York, Pennsylvania. Anne B. Woods is adjunct faculty, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Barbara L. Buchko
- Michelle VonStein and Cristina Millen are clinical nurses, and Deborah Lampo is a nurse manager, WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania. Barbara L. Buchko is director, Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research, and Theodore Bell is a research program manager, WellSpan Health, York, Pennsylvania. Anne B. Woods is adjunct faculty, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Cristina Millen
- Michelle VonStein and Cristina Millen are clinical nurses, and Deborah Lampo is a nurse manager, WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania. Barbara L. Buchko is director, Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research, and Theodore Bell is a research program manager, WellSpan Health, York, Pennsylvania. Anne B. Woods is adjunct faculty, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Deborah Lampo
- Michelle VonStein and Cristina Millen are clinical nurses, and Deborah Lampo is a nurse manager, WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania. Barbara L. Buchko is director, Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research, and Theodore Bell is a research program manager, WellSpan Health, York, Pennsylvania. Anne B. Woods is adjunct faculty, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Theodore Bell
- Michelle VonStein and Cristina Millen are clinical nurses, and Deborah Lampo is a nurse manager, WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania. Barbara L. Buchko is director, Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research, and Theodore Bell is a research program manager, WellSpan Health, York, Pennsylvania. Anne B. Woods is adjunct faculty, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne B. Woods
- Michelle VonStein and Cristina Millen are clinical nurses, and Deborah Lampo is a nurse manager, WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania. Barbara L. Buchko is director, Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research, and Theodore Bell is a research program manager, WellSpan Health, York, Pennsylvania. Anne B. Woods is adjunct faculty, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The application of menthol has recently been researched as a performance-enhancing aid for various aspects of athletic performance including endurance, speed, strength and joint range of motion. A range of application methods has been used including a mouth rinse, ingestion of a beverage containing menthol or external application to the skin or clothing via a gel or spray. The majority of research has focussed on the use of menthol to impart a cooling sensation on athletes performing endurance exercise in the heat. In this situation, menthol appears to have the greatest beneficial effect on performance when applied internally. In contrast, the majority of investigations into the external application of menthol demonstrated no performance benefit. While studies are limited in number, menthol has not yet proven to be beneficial for speed or strength, and only effective at increasing joint range of motion following exercise that induced delayed-onset muscle soreness. Internal application of menthol may provoke such performance-enhancing effects via mechanisms related to its thermal, ventilatory, analgesic and arousing properties. Future research should focus on well-trained subjects and investigate the addition of menthol to nutritional sports products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Stevens
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Hogbin Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia.
| | - Russ Best
- School of Social Sciences, Business and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Abstract
Menthol is a compound of plant origin and has recently been used to aid exercise performance in hot, humid environments. Menthol creates a sensation of coolness when applied to the skin or mucosal surfaces stimulating the cold receptors. In these environments, fatigue is known to be accelerated and feelings of being hot are one of the main contributors to the early onset of fatigue. However, current research indicates that nonthermal perceptual cooling interventions could alter behavior in the heat by reducing thermal perception. This would allow the athlete to feel cooler when exercising at the same work rate in the heat. Menthol has been investigated as an internal and external intervention. Greater benefits have currently been found for internal interventions than external methods. Future research should focus on the mechanisms, dosage, and timing of both internal and external interventions, and the role menthol could play within speed or strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Rose Flood
- University of Chichester, UK College Lane University of Chichester, West Sussex, UNITED KINGDOM
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Precooling With Crushed Ice: As Effective as Heat Acclimation at Improving Cycling Time-Trial Performance in the Heat. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:228-234. [PMID: 28605253 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of precooling (ice ingestion) and heat-acclimation training on cycling time-trial (CTT) performance in the heat. Fifteen male cyclists/triathletes completed two 800-kJ CTTs in the heat, with a 12-d training program in between. Initially, all participants consumed 7 g/kg of water (22°C) in 30 min before completing an 800-kJ CTT in hot, humid conditions (pre-CTT) (35°C, 50% relative humidity [RH]). Participants were then split into 2 groups, with the precooling group (n = 7) training in thermoneutral conditions and then undergoing precooling with ice ingestion (7 g/kg, 1°C) prior to the final CTT (post-CTT) and the heat-acclimation group (n = 8) training in hot conditions (35°C, 50% RH) and consuming water (7 g/kg) prior to post-CTT. After training in both conditions, improvement in CTT time was deemed a likely positive benefit (precooling -166 ± 133 s, heat acclimation -105 ± 62 s), with this result being similar between conditions (d = 0.22, -0.68-1.08 90% confidence interval [CI]). Core temperature for post-CTT was lower in precooling than in heat acclimation from 20 min into the precooling period until the 100-kJ mark of the CTT (d > 0.98). Sweat onset occurred later in precooling (250 ± 100 s) than in heat acclimation (180 ± 80 s) for post-CTT (d = 0.65, -0.30-1.50 90% CI). Thermal sensation was lower at the end of the precooling period prior to post-CTT for the precooling trial than with heat acclimation (d = 1.24, 0.90-1.58 90% CI). Precooling with ice ingestion offers an alternative method of improving endurance-cycling performance in hot conditions if heat acclimation cannot be attained.
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Best R, Payton S, Spears I, Riera F, Berger N. Topical and Ingested Cooling Methodologies for Endurance Exercise Performance in the Heat. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010011. [PMID: 29910315 PMCID: PMC5969198 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess studies which have investigated cooling methodologies, their timing and effects, on endurance exercise performance in trained athletes (Category 3; VO2max ≥ 55 mL·kg·min−1) in hot environmental conditions (≥28 °C). Meta-analyses were performed to quantify the effects of timings and methods of application, with a narrative review of the evidence also provided. A computer-assisted database search was performed for articles investigating the effects of cooling on endurance performance and accompanying physiological and perceptual responses. A total of 4129 results were screened by title, abstract, and full text, resulting in 10 articles being included for subsequent analyses. A total of 101 participants and 310 observations from 10 studies measuring the effects of differing cooling strategies on endurance exercise performance and accompanying physiological and perceptual responses were included. With respect to time trial performance, cooling was shown to result in small beneficial effects when applied before and throughout the exercise bout (Effect Size: −0.44; −0.69 to −0.18), especially when ingested (−0.39; −0.60 to −0.18). Current evidence suggests that whilst other strategies ameliorate physiological or perceptual responses throughout endurance exercise in hot conditions, ingesting cooling aids before and during exercise provides a small benefit, which is of practical significance to athletes’ time trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK.
- Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3288, New Zealand.
| | | | - Iain Spears
- Pro-Football Support Ltd., Huddersfield HD7 5BQ, UK.
| | - Florence Riera
- Laboratoire ACTES⁻EA 3596, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, 97157 Pointe à Pitre, France.
- Laboratoire LEPSA⁻EA 4604, Université de Perpignan, 66120 Font Romeu, France.
| | - Nicolas Berger
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK.
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Garcia AKA, Fonseca LF, Aroni P, Galvão CM. Strategies for thirst relief: integrative literature review. Rev Bras Enferm 2017; 69:1215-1222. [PMID: 27925100 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to analyze the strategies used to relieve the thirst of hospitalized patients. Method: an integrative review, for which the databases PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL and the group of references organized by the Group for Study and Research of Thirst were selected for the search of primary studies, with the keywords: thirst, ice, cold, intervention, nursing care, artificial saliva. Results: the review sample was composed of ten primary studies. The strategies found were: low temperature using frozen gauze, ice chips, and cold water, menthol associated with cold strategies, chewing gum, acupressure, and the use of a thin straw, substitute saliva, and early fluid ingestion. Conclusion: the temperature was presented as a predominant and effective strategy to relieve the thirst for surgical patients in intensive care and hemodialysis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Korki Arrabal Garcia
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Londrina-PR, Brasil
| | - Lígia Fahl Fonseca
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Londrina-PR, Brasil
| | - Patricia Aroni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem Fundamental. Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil
| | - Cristina Maria Galvão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem Fundamental. Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil
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van Belzen L, Postma E, Boesveldt S. How to quench your thirst. The effect of water-based products varying in temperature and texture, flavour, and sugar content on thirst. Physiol Behav 2017; 180:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stevens CJ, Bennett KJ, Sculley DV, Callister R, Taylor L, Dascombe BJ. A Comparison of Mixed-Method Cooling Interventions on Preloaded Running Performance in the Heat. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:620-629. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hutchings SC, Horner KM, Dible VA, Grigor JM, O'Riordan D. Modification of aftertaste with a menthol mouthwash reduces food wanting, liking, and ad libitum intake of potato crisps. Appetite 2017; 108:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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