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Blakemore PR, Hoffmann RW. Formation of Olefins by Eliminative Dimerization and Eliminative Cross-Coupling of Carbenoids: A Stereochemical Exercise. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:390-407. [PMID: 28834041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two carbenoids combine to generate an olefin by a mechanism involving formation of an ate complex, 1,2-metalate rearrangement, and β-elimination. As each stage of this eliminative coupling is stereospecific, the overall stereochemical outcome can be understood and, in principle fully controlled, providing that the absolute stereochemical configurations of the reacting carbenoid species are defined. In contrast to traditional alkene syntheses, the eliminative cross-coupling of carbenoids offers a connective approach to olefins capable of precisely targeting a given isomer regardless of the nature of the features distinguishing the isomers. The formation of olefins by the eliminative dimerization and eliminative cross-coupling of carbenoids is reviewed with a range of illustrative examples, including the reactions of α-lithiated haloalkanes, epoxides, and carbamates. An emphasis is placed on stereochemical analysis and methods to generate sp3 -hybridized carbenoids in stereodefined form are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Reinhard W Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Blakemore PR, Hoffmann RW. Olefin‐Bildung durch eliminierende Dimerisierung und eliminierende Kreuzkupplung von Carbenoiden: eine stereochemische Herausforderung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97330 USA
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Hafner A, Mancino V, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Sedelmeier J. Dichloromethyllithium: Synthesis and Application in Continuous Flow Mode. Org Lett 2017; 19:786-789. [PMID: 28151678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple and robust procedure for the synthesis and use of thermally unstable dichloromethyllithium in continuous flow mode is described. By utilizing residence times in the range of milliseconds for the generation and electrophilic quench of dichloromethyllithium, the straightforward synthesis of dichlorocarbinols and benzylic pinacol esters was realized at reaction temperatures of -30 °C, whereas typical temperatures in traditional batch mode are below -78 °C. The excellent purity profile obtained from the flow process allows us to directly telescope the exiting flow stream into semibatch quenches for further modifications. All transformations gave the desired products in remarkable purity and yield on gram scale with no need for chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hafner
- Novartis Pharma AG , Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Meisenbach
- Novartis Pharma AG , Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Pace V, Holzer W, De Kimpe N. Lithium Halomethylcarbenoids: Preparation and Use in the Homologation of Carbon Electrophiles. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2061-76. [PMID: 27381551 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-Halomethyllithium carbenoids are useful homologating reagents which - reacting under proper reaction conditions as carbanions - enable the installation via nucleophilic addition of a reactive halomethyl fragment onto a preformed carbon-heteroatom bond. The pronounced thermolability represented - since seminal studies by Köbrich - the Achilles' heel of these reagents: the use of Barbier-type methodologies (i.e., the electrophile should be present in the reaction mixture prior to the formation of the carbenoid) was pivotal in order to suppress decomposition through α-elimination processes. Nowadays, the use of low temperatures (-78 °C) guarantees reliable procedures and, significantly, the employment of microreactor technologies allows external trapping to be performed even at higher temperatures as reported by Luisi. We will discuss the α-halomethyllithium-mediated homologations of a series of carbon electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds, imines, esters, Weinreb amides, and isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Yildiz CB, Azizoglu A. Theoretical investigations on the electronic and structural properties of stannacyclopropylidenoids and plumbacyclopropylidenoids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024415130087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kimura T, Satoh T. Mechanism of magnesium carbenoid 1,3-C-H insertion: a DFT study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II; Tokyo University of Science; Ichigayafunagawaramachi 12, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0826 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Satoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II; Tokyo University of Science; Ichigayafunagawaramachi 12, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0826 Japan
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Degennaro L, Fanelli F, Giovine A, Luisi R. External Trapping of Halomethyllithium Enabled by Flow Microreactors. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Waerder B, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mix A, Vishnevskiy YV, Hoge B, Mitzel NW. Solid-State Structure of a Li/F Carbenoid: Pentafluoroethyllithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11640-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Waerder B, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mix A, Vishnevskiy YV, Hoge B, Mitzel NW. Festkörperstruktur eines Li/F-Carbenoids: Pentafluorethyllithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Emerson CR, Zakharov LN, Blakemore PR. Investigation of functionalized α-chloroalkyllithiums for a stereospecific reagent-controlled homologation approach to the analgesic alkaloid (-)-epibatidine. Chemistry 2013; 19:16342-56. [PMID: 24127119 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four putative functionalized α-chloroakyllithiums RCH2CHLiCl, where R=CHCH2(18 a), CCH (18 b), CH2OBn (18 c), and CH[O(CH2)2O] (18 d), were generated in situ by sulfoxide-lithium exchange from α-chlorosulfoxides, and investigated for the stereospecific reagent-controlled homologation (StReCH) of phenethyl and 2-chloropyrid-5-yl (17) pinacol boronic esters. Deuterium labeling experiments revealed that α-chloroalkyllithiums are quenched by proton transfer from their α-chlorosulfoxide precursors and it was established that this effect compromises the yield of StReCH reactions. Use of α-deuterated α-chlorosulfoxides was discovered to ameliorate the problem by retarding the rate of acid-base chemistry between the carbenoid and its precursor. Carbenoids 18 a and 18 b showed poor StReCH efficacy, particularly the propargyl group bearing carbenoid 18 b, the instability of which was attributed to a facile 1,2-hydride shift. By contrast, 18 d, a carbenoid that benefits from a stabilizing interaction between O and Li atoms gave good StReCH yields. Boronate 17 was chain extended by carbenoids 18 a, 18 b, and 18 d in 16, 0, and 68% yield, respectively; α-deuterated isotopomers D-18 a and D-18 d gave yields of 33 and 79% for the same reaction. Double StReCH of 17 was pursued to target contiguous stereodiads appropriate for the total synthesis of (-)-epibatidine (15). One-pot double StReCH of boronate 17 by two exposures to (S)-D-18 a (≤66 % ee), followed by work-up with KOOH, gave the expected stereodiad product in 16% yield (d.r.~67:33). The comparable reaction using two exposures to (S)-D-18 d (≤90% ee) delivered the expected bisacetal containing stereodiad (R,R)-DD-48 in 40% yield (≥98% ee, d.r.=85:15). Double StReCH of 17 using (S)-D-18 d (≤90% ee) followed by (R)-D-18 d (≤90% ee) likewise gave (R,S)-DD-48 in 49% yield (≥97% ee, d.r.=79:21). (R,S)-DD-48 was converted to a dideuterated isotopomer of a synthetic intermediate in Corey's synthesis of 15.
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Güney M, Eşsiz S, Daştan A, Balci M, De Lucchi O, Şahin E, Fabris F. Stereoconvergent Generation of a Contrasteric syn-Bicyclopropylidene (= syn-Cyclopropylidenecyclopropane) by Stille-Like Coupling. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Popowski E, Rietz I, Fischer C, Erben S, Harloff J, Reinke H. Reaktionen von Bis(trimethylsilyl)aminochlorsilanen mit Lithium - N, Si-Trimethylsilylgruppenwanderung oder Selbstkondensation von Bis(trimethylsilyl)aminosilyllithiumverbindungen. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Yıldız CB, Azizoglu A. Theoretical study on the structures and stabilities of silacyclopropylidenoids. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-9981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Stec J, Henderson AR, Whitby RJ. Synthesis of homopropargyl alcohols via insertion of allenyl carbenoids into acyclic organozirconium bonds. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Bing-Ze W, Cong-Hao D, Lin-Xiao X. Theoretical studies of carbenes and carbenoids: 2. Structures and isomerizations of carbenoid H2CCLiF. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19880060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Xu LX, Tao FG, Shen Xiao H, Yu TY. A reapproach to the generation and reaction mechanism of cyclopropylidenes. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19890070308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Azizoglu A, Yildiz CB. Ring-Opening Mechanism of Lithium Bromosilacyclopropylidenoids to Silaallenes. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100868b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akin Azizoglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Aksaray University, TR-68100, Aksaray, Turkey
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18
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Guan-Zhi J, Guang-Lu G. Theoretical thermochemistry: Entropies and heat capacities for organosilicon compounds part 3. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19960140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Hua-Yu Q, Cong-Hao D. Theoretical studies on the structures and reactivity of stannylenoids I. The structures and isomerization of stannylenoid H2SnLiF. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19960140405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Capriati V, Florio S. Anatomy of long-lasting love affairs with lithium carbenoids: past and present status and future prospects. Chemistry 2010; 16:4152-62. [PMID: 20222089 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After a long adolescence, the chemistry of lithium carbenoids has currently been entering its maturity bringing a dowry of a more in-depth and less empirical knowledge of the structure and configurational stability of such double-faced intermediates; this, thanks in particular to the synergistic and harmonic cooperation between calculations and the most modern NMR techniques now at our disposal. Such knowledge has stimulated the development of fruitful stereoselective applications in the field of organic synthesis, providing in addition a rationale to observed selectivities. Such aspects together with the role played by aggregation and solvation on the structure-reactivity relationship are highlighted throughout this Minireview with selected examples extracted from recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari Aldo Moro, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale Metodologie e Processi Innovativi di Sintesi C.I.N.M.P.I.S. Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Azizoglu A, Balci M, Mieusset JL, Brinker UH. Substituent Effects on the Ring-Opening Mechanism of Lithium Bromocyclopropylidenoids to Allenes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8182-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akin Azizoglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Metin Balci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, TR-10145, Balikesir, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey, and Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Harloff J, Popowski E, Reinke H. Substituted lithiumtrimethylsiloxysilanides LiSiRR′(OSiMe3) – Investigations of their synthesis, stability and reactivity. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mieusset JL, Brinker UH. On the Existence of Uncharged Molecules with a Pyramidally Coordinated Carbon: The Cases of Pentacyclo[4.3.0.02,9.03,8.07,9]non-4-ene and Heptacyclo- [7.6.0.01,5.05,15.06,14.010,14.010,15]pentadecane. J Org Chem 2005; 70:10572-5. [PMID: 16323874 DOI: 10.1021/jo051847m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] B3LYP/6-31G(d) and MP2 calculations predict interactions between the divalent carbon and one double bond in tricyclo[3.2.2.0(2,4)]nona-6,8-dien-3-ylidene (3). Carbene 3 easily forms the more stable 4, a species with a pyramidal geometry. Moreover, the kinetic stability of 4 has been investigated, and some of its decay products are described. Interestingly, 3,3-dibromotricyclo[3.2.2.0(2,4)]nona-6,8-diene (1), the precursor of carbenoid 3, has already been reported and shown to undergo a formal dimerization to give 2. In addition, 15, a compound structurally related to 4, is expected to have a substantially greater stability toward further rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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Tian X, Fröhlich R, Mitzel NW. Organoaluminium and -gallium compounds with N,N-diisopropylaminomethyl groups. Dalton Trans 2005:380-4. [PMID: 15616730 DOI: 10.1039/b415585h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The N,N-diisopropylaminomethyl aluminium compound [tBu2AlCH2NiPr2 x LiCl]2(1) and the gallium compounds Li[tBu2Ga(CH2NiPr2)2](2) and [tBu2GaCH2N(H)iPr2]Cl x tBu3Ga (3) were prepared by transmetallation of N,N-diisopropylaminomethyllithium LiCH2NiPr2 with di-tert-butylaluminium or -gallium chloride, and characterised by elemental analyses, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 27Al, 7Li) and IR spectroscopy. The crystal structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound aggregates as a centrosymmetric dimer, with two Al-C-N units connected by a frame of two LiCl molecules [Al-Cl 2.367(1), Cl-Li 2.339(4) and 2.374(4), Li-N 1.977(4)A]. Compound 2 is a lithium organogallate with two weak LiN bonds [1.965(7) and 1.937(7)A]. Compound 3 contains two different moieties: tBu3Ga and a [tBu2GaCH2N(H)iPr2]+ cation, which are bridged by a Cl- anion [Ga-Cl 2.445(1) and 2.579(1), HCl 2.362(3)A].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Institut fur Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149, Munster, Germany
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Tian X, Woski M, Lustig C, Pape T, Fröhlich R, Van DL, Bergander K, Mitzel NW. N,N-Diisopropylaminomethyllithium: Synthesis, Oxidative Degradation, and Organoaluminum and -gallium Derivatives. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049631i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Woski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Lustig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tania Pape
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Duc Le Van
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Nájera C, Yus M, Hässig R, Seebach D. Fluoro(phenylsufinyl)methyllithium. Note on the13C-NMR Spectrum of a Flourocarbenoid. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19840670422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boche G, Marsch M, Müller A, Harms K. 1-Chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1-lithioethene · TMEDA · 2THF: Structure of a LiCl Carbenoid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199310321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shimizu M, Kurahashi T, Kitagawa H, Shimono K, Hiyama T. gem-Silylborylation approach for tri- and tetrametalmethanes: the first synthesis of boryl(germyl)(silyl)(stannyl)methanes. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lustig C, Mitzel NW. Molecularly Simple Dimethylaminomethyl Compounds of Aluminum, Gallium, and Indium. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020687r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lustig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Pratt LM, Ramachandran B, Xidos JD, Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. Structures and aggregation states of fluoromethyllithium and chloromethyllithium carbenoids in the gas phase and in ethereal solvent. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7607-12. [PMID: 12398479 DOI: 10.1021/jo026022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using high-level quantum mechanical calculations and various models to account for solvation effects, monomers and dimers of fluoromethyllithium and chloromethyllithium carbenoids are studied in the gas phase and in dimethyl ether solvent. A combination of explicit microsolvation and a continuum reaction field is required to account fully for the structural and energetic effects of solvation. One important effect of solvent is the stabilization of charge-separated structures in which the lithium-halogen distance is much greater than in the gas-phase structures. At the most complete level of theory the 173 K standard-state free energy of dimerization of fluoromethyllithium in dimethyl ether is predicted to be -0.9 kcal mol(-)(1), while that for chloromethyllithium in the same solvent is predicted to be 3.7 kcal mol(-)(1). This suggests that, under typical experimental conditions, dimers of chloroalkyllithiums will not be observed, while dimers of fluoroalkyllithiums may contribute to the equilibrium population at a detectable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputer Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis 55455-0431, USA.
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Concellón JM, Cuervo H, Fernández-Fano R. An improved preparation of epoxides from carbonyl compounds by using diiodomethane/methyllithium: synthetic applications. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hermann H, Lohrenz JC, Kühn A, Boche G. The Influence of the Leaving Group X (X=F, Cl, Br, I, OH) on the Carbenoid Nature of the Carbenoids LiCH 2 X and XZnCH 2 X—A Theoretical Study. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Harloff J, Popowski E, Fuhrmann H. Reaktionen von Trimethylsiloxychlorsilanen (Me3SiO)Me2−nPhnSiCl (n=0,1,2) mit Lithium—Bildung von Trimethylsiloxy-substituierten Silyl- und Disilanyllithiumver- bindungen sowie Di- und Trisilanen. J Organomet Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(99)00501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Katritzky AR, Yao J, Bao W, Qi M, Steel PJ. 2-Benzotriazolylaziridines and Their Reactions with Diethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo980082y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jiangchao Yao
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Weiliang Bao
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ming Qi
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter J. Steel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Braun M. 1-Alkenyllithium-Reagentien mit einem Heteroatomsubstituenten in derα-Position: Carbanionen und Carbenoide zur C-C-Verknüpfung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980216)110:4<444::aid-ange444>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bettinger HF, Schleyer PVR, Schreiner PR, Schaefer HF. Ring Opening of Substituted Cyclopropylidenes to Cyclic Allenes. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo971587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger F. Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and the Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Paul v. R. Schleyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and the Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and the Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and the Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Müller A, Marsch M, Harms K, Lohrenz JCW, Boche G. LiCHCl2 · 3 Pyridin, Struktur eines Carbenoids mit tetraedrischem C-Atom im Kristall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Qiu H, Deng C. Ab initio studies on the structures and isomerization of the carbenoids CH2LiX (X = F, Cl). Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)01411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vinylidenecarbenoid. The importance of solvation and electron correlation effects on its structure. Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00585-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carbenoid reactions of trifluoromethylelement compounds. Part 4. Reactions of trifluoromethylzinc bromide with enamines and methylene bases. J Fluor Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1139(94)03114-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Florio S, Capriati V, Solimini MC, Troisi L. Self-condensation of benzothiazolylchloromethyllithiums. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)74438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Creton I, Marek I, Brasseur D, Jestin JL, Normant JF. Phenylthioacetylene as a source of stereodefined trisubstituted alkenes. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)85028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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[HTiCl(THF) ∼0.5]x - a highly reactive titanium hydride and an active species in the McMurry reaction. J Organomet Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(94)80197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Naumann D, Möckel R, Tyrra W. Difluormethylchalkogenide: eine NMR-Studie der Reaktionen von Cd(CF3)2 · 2 MeCN und ZnBr(CF3) · 2 MeCN mit Dialkylchalkogeniden und Bortrifluorid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dichloromethane as a source of the CH22-synthon: A combination of an arene-catalysed lithiation and a barbier-type reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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