1
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Tang CL, Heide AG, Heide AD, Douberly GE, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. Exploring the Tl 2 H 2 potential energy surface: A comparative analysis with group 13 systems and experiment. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:985-994. [PMID: 38197269 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Thallium chemistry is experiencing unprecedented importance. Therefore, it is valuable to characterize some of the simplest thallium compounds. Stationary points along the singlet and triplet Tl 2 H 2 potential energy surface have been characterized. Stationary point geometries were optimized with the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pwCVQZ-PP method. Harmonic vibrational frequencies were computed at the same level of theory while anharmonic vibrational frequencies were computed at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pwCVTZ-PP level of theory. Final energetics were obtained with the CCSDT(Q) method. Basis sets up to augmented quintuple-zeta cardinality (aug-cc-pwCV5Z-PP) were employed to obtain energetics in order to extrapolate to the complete basis set limits using the focal point approach. Zero-point vibrational energy corrections were appended to the extrapolated energies in order to determine relative energies at 0 K. It was found that the planar dibridged isomer lies lowest in energy while the linear structure lies highest in energy. The results were compared to other group 13 M 2 H 2 (M = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) theoretical studies and some interesting variations are found. With respect to experiment, incompatibilities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson L Tang
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander G Heide
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexandra D Heide
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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2
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Poncelet EJ, Mull HF, Abate Y, Robinson GH, Douberly GE, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. A wealth of structures for the Ge 2H 2+ radical cation: comparison of theory and experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12444-12452. [PMID: 38597727 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Five structures of Ge2H2 and Ge2H2+ are investigated in this study. Optimized geometries at the CCSD(T)/cc-pwCVQZ-PP level of theory were obtained. Focal point analyses were performed on these optimized geometries to determine relative energies using the CCSD(T) method with polarized basis sets up to quintuple-zeta. Energy corrections include full T and pertubative (Q) coupled-cluster effects plus anharmonic corrections to the zero-point vibrational energy. Relative ordering in energy from lowest to highest of the five Ge2H2+ structures is butterfly, germylidene, monobridged, trans, then linear. In neutral Ge2H2, the monobridged structure lies lower in energy than the germylidene structure. Fundamental vibrational frequencies and IR intensities were computed for the minima at the CCSD(T)/cc-pwCVTZ-PP level of theory to compare with experimental research. Partial atomic charges and natural bonding orbital analyses indicated that the positive charge of Ge2H2+ is contained in the region of the Ge-Ge bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Poncelet
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | - Henry F Mull
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | - Yohannes Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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3
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Zhang J, Li L, Xie X, Song XQ, Schaefer HF. Biomimetic Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts for Hydrogenation of CO to Methanol at Low Temperatures. ACS Org Inorg Au 2024; 4:258-267. [PMID: 38585511 PMCID: PMC10996047 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The industrial production of methanol through CO hydrogenation using the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst requires harsh conditions, and the development of new catalysts with low operating temperatures is highly desirable. In this study, organic biomimetic FLP catalysts with good tolerance to CO poison are theoretically designed. The base-free catalytic reaction contains the 1,1-addition of CO into a formic acid intermediate and the hydrogenation of the formic acid intermediate into methanol. Low-energy spans (25.6, 22.1, and 20.6 kcal/mol) are achieved, indicating that CO can be hydrogenated into methanol at low temperatures. The new extended aromatization-dearomatization effect involving multiple rings is proposed to effectively facilitate the rate-determining CO 1,1-addition step, and a new CO activation model is proposed for organic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejing Zhang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Song
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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4
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Tran PM, Wang Y, Lahm ME, Wei P, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Unusual nucleophilic reactivity of a dithiolene-based N-heterocyclic silane. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6178-6183. [PMID: 38506299 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
While the dithiolene-based N-heterocyclic silane (4) reacts with two equivalents of BX3 (X = Br, I) to give zwitterionic Lewis adducts 5 and 8, respectively, the parallel reaction of 4 with BCl3 results in 10, a dithiolene-substituted N-heterocyclic silane, via the Si-S bond cleavage. Unlike 5, the labile 8 may be readily converted to 9via BI3-mediated cleavage of the Si-N bond. The formation of 5 and 8 confirms that 4 uniquely possesses dual nucleophilic sites: (a) the terminal sulphur atom of the dithiolene moiety; and (b) the backbone carbon of the N-heterocyclic silane unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong M Tran
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA.
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA.
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA.
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA.
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA.
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA.
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5
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Beck IT, Lahm ME, Douberly GE, Schaefer HF. Convergent ab initio analysis of the multi-channel HOBr + H reaction. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124304. [PMID: 38516979 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
High-level potential energy surfaces for three reactions of hypobromous acid with atomic hydrogen were computed at the CCSDTQ/CBS//CCSDT(Q)/complete basis set level of theory. Focal point analysis was utilized to extrapolate energies and gradients for energetics and optimizations, respectively. The H attack at Br and subsequent Br-O cleavage were found to proceed barrierlessly. The slightly submerged transition state lies -0.2 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than the reactants and produces OH and HBr. The two other studied reaction paths are the radical substitution to produce H2O and Br with a 4.0 kcal mol-1 barrier and the abstraction at hydrogen to produce BrO and H2 with an 11.2 kcal mol-1 barrier. The final product energies lie -37.2, -67.9, and -7.3 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than reactants, HOBr + H, for the sets of products OH + HBr, H2O + Br, and H2 + BrO, respectively. Additive corrections computed for the final energetics, particularly the zero-point vibrational energies and spin-orbit corrections, significantly impacted the final stationary point energies, with corrections up to 6.2 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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6
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Vermeeren P, Dalla Tiezza M, Wolf ME, Lahm ME, Allen WD, Schaefer HF, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Correction: Pericyclic reaction benchmarks: hierarchical computations targeting CCSDT(Q)/CBS and analysis of DFT performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9073. [PMID: 38436412 PMCID: PMC10936691 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp90047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Correction for 'Pericyclic reaction benchmarks: hierarchical computations targeting CCSDT(Q)/CBS and analysis of DFT performance' by Pascal Vermeeren et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 18028-18042, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP02234F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Wesley D Allen
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Allen Heritage Foundation, Dickson, TN 37055, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Xia SH, He J, Liu Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Lahm ME, Robinson GH, Schaefer HF. Structures and Energetics of E 2H 3+ (E = As, Sb, and Bi) Cations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:563-571. [PMID: 38227954 PMCID: PMC10823464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
E2H2 (E = As, Sb, Bi) structures involving multiple bonds have attracted much attention recently. The E2H3+ cations (protonated E2H2) are predicted to be viable with substantial proton affinities (>180 kcal/mol). Herein, the bonding characters and energetics of a number of E2H3+ isomers are explored through CCSD(T) and DFT methods. For the As2H3+ system, the CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ-PP method predicts that the vinylidene-like structure lies lowest in energy, with the trans and cis isomers higher by 6.7 and 9.3 kcal/mol, respectively. However, for Sb2H3+ and Bi2H3+ systems, the trans isomer is the global minimum, while the energies of the cis and vinylidene-like structures are higher, respectively, by 2.0 and 2.4 kcal/mol for Sb2H3+ and 1.6 and 15.0 kcal/mol for Bi2H3+. Thus, the vinyledene-like structure is the lowest energy for the arsenic system but only a transition state of the bismuth system. With permanent dipole moments, all minima may be observable in microwave experiments. Besides, we have also obtained transition states and planar-cis structures with higher energies. The current results should provide new insights into the various isomers and provide a number of predictions for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Xia
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jihuan He
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhuoqun Liu
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunhan Liu
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mitchell E. Lahm
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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8
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Wang Y, Tran PM, Lahm ME, Wei P, Adams ER, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. From Carbene-Dithiolene Zwitterion Mediated B-H Bond Activation to BH 3·SMe 2-Assisted Boron-Boron Bond Formation. Organometallics 2023; 42:3328-3333. [PMID: 38098647 PMCID: PMC10716900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The 1:1 reaction of the carbene-stabilized dithiolene zwitterion 1 with BH3·SMe2 gave the dithiolene-based hydroborane 2 and the doubly hydrogen-capped CAAC species 3 via hydride-coupled reverse electron transfer processes. The mechanism of this transformation was probed computationally using density functional theory. The subsequent 2:1 reaction of 2 with 1 resulted in 4 and 3, suggesting that 1 can mediate the B-H bond activation not only for BH3 but also for monohydroboranes. In the presence of BH3·SMe2, 2 was unexpectedly converted to the corresponding diborane(4) complex 5 through a dehydrocoupling reaction at an elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Computational Chemistry, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Phuong M. Tran
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Computational Chemistry, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Mitchell E. Lahm
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Computational Chemistry, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Computational Chemistry, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Earle R. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Computational Chemistry, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Computational Chemistry, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Computational Chemistry, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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9
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Tran PM, Wang Y, Lahm ME, Wei P, Molnar CJ, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Germanium(II) Dithiolene Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302258. [PMID: 37603856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The 1 : 2 reaction of the imidazole-based dithiolate (2) with GeCl2 • dioxane in THF/TMEDA gives 3, a TMEDA-complexed dithiolene-based germylene. Compound 3 is converted to monothiolate-complexed (5) and N-heterocyclic carbene-complexed (7) germanium(II) dithiolene complexes via Lewis base ligand exchange. A bis-dithiolene-based germylene (8), involving a 3c-4e S-Ge-S bond, has also been synthesized through controlled hydrolysis of 7. The bonding nature of 3, 5, and 8 was investigated by both experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong M Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Christopher J Molnar
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
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10
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Olive LN, Dornshuld EV, Schaefer HF, Tschumper GS. Competition between Solvent···Solvent and Solvent···Solute Interactions in the Microhydration of the Tetrafluoroborate Anion, BF 4-(H 2O) n=1,2,3,4. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8806-8820. [PMID: 37774368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically examines the interactions of the tetrafluoroborate anion (BF4-) with up to four water molecules (BF4-(H2O)n=1,2,3,4). Full geometry optimizations and subsequent harmonic vibrational frequency computations are performed using a variety of density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, B3LYP-D3BJ, and M06-2X) and the MP2 ab initio method with a triple-ζ correlation consistent basis set augmented with diffuse functions on all non-hydrogen atoms (cc-pVTZ for H and aug-cc-pVTZ for B, O, and F; denoted as haTZ). Optimized structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies were also obtained with the CCSD(T) ab initio method and the haTZ basis set for the mono- and dihydrate (n = 1, 2) structures. The 2-body:Many-body (2b:Mb) technique, in which CCSD(T) computations capture the 1- and 2-body contributions to the interactions and MP2 computations recover all higher-order contributions, was used to extend these demanding computations to the tri- and tetrahydrate (n = 3, 4) systems. Four, five, and eight new stationary points have been identified for the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrate systems, respectively. The global minimum of the monohydrate adopts a symmetric double ionic hydrogen bond motif with C2v symmetry and an electronic dissociation energy of 13.17 kcal mol-1 at the CCSD(T)/haTZ level of theory. This strong solvent···solute interaction, however, competes with solute···solute interactions in the lowest-energy BF4-(H2O)n=2,3,4 minima that are not seen in the other di-, tri-, or tetrahydrate minima. The latter interactions help increase the 2b:Mb dissociation energies to more than 26, 41, and 51 kcal mol-1 for n = 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Structures that form hydrogen bonds between the solvating water molecules also exhibit the largest shifts in the harmonic OH stretching frequencies for the waters of hydration. These shifts can exceed -280 cm-1 relative to an isolated H2O molecule at the 2b:Mb/haTZ level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Olive
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eric V Dornshuld
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gregory S Tschumper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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11
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Goodlett SM, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. Comparison of multifidelity machine learning models for potential energy surfaces. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044111. [PMID: 37493132 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifidelity modeling is a technique for fusing the information from two or more datasets into one model. It is particularly advantageous when one dataset contains few accurate results and the other contains many less accurate results. Within the context of modeling potential energy surfaces, the low-fidelity dataset can be made up of a large number of inexpensive energy computations that provide adequate coverage of the N-dimensional space spanned by the molecular internal coordinates. The high-fidelity dataset can provide fewer but more accurate electronic energies for the molecule in question. Here, we compare the performance of several neural network-based approaches to multifidelity modeling. We show that the four methods (dual, Δ-learning, weight transfer, and Meng-Karniadakis neural networks) outperform a traditional implementation of a neural network, given the same amount of training data. We also show that the Δ-learning approach is the most practical and tends to provide the most accurate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Goodlett
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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12
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Lahm ME, Bartlett MA, Liang T, Pu L, Allen WD, Schaefer HF. The multichannel i-propyl + O2 reaction system: A model of secondary alkyl radical oxidation. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:024305. [PMID: 37428067 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The i-propyl + O2 reaction mechanism has been investigated by definitive quantum chemical methods to establish this system as a benchmark for the combustion of secondary alkyl radicals. Focal point analyses extrapolating to the ab initio limit were performed based on explicit computations with electron correlation treatments through coupled cluster single, double, triple, and quadruple excitations and basis sets up to cc-pV5Z. The rigorous coupled cluster single, double, and triple excitations/cc-pVTZ level of theory was used to fully optimize all reaction species and transition states, thus, removing some substantial flaws in reference geometries existing in the literature. The vital i-propylperoxy radical (MIN1) and its concerted elimination transition state (TS1) were found 34.8 and 4.4 kcal mol-1 below the reactants, respectively. Two β-hydrogen transfer transition states (TS2, TS2') lie above the reactants by (1.4, 2.5) kcal mol-1 and display large Born-Oppenheimer diagonal corrections indicative of nearby surface crossings. An α-hydrogen transfer transition state (TS5) is discovered 5.7 kcal mol-1 above the reactants that bifurcates into equivalent α-peroxy radical hanging wells (MIN3) prior to a highly exothermic dissociation into acetone + OH. The reverse TS5 → MIN1 intrinsic reaction path also displays fascinating features, including another bifurcation and a conical intersection of potential energy surfaces. An exhaustive conformational search of two hydroperoxypropyl (QOOH) intermediates (MIN2 and MIN3) of the i-propyl + O2 system located nine rotamers within 0.9 kcal mol-1 of the corresponding lowest-energy minima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Lahm
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Marcus A Bartlett
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Tao Liang
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Liang Pu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wesley D Allen
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Allen Heritage Foundation, Dickson, Tennessee 37055, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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13
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Crawford TD, Krylov AI, Schaefer HF, Van Voorhis T. MQM 2022: The 10th Triennial Conference on Molecular Quantum Mechanics. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4897-4900. [PMID: 37317531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Daniel Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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14
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Bralick AK, Mitchell EC, Doner AC, Webb AR, Christianson MG, Turney JM, Rotavera B, Schaefer HF. Simulation of the VUV Absorption Spectra of Oxygenates and Hydrocarbons: A Joint Theoretical-Experimental Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3743-3756. [PMID: 37097841 PMCID: PMC10165657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum UV absorption spectroscopy is regularly used to provide unambiguous identification of a target species, insight into the electronic structure of molecules, and quantitative species concentrations. As molecules of interest have become more complex, theoretical spectra have been used in tandem with laboratory spectroscopic analysis or as a replacement when experimental data is unavailable. However, it is difficult to determine which theoretical methodologies can best simulate experiment. This study examined the performance of EOM-CCSD and 10 TD-DFT functionals (B3LYP, BH&HLYP, BMK, CAM-B3LYP, HSE, M06-2X, M11, PBE0, ωB97X-D, and X3LYP) to produce reliable vacuum UV absorption spectra for 19 small oxygenates and hydrocarbons using vertical excitation energies. The simulated spectra were analyzed against experiment using both a qualitative analysis and quantitative metrics, including cosine similarity, relative integral change, mean signed error, and mean absolute error. Based on our ranking system, it was determined that M06-2X was consistently the top performing TD-DFT method with BMK, CAM-B3LYP, and ωB97X-D also producing reliable spectra for these small combustion species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison K Bralick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 1004 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Erica C Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 1004 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Anna C Doner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Annabelle R Webb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Matthew G Christianson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 1004 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Brandon Rotavera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 597 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 1004 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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15
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Jiang A, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. Tensor Hypercontraction Form of the Perturbative Triples Energy in Coupled-Cluster Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1476-1486. [PMID: 36802552 PMCID: PMC10018738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the working equations for a reduced-scaling method of evaluating the perturbative triples (T) energy in coupled-cluster theory, through the tensor hypercontraction (THC) of the triples amplitudes (tijkabc). Through our method, we can reduce the scaling of the (T) energy from the traditional O(N7) to a more modest O(N5). We also discuss implementation details to aid future research, development, and software realization of this method. Additionally, we show that this method yields submillihartree (mEh) differences from CCSD(T) when evaluating absolute energies and sub-0.1 kcal/mol energy differences when evaluating relative energies. Finally, we demonstrate that this method converges to the true CCSD(T) energy through the systematic increasing of the rank or eigenvalue tolerance of the orthogonal projector, as well as exhibiting sublinear to linear error growth with respect to system size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Jiang
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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16
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Tang M, Li G, Guo M, Liu G, Huang Y, Zeng S, Niu Z, Ge N, Xie Y, Schaefer HF. The highly exothermic hydrogen abstraction reaction H 2Te + OH → H 2O + TeH: comparison with analogous reactions for H 2Se and H 2S. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6780-6789. [PMID: 36789729 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The "gold standard" CCSD(T) method is adopted along with the correlation consistent basis sets up to aug-cc-pV5Z-PP to study the mechanism of the hydrogen abstraction reaction H2Te + OH. The predicted geometries and vibrational frequencies for reactants and products are in good agreement with the available experimental results. With the ZPVE corrections, the transition state in the favorable pathway of this reaction energetically lies 1.2 kcal mol-1 below the reactants, which is lower than the analogous relative energies for the H2Se + OH reaction (-0.7 kcal mol-1), the H2S + OH reaction (+0.8 kcal mol-1) and the H2O + OH reaction (+9.0 kcal mol-1). Accordingly, the exothermic reaction energies for these related reactions are predicted to be 47.8 (H2Te), 37.7 (H2Se), 27.1 (H2S), and 0.0 (H2O) kcal mol-1, respectively. Geometrically, the low-lying reactant complexes for H2Te + OH and H2Se + OH are two-center three-electron hemibonded structures, whereas those for H2S + OH and H2O + OH are hydrogen-bonded. With ZPVE and spin-orbit coupling corrections, the relative energies for the reactant complex, transition state, product complex, and the products for the H2Te + OH reaction are estimated to be -13.1, -1.0, -52.0, and -52.6 kcal mol-1, respectively. Finally, twenty-eight DFT functionals have been tested systematically to assess their ability in describing the potential energy surface of the H2Te + OH reaction. The best of these functionals for the corresponding energtics are -9.9, -1.4, -46.4, and -45.4 kcal mol-1 (MPWB1K), or -13.1, -2.4, -57.1, and -54.6 kcal mol-1 (M06-2X), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Minggang Guo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China
| | - Guilin Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Yuqian Huang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Shuqiong Zeng
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Zhenwei Niu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Nina Ge
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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17
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Villegas-Escobar N, Hoobler PR, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. High-Level Coupled-Cluster Study on Substituent Effects in H 2 Activation by Low-Valent Aluminyl Anions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:956-965. [PMID: 36689320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel aluminyl anion complexes has been well exploited in recent years. Moreover, the elucidation of the structure and reactivity of these complexes opens the path toward a new understanding of low-valent aluminum complexes and their chemistry. This work computationally treats the substituent effect on aluminyl anions to discover suitable alternatives for H2 activation at a high level of theory utilizing coupled-cluster techniques extrapolated to the complete basis set. The results reveal that the simplest AlH2- system is the most reactive toward the activation of H2, but due to the low steric demand, severe difficulty in the stabilization of this system makes its use nonviable. However, the results indicate that, in principle, aluminyl systems with -C, -CN, -NC, and -N chelating centers would be the best choices of ligand toward the activation of molecular hydrogen by taking care of suitable steric demand to prevent dimerization of the catalysts. Furthermore, computations show that monosubstitution (besides -H) in aluminyl anions is preferred over disubstitution. So our predictions show that bidentate ligands may yield less reactive aluminyl anions to activate H2 than monodentate ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción4070386, Chile
| | - Preston R Hoobler
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant College, Lookout Mountain, Georgia30750, United States
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
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18
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Langstieh DR, Lyngdoh RHD, King RB, Schaefer HF. Lantern-type dinickel complexes: An exploration of possibilities for nickel-nickel bonding with bridging bidentate ligands. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:355-366. [PMID: 35652487 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many binuclear nickel complexes have NiNi distances suggesting NiNi covalent bonds, including lantern-type complexes with bridging bidentate ligands. This DFT study treats tetragonal, trigonal, and digonal lantern-type complexes with the formamidinate, guanidinate, and formate ligands, besides some others. Formal bond orders (ranging from zero to two) are assigned to all the NiNi bonds on the basis of MO occupancy considerations. A VB-based electron counting approach assigns plausible resonance structures to the dinickel cores. Model tetragonal complexes with the dimethylformamidinate and the dithioformate ligands have singlet ground states whose non-covalently bonded NiNi distances are close to those in their experimentally known counterparts. Trigonal dinickel complexes are unknown, but are predicted to have quartet ground states with NiNi bonds of order 0.5. The model digonal complexes are predicted to have triplet ground states, but the predicted NiNi bond lengths are longer than those found in their experimentally known counterparts. This could owe to inadequate treatment of electron correlation by DFT in these short NiNi bonds with their multiconfigurational character. All the NiNi bond distances here are categorized into ranges according to the NiNi bond orders of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2, no NiNi bonds of order higher than two being identified. The NiNi bonds of given order in these lantern-type complexes are consistently shorter than the corresponding NiNi bonds in dinickel complexes having carbonyl ligands, attributable to the metalmetal bond lengthening effect of CO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Langstieh
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Richard H Duncan Lyngdoh
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India.,Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Bruce King
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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19
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Begley JM, Aroeira GJR, Turney JM, Douberly GE, Schaefer HF. Enthalpies of formation for Criegee intermediates: A correlation energy convergence study. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:034302. [PMID: 36681629 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Criegee intermediates, formed from the ozonolysis of alkenes, are known to have a role in atmospheric chemistry, including the modulation of the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. Although studies have been conducted since their discovery, the synthesis of these species in the laboratory has ushered in a new wave of investigations of these structures, both theoretically and experimentally. In some of these theoretical studies, high-order corrections for correlation energy are included to account for the mid multi-reference character found in these systems. Many of these studies include a focus on kinetics; therefore, the calculated energies should be accurate (<1 kcal/mol in error). In this research, we compute the enthalpies of formation for a small set of Criegee intermediates, including higher-order coupled cluster corrections for correlation energy up to coupled cluster with perturbative quintuple excitations. The enthalpies of formation for formaldehyde oxide, anti-acetaldehyde oxide, syn-acetaldehyde oxide, and acetone oxide are presented at 0 K as 26.5, 15.6, 12.2, and 0.1 kcal mol-1, respectively. Additionally, we do not recommend the coupled cluster with perturbative quadruple excitations [CCSDT(Q)] energy correction, as it is approximately twice as large as that of the coupled cluster with full quadruple excitations (CCSDTQ). Half of the CCSDT(Q) energy correction may be included as a reliable, cost-effective estimation of CCSDTQ energies for Criegee intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Begley
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gustavo J R Aroeira
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Justin M Turney
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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20
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Ai X, Xie X, Song XQ, Li L, Schaefer HF. Is the Polarization of the C=C Bond Imperative for the Bifunctional Outer-Sphere C=C Hydrogenation? Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo02020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding controlling factors is important for the development of the bifunctional outer-sphere C=C hydrogenations. A dominant view is that the polarization of C=C bonds is imperative for these reactions. However,...
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21
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Lahm ME, Kitzmiller NL, Mull HF, Allen WD, Schaefer HF. Concordant Mode Approach for Molecular Vibrations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23271-23274. [PMID: 36521165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Concordant Mode Approach (CMA) is advanced as a novel hierarchy for increasing the system size and level of theory feasible for quantum chemical computations of harmonic vibrational frequencies. The key concept behind CMA is that transferrable, internal-coordinate normal modes computed at an appropriate lower level of theory (B) comprise a superb basis for converging to vibrational frequencies given by a higher level of theory (A). Accordingly, high-level harmonic frequencies can be evaluated via CMA from a collection of single-point energies that essentially scales linearly in the number of atoms, providing nearly order-of-magnitude CPU time speedups. The accuracy of CMA methods was established by comprehensive tests on over 120 molecules for target Level A = CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ with auxiliary Level B choices of both CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ and B3LYP/6-31G(2df,p). Remarkably, the frequency residuals given by the diagonal CMA-0A(nc) scheme exhibit mean absolute deviations (MADs) of only 0.2 cm-1 and standard deviations less than 0.5 cm-1; the corresponding zero-point vibrational energies (ZPVEs) have negligible errors in the vicinity of 0.3 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Lahm
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Nathaniel L Kitzmiller
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Henry F Mull
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Wesley D Allen
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States.,Allen Heritage Foundation, Dickson, Tennessee 37055, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
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22
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Kitzmiller NL, Wolf ME, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. Toward the Observation of the Tin and Lead Analogs of Formaldehyde. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7930-7937. [PMID: 36264195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heavy aldehyde and ketone analogues, R2X═O (X = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb), differ from their R2C═O counterparts due to their greater tendency to oligeramize as the X═O bond polarity increases as one goes down the periodic table. To date, H2Sn═O and H2Pb═O have eluded experimental detection. Herein we present the most rigorous theoretical study to date on these structures, providing CCSD(T)/pwCVTZ fundamental frequencies computed on CCSD(T)/CBS optimized structures for the H2X═O (X = Sn, Pb) potential energy surface. The focal point approach is employed to produce the CCSDTQ/CBS relative energies. For the Sn and Pb structures, the carbene-like cis-HXOH was the global minima, with the trans species being less than 0.6 and 1.1 kcal mol-1 above the cis structures, respectively. The formaldehyde-like H2X═O structure is in an energy well of at least 34.8 and 25.4 kcal mol-1 for Sn and Pb, respectively. Our results provide guidance for future work that may detect H2Sn═O or H2Pb═O for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Kitzmiller
- The Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Mark E Wolf
- The Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- The Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- The Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
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23
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Wang Y, Tran PM, Lahm ME, Xie Y, Wei P, Adams ER, Glushka JN, Ren Z, Popik VV, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Activation of Ammonia by a Carbene-Stabilized Dithiolene Zwitterion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16325-16331. [PMID: 36037279 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A carbene-stabilized dithiolene zwitterion (3) activates ammonia, affording 4• and 5, through both single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Reaction products were characterized spectroscopically and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The mechanism of the formation of 4• and 5 was probed by experimental and computational methods. This discovery is the first example of metal-free ammonia activation via HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Phuong M Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - John N Glushka
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Zichun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Vladimir V Popik
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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24
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Vermeeren P, Dalla Tiezza M, Wolf ME, Lahm ME, Allen WD, Schaefer HF, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Pericyclic reaction benchmarks: hierarchical computations targeting CCSDT(Q)/CBS and analysis of DFT performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18028-18042. [PMID: 35861164 PMCID: PMC9348522 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical, convergent ab initio benchmark computations were performed followed by a systematic analysis of DFT performance for five pericyclic reactions comprising Diels-Alder, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, electrocyclic rearrangement, sigmatropic rearrangement, and double group transfer prototypes. Focal point analyses (FPA) extrapolating to the ab initio limit were executed via explicit quantum chemical computations with electron correlation treatments through CCSDT(Q) and correlation-consistent Gaussian basis sets up to aug'-cc-pV5Z. Optimized geometric structures and vibrational frequencies of all stationary points were obtained at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory. The FPA reaction barriers and energies exhibit convergence to within a few tenths of a kcal mol-1. The FPA benchmarks were used to evaluate the performance of 60 density functionals (eight dispersion-corrected), covering the local-density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximations (GGAs), meta-GGAs, hybrids, meta-hybrids, double-hybrids, and range-separated hybrids. The meta-hybrid M06-2X functional provided the best overall performance [mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.1 kcal mol-1] followed closely by the double-hybrids B2K-PLYP, mPW2K-PLYP, and revDSD-PBEP86 [MAE of 1.4-1.5 kcal mol-1]. The regularly used GGA functional BP86 gave a higher MAE of 5.8 kcal mol-1, but it qualitatively described the trends in reaction barriers and energies. Importantly, we established that accurate yet efficient meta-hybrid or double-hybrid DFT potential energy surfaces can be acquired based on geometries from the computationally efficient and robust BP86/DZP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Wesley D Allen
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Allen Heritage Foundation, Dickson, TN 37055, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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King KE, Franke PR, Pullen GT, Schaefer HF, Douberly GE. Helium Droplet Infrared Spectroscopy of the Butyl Radicals. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:084311. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyl radicals ( n-, s-, i-,} and tert-butyl) are formed from the pyrolysis of stable precursors (1-pentyl nitrite, 2-methyl-1-butyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite, and azo- tert-butane, respectively). The radicals are doped into a beam of liquid helium droplets and probed with infrared action spectroscopy from 2700-3125 cm-1, allowing for a low temperature measurement of the CH stretching region. The presence of anharmonic resonance polyads in the 2800-3000 cm-1 region complicates its interpretation. To facilitate spectral assignment, the anharmonic resonances are modeled with two model Hamiltonian approaches that explicitly couple CH stretch fundamentals to HCH bend overtones and combinations: a VPT2+K normal mode model based on CCSD(T) quartic force fields and a semi-empirical local mode model. Both of these computational methods provide generally good agreement with the experimental spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kale E King
- University of Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gary E. Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, United States of America
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26
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Anila S, Suresh CH, Schaefer HF. Demarcating Noncovalent and Covalent Bond Territories: Imine-CO 2 Complexes and Cooperative CO 2 Capture. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4952-4961. [PMID: 35862882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical bond territory is rich with covalently bonded molecules wherein a strong bond is formed by equal or unequal sharing of a quantum of electrons. The noncovalent version of the bonding scenarios expands the chemical bonding territory to a weak domain wherein the interplay of electrostatic and π-effects, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions, and hydrophobic effects occur. Here we study both the covalent and noncovalent interactive behavior of cyclic and acyclic imine-based functional molecules (XN) with CO2. All parent XN systems preferred the formation of noncovalent (nc) complex XN···CO2, while more saturated such systems (XN') produced both nc and covalent (c) complexes XN'+-(CO2)-. In all such cases, crossover from an nc to c complex is clearly demarcated with the identification of a transition state (ts). The complexes XN'···CO2 and XN'+-(CO2)- are bond stretch isomers, and they define the weak and strong bonding territories, respectively, while the ts appears as the demarcation point of the two territories. Cluster formation of XN with CO2 reinforces the interaction between them, and all become covalent clusters of general formula (XN+-(CO2)-)n. The positive cooperativity associated with the NH···OC hydrogen bond formation between any two XN'+-(CO2)- units strengthened the N-C coordinate covalent bond and led to massive stabilization of the cluster. For instance, the stabilizing interaction between the XN unit with CO2 is increased from 2-7 kcal/mol range in a monomer complex to 14-31 kcal/mol range for the octamer cluster (XN'+-(CO2)-)8. The cooperativity effect compensates for the large reduction in the entropy of cluster formation. Several imine systems showed the exergonic formation of the cluster and are predicted as potential candidates for CO2 capture and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Anila
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens 30602, Georgia, United States
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27
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Tran PM, Wang Y, Xie Y, Wei P, Lahm ME, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Phosphine-Mediated Cleavage of Sulfur–Sulfur Bonds. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong M. Tran
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Mitchell E. Lahm
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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28
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Goodlett SM, Turney JM, Douberly GE, Schaefer HF. The noncovalent interaction between water and the 3P ground state of the oxygen atom*. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2086934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Goodlett
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Justin M. Turney
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gary E. Douberly
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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29
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Wang H, Wang Y, Li H, Hu Y, Fan Q, King RB, Schaefer HF. Adiabatic Electron Detachment Energies, Reaction Barriers, Chemical Balance, and Ligand Effects on the Nucleophilicities of Metal Carbonyl Monoanions. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yanshu Wang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Huidong Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yucheng Hu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Qunchao Fan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - R. Bruce King
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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30
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Galabov B, Ilieva S, Cheshmedzhieva D, Nikolova V, Popov VA, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF. Mini-Review on Structure-Reactivity Relationship for Aromatic Molecules: Recent Advances. ACS Omega 2022; 7:8199-8208. [PMID: 35309413 PMCID: PMC8928515 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in quantifying nucleophilic reactivities in chemical reactions and intermolecular interactions of aromatic molecules are reviewed. This survey covers experimental (IR frequency shifts induced by hydrogen bonding) and theoretical (modeling of potential energy surfaces, atomic charges, molecular electrostatic potential) approaches in characterizing chemical reactivity. Recent advances in software developments assisting the evaluation of the reactive sites for electrophilic aromatic substitution are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Galabov
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Sonia Ilieva
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | | | - Valya Nikolova
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Vassil A. Popov
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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31
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Wang Y, Tran PM, Dzikovski B, Xie Y, Wei P, Rains AA, Asadi H, Ramasamy RP, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. A Cationic Magnesium-Based Dithiolene Radical. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Phuong M. Tran
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Boris Dzikovski
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - April A. Rains
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Hamid Asadi
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Ramaraja P. Ramasamy
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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32
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Abstract
Herein, we report a comprehensive study of CO2 hydroboration catalyzed by Mn pincer complexes. The traditional metal-ligand cooperation (MLC) mechanism based on the H-Mn-N-Bpin pincer complex is not viable due to the competing abstraction of the Bpin group from the H-Mn-N-Bpin complex by NaOtBu. Instead, we propose an ionic mechanism based on the H-Mn-N-Na species with a low energy span (22.5 kcal/mol) and unveil the acceleration effect of bases. The X groups in the H-Mn-N-X catalyst models are further modulated, and the steric hindrance and H→B donor-acceptor interactions of the X group increase the energy barrier of the hydride transfer. The hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions of the X group can accelerate the hydride transfer to HCOOBpin and HCHO molecules except for the nonpolar CO2 molecule. Based on these discoveries, we designed a pyridine-based Mn pincer catalyst system, which could achieve CO2 hydroboration in low-temperature and base-free conditions through a metal-ligand cooperation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Kan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Huidong Li
- Research Center for Advanced Computation, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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33
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Wang Y, Wang H, Li H, Hu Y, Fan Q, King RB, Schaefer HF. Substituent, Solvent, and Dispersion Effects on the Zwitterionic Character and Dimerization Thermochemistry of the Group 6 Fulvene Metal Tricarbonyl Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:365-372. [PMID: 35023736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimerizations of fulvene metal tricarbonyl complexes of the type (C5H4CRR')M(CO)3 (R, R' = MeO, Me, H; M = Cr, Mo, W) to form a metal-metal bond and a new carbon-carbon bond, thereby giving binuclear cyclopentadienyl metal carbonyl derivatives, are predicted to be thermochemically favored but to have significant activation energies ranging from ΔE = 19 to 42 kcal/mol. However, the introduction of dimethylamino but not methoxy substituents onto the exocyclic carbon atom changes the situation drastically so that the monomers [C5H4CH(NMe2)]M(CO)3 and [C5H4C(NMe2)2]M(CO)3 become strongly thermochemically favored, lying ΔE = 43 kcal/mol (M = W) to 63 kcal/mol (M = Cr) below their corresponding dimers. In such dimethylamino-substituted (fulvene)M(CO)3 derivatives, the M-C distance to the exocyclic fulvene carbon is lengthened beyond the bonding distance to give a zwitterionic structure with a pentahapto fulvene ligand. Such M-C distances in (fulvene)M(CO)3 complexes, which have preferred zwitterionic structures, increase with increasing solvent polarity (i.e., dielectric constant) until a saturation point is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Wang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, China 610039
| | - Huijie Wang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, China 610039
| | - Huidong Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, China 610039.,Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yucheng Hu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, China 610039
| | - Qunchao Fan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, China 610039
| | - R Bruce King
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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34
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Abstract
Approximating molecular wave functions involves heavy numerical effort; therefore, codes for such tasks are written completely or partially in efficient languages such as C, C++, and Fortran. While these tools are dominant throughout quantum chemistry packages, the efficient development of new methods is often hindered by the complexity associated with code development. In order to ameliorate this scenario, some software packages take a dual approach where a simpler, higher-level language, such as Python, substitutes the traditional ones wherever performance is not critical. Julia is a novel, dynamically typed, programming language that aims to solve this two-language problem. It gained attention because of its modern and intuitive design, while still being highly optimized to compete with "low-level" languages. Recently, some chemistry-related projects have emerged exploring the capabilities of Julia. Herein, we introduce the quantum chemistry package Fermi.jl, which contains the first implementations of post-Hartree-Fock methods written in Julia. Its design makes use of many Julia core features, including multiple dispatch, metaprogramming, and interactive usage. Fermi.jl is a modular package, where new methods and implementations can be easily added to the existing code. Furthermore, it is designed to maximize code reusability by relying on general functions with specialized methods for particular cases. The feasibility of the project is explored through evaluating the performance of popular ab initio methods. It is our hope that this project motivates the usage of Julia within the community and brings new contributions into Fermi.jl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J R Aroeira
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Matthew M Davis
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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35
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Li G, Yao Y, Lin Y, Meng Y, Xie Y, Schaefer HF. The reaction between the bromine atom and the water trimer: high level theoretical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26164-26169. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Br + (H2O)3 → HBr + (H2O)2OH reaction has been investigated using the CCSD(T) method with the basis sets as large as cc-pVQZ(-PP). The Br + (H2O)3 reaction is also compared with related Br + H2O/(H2O)2 and F/Cl + (H2O)3 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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36
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Hu Y, Wang H, Ji Y, Li H, Fan Q, King RB, Schaefer HF. Binuclear Alkyne Manganese Carbonyls: Their Rearrangements to Allene, Allyl, and Vinylcarbene Derivatives by Hydrogen Migration from Methyl Substituents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Hu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Huijie Wang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Yupin Ji
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Huidong Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Qunchao Fan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - R. Bruce King
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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37
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Misiewicz JP, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. Cumulants as the variables of density cumulant theory: A path to Hermitian triples. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:244105. [PMID: 34972366 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the combination of orbital-optimized density cumulant theory and a new parameterization of reduced density matrices in which the variables are the particle-hole cumulant elements. We call this combination OλDCT. We find that this new Ansatz solves problems identified in the previous unitary coupled cluster Ansatz for density cumulant theory: the theory is now free of near-zero denominators between occupied and virtual blocks, can correctly describe the dissociation of H2, and is rigorously size-extensive. In addition, the new Ansatz has fewer terms than the previous unitary Ansatz, and the optimal orbitals delivered by the exact theory are the natural orbitals. Numerical studies on systems amenable to full configuration interaction show that the amplitudes from the previous ODC-12 method approximate the exact amplitudes predicted by this Ansatz. Studies on equilibrium properties of diatomic molecules show that even with the new Ansatz, it is necessary to include triples to improve the accuracy of the method compared to orbital-optimized linearized coupled cluster doubles. With a simple iterative triples correction, OλDCT outperforms other orbital-optimized methods truncated at comparable levels in the amplitudes, as well as coupled cluster single and doubles with perturbative triples [CCSD(T)]. By adding four more terms to the cumulant parameterization, OλDCT outperforms CCSDT while having the same O(V5O3) scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon P Misiewicz
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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38
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Hoobler PR, Villegas-Escobar N, Turney JM, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. Substituent Effects on Aluminyl Anions and Derived Systems: A High-Level Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10379-10391. [PMID: 34812036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminyl anions are low-valent aluminum species bearing a lone pair of electrons and a negative charge. These systems have drawn recent synthetic interest for their nucleophilic nature, allowing for the activation of σ-bonds, and have been proposed as a pathway to hydrogen energy storage. In this research, we provide high-level ab initio geometries and energies for both the simplest aluminyl anion (AlH2-) and several substituted derivatives. Geometries are reported using the gold-standard CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory. Energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit through the focal point approach, utilizing coupled-cluster methods through perturbative quadruples and basis sets up to five-ζ quality. Geometries were rationalized using electrostatic, steric, and orbital donation effects. The donation from substituents to Al is accompanied by back-donation effects, a property traditionally thought of in transition-metal systems. Stereoelectronic effects through the secondary orbital interaction play a fundamental role in stabilizing these low-valent aluminum compounds and would likely also affect the feasibility of their use within several industrial applications. The energetic analysis of the formation of each substituted anion is rationalized as the result of three energetic schemes. The effectiveness of these schemes for determining the relative formation energies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston R Hoobler
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant College, Lookout Mountain, Georgia 30750, United States
| | - Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago 4860, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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39
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Villegas‐Escobar N, Toro‐Labbé A, Schaefer HF. Cover Feature: Contrasting the Mechanism of H
2
Activation by Monomeric and Potassium‐Stabilized Dimeric Al
I
Complexes: Do Potassium Atoms Exert any Cooperative Effect? (Chem. Eur. J. 69/2021). Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas‐Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA) Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins General Gana 1702 Santiago 8370854 Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro‐Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC) Facultad de Química Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Santiago Chile
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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40
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Li G, Yao Y, Lü S, Xie Y, Douberly GE, Schaefer HF. Potential energy profile for the Cl + (H 2O) 3 → HCl + (H 2O) 2OH reaction. A CCSD(T) study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26837-26842. [PMID: 34817485 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four different reaction pathways are initially located for the reaction of Cl atom plus water trimer Cl + (H2O)3 → HCl + (H2O)2OH using a standard DFT method. As found for the analogous fluorine reaction, the geometrical and energetic results for the four chlorine pathways are closely related. However, the energetics for the Cl reaction are very different from those for fluorine. In the present paper, we investigate the lowest-energy chlorine pathway using the "gold standard" CCSD(T) method in conjunction with correlation-consistent basis sets up to cc-pVQZ. Structurally, the stationary points for the water trimer reaction Cl + (H2O)3 may be compared to those for the water monomer reaction Cl + H2O and water dimer reaction Cl + (H2O)2. Based on the CCSD(T) energies, the title reaction is endothermic by 19.3 kcal mol-1, with a classical barrier height of 16.7 kcal mol-1 between the reactants and the exit complex. There is no barrier for the reverse reaction. The Cl⋯(H2O)3 entrance complex lies 5.3 kcal mol-1 below the separated reactants. The HCl⋯(H2O)2OH exit complex is bound by 8.6 kcal mol-1 relative to the separated products. The Cl + (H2O)3 reaction is somewhat similar to the analogous Cl + (H2O)2 reaction, but qualitatively different from the Cl + H2O reaction. It is reasonable to expect that the reactions between the chlorine atom and larger water clusters may be similar to the Cl + (H2O)3 reaction. The potential energy profile for the Cl + (H2O)3 reaction is radically different from that for the valence isoelectronic F + (H2O)3 system, which may be related to the different bond energies between HCl and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shengyao Lü
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
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Smith DGA, Lolinco AT, Glick ZL, Lee J, Alenaizan A, Barnes TA, Borca CH, Di Remigio R, Dotson DL, Ehlert S, Heide AG, Herbst MF, Hermann J, Hicks CB, Horton JT, Hurtado AG, Kraus P, Kruse H, Lee SJR, Misiewicz JP, Naden LN, Ramezanghorbani F, Scheurer M, Schriber JB, Simmonett AC, Steinmetzer J, Wagner JR, Ward L, Welborn M, Altarawy D, Anwar J, Chodera JD, Dreuw A, Kulik HJ, Liu F, Martínez TJ, Matthews DA, Schaefer HF, Šponer J, Turney JM, Wang LP, De Silva N, King RA, Stanton JF, Gordon MS, Windus TL, Sherrill CD, Burns LA. Quantum Chemistry Common Driver and Databases (QCDB) and Quantum Chemistry Engine (QCEngine): Automation and interoperability among computational chemistry programs. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204801. [PMID: 34852489 DOI: 10.1063/5.0059356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Community efforts in the computational molecular sciences (CMS) are evolving toward modular, open, and interoperable interfaces that work with existing community codes to provide more functionality and composability than could be achieved with a single program. The Quantum Chemistry Common Driver and Databases (QCDB) project provides such capability through an application programming interface (API) that facilitates interoperability across multiple quantum chemistry software packages. In tandem with the Molecular Sciences Software Institute and their Quantum Chemistry Archive ecosystem, the unique functionalities of several CMS programs are integrated, including CFOUR, GAMESS, NWChem, OpenMM, Psi4, Qcore, TeraChem, and Turbomole, to provide common computational functions, i.e., energy, gradient, and Hessian computations as well as molecular properties such as atomic charges and vibrational frequency analysis. Both standard users and power users benefit from adopting these APIs as they lower the language barrier of input styles and enable a standard layout of variables and data. These designs allow end-to-end interoperable programming of complex computations and provide best practices options by default.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G A Smith
- Molecular Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | | | - Zachary L Glick
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Asem Alenaizan
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Taylor A Barnes
- Molecular Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Carlos H Borca
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Roberto Di Remigio
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - David L Dotson
- Open Force Field Initiative, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander G Heide
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Michael F Herbst
- Applied and Computational Mathematics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Hermann
- FU Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Colton B Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joshua T Horton
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian G Hurtado
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5250, USA
| | - Peter Kraus
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, WA, Australia
| | - Holger Kruse
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jonathon P Misiewicz
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Levi N Naden
- Molecular Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | | | - Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B Schriber
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Andrew C Simmonett
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Johannes Steinmetzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeffrey R Wagner
- Open Force Field Initiative, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Logan Ward
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Matthew Welborn
- Molecular Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Doaa Altarawy
- Molecular Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Jamshed Anwar
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - John D Chodera
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Devin A Matthews
- The Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Lee-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Nuwan De Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Rollin A King
- Department of Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, USA
| | - John F Stanton
- Quantum Theory Project, The University of Florida, 2328 New Physics Building, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Theresa L Windus
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - C David Sherrill
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Lori A Burns
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Abstract
The utility of high energy density materials (HEDMs) comes from their thermodynamic properties which arise from specific structural features that contribute to energy storage. Studies of such structural features seek to increase our understanding of these energy storage mechanisms in order to further enhance their properties. High-nitrogen-containing HEDMs are of particular interest because they are less toxic than traditional HEDMs. Pentazole is the largest of the nitrogen rings which has been synthesized and considered for an HEDM; however, few experimental studies exist due to the difficulty involved in the synthesis, and most previous theoretical studies employed composite methods where lower level geometries were used with higher level methods. Here, the decomposition reaction of pentazole is studied. Geometries, fundamental frequencies, and energies for each of the stationary points of the decomposition pathway are computed using ab initio methods up to CCSDT(Q). Decomposition rates are calculated over a range of temperatures using canonical transition state theory in order to determine the kinetic stability of pentazole. Based on the present results, it would be difficult for pentazole to act as an HEDM, requiring temperatures close to 200 K to achieve a suitable level of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Mull
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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43
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Abstract
Pnictinidenes are an increasingly relevant species in main group chemistry and generally exhibit proclivity for the triplet electronic ground state. However, the elusive singlet electronic states are often desired for chemical applications. We predict the singlet-triplet energy differences (ΔEST =ESinglet -ETriplet ) of simple group 15 and 16 substituted pnictinidenes (Pn-R; Pn=P, As, Sb, or Bi) with highly reliable focal-point analyses targeting the CCSDTQ/CBS level of theory. The only cases we predict to have favorable singlet states are P-PH2 (-3.2 kcal mol-1 ) and P-NH2 (-0.2 kcal mol-1 ). ΔEST trends are discussed in light of the geometric predictions as well as qualitative natural bond order analysis to elucidate some of the important electronic structure features. Our work provides a rigorous benchmark for the ΔEST of fundamental Pn-R moieties and provides a firm foundation for the continued study of heavier pnictinidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Mitchell
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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44
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Wang Y, Tran PM, Xie Y, Wei P, Glushka JN, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Carbene‐Stabilized Dithiolene (L
0
) Zwitterions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2556 USA
| | - Phuong M. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2556 USA
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2556 USA
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2556 USA
| | - John N. Glushka
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2556 USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2556 USA
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2556 USA
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45
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Wang Y, Tran PM, Xie Y, Wei P, Glushka JN, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Carbene-Stabilized Dithiolene (L 0 ) Zwitterions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22706-22710. [PMID: 34314562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of reactions between Lewis bases and an imidazole-based dithione dimer (1) has been investigated. Both cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) (2) and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) (4), in addition to N-heterocyclic silylene (NHSi) (6), demonstrate the capability to cleave the sulphur-sulphur bonds in 1, giving carbene-stabilized dithiolene (L0 ) zwitterions (3 and 5) and a spirocyclic silicon-dithiolene compound (7), respectively. The bonding nature of 3, 5, and 7 are probed by both experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Phuong M Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2556, USA
| | - John N Glushka
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2556, USA
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46
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Villegas-Escobar N, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. Contrasting the Mechanism of H 2 Activation by Monomeric and Potassium-Stabilized Dimeric Al I Complexes: Do Potassium Atoms Exert any Cooperative Effect? Chemistry 2021; 27:17369-17378. [PMID: 34613646 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aluminyl anions are low-valent, anionic, and carbenoid aluminum species commonly found stabilized with potassium cations from the reaction of Al-halogen precursors and alkali compounds. These systems are very reactive toward the activation of σ-bonds and in reactions with electrophiles. Various research groups have detected that the potassium atoms play a stabilization role via electrostatic and cation ⋯ π interactions with nearby (aromatic)-carbocyclic rings from both the ligand and from the reaction with unsaturated substrates. Since stabilizing K⋯H bonds are witnessed in the activation of this class of molecules, we aim to unveil the role of these metals in the activation of the smaller and less polarizable H2 molecule, together with a comprehensive characterization of the reaction mechanism. In this work, the activation of H2 utilizing a NON-xanthene-Al dimer, [K{Al(NON)}]2 (D) and monomeric, [Al(NON)]- (M) complexes are studied using density functional theory and high-level coupled-cluster theory to reveal the potential role of K+ atoms during the activation of this gas. Furthermore, we aim to reveal whether D is more reactive than M (or vice versa), or if complicity between the two monomer units exits within the D complex toward the activation of H2 . The results suggest that activation energies using the dimeric and monomeric complexes were found to be very close (around 33 kcal mol-1 ). However, a partition of activation energies unveiled that the nature of the energy barriers for the monomeric and dimeric complexes are inherently different. The former is dominated by a more substantial distortion of the reactants (and increased interaction energies between them). Interestingly, during the oxidative addition, the distortion of the Al complex is minimal, while H2 distorts the most, usually over 0.77 Δ E d i s t ≠ . Overall, it is found here that electrostatic and induction energies between the complexes and H2 are the main stabilizing components up to the respective transition states. The results suggest that the K+ atoms act as stabilizers of the dimeric structure, and their cooperative role on the reaction mechanism may be negligible, acting as mere spectators in the activation of H2 . Cooperation between the two monomers in D is lacking, and therefore the subsequent activation of H2 is wholly disengaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago, 8370854, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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47
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Langstieh DR, Lyngdoh RHD, King RB, Schaefer HF. Lantern-Type Divanadium Complexes with Bridging Ligands: Short Metal-Metal Bonds with High Multiple Bond Orders. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2014-2024. [PMID: 34036735 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium forms binuclear complexes with a variety of ligands often containing V≡V triple bonds. Many tetragonal divanadium paddlewheel complexes with bridging bidentate ligands have been experimentally characterized. This research exhaustively treats model tetragonal, trigonal, and digonal paddlewheel-type divanadium complexes V2 Lx (L=formamidinate, guanidinate, and carboxylate; x=2, 3, 4), each in the three lowest-energy spin states. The V-V formal bond orders are obtained from metal-metal MO diagrams for representative structures. A number of short V-V multiple bonds of order 3, 3.5, and 4 are found in these model complexes. The short V≡V triple bonds and singlet ground state predicted here for the model tetragonal complexes correspond well with the limited experimental results for the series of known tetragonal paddlewheels. Digonal divanadium lanterns with very short V-V quadruple bonds are predicted as interesting synthetic targets. The V-V bond distances are categorized into distinct ranges according to the formal bond order values from 0.5 to 4. These bond length ranges are compared with the ranges compiled for other divanadium complexes including carbonyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Langstieh
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Richard H Duncan Lyngdoh
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India.,Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - R Bruce King
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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48
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Abstract
The reactions between substituted isocyanates (RNCO) and other small molecules (e.g. water, alcohols, and amines) are of significant industrial importance, particularly for the development of novel polyurethanes and other useful polymers. We present very high-level ab initio computations on the HNCO + H2O reaction, with results targeting the CCSDT(Q)/CBS//CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ level of theory. Our results affirm that hydrolysis can occur across both the N[double bond, length as m-dash]C and C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds of HNCO via concerted mechanisms to form carbamate or imidic acid with ΔH0K barrier heights of 38.5 and 47.5 kcal mol-1. A total of 24 substituted RNCO + H2O reactions were studied. Geometries obtained with a composite method and refined with CCSD(T)/CBS single point energies determine that substituted RNCO species have a significant influence on these barrier heights, with an extreme case like fluorine lowering both barriers by close to 15 kcal mol-1 and most common alkyl substituents lowering both by approximately 3 kcal mol-1. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis provides evidence that the predicted barrier heights are strongly associated with the occupation of the in-plane C-O* orbital of the RNCO reactant. Key autocatalytic mechanisms are considered in the presence of excess water and RNCO species. Additional waters (one or two) are predicted to lower both barriers significantly at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory with strongly electron withdrawing RNCO substituents also increasing these effects, similar to the uncatalyzed case. The 298 K Gibbs energies are only marginally lowered by a second catalyst water molecule, indicating that the decreasing ΔH0K barriers are offset by loss of translational entropy with more than one catalyst water. Two-step 2RNCO + H2O mechanisms are characterized for the formation of carbamate and imidic acid. The second step of these two pathways exhibits the largest barrier and presents no clear pattern with respect to substituent choice. Our results indicate that an additional RNCO molecule might catalyze imidic acid formation but have less influence on the efficiency of carbamate formation. We expect that these results lay a firm foundation for the experimental study of substituted isocyanates and their relationship to the energetic pathways of related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xuena Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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50
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Li H, Hu Y, Li L, Xie Y, Schaefer HF. Synthesis of Methanesulfonic Acid Directly from Methane: The Cation Mechanism or the Radical Mechanism? J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6486-6491. [PMID: 34240874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, Diaz-Urrutia and Ott developed a high-yield method for direct conversion of methane to methanesulfonic acid and proposed a cationic chain reaction mechanism. However, Roytman and Singleton questioned this mechanism, and they favored a free-radical mechanism. In the present paper, we studied both the cationic chain and radical mechanisms and found the radical mechanism is more favorable, since it has a much lower energy barrier. However, the radical mechanism has not considered the effect of ions for the reaction taking place in oleum. Thus, we studied a simple model of a protonated radical mechanism, which further lowers the energy barrier. Although the true mechanism for the CH4 + SO3 reaction could be more complicated in electrolyte solutions, this model should be helpful for the further study of the mechanism of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Hu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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