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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Access to a peri-Annulated Aluminium Compound via C-H Bond Activation by a Cyclic Bis-Aluminylene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400293. [PMID: 38345596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbocyclic aluminium halides [(ADC)AlX2]2 (2-X) (X=F, Cl, and I) based on an anionic dicarbene (ADC=PhC{N(Dipp)C}2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) framework are prepared as crystalline solids by dehydrohalogenations of the alane [(ADC)AlH2]2 (1). KC8 reduction of 2-I affords the peri-annulated Al(III) compound [(ADCH)AlH]2 (4) (ADCH=PhC{N(Dipp)C2(DippH)N}, DippH=2-iPr,6-(Me2C)C6H3)) as a colorless crystalline solid in 76 % yield. The formation of 4 suggests intramolecular insertion of the putative bis-aluminylene species [(ADC)Al]2 (3) into the methine C-H bond of HCMe2 group. Calculations predict singlet ground state for 3, while the conversion of 3 into 4 is thermodynamically favored by 61 kcal/mol. Compounds 2-F, 2-Cl, 2-I, and 4 have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and their solid-state molecular structures have been established by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Kumar Bisai M, Losiewicz J, Sotorrios L, Nichol G, Dominey A, Cowley M, Thomas S, Macgregor S, Ingleson M. Transition Metal-Free Catalytic C-H Zincation and Alumination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404848. [PMID: 38577790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
C-H metalation is the most efficient method to prepare aryl-zinc and -aluminium complexes that are ubiquitous nucleophiles. Virtually all C-H metalation routes to form Al/Zn organometallics require stoichiometric, strong Brønsted bases with no base-catalyzed reactions reported. Herein we present a catalytic in amine/ammonium salt (Et3N/[(Et3N)H]+) C-H metalation process to form aryl-zinc and aryl-aluminium complexes. Key to this approach is coupling an endergonic C-H metalation step with a sufficiently exergonic dehydrocoupling step between the ammonium salt by-product of C-H metalation ([(Et3N)H]+) and a Zn-H or Al-Me containing complex. This step, forming H2/MeH, makes the overall cycle exergonic while generating more of the reactive metal electrophile. Mechanistic studies supported by DFT calculations revealed metal-specific dehydrocoupling pathways, with the divergent reactivity due to the different metal valency (which impacts the accessibility of amine-free cationic metal complexes) and steric environment. Notably, dehydrocoupling in the zinc system proceeds through a ligand-mediated pathway involving protonation of the b-diketiminate Cg position. Given this process is applicable to two disparate metals (Zn and Al), other main group metals and ligand sets are expected to be amenable to this transition metal-free, catalytic C-H metalation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary Nichol
- University of Edinburgh, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Ingleson
- University of Edinburgh, Chemistry, South Bridge, EH8 9YL, Edinburgh, UNITED KINGDOM
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3
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Hoffmann SS, Thiesson EM, Johansen JD, Hviid A. Association between atopic disease and vaccination granulomas: A nested case-control study. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:411-419. [PMID: 38059542 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination granulomas are observed in 1% of all children vaccinated with an aluminium-adsorbed vaccine. Most children with granulomas also have aluminium contact allergy (CA). CA and atopic diseases are both highly prevalent among children and may be associated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between vaccination granulomas and atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma and rhinitis in children. METHODS We sourced a cohort of all Danish children born from 2009 to 2017 and conducted a nested case-control study, with cases defined as children with vaccination granulomas, matched to controls 1:10 on sex, socioeconomic class, gestational age and season of birth. All cases and controls were vaccinated with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines and followed until their second birthday. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS The study included 2171 cases with vaccination granulomas, and 21 710 controls. Children with a diagnosis of AD had a significantly higher risk of a vaccination granuloma (OR 1.50, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.25-1.80). No significant association was found between granulomas and asthma or rhinitis. The association between granulomas and AD was even higher in an additional sensitivity-analysis, following the children until their fourth birthday (OR 2.71, 95% CI 2.36-3.11). CONCLUSION AD was significantly associated with vaccination granulomas, but not with other atopic diseases, within both the first 2 and 4 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Skovbo Hoffmann
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Pharmacovigilance Research Center, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Griffin LP, Ellwanger MA, Clark J, Myers WK, Roper AF, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Bis(Aluminyl)Magnesium: a Source of Nucleophilic or Radical Aluminium-Centred Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405053. [PMID: 38536728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The homoleptic magnesium bis(aluminyl) compound Mg[Al(NON)]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) can be accessed from K2[Al(NON)]2 and MgI2 and shown to possess a non-linear geometry (∠Al-Mg-Al=164.8(1)°) primarily due to the influence of dispersion interactions. This compound acts a four-electron reservoir in the reductive de-fluorination of SF6, and reacts thermally with polar substrates such as MeI via nucleophilic attack through aluminium, consistent with the QT-AIM charges calculated for the metal centres, and a formal description as a Al(I)-Mg(II)-Al(I) trimetallic. On the other hand, under photolytic activation, the reaction with 1,5-cyclooctadiene leads to the stereo-selective generation of transannular cycloaddition products consistent with radical based chemistry, emphasizing the covalent nature of the Mg-Al bonds and a description as a Al(II)-Mg(0)-Al(II) synthon. Consistently, photolysis of Mg[Al(NON)]2 in hexane in the absence of COD generates [Al(NON)]2 together with magnesium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jonathon Clark
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - William K Myers
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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De Sloovere D, Mylavarapu SK, D'Haen J, Thersleff T, Jaworski A, Grins J, Svensson G, Stoyanova R, Jøsang LO, Prakasha KR, Merlo M, Martínez E, Nel-Lo Pascual M, Jacas Biendicho J, Van Bael MK, Hardy A. Phase Engineering via Aluminum Doping Enhances the Electrochemical Stability of Lithium-Rich Cobalt-Free Layered Oxides for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Small 2024:e2400876. [PMID: 38429239 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-rich, cobalt-free oxides are promising potential positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their high energy density, lower cost, and reduced environmental and ethical concerns. However, their commercial breakthrough is hindered because of their subpar electrochemical stability. This work studies the effect of aluminum doping on Li1.26 Ni0.15 Mn0.61 O2 as a lithium-rich, cobalt-free layered oxide. Al doping suppresses voltage fade and improves the capacity retention from 46% for Li1.26 Ni0.15 Mn0.61 O2 to 67% for Li1.26 Ni0.15 Mn0.56 Al0.05 O2 after 250 cycles at 0.2 C. The undoped material has a monoclinic Li2 MnO3 -type structure with spinel on the particle edges. In contrast, Al-doped materials (Li1.26 Ni0.15 Mn0.61-x Alx O2 ) consist of a more stable rhombohedral phase at the particle edges, with a monoclinic phase core. For this core-shell structure, the formation of Mn3+ is suppressed along with the material's decomposition to a disordered spinel, and the amount of the rhombohedral phase content increases during galvanostatic cycling. Whereas previous studies generally provided qualitative insight into the degradation mechanisms during electrochemical cycling, this work provides quantitative information on the stabilizing effect of the rhombohedral shell in the doped sample. As such, this study provides fundamental insight into the mechanisms through which Al doping increases the electrochemical stability of lithium-rich cobalt-free layered oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries De Sloovere
- Institute for Materials Research (imo-Imomec), UHasselt and Imec, Agoralaan, building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, Genk, 3600, Belgium
| | - Satish Kumar Mylavarapu
- Institute for Materials Research (imo-Imomec), UHasselt and Imec, Agoralaan, building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, Genk, 3600, Belgium
| | - Jan D'Haen
- Institute for Materials Research (imo-Imomec), UHasselt and Imec, Agoralaan, building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Thomas Thersleff
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Jekabs Grins
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Svensson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Radostina Stoyanova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bldg. 11, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Maximiliano Merlo
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research-IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
| | - Elías Martínez
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research-IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
| | - Marc Nel-Lo Pascual
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research-IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
| | - Jordi Jacas Biendicho
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research-IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
| | - Marlies K Van Bael
- Institute for Materials Research (imo-Imomec), UHasselt and Imec, Agoralaan, building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, Genk, 3600, Belgium
| | - An Hardy
- Institute for Materials Research (imo-Imomec), UHasselt and Imec, Agoralaan, building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, Genk, 3600, Belgium
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Baskar Murthy A, Palaniappan V, Karthikeyan K. Aluminium in dermatology - Inside story of an innocuous metal. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2024; 0:1-9. [PMID: 38595024 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_188_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Aluminium, the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, was long considered virtually innocuous to humans but has gained importance in the recent past. Aluminium is ubiquitous in the environment, with various sources of exposure like cosmetics, the food industry, occupational industries, the medical field, transport and electronics. Aluminium finds its utility in various aspects of dermatology as an effective haemostatic agent, anti-perspirant and astringent. Aluminium has a pivotal role to play in wound healing, calciphylaxis, photodynamic therapy and vaccine immunotherapy with diagnostic importance in Finn chamber patch testing and confocal microscopy. The metal also finds significance in cosmetic procedures like microdermabrasion and as an Nd:YAG laser component. It is important to explore the allergic properties of aluminium, as in contact dermatitis and vaccine granulomas. The controversial role of aluminium in breast cancer and breast cysts also needs to be evaluated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Baskar Murthy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Puducherry, India
| | - Vijayasankar Palaniappan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Puducherry, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Karthikeyan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Puducherry, India
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Gallo E, Bellucci L, Carlotto S, Bottaro G, Babetto L, Giordano L, Marchetti F, Samaritani S, Armelao L, Labella L. Aluminium 8-Hydroxyquinolinate N-Oxide as a Precursor to Heterometallic Aluminium-Lanthanide Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:451. [PMID: 38257364 PMCID: PMC10821320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A reaction in anhydrous toluene between the formally unsaturated fragment [Ln(hfac)3] (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Gd3+ and Er3+; Hhfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone) and [Al(qNO)3] (HqNO = 8-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide), here prepared for the first time from [Al(OtBu)3] and HqNO, affords the dinuclear heterometallic compounds [Ln(hfac)3Al(qNO)3] (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Gd3+ and Er3+) in high yields. The molecular structures of these new compounds revealed a dinuclear species with three phenolic oxygen atoms bridging the two metal atoms. While the europium and gadolinium complexes show the coordination number (CN) 9 for the lanthanide centre, in the complex featuring the smaller erbium ion, only two oxygens bridge the two metal atoms for a resulting CN of 8. The reaction of [Eu(hfac)3] with [Alq3] (Hq = 8-hydroxyquinoline) in the same conditions yields a heterometallic product of composition [Eu(hfac)3Alq3]. A recrystallization attempt from hot heptane in air produced single crystals of two different morphologies and compositions: [Eu2(hfac)6Al2q4(OH)2] and [Eu2(hfac)6(µ-Hq)2]. The latter compound can be directly prepared from [Eu(hfac)3] and Hq at room temperature. Quantum mechanical calculations confirm (i) the higher stability of [Eu(hfac)3Al(qNO)3] vs. the corresponding [Eu(hfac)3Alq3] and (ii) the preference of the Er complexes for the CN 8, justifying the different behaviour in terms of the Lewis acidity of the metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gallo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy (L.G.)
| | - Luca Bellucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy (L.G.)
- ICMATE-CNR and INSTM, Presso Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Carlotto
- ICMATE-CNR and INSTM, Presso Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and INSTM, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gregorio Bottaro
- ICMATE-CNR and INSTM, Presso Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.)
| | - Luca Babetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and INSTM, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Giordano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy (L.G.)
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy (L.G.)
| | - Simona Samaritani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy (L.G.)
| | - Lidia Armelao
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and INSTM, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Tecnologie dei Materiali (DSCTM), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 7, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Labella
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy (L.G.)
- ICMATE-CNR and INSTM, Presso Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.)
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Baron-Wiechec A, Lin G. Isotopic Tracer Study of Initiation of Porosity in Anodic Alumina Formed in Chromic Acid. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 14:42. [PMID: 38202497 PMCID: PMC10780858 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we focused on the initiation of porosity in the anodic alumina under galvanostatic conditions in chromic acid, using an 18O isotope tracer. The general concept of the initiation and growth of porous anodic oxide films on metals has undergone constant development over many years. A mechanism of viscous flow of the oxide from the barrier layer to the pore walls has recently been proposed. In this work, two types of pre-formed oxide films were analysed: pure Al2O3 formed in chromic acid, and a film containing As ions formed in a sodium arsenate solution. Both were anodized in chromic acid for several different time durations. Both pre-formed films contained the oxygen isotope 18O. The locations and quantities of 18O and As were analysed by means of ion accelerator-based methods supported by transmission electron microscopy. The significant difference observed between the two oxide films is in the 18O distribution following the second step of anodization, when compared with galvanostatic anodization in phosphoric or sulfuric acid reported in previous works. From the current experiment, it is evident that a small amount of As in the pre-formed barrier layer appears to alter the ionic conductivity of the film; thus, somehow, it inhibits the movement of oxygen ions ahead of advancing pores during anodization in chromic acid. However, anodising pure alumina film under these conditions does not enhance oxygen movement within the oxide layer. In addition, the tracer stays in the outer part of the growing porous oxide film. A lower-than-expected value for pure alumina enrichment in 18O in the pre-formed films suggests, indirectly, that the pre-formed film may contain hydrogen species, as well as trapped electrons, since no Cr is detected. This may lead to the presence of space charge distribution, which has a dual effect: it both retards the ejection of Al3+ ions and prevents O2- ions from migrating inward. Thus, the negative- and positive-charge distributions might play a role in the initiation of pores via a flow mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Baron-Wiechec
- Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Da Xue Road, Shantou 515063, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, 241 Da Xue Road, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Guocong Lin
- Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Da Xue Road, Shantou 515063, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, 241 Da Xue Road, Shantou 515063, China
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9
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Heilmann A, Saddington AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Aluminium and Gallium Silylimides as Nitride Sources. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302512. [PMID: 37604785 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Terminal aluminium and gallium imides of the type K[(NON)M(NR)], bearing heteroatom substituents at R, have been synthesised via reactions of anionic aluminium(I) and gallium(I) reagents with silyl and boryl azides (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-anilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-xanthene). These systems vary significantly in their lability in solution: the N(Sii Pr3 ) and N(Boryl) complexes are very labile, on account of the high basicity at nitrogen. Phenylsilylimido derivatives provide greater stabilization through the π-acceptor capabilities of the SiR3 group. K[(NON)AlN(Sit BuPh2 )] offers a workable compromise between stability and solubility, and has been completely characterized by spectroscopic, analytical and crystallographic methods. The silylimide species examined feature minimal π-bonding between the imide ligand and aluminium/gallium, with the HOMO and HOMO-1 orbitals effectively comprising orthogonal lone pairs centred at N. Reactivity-wise, both aluminium and gallium silylimides can act as viable sources of nitride, [N]3- , with systems derived from either metal reacting with CO to afford cyanide complexes. By contrast, only the gallium system K[(NON)Ga{N(SiPh3 )}] is capable of effecting a similar transformation with N2 O to yield azide, N3 - , via formal oxide/nitride metathesis. The aluminium systems instead generate RN3 via transfer of the imide fragment [RN]2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Artemis M Saddington
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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10
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Lidholm AG, Inerot A, Gillstedt M, Bergfors E, Trollfors B. Long-term prognosis of vaccine-induced contact allergy to aluminium: Third patch-test with additional test preparations. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:359-367. [PMID: 37548037 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high incidence of local itching subcutaneous nodules and aluminium allergy was observed in clinical trials of a new aluminium adsorbed pertussis vaccine in Gothenburg, Sweden, in the 1990s. A total of 495 children with itching nodules were patch tested with aluminium chloride hexahydrate 2% and an empty Finn Chamber®, 377 (76%) with positive reactions. When 241 of them were re-tested some years later 186 (3 out of 4) had unexpectedly lost their patch test reactivity. AIM To investigate the long-term prognosis of vaccine-induced contact allergy to aluminium by a third patch test about 20 years after Patch test I. METHODS Twenty individuals with positive and 11 with negative results in Patch test II were tested a third time with the same sensitisers as in in the first two tests. Three additional aluminium preparations were also tested. RESULTS A total 15 out of 20 persons with positive results in the second test had lost their patch test reactivity. Two of 11 with negative tests had turned positive again. The addition of the preparations gave no conclusive results. CONCLUSION Contact allergy to aluminium caused by vaccination with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines in childhood seems to fade away with time as measured by loss of patch test reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Gente Lidholm
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annica Inerot
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Gillstedt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Bergfors
- General Practice/Family Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Birger Trollfors
- Department of Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Ervina Efzan MN, Kong HJ. The Properties and Microstructure of Na 2CO 3 and Al-10Sr Alloy Hybrid Modified LM6 Using Ladle Metallurgy Method. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6780. [PMID: 37895762 PMCID: PMC10608647 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Al-10Sr alloy and Na2CO3 were added to LM6 (reference alloy) as hybrid modifiers through ladle metallurgy. The microstructure enhancement was analyzed using an optical microscope (OM). The results were further confirmed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The results showed that Na2CO3 and Al-10Sr alloy successfully hybrid modified the sharp needle-like eutectic Si into fibrous eutectic Si. Soft primary Al dendrites were also discovered after the hybrid modification. The formation of β-Fe flakes was suppressed, and α-Fe sludge was transformed into Chinese script morphology. A 2.13% density reduction was recorded. A hardness test was also performed to investigate the mechanical improvement of the hybrid-modified LM6. 2.3% of hardness reduction was recorded in the hybrid-modified LM6 through ladle metallurgy. Brittle cracks were not observed, while ductile pile-ups were the main features that appeared on the indentations of hybrid-modified LM6, indicating a brittle to ductile transformation after hybrid modification of LM6 by Na2CO3 and Al-10Sr alloy through ladle metallurgy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhd Noor Ervina Efzan
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET), Multimedia University (MMU), Ayer Keroh 5450, Malaysia;
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12
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Badaoui A. Allergic contact dermatitis to aluminium in a sunscreen. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:305-307. [PMID: 37493188 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Badaoui
- Dermatology Department, Military Teaching Hospital, Paris, France
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13
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Aparicio-Alonso M, Torres-Solórzano V, Méndez-Contreras JF, Acevedo-Whitehouse K. Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDX Spectroscopy of Commercial Swabs Used for COVID-19 Lateral Flow Testing. Toxics 2023; 11:805. [PMID: 37888657 PMCID: PMC10610828 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of COVID test swabs has not been examined beyond the manufacturer's datasheets. The unprecedented demand for swabs to conduct rapid lateral flow tests and nucleic acid amplification tests led to mass production, including 3D printing platforms. Manufacturing impurities could be present in the swabs and, if so, could pose a risk to human health. We used scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to examine the ultrastructure of seven assorted brands of COVID test swabs and to identify and quantify their chemical elements. We detected eight unexpected elements, including transition metals, such as titanium and zirconium, the metalloid silicon, as well as post-transition metals aluminium and gallium, and the non-metal elements sulphur and fluorine. Some of the elements were detected as trace amounts, but for others, the amount was close to reported toxicological thresholds for inhalation routes. Experimental studies have shown that the detrimental effects of unexpected chemical elements include moderate to severe inflammatory states in the exposed epithelium as well as proliferative changes. Given the massive testing still being used in the context of the COVID pandemic, we urge caution in continuing to recommend repeated and frequent testing, particularly of healthy, non-symptomatic, individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aparicio-Alonso
- Medical Direction and Healthcare Responsibility, Centro Médico Jurica, Santiago de Querétaro 76100, Mexico
| | - Verónica Torres-Solórzano
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76140, Mexico;
| | | | - Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76140, Mexico;
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14
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Pavlovič A, Tavčar G, Ponikvar-Svet M. Fluoride and Aluminium in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.)-Tea Quality Indicators and Risk Factors for Consumers. Molecules 2023; 28:6396. [PMID: 37687225 PMCID: PMC10490252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the quality and sourcing of tea have gained importance in Europe, but information remains scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of fluoride (F-) and total aluminium (Al) species in infusions of commercially available teas in Slovenia, and thus in Europe, and to relate them to tea quality and their impact on consumer safety. F- concentrations were determined using a fluoride-ion-selective electrode and Al concentrations using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. A comparison of the results obtained for four selected tea samples using the calibration curve and a standard addition technique showed good agreement, with no interferences caused by the sample matrix. The concentrations of 35 commercial teas ranged from 0.34 to 4.79 and 0.51 to 8.90 mg/L for F- and Al, respectively. The average concentrations of the two elements followed the same descending order: black filter > green filter > black leaves ≈ green leaves. Single and multivariate statistical methods supported the categorisation of teas by packaging but not by type, with tea in filter bags being more expensive than loose tea. The linear relationship between F- and Al concentrations in infusions (C(Al) = 1.2134 · C(F-)) allows for the determination of one element and estimation of the other, leading to a significant reduction in laboratory effort and cost. This research advances tea assessment by proposing Al concentration alongside F- as a quality indicator and provides the basis for tea-monitoring protocols. Finally, the daily consumption of larger quantities of tea (≈1 L) with elevated F- and Al concentrations could potentially pose a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pavlovič
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Tavčar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Ponikvar-Svet
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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15
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Malecha D, Małecki S, Jarosz P, Kowalik R, Żabiński P. Recovery of Pure Lead-Tin Alloy from Recycling Spent Lead-Acid Batteries. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5882. [PMID: 37687578 PMCID: PMC10488961 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Spent lead-acid batteries have become the primary raw material for global lead production. In the current lead refining process, the tin oxidizes to slag, making its recovery problematic and expensive. This paper aims to present an innovative method for the fire refining of lead, which enables the retention of tin contained in lead from recycled lead-acid batteries. The proposed method uses aluminium scrap to remove impurities from the lead, virtually leaving all of the tin in it. The results of the conducted experiments indicate the high efficiency of the proposed method, which obtained a pure Pb-Sn alloy. This alloy is an ideal base material for the production of battery grids. This research was carried out on an industrial scale, which confirms the possibility of facile implementation of the method in almost every lead-acid battery recycling plant in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malecha
- Baterpol S.A., ul. Obr. Westerplatte 108, 40-335 Katowice, Poland
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stanisław Małecki
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Jarosz
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Kowalik
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Żabiński
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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16
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de Barros IR, Benincá C, Zanoelo EF. Kinetics of the precipitation reaction between aluminium and contaminant orthophosphate ions. Environ Technol 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37554012 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2246643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The removal of phosphorous from wastewater in metal-orthophosphate systems typically occurs by simultaneous adsorption on poorly soluble metal hydroxides and by precipitation reactions between metal ions and orthophosphates in solution. To understand the individual contribution of these mechanisms to the removal of phosphorus, the main aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of consumption of contaminant orthophosphates by the precipitation reaction with aluminium ions in a solution free of insoluble aluminium hydroxide. To define the amount of aluminium and phosphorous compounds to be dissolved in water to have this desired reacting condition at a given pH, the solubilities of KH2PO4(s), Al(OH)3(s) and AlPO4(s) were examined at 25 °C in the pH range ∼2.6 to 7.9. pH-solubility diagrams for these ionic solids were made by solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations involving dissolution, dissociation and hydrolysis reactions at equilibrium. The kinetics of the reaction between aluminium and orthophosphate ions at a reacting condition free of solids except for the product AlPO4(s) was investigated in a well-stirred batch reactor at pH ∼3.1 and 3.5 at 25 °C. A detailed kinetic model involving ten species, seven reversible reactions of hydrolysis of soluble aluminium and orthophosphate species and one reversible precipitation reaction between aluminium and phosphate ions revealed a rate constant for the latter reaction of 5.968 × 1010 L mol-1 s-1 (p = 0.191). XRD, TGA/DTGA and EDX analyses of the filtered and dried reacting mixture confirmed that the only solid product of the precipitation reaction was hydrated AlPO4(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ricardo de Barros
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cristina Benincá
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Brazil
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17
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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Highly Soluble Cyclic Organoalanes Based on Anionic Dicarbenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301037. [PMID: 37293882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic organoalane compounds [(ADCAr )AlH2 ]2 (ADCAr = ArC{(DippN)C}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ; Ar = Ph or 4-PhC6 H4 (Bp)) based on anionic dicarbene (ADC) frameworks have been reported as crystalline solids. Treatments of Li(ADCAr ) with LiAlH4 at room temperature afford [(ADCAr )AlH2 ]2 with the concomitant release of LiH. Compounds [(ADCAr )AlH2 ]2 are stable crystalline solids and are freely soluble in common organic solvents. They are annulated tricyclic compounds with an almost planar central C4 Al2 -core embedded between two peripheral 1,3-imidazole (C3 N2 ) rings. At room temperature, [(ADCPh )AlH2 ]2 readily reacts with CO2 to form two- and four-fold hydroalumination products [(ADCPh )AlH(OCHO)]2 and [(ADCPh )Al(OCHO)2 ]2 , respectively. Further hydroalumination reactivity of [(ADCPh )AlH2 ]2 has been shown with isocyanate (RNCO) and isothiocyanate (RNCS) species (R=alkyl or aryl group). All compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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18
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Pal AK, Sundararajan R. Development and validation of a simple microwave-assisted digestion sample preparation technique for the estimation of aluminium and magnesium in a few pharmaceutical dosage forms by an inductively coupled-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2023; 29:262-271. [PMID: 37376856 DOI: 10.1177/14690667231184114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Rationale: A simple, sensitive, reliable, validated, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method for the determination of aluminium and magnesium using a simple common microwave-assisted digestion sample preparation technique for a few commonly used formulations was developed and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization Q3D and the United States Pharmacopeia general chapter <232> and <233>. The following pharmaceutical dosage forms were considered for estimation of aluminium and magnesium: Alumina, magnesia simethicone oral suspension, Alumina, magnesia simethicone chewable tablets, alumina and magnesia oral suspension, alumina and magnesium carbonate oral suspension. Methods: The methodology included optimizing a common microwave assisted digestion method, selecting the isotopes, choosing the measurement technique, and designating internal standards. The finalized microwave assisted procedure was a two-step program where in the first step the samples were ramped for 10 min to a temperature of 180 °C and hold for 5 min followed by ramping for 10 min to a temperature of 200 °C and hold for 10 min. Magnesium (24Mg) and aluminium (27Al) isotopes were finalized, internal standard assigned for both the isotopes was yttrium (89Y) with Helium (kinetic energy discrimination-KED) as the measuring mode. System suitability was run before initiating analysis to ensure that system performance was consistent. Results: Analytical validation parameters like specificity, linearity (from 25% to 200% of sample concentration), the detection limit and the limit of quantification were established. For all these dosage forms, the method's precision was demonstrated by analyzing the percentage relative standard deviation for six injections. Accuracy was established from 50% to 150% of instrument working concentration (J-levels) for aluminium and magnesium for all the formulations and was found to be within the range of 90-120%. Conclusion: This common analysis method, along with the common microwave-digestion technique applies to numerous types of matrices for a finished dosage form with aluminium and magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, AP, India
| | - Raja Sundararajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, AP, India
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Mandriota SJ, Sappino AP. The postulated innocuity of lifetime exposure to aluminium should be reappraised. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1159899. [PMID: 37554161 PMCID: PMC10406518 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1159899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its chemical versatility and abundance in nature, aluminium is employed in a myriad of frequently used products - including cosmetics and food additives - and applications - drinking water purification procedures being an example. Despite what its widespread use might suggest, aluminium's harmlessness is a matter of debate in the scientific community. In this article we trace the lines of a growing questioning about the potential mutagenic effects of this metal, due to the data produced over the recent years, and with an eye to the discussions currently underway in this regard between the scientific community, industry, and regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano J. Mandriota
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
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20
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Schulze Y, Ghiaci P, Zhao L, Biver M, Warringer J, Filella M, Tamás MJ. Chemical-genomic profiling identifies genes that protect yeast from aluminium, gallium, and indium toxicity. Metallomics 2023:7165774. [PMID: 37193668 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium, gallium, and indium are group 13 metals with similar chemical and physical properties. While aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, gallium and indium are present only in trace amounts. However, the increased use of the latter metals in novel technologies may result in increased human and environmental exposure. There is mounting evidence that these metals are toxic, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Likewise, little is known about how cells protect themselves from these metals. Aluminium, gallium, and indium are relatively insoluble at neutral pH, and here we show that they precipitate in yeast culture medium at acidic pH as metal-phosphate species. Despite of this, the dissolved metal concentrations are sufficient to induce toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By chemical-genomic profiling of the S. cerevisiae gene deletion collection, we identified genes that maintain growth in the presence of the three metals. We found both shared and metal-specific genes that confer resistance. The shared gene-products included functions related to calcium metabolism and Ire1/Hac1-mediated protection. Metal-specific gene-products included functions in vesicle-mediated transport and autophagy for aluminium, protein folding and phospholipid metabolism for gallium, and chorismate metabolic processes for indium. Many of the identified yeast genes have human orthologues involved in disease processes. Thus, similar protective mechanisms may act in yeast and humans. The protective functions identified in this study provides a basis for further investigations into toxicity and resistance mechanisms in yeast, plants, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Schulze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Payam Ghiaci
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Biorefinery and Energy, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, S-892 50 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
| | - Liqian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marc Biver
- Bibliothèque Nationale du Luxembourg, 37D Avenue John F. Kennedy, L-1855 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jonas Warringer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Bryliński Ł, Kostelecka K, Woliński F, Duda P, Góra J, Granat M, Flieger J, Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Sitarz R, Baj J. Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087228. [PMID: 37108392 PMCID: PMC10139039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is the most ubiquitous metal in the Earth's crust. Even though its toxicity is well-documented, the role of Al in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases remains debatable. To establish the basic framework for future studies, we review literature reports on Al toxicokinetics and its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and dialysis encephalopathy (DE) from 1976 to 2022. Despite poor absorption via mucosa, the biggest amount of Al comes with food, drinking water, and inhalation. Vaccines introduce negligible amounts of Al, while the data on skin absorption (which might be linked with carcinogenesis) is limited and requires further investigation. In the above-mentioned diseases, the literature shows excessive Al accumulation in the central nervous system (AD, AUD, MS, PD, DE) and epidemiological links between greater Al exposition and their increased prevalence (AD, PD, DE). Moreover, the literature suggests that Al has the potential as a marker of disease (AD, PD) and beneficial results of Al chelator use (such as cognitive improvement in AD, AUD, MS, and DE cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Bryliński
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kostelecka
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Filip Woliński
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Duda
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Góra
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Granat
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Teresiński
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Sitarz
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Zupanič F, Žist S, Albu M, Letofsky-Papst I, Burja J, Vončina M, Bončina T. Dispersoids in Al-Mg-Si Alloy AA 6086 Modified by Sc and Y. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2949. [PMID: 37109786 PMCID: PMC10142497 DOI: 10.3390/ma16082949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aluminium alloy AA 6086 attains the highest room temperature strength among Al-Mg-Si alloys. This work studies the effect of Sc and Y on the formation of dispersoids in this alloy, especially L12-type ones, which can increase its high-temperature strength. A comprehensive investigation was carried out using light microscopy (LM), scanning (SEM), and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dilatometry to obtain the information regarding the mechanisms and kinetics of dispersoid formation, particularly during isothermal treatments. Sc and Y caused the formation of L12 dispersoids during heating to homogenization temperature and homogenization of the alloys, and during isothermal heat treatments of the as-cast alloys (T5 temper). The highest hardness of Sc and (Sc + Y) modified alloys was attained by heat-treating alloys in the as-cast state in the temperature range between 350 °C and 450 °C (via T5 temper).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Zupanič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sandi Žist
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Impol 2000 d.d., Partizanska ulica 38, SI-2310 Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Albu
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jaka Burja
- Institute of Metals & Technology, Lepi pot 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Vončina
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tonica Bončina
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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23
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Kobayashi F, Gemba M, Hoshino S, Tsukiyama K, Shiotsuka M, Nakajima T, Tadokoro M. Polarity and Dielectric Property Control Triggered by a Coordinated Solvent Molecule Exchange in Luminescent Mononuclear Aluminium(III) Complexes. Chemistry 2023:e202203937. [PMID: 37017134 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecule-based multifunctional switchable materials, exhibiting a switch of polarity and dielectric property, are extremely limited. Herein, we demonstrated solvent-vapour-induced reversible molecular rearrangements between non-polar crystals [Al(sap)(acac)(sol)] (H2sap = 2-salicylideneaminophenol, acac = acetylacetonate, sol = MeOH (1), EtOH (2)) and polar crystal [Al(sap)(acac)(DMSO)] (3). This crystal-to-crystal structural transformation was accompanied by a switch of second harmonic generation (SHG) and dielectric properties, including the formation of ferroelectric domains, reflecting the SHG-active polar Cc space group of 3. This is the first reported example of dielectric properties and polarity switching in luminescent mononuclear aluminium(III) complexes, which exhibit the strong green emission in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Kobayashi
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Chemistry, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, 1628601, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Misato Gemba
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Chermistry, JAPAN
| | - Shoma Hoshino
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Chermistry, JAPAN
| | - Koichi Tsukiyama
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Chermistry, JAPAN
| | - Michito Shiotsuka
- Nagoya Institute of Technology: Nagoya Kogyo Daigaku, Engineering, JAPAN
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Applied Physics, JAPAN
| | - Makoto Tadokoro
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Chermistry, JAPAN
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24
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Xará J, Matos A, Soares J, Teixeira J, Ramos L, Gonçalo M. Localized hypertrichosis as a manifestation of contact allergy to aluminium. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 36974395 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Xará
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Matos
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Soares
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Teixeira
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L Ramos
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Gonçalo
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Shaves CL, Villegas-Escobar N, Clark ER, Riddlestone IM. Diverse Cooperative Reactivity at a Square Planar Aluminium Complex and Catalytic Reduction of CO 2. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203806. [PMID: 36511153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of a sterically demanding pincer ligand to prepare an unusual square planar aluminium complex is reported. Due to the constrained geometry imposed by the ligand scaffold, this four-coordinate aluminium centre remains Lewis acidic and reacts via differing metal-ligand cooperative pathways for activating ketones and CO2 . It is also a rare example of a single-component aluminium system for the catalytic reduction of CO2 to a methanol equivalent at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe L Shaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Ewan R Clark
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Ian M Riddlestone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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26
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Petit J, Babinot J, Saffon N, Magna L, Mézailles N. Taming the Lewis Superacid Al(ORF)3 (RF=C(CF3)3): DFT Guided Identification of the "Stable yet Reactive" Adduct SiPr2→Al(ORF)3; Its Use as ORF- Abstractor from a "Ni-ORF" complex. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203912. [PMID: 36880738 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A DFT study of several L→Al(ORF)3 (L = Lewis bases) adducts allowed the identification of (iPr2S)→Al(ORF)3 1-SiPr 2 as a "stable yet reactive" adduct. 1-SiPr 2 was shown to act as a masked Lewis superacid able to release Al(ORF)3 under mild conditions. It could be used to abstract a ORF- ligand from (bipyMe2)Ni(ORF)2 (bipyMe2 : 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridyl) and generate the nickel alkoxide complex [(bipyMe2)Ni(ORF)(iPr2S)]+[(RFO)3Al-F-Al(ORF)3]- 5. Ligand exchange of iPr2S by Ph3P yielded [(bipyMe2)Ni(ORF)(PPh3)]+[(RFO)3Al-F-Al(ORF)3]- 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Petit
- UMR5069: Laboratoire Heterochimie Fondamentale et Appliquee, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Julien Babinot
- UMR5069: Laboratoire Heterochimie Fondamentale et Appliquee, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Nathalie Saffon
- Universite Paul Sabatier: Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Lionel Magna
- IFPEN: IFP Energies nouvelles, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, FRANCE
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27
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Nugraha AD, Alandro D, Kusumawanto A, Junianto E, Perwara B, Kumar VV, Santos GNC, Sentanuhady J, Norcahyo R, Muflikhun MA. Experimental Investigation of Effect of L-Profile Hybrid Aluminium/GFRP to the Axial and Lateral Characteristic. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051137. [PMID: 36904378 PMCID: PMC10007158 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigates the effect of a hybrid L-profile aluminium/glass-fiber-reinforced polymer stacking sequence under axial and lateral compression loads. Four stacking sequences are studied: aluminium (A)-glass-fiber (GF)-AGF, GFA, GFAGF, and AGFA. In the axial compression test, the aluminium/GFRP hybrid tends to crush in a more progressive and stable failure than the net aluminium and net GFRP specimens, with a relatively more stable load-carrying capacity throughout the experimental tests. The AGF stacking sequence was second, with an energy absorption of 145.31 kJ, following AGFA at 157.19 kJ. The load-carrying capacity of AGFA was the highest, with an average peak crushing force of 24.59 kN. The second-highest peak crushing force, 14.94 kN, was achieved by GFAGF. The highest amount of energy absorption, 157.19 J, was achieved by the AGFA specimen. The lateral compression test showed a significant increase in load-carrying and energy absorption capacity in the aluminium/GFRP hybrid specimens compared to the net GFRP specimens. AGF had the highest energy absorption with 10.41 J, followed by AGFA with 9.49 J. AGF also had the highest peak crushing force with 2.98 kN, followed by AGFA with 2.16 kN. The most crashworthy stacking sequence among the four variations tested in this experimental research was the AGF stacking sequence because of its great load-carrying capacity, energy absorption, and specific energy absorption in axial and lateral loading. The study provides greater insight into the failure of hybrid composite laminates under lateral and axial compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariyana Dwiputra Nugraha
- PLN Research Institute, Jl. Duren Tiga Raya No.102, RT.8/RW.1, Duren Tiga, Kec. Pancoran, Kota Jakarta Selatan, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 12760, Indonesia
| | - Daffa Alandro
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Arif Kusumawanto
- Department of Architecture and Planning, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Endro Junianto
- Research Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics—National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Sangkuriang, Dago, Kecamatan Coblong, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40135, Indonesia
| | - Budi Perwara
- Research Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics—National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Sangkuriang, Dago, Kecamatan Coblong, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40135, Indonesia
| | - Vishnu Vijay Kumar
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #07-26 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Gil Nonato C. Santos
- Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Jayan Sentanuhady
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rachmadi Norcahyo
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-813-2718-1945
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28
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Amadi CK, Atamtürk U, Lichtenberg A, Raauf A, Mathur S. Undirected C-H Bond Activation in Aluminium Hydrido Enaminonates. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36903381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new aluminium hydrido complexes were synthesized by reacting AlH3 with the enaminone ligand N-(4,4,4-trifluorobut-1-en-3-on)-6,6,6-trifluoroethylamine (HTFB-TFEA) in different molar ratios to obtain mono- and di-hydrido-aluminium enaminonates. Both air and moisture sensitive compounds could be purified via sublimation under reduced pressure. The spectroscopic analysis and structural motif of the monohydrido compound [H-Al(TFB-TBA)2] (3) showed a monomeric 5-coordinated Al(III) centre bearing two chelating enaminone units and a terminal hydride ligand. However, the dihydrido compound exhibited a rapid C-H bond activation and C-C bond formation in the resulting compound [(Al-TFB-TBA)-HCH2] (4a), which was confirmed by single crystal structural data. The intramolecular hydride shift involving the migration of a hydride ligand from aluminium centre to the alkenyl carbon of the enaminone ligand was probed and verified by multi-nuclear spectral studies (1H,1H NOESY, 13C, 19F, and 27Al NMR).
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29
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Szlosek R, Weinhart MAK, Balázs G, Seidl M, Zimmermann L, Scheer M. NHC-Stabilised Parent Tripentelyltrielanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300340. [PMID: 36809680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A missing family of the extremely air sensitive tripentelyltrielanes was discovered. Their stabilisation was achieved by using the bulky NHC IDipp (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene, IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene). The tripentelylgallanes and tripentelylalanes IDipp ⋅ Ga(PH2 )3 (1 a), IDipp ⋅ Ga(AsH2 )3 (1 b), IDipp ⋅ Al(PH2 )3 (2 a) and IDipp ⋅ Al(AsH2 )3 (2 b) were synthesised by salt metathesis of IDipp ⋅ ECl3 (E=Al, Ga, In) with alkali metal pnictogenides such as NaPH2 /LiPH2 ⋅ DME and KAsH2 , respectively. Moreover, the detection of the first NHC-stabilised tripentelylindiumane IDipp ⋅ In(PH2 )3 (3) was possible by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Initial investigations of the coordination ability of these compounds resulted in the successful isolation of the coordination compound [IDipp ⋅ Ga(PH2 )2 (μ3 -PH2 {HgC6 F4 }3 )] (4) by reaction of 1 a with (HgC6 F4 )3 . The compounds were characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Supporting computational studies highlight the electronic features of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael A K Weinhart
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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30
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Wickemeyer L, Trapp PC, Aders N, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Reactivity of Oxygen-Bridged Geminal Al/P and Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pairs towards Heterocumulenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203685. [PMID: 36734185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The two oxygen-bridged geminal frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=CH(SiMe3 )2 ; 1) and tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) were reacted with the heterocumulenes PhNCO, PhOCN, PhNCS, CS2 and PhNSO as well as SO2 . With isocyanate and cyanate, both 1 and 2, form addition products under formation of five-membered rings. With CS2 , isothiocyanate and sulfinylaniline, only 1 forms stable adducts, whereas 2 shows reactivity towards sulfinylaniline, but the product decomposed after a few minutes. The reaction of 1 with SO2 led to partial cleavage of the P-O-Al and Al-C units, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies of a complex aggregate. The reaction of 2 with SO2 affords the 1,2-addition product. All adducts were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and CHN analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Aders
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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31
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Bhat N, Barnard AS, Birbilis N. Unsupervised machine learning discovers classes in aluminium alloys. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:220360. [PMID: 36756073 PMCID: PMC9890099 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) alloys are critical to many applications. Although Al alloys have been commercially widespread for over a century, their development has predominantly taken a trial-and-error approach. Furthermore, many discrete studies regarding Al alloys, often application specific, have precluded a broader consolidation of Al alloy classification. Iterative label spreading (ILS), an unsupervised machine learning approach, was used to identify the different classes of Al alloys, drawing from a specifically curated dataset of 1154 Al alloys (including alloy composition and processing conditions). Using ILS, eight classes of Al alloys were identified based on a comprehensive feature set under two descriptors. Further, a decision tree classifier was used to validate the separation of classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Bhat
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Amanda S. Barnard
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nick Birbilis
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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32
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Ramirez PD, Lee C, Fedderwitz R, Clavijo AR, Barbosa DPP, Julliot M, Vaz-Ramos J, Begin D, Le Calvé S, Zaloszyc A, Choquet P, Soler MAG, Mertz D, Kofinas P, Piao Y, Begin-Colin S. Phosphate Capture Enhancement Using Designed Iron Oxide-Based Nanostructures. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:587. [PMID: 36770547 PMCID: PMC9921849 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphates in high concentrations are harmful pollutants for the environment, and new and cheap solutions are currently needed for phosphate removal from polluted liquid media. Iron oxide nanoparticles show a promising capacity for removing phosphates from polluted media and can be easily separated from polluted media under an external magnetic field. However, they have to display a high surface area allowing high removal pollutant capacity while preserving their magnetic properties. In that context, the reproducible synthesis of magnetic iron oxide raspberry-shaped nanostructures (RSNs) by a modified polyol solvothermal method has been optimized, and the conditions to dope the latter with cobalt, zinc, and aluminum to improve the phosphate adsorption have been determined. These RSNs consist of oriented aggregates of iron oxide nanocrystals, providing a very high saturation magnetization and a superparamagnetic behavior that favor colloidal stability. Finally, the adsorption of phosphates as a function of pH, time, and phosphate concentration has been studied. The undoped and especially aluminum-doped RSNs were demonstrated to be very effective phosphate adsorbents, and they can be extracted from the media by applying a magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duenas Ramirez
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Chaedong Lee
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-Si 16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rebecca Fedderwitz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, 4418 Stadium Dr., College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | | | | | - Maxime Julliot
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joana Vaz-Ramos
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR-7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Begin
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR-7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR-7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ariane Zaloszyc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR-7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Choquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICube)—CNRS/University of Strasbourg, UMR 7357 Preclinical Imaging Lab, Imaging Dpt, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria A. G. Soler
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910900, Brazil
| | - Damien Mertz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Kofinas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, 4418 Stadium Dr., College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Yuanzhe Piao
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-Si 16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sylvie Begin-Colin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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33
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Sarkar N, Kumar Sahoo R, Nembenna S. Aluminium-Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of Esters and Epoxides to Alcohols: C-O Bond Activation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203023. [PMID: 36226774 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the molecular aluminium dihydride complex bearing an N, N'-chelated conjugated bis-guanidinate (CBG) ligand is used as a catalyst for reducing a wide range of aryl and alkyl esters with good tolerance of alkene (C=C), alkyne (C≡C), halides (Cl, Br, I and F), nitrile (C≡N), and nitro (NO2 ) functionalities. Further, we investigated the catalytic application of aluminium dihydride in the C-O bond cleavage of alkyl and aryl epoxides into corresponding branched Markovnikov ring-opening products. In addition, the chemoselective intermolecular reduction of esters over other reducible functional groups, such as amides and alkenes, has been established. Intermediates are isolated and characterized by NMR and HRMS studies, which confirm the probable catalytic cycles for the hydroboration of esters and epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Rajata Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Sharanappa Nembenna
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
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Haimerl M, Piesch M, Yadav R, Roesky PW, Scheer M. Reactivity of E 4 (E 4 =P 4 , As 4 , AsP 3 ) towards Low-Valent Al(I) and Ga(I) Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202529. [PMID: 36173973 PMCID: PMC10100333 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of yellow arsenic and the interpnictogen compound AsP3 towards low-valent group 13 compounds was investigated. The reactions of [LAl] (1, L=[{N(C6 H3 i Pr2 -2,6)C(Me)}2 CH]- ) with As4 and AsP3 lead to [(LAl)2 (μ,η1:1:1:1 -E4 )] (E4 =As4 (3 b), AsP3 (3 c)) by insertion of two fragments [LAl] into two of the six E-E edges of the E4 tetrahedra. Furthermore, the reaction of [LGa] (2) with E4 afforded [LGa(η1:1 -E4 )] (E4 =As4 (4 b), AsP3 (4 c)). In these compounds, only one E-E bond of the E4 tetrahedra was cleaved. These compounds represent the first examples of the conversion of yellow arsenic and AsP3 , respectively, with group 13 compounds. Furthermore, the reactivity of the gallium complexes towards unsaturated transition metal units or polypnictogen (En ) ligand complexes was investigated. This leads to the heterobimetallic compounds [(LGa)(μ,η2:1:1 -P4 )(LNi)] (5 a), [(Cp'''Co)(μ,η4:1:1 -E4 )(LGa)] (E=P (6 a), As (6 b), Cp'''=η5 -C5 H2 t Bu3 ) and [(Cp'''Ni)(η3:1:1 -E3 )(LGa)] (E=P (7 a), As (7 b)), which combine two different ligand systems in one complex (nacnac and Cp) as well as two different types of metals (main group and transition metals). The products were characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Haimerl
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Piesch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Heilmann A, Vasko P, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. An Aluminium Imide as a Transfer Agent for the [NR] 2- Function via Metathesis Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300018. [PMID: 36602941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of a terminal aluminium imide with a range of oxygen-containing substrates have been probed with a view to developing its use as a novel main group transfer agent for the [NR]2- fragment. We demonstrate transfer of the imide moiety to [N2 ], [CO] and [Ph(H)C] units driven thermodynamically by Al-O bond formation. N2 O reacts rapidly to generate the organoazide DippN3 (Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ), while CO2 (under dilute reaction conditions) yields the corresponding isocyanate, DippNCO. Mechanistic studies, using both experimental and quantum chemical techniques, identify a carbamate complex K2 [(NON)Al-{κ2 -(N,O)-N(Dipp)CO2 }]2 (formed via [2+2] cycloaddition) as an intermediate in the formation of DippNCO, and also in an alternative reaction leading to the generation of the amino-dicarboxylate complex K2 [(NON)Al{κ2 -(O,O')-(O2 C)2 N-(Dipp)}] (via the take-up of a second equivalent of CO2 ). In the case of benzaldehyde, a similar [2+2] cycloaddition process generates the metallacyclic hemi-aminal complex, Kn [(NON)Al{κ2 -(N,O)-(N(Dipp)C(Ph)(H)O}]n . Extrusion of the imine, PhC(H)NDipp, via cyclo-reversion is disfavoured thermally, due to the high energy of the putative aluminium oxide co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(O)]2 . However, addition of CO2 allows the imine to be released, driven by the formation of the thermodynamically more stable aluminium carbonate co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(κ2 -(O,O')-CO3 )]2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, PO Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Douglas SP, Faria EN, Mrig S, Zhou Y, Santoni L, Clancy AJ, Knapp CE. Tris(β-ketoiminate) Aluminium(III) Compounds as Aluminium Oxide Precursors. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200411. [PMID: 36646521 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Precursor design is the crucial step in tailoring the deposition profile towards a multitude of functional materials. Most commercially available aluminium oxide precursors require high processing temperatures (>500 °C). Herein, we report the tuning of the decomposition profile (200-350 °C) of a range of octahedrally coordinated tris(β-ketoiminate) aluminium complexes of the type [Al(MeCN(R)CHC=OMe)3 ], by varying the R substituents in the ligands. The complexes are derived from the reaction of trimethylamine alane (TMAA) and a series of N-substituted β-ketoiminate ligands (R-acnacH, R=Me, Et, i Pr, Ph) with varying R-substituents sizes. When the more sterically encumbered ligand (R=Mes) was used, the Al atom became five-coordinate, therefore representing the threshold to octahedral coordination around the metal in these type of compounds, which, consequently, lead to a change of decomposition profile. The resulting compounds have been characterised by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. [Al(MeCN(Me)CHC=OMe)3 ] has been used as a single source precursor for the deposition of Al2 O3 . Thin films were deposited via aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD), with toluene as the solvent, and were analysed using SEM, EDX and XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| | - Erica N Faria
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| | - Shreya Mrig
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Santoni
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| | - Caroline E Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
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Zuiko IS, Malopheyev S, Mironov S, Kaibyshev R. Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of AA2519 and AA5182. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8776. [PMID: 36556581 PMCID: PMC9786200 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the friction-stir welding (FSW) technique was successfully applied for joining of AA2519 to AA5181 alloy. Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar FSW joints were investigated by optical microscopy, microhardness, and tensile testing. The deformation behaviour of the welded joints was elucidated via the digital image correlation technique. After welding, the ultimate tensile strength of joints was ~300 MPa and ductility was ~16%. The microhardness values observed at the stir zone were higher than those in the base material AA5182. The produced welds demonstrate nearly 100% (based on AA5182) joint efficiency.
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Novosel A, Sedlar T, Miklečić J, Turkulin H, Lučić L, Mihulja G, Živković V. Analysis of Bonding Mechanisms of Various Implants and Adhesives in Laminated Oak-Wood Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245373. [PMID: 36559740 PMCID: PMC9782044 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analysed the bonding mechanisms and strength between wood and non-wood implants in producing laminated oak-wood beams. The suitability of different types of adhesives, namely for load-bearing and general purpose, was also analysed. Three different types of non-wood implants-carbon fibres, glass fibres, and aluminium were glued with epoxy resin (ER), thermoplastic 1-k polyurethane adhesives (PUR), structural polyurethane adhesives (PUR 2 and PUR 3), and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesives and bonds were tested for shear strength (SS) according to ISO 6238:2018. Results of the bond quality expressed as the ultimate load to failure and displacement were recorded using the universal mechanical testing machine in combination with the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Before the shear test, all the samples were conditioned in dry and wet climatic conditions. Test results indicated that the application of PUR adhesives for bonding carbon and glass fibres with oak wood could sufficiently replace two-component ER, which is generally recommended for such purposes but is very challenging to utilise in industrial conditions. PVAc adhesives proved efficient only for combination with AL implants and in dry conditions. Aluminium sheets were shown to require surface pre-treatment, such as sanding and degreasing or a different type of adhesive to achieve sufficient adhesion.
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Prášil T, Socha L, Gryc K, Svizelová J, Saternus M, Merder T, Pieprzyca J, Gráf M. Using Physical Modeling to Optimize the Aluminium Refining Process. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7385. [PMID: 36295448 PMCID: PMC9611159 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Concern for the environment and rational management of resources requires the development of recoverable methods of obtaining metallic materials. This also applies to the production of aluminium and its alloys. The quality requirements of the market drive aluminium producers to use effective refining methods, and one of the most commonly used is blowing an inert gas into liquid aluminium via a rotating impeller. The efficiency and cost of this treatment depends largely on the application of the correct ratios between the basic parameters of the process, which are the flow rate of the inert gas, the speed of the rotor and the duration of the process. Determining these ratios in production conditions is expensive and difficult. This article presents the results of research aimed at determining the optimal ratio of the inert gas flow rate to the rotary impeller speed, using physical modeling techniques for the rotor as used in industrial conditions. The tests were carried out for rotary impeller speeds from 150 to 550 rpm and gas flow rates of 12, 17 and 22 dm3/min. The research was carried out on a 1:1 scale physical model, and the results, in the form of visualization of the degree of gas-bubble dispersion, were assessed on the basis of the five typical dispersion patterns. The removal of oxygen from water was carried out analogously to the process of removing hydrogen from aluminium. The curves of the rate of oxygen removal from the model liquid were determined, showing the course of oxygen reduction during refining with the same inert gas flows and rotor speeds mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Prášil
- MOTOR JIKOV Slévárna a.s., Kněžskodvorská 2277, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 2732, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Socha
- Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Gryc
- Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Svizelová
- Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mariola Saternus
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Merder
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacek Pieprzyca
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Martin Gráf
- MOTOR JIKOV Slévárna a.s., Kněžskodvorská 2277, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Md Ali A, Omar MZ, Salleh MS, Hashim H, Mohamed IF, Wakhi Anuar NFB. Mechanical Behaviour and Morphology of Thixoformed Aluminium Alloy Reinforced by Graphene. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6791. [PMID: 36234138 PMCID: PMC9571056 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thixoforming is a promising method that offers several advantages over both liquid and solid processing. This process utilizes semi-solid behaviour and reduces macrosegregation, porosity and forming forces during the shaping process. Microstructural and mechanical characterization of 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) reinforced A356 aluminium alloy composite fabricated by thixoforming was investigated. Stir casting was employed to fabricate feedstocks before they were thixoformed at 50% liquid. The microstructure was characterized and evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray detector and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical testing, such as microhardness and tensile testing, was also performed to estimate the mechanical properties of the composites. The incorporation of 0.3 wt.% GNPs in Al alloy increased by about 27% in ultimate tensile strength and 29% in hardness. The enhancement in tensile strength is primarily attributed to load transfer strengthening due to the uniform dispersion of these GNPs within the Al matrix, which promotes effective load transfer during tensile deformation, and GNPs' wrinkled surface structure. Simultaneously, the addition of GNPs enhances the grain refinement effect of the Al alloy matrix, resulting in a grain size strengthening mechanism of the GNPs/Al composites. The results reveal that thixoformed composite microstructure consists of uniformly distributed GNPs, α-Al globules and fine fibrous Si particles. The composites' grains were refined and equiaxed, and the mechanical properties were improved significantly. This study creates a new method for incorporating GNPs into Al alloy for high-performance composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifah Md Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaidi Omar
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukor Salleh
- Department of Manufacturing Process, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Hanizam Hashim
- Department of Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Intan Fadhlina Mohamed
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farah Bazilah Wakhi Anuar
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Department of Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
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Pham TH, Lee WH, Son GH, Tran TT, Kim JG. Synthesis and Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Cerium/Tetraethylenepentamine Dithiocarbamate Complex on AA2024-T3 in 3.5% NaCl. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6631. [PMID: 36233972 PMCID: PMC9572790 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a cerium/tetraethylenepentamine dithiocarbamate complex was synthesized and evaluated for the corrosion inhibition capability on an AA2024-T3 Al alloy in a 3.5% NaCl medium. The synthesized compounds were characterized via spectroscopic techniques. The corrosion inhibition behaviour of the complex was elucidated by electrochemical measurements and surface analysis techniques. Based on electrochemical test results, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the complex increases with the immersion time of aluminium alloy in the test solution. The corrosion inhibition reaches 96.80% when the aluminium is immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution containing a corrosion inhibitor for 120 h. The potentiodynamic polarization test results show that the complex acts as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor and the passive range is widened. The surface analysis methods reveal that the corrosion inhibition ability of the complex originated from the formation of a protective layer on the Al surface. This film is created from the physisorption and chemisorption of cerium ions and organic parts simultaneously released from the complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Huong Pham
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Woo-Hyuk Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Ho Son
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Trang Thu Tran
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jung-Gu Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Kozana J, Piękoś M, Garbacz-Klempka A, Perek-Nowak M. The Effect of Tin on Microstructure and Properties of the Al-10 wt.% Si Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6350. [PMID: 36143656 PMCID: PMC9505586 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the results from studies regarding near-eutectic Al-Si alloys with Sn as an alloying addition are presented. In most Al-Si alloys, tin is regarded as a contaminant; thus, its amount is limited to up to 0.3 wt.%. The few studies that can be found in the literature regarding the behaviour of tin in aluminium alloys suggest the beneficial effect of this element on selected properties. However, these results were obtained for hypereutectic Al-Si alloys or wrought aluminium alloys. In our studies, the influence of tin contents of up to 1.7 wt.% was determined on the AlSi10 alloy. Thermal analysis, measurements of the mechanical properties of the cast and heat-treated alloy, metallographic observations (light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy), and EDS (X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry) measurement allowed us to fully describe the effect of tin on the aluminium alloy. The results of the thermal analysis showed changes in the range of the α-Al solution crystallisation and the α+β eutectic through a decrease in the alloy's solidification start point and eutectic solidification point. As a result, the elongation of the alloy was more than double in the AlSi10Sn1.7 alloy, with an A5 value of 8.1% and a tensile strength that was above 200 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Kozana
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 23 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Piękoś
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 23 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aldona Garbacz-Klempka
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 23 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Perek-Nowak
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Droździel-Jurkiewicz M, Bieniaś J. Evaluation of Surface Treatment for Enhancing Adhesion at the Metal-Composite Interface in Fibre Metal-Laminates. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15176118. [PMID: 36079501 PMCID: PMC9458037 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the issues of metal surface treatment in fibre metal laminates (FML) to obtain high adhesion at the metal-composite interface. Aluminium 2024-T3 and titanium Grade 2 were analysed. The metal surface modifications were carried out by mechanical (sandblasting, Scotch-Brite abrasion), chemical (P2 etching, phosphate-fluoride process), electrochemical (chromic and sulphuric acid anodizing), and plasma treatment, as well as the application of sol-gel coatings. In terms of surface geometry, the analysis included roughness and 3D surface topography examination. The morphology was examined using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The surface free energy and its components (polar and dispersive) were determined using the Owens-Wendt method. The novelty of this study is the determination of the effect of different surface treatments on the surface free energy, topography, and morphology in terms of the possible appropriate adhesion in fibre metal laminates. Chromic acid anodizing is still the most effective in enhancing the expected adhesion. A suitable technique may be the use of P2 etching of aluminium. It results in low roughness, numerous micro-irregularities, and the presence of porosity. The obtained test results show that the application of sol-gel coating increases the surface free energy and may increase the adhesion.
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Gutema EM, Gopal M, Lemu HG. Temperature Optimization by Using Response Surface Methodology and Desirability Analysis of Aluminium 6061. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5892. [PMID: 36079274 PMCID: PMC9457304 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Because aluminium is a lightweight and low-density material, its alloys, such as Al 6061 alloy, are extensively used in numerous automobile, defense, and aviation components. This study aims to develop a predictive model to investigate the impact of tool nose radius on the CNC turning process of Al 6061 alloy and better recognize the implications of operating machining considering cutting speed, rate of feed, cutting depth, and tool nose radius. The trials were carried out by using the response surface methodology (RSM), with an Al2O3 coated carbide tool as the cutter and an Al 6061 workpiece as the material. A mathematical model of the second-order was created. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach was used to analyze the performance characteristics of the turning operation. Individual desirability values from the desirability function analysis for the multi-responses are used to construct a composite desirability value. The ideal parameter levels were determined by using the composite desirability value, and the significant impact of parameters was assessed by using the analysis of variance. The minimum temperature attained at the machining parameters are 98.0 m/min cutting speed, 0.26 mm/rev rate of feed, 0.893 mm cutting depth, and 0.84 mm tool nose radius. The best total desirability value is 23.615 °C, indicating that the experimental results are close to the predicted values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalkachew Mosisa Gutema
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wollega University, Nekemte P.O. Box 395, Ethiopia
| | - Mahesh Gopal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wollega University, Nekemte P.O. Box 395, Ethiopia
| | - Hirpa Gelgele Lemu
- Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
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Spiridopoulos G, Kramer M, Kracht F, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. [(CH 3 )Al(CH 2 )] 12 : Methylaluminomethylene (MAM-12). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200823. [PMID: 35638696 PMCID: PMC9544092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure of enigmatic “poly(aluminium‐methyl‐methylene)” (first reported in 1968) has been unraveled in a transmetalation reaction with gallium methylene [Ga8(CH2)12] and AlMe3. The existence of cage‐like methylaluminomethylene moieties was initially suggested by the reaction of rare‐earth‐metallocene complex [Cp*2Lu{(μ‐Me)2AlMe2}] with excess AlMe3 affording the deca‐aluminium cluster [Cp*4Lu2(μ3‐CH2)12Al10(CH3)8] in low yield (Cp*=C5Me5). Treatment of [Ga8(CH2)12] with excess AlMe3 reproducibly gave the crystalline dodeca‐aluminium complex [(CH3)12Al12(μ3‐CH2)12] (MAM‐12). Revisiting a previous approach to “poly(aluminium‐methyl‐methylene” by using a (C5H5)2TiCl2/AlMe3 (1 : 100) mixture led to amorphous solids displaying solubility behavior and spectroscopic features similar to those of crystalline MAM‐12. The gallium methylene‐derived MAM‐12 was used as an efficient methylene transfer reagent for ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Spiridopoulos
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Kramer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Kracht
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Skovbo Hoffmann S, Thiesson EM, Johansen JD, Hviid A. Risk factors for granulomas in children following immunisation with aluminium adsorbed vaccines: A Danish population-based cohort study. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:430-438. [PMID: 35778959 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminium adsorbed vaccines may in some children cause severely itching nodules at the injection site, known as vaccination granulomas. OBJECTIVE To investigate vaccine-, child- and maternal level risk factors for the development of vaccination granulomas following immunisation with aluminium adsorbed vaccines. METHODS A Danish population-based cohort study with 553 932 children born in Denmark from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018, vaccinated with an aluminium adsorbed vaccine during the first year of life, followed until 31 December 2020. Poisson regression was used to estimate granuloma rate ratios according to type of adjuvant, accumulated dose of aluminium, timing of vaccination appointments, sex, gestational age, having siblings with granulomas, maternal age, and maternal ethnicity. RESULTS We identified 1 901 vaccination granuloma cases (absolute risk, 0.34%). Among vaccine level factors, revaccination (third vs first vaccination appointment, adjusted rate ratio [RR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.55), the specific adjuvant used (aluminium phosphate vs hydroxide, RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.48-0.70) and dosage (≥1.0 mg vs <1.0 mg, RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.52) were associated with risk of granulomas; the timing of vaccination appointments was not. Among child level factors, female sex (vs males, RR 1.12, 95% CI, 1.02-1.22), prematurity (vs term birth, RR 0.71, 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and having sibling(s) with granulomas (vs no siblings with granulomas, RR 46.15, 95% CI, 33.67-63.26) were associated with risk of granulomas. Among maternal level factors, non-Danish ethnicity (vs. Danish, RR 0.51, 95% CI, 0.42-0.63) and young maternal age (<20 yrs. vs 20-39 yrs., RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25-0.83) were associated with risk of granulomas. CONCLUSIONS Several risk factors for vaccination granulomas at both the vaccine, child, and maternal level, was identified. Reducing the dose of aluminium or replacing aluminium hydroxide with aluminium phosphate could reduce the risk of granulomas. However, this must be balanced against the potential for reduced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Skovbo Hoffmann
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Pharmacovigilance Research Centre, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jiang D, Wu H, Cai H, Chen G. Silicon confers aluminium tolerance in rice via cell wall modification in the root transition zone. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:1765-1778. [PMID: 35289406 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The root-apex transition zone (TZ), the major perception site for aluminium (Al) toxicity, is crucial for the Al-induced root-growth inhibition, while the mechanism underlying silicon-mediated alleviation of Al toxicity in the TZ is largely unknown. In this study, the role of silicon (Si) in alleviating Al-induced damage in the TZ and root-growth inhibition of rice was investigated. We found that Si had direct alleviative effect on Al toxicity as revealed by less root growth-inhibition, Al accumulation, and callose formation. Si reversed Al-induced decreases of the cell wall elongation and extensibility, and reduced Al-induced increments of cell wall polysaccharides in the TZ. The similar distribution patterns of Al and Si in the cell wall indicated that Si might detoxify Al by forming hydroxyaluminumsilicates in the apoplast of the root-apex TZ. Moreover, the wall-bound form of Si reduced Al binding sites, thereby reducing the capability of Al bound to the cell wall. These results suggest that Si-mediated cell wall modification in the TZ alleviates Al-induced root-growth inhibition in rice involving the promotion of cell wall extensibility and the decrease of Al accumulation in the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Du A, Lattanzi L, Jarfors AEW, Zhou J, Zheng J, Wang K, Yu G. The Influence of Ce, La, and SiC Particles Addition on the Formability of an Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Fe SiCp-MMC. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:3789. [PMID: 35683089 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Road transport and the associated fuel consumption plays a primary role in emissions. Weight reduction is critical to reaching the targeted reduction of 34% in 2025. Weight reduction in moving parts, such as pistons and brake disc rotors, provide a high-impact route to achieve this goal. The current study aims to investigate the formability of Al–Si alloys reinforced with different fractions and different sizes of SiCp to create an efficient and lightweight Al-MMC brake disk. Lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) were added to strengthen the aluminium matrix alloy and to improve the capability of the Al-MMC brake discs to withstand elevated temperature conditions, such as more extended braking periods. La and Ce formed intermetallic phases that further strengthened the composite. The analysis showed the processability and thermal stability of the different material’s combinations: increased particle sizes and broader size range mixture supported the formation of the SiCp particle interactions, acting as an internal scaffolding. In conclusion, the additions of Ce and La strengthened the softer matrix regions and resulted in a doubled compression peak strength of the material without affecting the formability, as demonstrated by the processing maps.
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Nowakowski L, Bartoszuk M, Skrzyniarz M, Blasiak S, Vasileva D. Influence of the Milling Conditions of Aluminium Alloy 2017A on the Surface Roughness. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 35629652 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The article presents the results and process analysis of the face milling of aluminium alloy 2017A with the CoroMill 490 tool on an AVIA VMC 800 vertical milling centre. The study analysed the effects of the cutting speed, the feed rate, the actual number of teeth involved in the process, the minimum thickness of the cut layer (hmin), and the relative displacement in the tool-workpiece system D(ξ) on the surface roughness parameter Ra. To measure relative displacement, an original bench was used with an XL-80 laser interferometer. The analysis of relative displacement and surface roughness allowed these factors to be correlated with each other. The purpose of this article is to determine the stable operating ranges of the CoroMill 490-050Q22-08M milling head with respect to the value of the generated relative displacement w during the face-milling process and to determine its influence on surface roughness. The research methodology presented in this paper and the cutting tests carried out allowed the determination of the optimum operating parameters of the CoroMill 490-050Q22-08M tool during the face milling of aluminium alloy 2017A, which are vc 300 m/m and fz—0.14 mm/tooth. Working with the defined cutting parameters allows all the cutting inserts in the tool body to be involved in shaping the geometrical structure of the surface, while maintaining a low vibration level D(ξ) > 1 µm, a low value of the parameter hmin > 1.5 µm, and the desired value of the parameter Ra > 0.2 µm
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50
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Zhu X, Wang P, Bai Z, Herde M, Ma Y, Li N, Liu S, Huang CF, Cui R, Ma H, Zhang M, Wang H, Wei T, Quan T, Zhang W, Liu C, Zhang T, Yang ZB. Calmodulin-like protein CML24 interacts with CAMTA2 and WRKY46 to regulate ALMT1-dependent Al resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2022; 233:2471-2487. [PMID: 34665465 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1 (ALMT1)-mediated malate exudation from roots is critical for aluminium (Al) resistance in Arabidopsis. Its upstream molecular signalling regulation is not yet well understood. The role of CALMODULIN-LIKE24 (CML24) in Al-inhibited root growth and downstream molecular regulation of ALMT1-meditaed Al resistance was investigated. CML24 confers Al resistance demonstrated by an increased root-growth inhibition of the cml24 loss-of-function mutant under Al stress. This occurs mainly through the regulation of the ALMT1-mediated malate exudation from roots. The mutation and overexpression of CML24 leads to an elevated and reduced Al accumulation in the cell wall of roots, respectively. Al stress induced both transcript and protein abundance of CML24 in root tips, especially in the transition zone. CML24 interacts with CALMODULIN BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR2 (CAMTA2) and promotes its transcriptional activity in the regulation of ALMT1 expression. This results in an enhanced malate exudation from roots and less root-growth inhibition under Al stress. Both CML24 and CAMTA2 interacted with WRKY46 suppressing the transcriptional repression of ALMT1 by WRKY46. The study provides novel insights into understanding of the upstream molecular signalling of the ALMT1-depdendent Al resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhimin Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Yanqi Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Na Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology & National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao-Feng Huang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology & National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rongxiu Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tiandi Wei
- School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Taiyong Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Zhong-Bao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
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