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Honesova L, Viaene W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. High-temperature liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry methodology for carbon isotope ratio determination of anabolic steroids in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1324:343092. [PMID: 39218574 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) has long been used in routine laboratories to determine the δ13C values of anabolic steroids in urine, differentiating between, e.g., endogenous and synthetic testosterone (T) in sports doping control. Until now, liquid chromatography (LC-IRMS) has not been used. The LC-IRMS setup doesn't allow organic solvents or modifiers in the mobile phase for δ13C determinations. Mid-to non-polar analytes such as steroids can be analysed in water heated to High Temperatures (HT, up to 200 °C) because at 200 °C has a similar polarity as 80/20 methanol/water at ambient temperature. In this work, we developed a method for steroids in urine, extending the application of the LC-IRMS to non-polar analytes in complex matrices. RESULT An HT-LC-IRMS method capable of determining the δ13C values of four steroids (i.e., testosterone (T), 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (ααβ), 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (βαβ) and pregnanetriol (PT)) in urine was developed and validated. Accuracy ranged from 0.23 ‰ (ααβ and βαβ) to 0.49 ‰ (T), and the detection limit was set at 10 ng mL-1 (T, ααβ+βαβ). The validation data and a comparison of authentic urine samples analysed with HT-LC-IRMS and GC-C-IRMS indicated a comparable performance between HT-LC-IRMS and GC-C-IRMS. SIGNIFICANCE HT-LC-IRMS can be used to determine δ13C values of anabolic steroids, extending the applicability of both HT-LC and LC-IRMS to non-polar substances determined in a complex matrix in routine laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Honesova
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Viaene
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Michaël Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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2
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Honesova L, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Evaluation of analytical columns suitable for high-temperature liquid-chromatography-isotope-ratio-mass-spectrometry analysis of anabolic steroids. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465191. [PMID: 39074410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can be used to determine the carbon isotope ratio of anabolic steroids. For example, in sports doping and food safety control, it enables determining an endogenous or synthetic origin of anabolic steroids. Generally, the steroids of interest are purified by liquid chromatography (LC) and analysed by gas chromatography combustion IRMS. LC-IRMS is not used since only mobile phases without carbon atoms can be used. For analysing mid-to apolar compounds, heated water can be used as an eluent as it has a similar polarity to a weak polar organic solvent. The silica-based columns are not robust enough at elevated temperatures in aqueous conditions. However, modified silica particles, metal oxides coated with polymers, and porous graphitic carbon are promising column materials for high-temperature LC (HT-LC) applications. Here, the stability of the stationary phase is crucial, and their chromatographic performance needs to be evaluated under the conditions mentioned above for anabolic steroid separations. Six columns using temperatures up to 200 °C were assessed, and only two were found to be appropriate. The ZirChrom-PBD column can be used for HT-LC-IRMS research purposes but is not recommended for routine laboratory practice applications due to the substantial loss of retention and resolution over time at elevated temperatures. Sachtopore-RP columns are the only suitable option for routine HT-LC-IRMS applications, even though they suffer from peak broadening over time when operating at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Honesova
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Gent BE-9000, Belgium.
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Gent BE-9000, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Gent BE-9000, Belgium
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3
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Villacrés C, Mizero B, Spicer V, Viner R, Saba J, Patel B, Snovida S, Jensen P, Huhmer A, Krokhin OV. Toward an Ultimate Solution for Peptide Retention Time Prediction: The Effect of Column Temperature on Separation Selectivity. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1488-1494. [PMID: 38530092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
We studied the effect of the column temperature on the selectivity of reversed-phase peptide separation in bottom-up proteomics. The number of peptide identifications from 2 h liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) acquisitions reaches a plateau at 45-55 °C, driven simultaneously by improved separation efficiency, a gradual decrease in peptide retention, and possible on-column degradation of peptides at elevated temperatures. Performing 2D LC-MS/MS acquisitions at 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C resulted in the identification of ∼100,000 and ∼120,000 unique peptides for nonmodified and tandem mass tags (TMT)-labeled samples, respectively. These peptide collections were used to investigate the temperature-driven retention features. The latter is governed by the specific temperature response of individual residues, peptide hydrophobicity and length, and amphipathic helicity. On average, peptide retention decreased by 0.56 and 0.5% acetonitrile for each 10 °C increase for label-free and TMT-labeled peptides, respectively. This generally linear response of retention shifts allowed the extrapolation of predictive models beyond the studied temperature range. Thus, (trap) column cooling from room temperature to 0 °C will allow the retention of an additional 3% of detectable tryptic peptides. Meanwhile, the application of 90 °C would result in the loss of ∼20% of tryptic peptides that were amenable to MS/MS-based identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Benilde Mizero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor Spicer
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Julian Saba
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | | | - Sergei Snovida
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois 61101, United States
| | - Penny Jensen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois 61101, United States
| | - Andreas Huhmer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
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4
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Weise C, Westphal H, Warias R, Belder D. High-temperature ultrafast ChipHPLC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1023-1031. [PMID: 38112789 PMCID: PMC10800301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a miniaturized chip-based HPLC approach coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry utilizing temperature to achieve high-speed separations. The approach benefits from the low thermal mass of the microfluidic chip and can form an electrospray from the pre-heated mobile phase. With the help of this technology, isothermal and temperature-programmable operations up to 130°C were pursued to perform reversed-phase separations of pesticides in methanol and ethanol-containing eluents in less than 20 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Weise
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannes Westphal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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5
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Van Kien N, Jeong YH, Seog DJH, Ryoo JJ. Mechanistic study of ultrasound-assisted chromatography using plastic and stainless steel columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464402. [PMID: 37797422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the previous ultrasound-assisted chromatography (UAC) studies on plastic and stainless steel (SS) columns, this study explores the UAC mechanism by comparatively analyzing ultrasound effects on plastic and SS columns with C18 stationary phase when separating a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under various ultrasound intensities. The results showed a substantial difference in H values between the PEEK and SS columns under the influence of ultrasound agitation. Specifically, for the pyrene peak, as the ultrasonic intensity increased from 0% to 100% of 900 W, the H values of the SS column slightly rose from 8.82 μm to 9.86 μm. Conversely, the corresponding values for the PEEK column exhibited a significant 12-fold increase from 11.5 μm to 134 μm. The findings demonstrated poor penetration of ultrasound energy through the SS column, and the temperature rise of the medium induced by the ultrasound was the primary contributing factor to PAH separation. However, ultrasound easily penetrated through the plastic column, resulting in acoustic cavitation within the C18 polyether ether ketone (PEEK) column. Cavitation induced heat generation and contributed to a decrease in retention time and the magnitude of peak broadening or distortion, depending on the specific ultrasonic energy. Based on the estimated change in inlet temperature of the PEEK column due to an acoustic effect, the comparison with temperature effects under non-sonic conditions consistently demonstrated a stronger acoustic effect in reducing the retention time, by 2-9%, depending on specific peaks and pairs. We revisited the previously described separation mechanism of ultrasound-assisted ion chromatography and conjoined with our findings to infer and establish a thorough explanation for the previously unexplained separation mechanism of chiral separation and size exclusion chromatography by UAC using SS columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Kien
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, the Republic of Korea South Korea
| | - Young Han Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, the Republic of Korea South Korea
| | - David Jin Han Seog
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, the Republic of Korea South Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Ryoo
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, the Republic of Korea South Korea.
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6
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Eun DB, Jeong YH, Ryoo JJ. Improvement of chiral separation efficiency through temperature control during one time high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Chirality 2022; 34:941-947. [PMID: 35352403 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how manual temperature control affects the separation of two enantiomers of five racemic mixtures using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in terms of separation factor (α), resolution (Rs), and the number of theoretical plates (N). The results showed that heating/cooling during one time HPLC analysis improved the separation factor and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bi Eun
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook Nat'l Univ. Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young Han Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook Nat'l Univ. Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Ryoo
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook Nat'l Univ. Daegu, South Korea
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7
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Svensson K, Södergren S, Hjort K. Thermally controlled microfluidic back pressure regulator. Sci Rep 2022; 12:569. [PMID: 35022424 PMCID: PMC8755753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
By using the temperature dependence of viscosity, we introduce a novel type of microfluidic lab-on-a-chip back pressure regulator (BPR) that can be integrated into a micro-total-analysis-system. A BPR is an important component used to gain pressure control and maintain elevated pressures in e.g. chemical extractions, synthesis, and analyses. Such applications have been limited in microfluidics, since the back pressure regularly has been attained by passive restrictors or external large-scale BPRs. Herein, an active microfluidic BPR is presented, consisting of a glass chip with integrated thin-film heaters and thermal sensors. It has no moving parts but a fluid restrictor where the flow resistance is controlled by the change of viscosity with temperature. Performance was evaluated by regulating the upstream pressure of methanol or water using a PID controller. The developed BPR has the smallest reported dead volume of 3 nL and the thermal actuation has time constants of a few seconds. The pressure regulation were reproducible with a precision in the millibar range, limited by the pressure sensor. The time constant of the pressure changes was evaluated and its dependence of the total upstream volume and the compressibility of the liquids is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Svensson
- Microsystems Technology Division, Centre of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Simon Södergren
- Microsystems Technology Division, Centre of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klas Hjort
- Microsystems Technology Division, Centre of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Lenčo J, Šemlej T, Khalikova MA, Fabrik I, Švec F. Sense and Nonsense of Elevated Column Temperature in Proteomic Bottom-up LC-MS Analyses. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:420-432. [PMID: 33085896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Elevated column temperature represents a simple means for improving chromatographic separation of peptides. Here, we demonstrated the advantages of the column temperature in peptide separation using state-of-the-art columns. More importantly, we also determined how temperature can impair proteomic bottom-up analyses. We found that an elevated temperature in combination with the acidic pH of the mobile phase induced in-column peptide hydrolysis with high specificity to Asp and accelerated five modification reactions of amino acids. The positive effects of temperature dominated in the 30 min long gradients since the column operated at 90 °C provided the largest number of identified peptides and proteins. However, the adverse effects of temperature on peptide integrity in longer liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses required its reduction to obtain optimum results. The largest number of peptides was identified using the column maintained at 75 °C in 60 min long gradients, at 60 °C in 120 min long gradients, and at 45 °C in 240 min long gradients. Our results indicate that no universal column temperature exists for bottom-up LC-MS analyses. Quite the contrary, the temperature setting must be selected rationally to exploit the full capabilities of the state-of-the-art mass spectrometers in proteomic LC-MS analyses, with the gradient time being a critical factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šemlej
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Maria A Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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9
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Losacco GL, Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Investigating the use of unconventional temperatures in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:84-95. [PMID: 33059869 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of unorthodox temperatures, ranging from -5 °C up to 80 °C, have been thoroughly investigated in supercritical fluid chromatography. To this purpose, an initial evaluation of the kinetic and thermodynamic performance has been made with a set of 4 analytes eluting at different percentages of organic co-solvent in the mobile phase (3%-10% - 45%-80%). The van Deemter plots have demonstrated how, at low organic modifier presence, the use of low temperatures did not necessarily translate into worse performance, while high temperatures could pose more issues due to the poor handling of the super/subcritical mobile phase by the chromatographic system. With important percentages of co-solvent, however, high temperatures were fundamental in ensuring better profiles of the van Deemter plots, compared to low temperatures. Pressure plots have demonstrated that gradients reaching elevated percentages of organic modifiers can also be used on stationary phases packed with sub 2 μm silica particles if high temperatures are employed. The thermodynamic evaluation, made via the analysis of van't Hoff plots, indicates the presence of three retention behaviors happening in UHPSFC when switching from high to low temperatures, depending on the co-solvent percentage needed to elute one analyte. Finally, an assessment of the stationary phase stability at high temperatures was performed: the retention times variabilities recorded were minimal (RSD < 2.5%), as well as the peak widths and inlet column pressures were somewhat constant throughout the analyses. In the second part of this study, a focus on potential applications benefiting from such unconventional temperatures has been made. A series of challenging analytes have experienced better chromatographic resolution at either high or low temperatures, providing therefore a potentially interesting tool to analysts during the chromatographic method development process. In conclusion, the UV sensitivity at different temperatures was also taken into consideration, with no significant impact on the quality of the UV signal under any condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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10
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Mendes NS, Pereira SMF, Arantes MBS, Glória LL, Nunes CR, Passos MDS, Vieira IJC, de Moraes LP, Rodrigues R, Oliveira DB. Bioanalytical method validation for the quantification of the chlorogenic acid in Capsicum baccatum through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Food Chem 2020; 325:126929. [PMID: 32387988 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The fruit pulp extracts of the species Capsicum baccatum are associated with a number of phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to validate a bioanalytical method for the quantification of the chlorogenic acid present in the UENF 1613 de C. baccatum accession. The quantification was carried out through HPLC. The results obtained for the extract of C. baccatum indicated selectivity for chlorogenic acid. The values obtained for relative standard deviation, as well as for precision, in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision, did not exceed the maximum of 15% set in the criteria for the acceptance of bioanalytical methods. In terms of recovery, the accuracy rate for the phenolic compound of interest was from 77 to 93%. The validated method through external standardization was applied for the quantification of chlorogenic acid of the UENF accession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathânia S Mendes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia M F Pereira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana B S Arantes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena L Glória
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clara R Nunes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michel de S Passos
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivo J C Vieira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luana P de Moraes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniela B Oliveira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Vrkoslav V, Rumlová B, Strmeň T, Cvačka J. Temperature-programmed capillary high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2579-2588. [PMID: 32277790 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary high-performance liquid chromatography method with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry was developed for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters and long-chain alcohols. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Zorbax SB-C18 HPLC column (0.3 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and formic acid and delivered isocratically at a flow rate of 10 μL/min. The column temperature was programmed simply, using a common column oven. Good reproducibility of the temperature profile and retention times were achieved. The temperature programming during the isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography run had a similar effect as a solvent gradient; it reduced retention times of later eluting analytes and improved their detection limits. Two atmospheric pressure chemical ionization sources of the mass spectrometry detector were compared: an enclosed conventional ion source and an in-house made ion source with a glass microchip nebulizer. The enclosed source provided better detectability of saturated fatty acid methyl esters and made it possible to determine the double bond positions using acetonitrile-related adducts, while the open chip-based source provided better analytical figures of merit for unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Temperature-programmed capillary high-performance liquid chromatography is a promising method for analyzing neutral lipids in lipidomics and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Rumlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Timotej Strmeň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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12
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Microwave assisted high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of triacylglycerols in vegetable oils using an evaporative light scattering detector. Food Chem 2019; 300:125203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Chen LC. High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography and the Hyphenation with Mass Spectrometry Using High-Pressure Electrospray Ionization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 8:S0079. [PMID: 32010544 PMCID: PMC6920344 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the operating temperature of the liquid chromatography (LC) column has the same effect as reducing the diameter of the packing particles on minimizing the contribution of C-term in the van Deemter equation, flattening the curve of plate height vs. linear velocity in the high-speed region, thus allowing a fast LC analysis without the loss of plate count. While the use of smaller particles requires a higher pumping pressure, operating the column at higher temperature reduces the pressure due to lower liquid viscosity. At present, the adoption of high-temperature LC lags behind the ultra-high-pressure LC. Nevertheless, the availability of thermally stable columns has steadily improved and new innovations in this area have continued to emerge. This paper gives a brief review and updates on the recent advances in high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC). Recent efforts of hyphenating the capillary HTLC with mass spectrometry via a super-atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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Memon N, Qureshi T, Bhanger MI, Malik MI. Recent Trends in Fast Liquid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180912125155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Liquid chromatography is the workhorse of analytical laboratories of pharmaceutical
companies for analysis of bulk drug materials, intermediates, drug products, impurities and
degradation products. This efficient technique is impeded by its long and tedious analysis procedures.
Continuous efforts of scientists to reduce the analysis time resulted in the development of three different
approaches namely, HTLC, chromatography using monolithic columns and UHPLC.
Methods:
Modern column technology and advances in chromatographic stationary phase including
silica-based monolithic columns and reduction in particle and column size (UHPLC) have not only
revolutionized the separation power of chromatographic analysis but also have remarkably reduced the
analysis time. Automated ultra high-performance chromatographic systems equipped with state-ofthe-
art software and detection systems have now spawned a new field of analysis, termed as Fast Liquid
Chromatography (FLC). The chromatographic approaches that can be included in FLC are hightemperature
liquid chromatography, chromatography using monolithic column, and ultrahigh performance
liquid chromatography.
Results:
This review summarizes the progress of FLC in pharmaceutical analysis during the period
from year 2008 to 2017 focusing on detecting pharmaceutical drugs in various matrices, characterizing
active compounds of natural products, and drug metabolites. High temperature, change in the mobile
phase, use of monolithic columns, new non-porous, semi-porous and fully porous reduced particle size
of/less than 3μm packed columns technology with high-pressure pumps have been extensively studied
and successively applied to real samples. These factors revolutionized the fast high-performance separations.
Conclusion:
Taking into account the recent development in fast liquid chromatography approaches,
future trends can be clearly predicated. UHPLC must be the most popular approach followed by the
use of monolithic columns. Use of high temperatures during analysis is not a feasible approach especially
for pharmaceutical analysis due to thermosensitive nature of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Qureshi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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15
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Influence of temperature on the separation performance in solid support-free liquid-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:129-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Franco-Duarte R, Černáková L, Kadam S, Kaushik KS, Salehi B, Bevilacqua A, Corbo MR, Antolak H, Dybka-Stępień K, Leszczewicz M, Relison Tintino S, Alexandrino de Souza VC, Sharifi-Rad J, Coutinho HDM, Martins N, Rodrigues CF. Advances in Chemical and Biological Methods to Identify Microorganisms-From Past to Present. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E130. [PMID: 31086084 PMCID: PMC6560418 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast detection and identification of microorganisms is a challenging and significant feature from industry to medicine. Standard approaches are known to be very time-consuming and labor-intensive (e.g., culture media and biochemical tests). Conversely, screening techniques demand a quick and low-cost grouping of bacterial/fungal isolates and current analysis call for broad reports of microorganisms, involving the application of molecular techniques (e.g., 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing based on polymerase chain reaction). The goal of this review is to present the past and the present methods of detection and identification of microorganisms, and to discuss their advantages and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Snehal Kadam
- Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, India.
| | - Karishma S Kaushik
- Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, India.
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 14665-354, Iran.
| | - Antonio Bevilacqua
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Corbo
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Hubert Antolak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dybka-Stępień
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Martyna Leszczewicz
- Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Bionanopark Ltd, Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, 63105-000 Crato, Brazil.
| | | | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, 63105-000 Crato, Brazil.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE⁻Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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17
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18
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Lenčo J, Vajrychová M, Pimková K, Prokšová M, Benková M, Klimentová J, Tambor V, Soukup O. Conventional-Flow Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Exploratory Bottom-Up Proteomic Analyses. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5381-5389. [PMID: 29582996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to its sensitivity and productivity, bottom-up proteomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has become the core approach in the field. The de facto standard LC-MS platform for proteomics operates at sub-μL/min flow rates, and nanospray is required for efficiently introducing peptides into a mass spectrometer. Although this is almost a "dogma", this view is being reconsidered in light of developments in highly efficient chromatographic columns, and especially with the introduction of exceptionally sensitive MS instruments. Although conventional-flow LC-MS platforms have recently penetrated targeted proteomics successfully, their possibilities in discovery-oriented proteomics have not yet been thoroughly explored. Our objective was to determine what are the extra costs and what optimization and adjustments to a conventional-flow LC-MS system must be undertaken to identify a comparable number of proteins as can be identified on a nanoLC-MS system. We demonstrate that the amount of a complex tryptic digest needed for comparable proteome coverage can be roughly 5-fold greater, providing the column dimensions are properly chosen, extra-column peak dispersion is minimized, column temperature and flow rate are set to levels appropriate for peptide separation, and the composition of mobile phases is fine-tuned. Indeed, we identified 2 835 proteins from 2 μg of HeLa cells tryptic digest separated during a 60 min gradient at 68 μL/min on a 1.0 mm × 250 mm column held at 55 °C and using an aqua-acetonitrile mobile phases containing 0.1% formic acid, 0.4% acetic acid, and 3% dimethyl sulfoxide. Our results document that conventional-flow LC-MS is an attractive alternative for bottom-up exploratory proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Lenčo
- Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Třebešská 1575 , 500 01 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hra-dec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vajrychová
- Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Třebešská 1575 , 500 01 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Pimková
- Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Prokšová
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Třebešská 1575 , 500 01 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Benková
- Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klimentová
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Třebešská 1575 , 500 01 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Tambor
- Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Králové , Sokolská 581 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
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19
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. A multidimensional fractionation protocol for the oligomer analysis of oxidized waxes. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:137-148. [PMID: 29866263 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized waxes possess far superior properties as compared to the alkanes they are derived from. The separation of alkane oligomers via gas chromatography (GC) becomes a challenge when polar oxygen-containing functional groups are introduced or when higher molar masses are targeted. In the present study, the separation and analysis of oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes using different liquid chromatographic techniques are investigated. Oligomers in two oxidized waxes and a non-oxidized wax from which they are derived, are separated using high-temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography (HT-SGIC) and high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT-2D-LC). Evaporative light scattering detector conditions are tailored to provide the best detection with the solvent system at use. It is shown that oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes can be separated and identified using the mentioned techniques. It has been found that the ELSD detector response systematically decreases as the oxidation levels of the waxes increase. Coupling of HT-HPLC and high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) in a comprehensive 2D-LC setup shows a broadening of the molar mass distributions of the lower oligomer fractions as a consequence of the modification indicating changes in the oligomer chain microstructures. A preparative fractionation technique is utilized to collect specific oligomer fractions from the bulk waxes followed by hyphenation to HT-HPLC and other techniques. HPLC is shown to provide more detailed information on the oligomer composition of waxes when coupled to a pre-fractionation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
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20
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Heiland JJ, Lotter C, Stein V, Mauritz L, Belder D. Temperature Gradient Elution and Superheated Eluents in Chip-HPLC. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3266-3271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volkmar Stein
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße
18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Characterization of the polarity of subcritical water. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Chocholoušková M, Komendová M, Urban J. Retention of small molecules on polymethacrylate monolithic capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:85-92. [PMID: 28162237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the concentration of N-isopropylacrylamide in the polymerization mixture has been varied to prepare several polymethacrylate monolithic capillary columns. Polymer monoliths combining N-isopropylacrylamide with zwitterion monomer, as well as various dimethacrylate crosslinking monomers have been prepared and characterized. Uracil, thiourea, phenol, toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, and butylbenzene have been used to characterize retention of prepared capillary columns in the mobile phases with 40-95% of acetonitrile and at working temperatures ranging from 25 to 60°C. By an optimization of six-parameter polynomial models we have found that the retention of small molecules is affected mainly by the concentration of the acetonitrile in the mobile phase with very low contribution of working temperature and combined effect of acetonitrile concentration and temperature. Concentration of the mobile phase controlled also enthalpy of the retention. On the other hand, entropic contribution was almost insensitive to the change of the mobile phase composition, especially for mobile phases containing more than 60% of acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Chocholoušková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Komendová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic.
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23
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Comparative studies of peak intensities and chromatographic separation of proteolytic digests, PTMs, and intact proteins obtained by nanoLC-ESI MS analysis at room and elevated temperatures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3953-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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de Villiers A, Venter P, Pasch H. Recent advances and trends in the liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1430:16-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Preparation of monodisperse porous poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) microspheres and their application as stationary phase for superheated water HPLC. Talanta 2016; 147:358-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryota MORINAGA
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Saitama University
| | - Shingo SAITO
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Saitama University
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27
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Akay S, Odabaşı M, Yang Y, Kayan B. Synthesis and evaluation of NA-PHEMAH polymer for use as a new stationary phase in high-temperature liquid chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Nazario CED, Silva MR, Franco MS, Lanças FM. Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:18-37. [PMID: 26381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meire R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraíssa S Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Gagliardi LG, Tascon M, Castells CB. Effect of temperature on acid–base equilibria in separation techniques. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:35-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Terol A, Ardini F, Basso A, Grotti M. Determination of selenium urinary metabolites by high temperature liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1380:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Borges EM, Volmer DA. Silica, Hybrid Silica, Hydride Silica and Non-Silica Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography. Part II: Chemical and Thermal Stability. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1107-22. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Geng X, Jia X, Liu P, Wang F, Yang X. Two variables dominating the retention of intact proteins under gradient elution with simultaneous ultrafast high-resolution separation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Analyst 2015; 140:6692-704. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01400j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The retention of proteins under gradient elution in HIC is dominated by two variables of steady and migration regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindu Geng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Xiaodan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
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33
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Groskreutz SR, Weber SG. Temperature-assisted on-column solute focusing: a general method to reduce pre-column dispersion in capillary high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:65-74. [PMID: 24973805 PMCID: PMC4100596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solvent-based on-column focusing is a powerful and well known approach for reducing the impact of pre-column dispersion in liquid chromatography. Here we describe an orthogonal temperature-based approach to focusing called temperature-assisted on-column solute focusing (TASF). TASF is founded on the same principles as the more commonly used solvent-based method wherein transient conditions are created that lead to high solute retention at the column inlet. Combining the low thermal mass of capillary columns and the temperature dependence of solute retention TASF is used effectively to compress injection bands at the head of the column through the transient reduction in column temperature to 5°C for a defined 7mm segment of a 6cm long 150μm I.D. column. Following the 30s focusing time, the column temperature is increased rapidly to the separation temperature of 60°C releasing the focused band of analytes. We developed a model to simulate TASF separations based on solute retention enthalpies, focusing temperature, focusing time, and column parameters. This model guides the systematic study of the influence of sample injection volume on column performance. All samples have solvent compositions matching the mobile phase. Over the 45-1050nL injection volume range evaluated, TASF reduces the peak width for all solutes with k' greater than or equal to 2.5, relative to controls. Peak widths resulting from injection volumes up to 1.3 times the column fluid volume with TASF are less than 5% larger than peak widths from a 45nL injection without TASF (0.07 times the column liquid volume). The TASF approach reduced concentration detection limits by a factor of 12.5 relative to a small volume injection for low concentration samples. TASF is orthogonal to the solvent focusing method. Thus, it can be used where on-column focusing is required, but where implementation of solvent-based focusing is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Groskreutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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Khandagale MM, Hilder EF, Shellie RA, Haddad PR. Assessment of the complementarity of temperature and flow-rate for response normalisation of aerosol-based detectors. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Khandagale MM, Hutchinson JP, Dicinoski GW, Haddad PR. Effects of eluent temperature and elution bandwidth on detection response for aerosol-based detectors. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1308:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Núñez O, Gallart-Ayala H, Martins CP, Lucci P, Busquets R. State-of-the-art in fast liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for bio-analytical applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:3-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Borges EM, Euerby MR. An appraisal of the chemical and thermal stability of silica based reversed-phase liquid chromatographic stationary phases employed within the pharmaceutical environment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 77:100-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Perspectives on the Evolution of the Column Efficiency in Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3017-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3033307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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YARITA T, AOYAGI Y, SASAI H, NISHIGAKI A, SHIBUKAWA M. Separation of Parabens on a Zirconia-Based Stationary Phase in Superheated Water Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:213-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi YARITA
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Yoshie AOYAGI
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Haun J, Oeste K, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Long-term high-temperature and pH stability assessment of modern commercially available stationary phases by using retention factor analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Dethier B, Laloux M, Hanon E, Nott K, Heuskin S, Wathelet JP. Analysis of the diastereoisomers of alliin by HPLC. Talanta 2012; 101:447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Wang F, Min Y, Geng X. Fast separations of intact proteins by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3033-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science of Shaanxi; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yi Min
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science of Shaanxi; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xindu Geng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science of Shaanxi; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an P. R. China
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43
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Chester TL. Maximizing the speed of separations for industrial problems. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:69-77. [PMID: 22989488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvement efforts in chromatography have provided great improvements in the rate of plate production, but less attention has been spent on optimizing the kinds of problems that are most often encountered in industry. When factors are not independent in their effects on the responses of a chromatographic separation, all adjustable factors must be considered in concert in seeking the best or optimum condition that solves the problem. This requires careful attention to specifying the goals, the adjustable factors, and the constraints required to make sure the outcome can actually be implemented. Strategies for optimizing assay and screening methods in the context of industrial needs are presented. Expanding the factor space of the system being investigated can lead to better outcomes. The prospect of adding column-outlet pressure control and expanding the mobile phase composition to include condensed gases or supercritical fluids is explored. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography are contiguous with regard to mobile phase characteristics. Adjustment of selectivity through instrument-controlled factors can benefit method development. Opportunities obtained by blending modifiers, varying temperature and pressure with compressible mobile phases, and controlling pH are discussed in the context of optimizing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chester
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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44
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Venable JD, Okach L, Agarwalla S, Brock A. Subzero temperature chromatography for reduced back-exchange and improved dynamic range in amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9601-8. [PMID: 23025328 DOI: 10.1021/ac302488h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange is a commonly used technique for studying the dynamics of proteins and their interactions with other proteins or ligands. When coupled with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, hydrogen/deuterium exchange provides several unique advantages over other structural characterization techniques including very high sensitivity, the ability to analyze proteins in complex environments, and a large mass range. A fundamental limitation of the technique arises from the loss of the deuterium label (back-exchange) during the course of the analysis. A method to limit loss of the label during the separation stage of the analysis using subzero temperature reversed-phase chromatography is presented. The approach is facilitated by the use of buffer modifiers that prevent freezing. We evaluated ethylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, formamide, and methanol for their freezing point suppression capabilities, effects on peptide retention, and their compatibilities with electrospray ionization. Ethylene glycol was used extensively because of its good electrospray ionization compatibility; however, formamide has potential to be a superior modifier if detrimental effects on ionization can be overcome. It is demonstrated using suitable buffer modifiers that separations can be performed at temperatures as low as -30 °C with negligible loss of the deuterium label, even during long chromatographic separations. The reduction in back-exchange is shown to increase the dynamic range of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry in terms of mixture complexity and the magnitude with which changes in deuteration level can be quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Venable
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Silva RGC, Bottoli CBG, Collins CH. New Silica Gel-Based Monolithic Column for Nano-Liquid Chromatography, used in the HILIC Mode. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:649-57. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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46
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Terol A, Paredes E, Maestre SE, Prats S, Todolí JL. Rapid and sensitive determination of carbohydrates in foods using high temperature liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:929-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Terol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Nutrition and Food Science; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
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New trends in fast liquid chromatography for food and environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:298-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Ermisch P, Wiese S, Weber H, Teutenberg T. Determination of Suitable Column Geometries by Means of van Deemter and Kinetic Plots for Isothermal and Isocratic Method Development in High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1565-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202819v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ermisch
- Institut fuer Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60,
47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiese
- Institut fuer Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60,
47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Harald Weber
- Niederrhein University of Applied Science, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut fuer Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60,
47229 Duisburg, Germany
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Fredriksson MJ, Petersson P, Axelsson BO, Bylund D. Combined use of algorithms for peak picking, peak tracking and retention modelling to optimize the chromatographic conditions for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of fluocinolone acetonide and its degradation products. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 704:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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50
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. A general strategy for performing temperature-programming in high performance liquid chromatography—Prediction of segmented temperature gradients. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6898-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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