1
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Kochale K, Cunha R, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Development of a column switching for direct online enrichment and separation of polar and nonpolar analytes from aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464554. [PMID: 38065029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Trace substances in surface waters may threaten health and pose a risk for the aquatic environment. Moreover, separation and detection by instrumental analysis is challenging due to the low concentration and the wide range of polarities. Separation of polar and nonpolar analytes can be achieved by using stationary phases with different selectivity. Lower limits of detection of trace substances can be obtained by offline enrichment on solid phase materials. However, these practices require substantial effort and are time consuming and costly. Therefore, in this study, a column switching was developed to enrich and separate both polar and nonpolar analytes by an on-column large volume injection of aqueous samples. The column switching can significantly reduce the effort and time for analyzing trace substances without compromising on separation and detection. A reversed phase (RP) column is used to trap the nonpolar analytes. The polar analytes are enriched on a porous graphitized carbon column (PGC) coupled serially behind the RP column. A novel valve switching system is implemented to enable elution of the nonpolar analytes from the RP column and, subsequently, elution of polar analytes from the PGC column and separation on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column. To enable separation of polar analytes dissolved in an aqueous matrix by HILIC, the water plug that is flushed from the PGC column is diluted by dosing organic solvent directly upstream of the HILIC column. The developed method was tested by applying target analysis and non-target screening, highlighting the advantage to effectively separate and detect both polar and nonpolar compounds in a single chromatographic run. In the target analysis, the analytes, with a logD at pH 3 ranging from -2.8 to + 4.5, could be enriched and separated. Besides the 965 features in the RP phase, 572 features from real wastewater were observed in the HILIC phase which would otherwise elute in the void time in conventional one-dimensional RP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Kochale
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Cunha
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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2
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Thissen J, Klassen MD, Constantinidis P, Hacker MC, Breitkreutz J, Teutenberg T, Fischer B. Online Coupling of Size Exclusion Chromatography to Capillary Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Proteins and Biopharmaceutical Drug Products. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17868-17877. [PMID: 38050672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The online coupling of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to capillary enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CERS) based on a liquid core waveguide (LCW) flow cell was applied for the first time to assess the higher-order structure of different proteins. This setup allows recording of Raman spectra of the monomeric protein within complex mixtures, since SEC enables the separation of the monomeric protein from matrix components such as excipients of a biopharmaceutical product and higher molecular weight species (e.g., aggregates). The acquired Raman spectra were used for structural elucidation of well characterized proteins such as bovine serum albumin, hen egg white lysozyme, and β-lactoglobulin and of the monoclonal antibody rituximab in a medicinal product. Additionally, the CERS detection of the disaccharide sucrose, which is used as a stabilizing excipient, was quantified to achieve a limit of detection (LOD) of 120 μg and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 363 μg injected on the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Thissen
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Constantinidis
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Michael C Hacker
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Björn Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Reinders LMH, Klassen MD, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC, Teutenberg T, Tuerk J. Quality Control of Personalized Drug Products - Identity and Quantity of Monoclonal Antibodies as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2142-2145. [PMID: 37343927 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Deliberate underdosing occurred in personalized preparations of drugs such as monoclonal antibodies as the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the past. To ensure the required quality standard and to prevent future fraud attempts at an early stage, a HPLC-DAD-HRMS method was established. Thereby, identity and quantity of the active ingredients bevacizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab were determined. The analysis of ten samples from seven pharmacies fulfilled the quality criteria and were therefore not objectionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M H Reinders
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik, Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik, Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik, Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik, Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
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4
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Kochale K, Thissen J, Cunha R, Lamotte S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Enrichment and quantification of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from intermediates for plastics production by a generic liquid chromatography column switching. J Sep Sci 2023:e2300076. [PMID: 37287327 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in plastic products is regulated in (European Union) No. 1272/2013. However, this only covers the end products and not intermediate substances. Therefore, a generic method was developed to analyze the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons listed by the Environmental Protection Agency and the European Union. This method is based on direct large volume injection from solutions of plastic additives followed by liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. The additives Irganox 1010, ureido methacrylate, and cetyl methacrylate 1618F were used as examples for method development. Two serially coupled columns allowed the matrix to be removed on the first column and the analytes to be separated on the second column. The columns were connected by an intermediate valve. The valve allowed the matrix to be diverted after the first column and water to be dosed upstream of the second column via an additional pump. This allowed samples in aqueous or organic media to be focused at the column head. An injection volume of 100 μl and online aqueous dilution of 1:3 led to a limit of detection below 1 ng/ml for 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, concentrations between 1.6 and 10.3 ng/ml were found in the three plastic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Kochale
- Forschungsanalytik & Miniaturisierung, Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V., Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jana Thissen
- Forschungsanalytik & Miniaturisierung, Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V., Duisburg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ricardo Cunha
- Forschungsanalytik & Miniaturisierung, Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V., Duisburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lamotte
- RGA/AL, Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Forschungsanalytik & Miniaturisierung, Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V., Duisburg, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Reinders LMH, Klassen MD, Endres P, Krumm A, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC, Teutenberg T. Development of a Two-dimensional Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cell-Free Culture Supernatant via FcR Affinity Chromatography. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Reinders LMH, Noelle D, Klassen MD, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T. Development and validation of a method for airborne monoclonal antibodies to quantify workplace exposure. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115046. [PMID: 36152489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern therapy strategies are based on patient-specific treatment where the drug and dose are optimally adapted to the patient's needs. In recent drugs, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are increasingly used as active ingredients. Their patient-specific formulations are not part of the pharmaceutical industry's manufacturing process but are prepared from concentrates by pharmaceutical personnel. During the manufacturing process, however, active pharmaceutical ingredients are released in trace amounts or, in the case of accidents and spills, also in high concentrations. Regardless of the source of entry, mAbs can become airborne, be inhaled, and cause undesirable side-effects such as sensitization. To assess the risk for pharmaceutical personnel, a personal air sampling method was developed and validated for bevacizumab, cetuximab, daratumumab, omalizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab. The method is based on the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analytical method achieves a limit of detection of 0.30-8.8 ng mL-1, recoveries of 83-96 % (intra-day assay) and 75-89 % (inter-day assay), with no detectable carry-over. A polycarbonate filter proved suitable for sampling airborne monoclonal antibodies, as it achieved 80-104 % recovery across all mAbs. It also showed concentration-independent desorption efficiency. The sampling duration can be up to 480 min without negatively affecting the recovery. MAbs are stable on the polycarbonate filter at 5 °C for 3 days (recovery: 94 % ± 5 %) and at - 20 °C for 14 days (recovery: 97 % ± 4 %). Our method demonstrated that there is a potential for release when handling monoclonal antibodies. However, this can be reduced below the limit of detection by using pressure equalization systems (spikes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M H Reinders
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Dennis Noelle
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
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7
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Reinders LMH, Klassen MD, Teutenberg T, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC. Comparison of originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibodies using HRMS, Fc affinity chromatography, and 2D-HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6761-6769. [PMID: 35895102 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complex manufacturing process of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, it is hardly possible to produce an identical copy of the original product (originator). Consequently, follow-on products (biosimilars) must demonstrate their efficacy being similar to the originator in terms of structure and function. During this process, a variety of analytical methods are required for this purpose. This study focuses on three particularly relevant analytical techniques: high-resolution mass spectrometry, fragment crystallisable (Fc) affinity chromatography, and two-dimensional peptide mapping. Each analytical method proved able to identify specific differences between originator and biosimilar. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterize the glycan pattern. It was shown that a trastuzumab biosimilar did not have the G0:G0F sugar modification identified in the originator. The application of affinity chromatography to rituximab showed that originator and biosimilar interacted differently with the immobilized Fc receptor. Furthermore, 2D-HPLC peptide mapping demonstrated the influence of orthogonality of separation dimensions, leading to differentiation of a rituximab originator and biosimilar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M H Reinders
- Institut Für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut Für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut Für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Reinders LMH, Klassen MD, Teutenberg T, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC. Development of a multidimensional online method for the characterization and quantification of monoclonal antibodies using immobilized flow-through enzyme reactors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7119-7128. [PMID: 34628527 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Complete characterization and quantification of monoclonal antibodies often rely on enzymatic digestion with trypsin. In order to accelerate and automate this frequently performed sample preparation step, immobilized enzyme reactors (IMER) compatible with standard HPLC systems were used. This allows an automated online approach in all analytical laboratories. We were able to demonstrate that the required digestion time for the model monoclonal antibody rituximab could be reduced to 20 min. Nevertheless, a previous denaturation of the protein is required, which also needs 20 min. Recoveries were determined at various concentrations and were 100% ± 1% at 100 ng on column, 96% ± 7% at 250 ng on column and 98% ± 2% at 450 ng on column. Despite these good recoveries, complete digestion was not achieved, resulting in a poorer limit of quantification. This is 50 ng on column under optimized IMER conditions, whereas an offline digest on the same system achieved 0.3 ng on column. Furthermore, our work revealed that TRIS buffers, when used with an IMER system, led to alteration of the peptides and induced modifications in the peptides. Therefore, the addition of TRIS should be avoided when working at elevated temperatures of about 60 °C. Nevertheless, our results have shown that the recovery is not significantly influenced whether TRIS is used or not (recovery: 96 ± 7% with TRIS vs. 100 ± 9% without TRIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M H Reinders
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.,Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Science, Reinarzstr. 49, 47805, Krefeld, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Science, Reinarzstr. 49, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Jochums M, Kochale K, Teutenberg T, Türk J, Bergstedt U. Vorteile von Open‐Source‐Ansätzen bei der Etablierung einer automatisierten wirkungsbezogenen Analytik. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Jochums
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA) Abteilung Forschungsanalytik & Miniaturisierung Bliersheimer Straße 58–60 47229 Duisburg Deutschland
| | - Kjell Kochale
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA) Abteilung Forschungsanalytik & Miniaturisierung Bliersheimer Straße 58–60 47229 Duisburg Deutschland
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA) Abteilung Forschungsanalytik & Miniaturisierung Bliersheimer Straße 58–60 47229 Duisburg Deutschland
| | - Jochen Türk
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA) Abteilung Umwelthygiene & Spurenstoffe Bliersheimer Straße 58–60 47229 Duisburg Deutschland
| | - Uta Bergstedt
- Hochschule Niederrhein Fachbereich Chemie Abteilung Biotechnologie Adlerstraße 32 47798 Krefeld Deutschland
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Piendl SK, Schönfelder T, Polack M, Weigelt L, van der Zwaag T, Teutenberg T, Beckert E, Belder D. Integration of segmented microflow chemistry and online HPLC/MS analysis on a microfluidic chip system enabling enantioselective analyses at the nanoliter scale. Lab Chip 2021; 21:2614-2624. [PMID: 34008641 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce an approach to merge droplet microfluidics with an HPLC/MS functionality on a single chip to analyze the contents of individual droplets. This is achieved by a mechanical rotor-stator interface that precisely positions a microstructured PEEK rotor on a microfluidic chip in a pressure-tight manner. The developed full-body fused silica chip, manufactured by selective laser-induced etching, contained a segmented microflow compartment followed by a packed HPLC channel, which were interconnected by the microfluidic PEEK rotor on the fused silica lid with hair-thin through-holes. This enabled the targeted and leakage-free transfer of 10 nL fractions of droplets as small as 25 nL from the segmented microflow channel into the HPLC compartment that operated at pressures of up to 60 bar. In a proof of concept study, this approach was successfully applied to monitor reactions at the nanoliter scale and to distinguish the formed enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schönfelder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Polack
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura Weigelt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Till van der Zwaag
- Institut für Energie - und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie - und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Erik Beckert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Werres T, Schmidt TC, Teutenberg T. The influence of injection volume on efficiency of microbore liquid chromatography columns for gradient and isocratic elution. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461965. [PMID: 33611125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The injection volume and the associated column volume overload is one of the most common issues in miniaturized chromatography. The injection volume should not exceed 10% of the effective column volume. A further reduction of the injection volume leads to an increase in chromatographic efficiency. However, the signal intensity must be above a certain threshold to generate a chromatographic peak that can be detected. Therefore, the injection volume has to be optimized to reach the ideal balance between chromatographic efficiency and sensitivity. This study examined the general influence of the injection volume for both isocratic and gradient elution, depending on the retention factor and peak standard deviation. For this purpose, substances of different polarity were selected to represent a broad elution spectrum. Besides the model analyte naphthalene, these were mainly pharmaceuticals. For all measurements a microbore column with an ID of 300 µm and packed with 1.9 μm fully porous particles was used. For isocratic elution, the injection volume was varied between 4 and 16% of the effective column volume. The retention factors were adjusted between 2 and 10. For gradient elution, the injection volume was varied between 4 and 160% of the effective column volume. The observed effects were further investigated using the gradient kinetic plot theory. In isocratic elution, a loss in plate height up to 50% was observed for components that elute near the void time. A significant reduction of the chromatographic efficiency was noticed up to a retention factor of 4. In gradient elution, a reduction in peak capacity could only be observed if the injection volume exceeded 40% of the effective column volume. For some substances, only a slight loss in peak capacity was noticed even with a volume overload of 160%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Werres
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
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Becker C, Deeb AA, Teutenberg T, Jochmann MA, Schmidt TC. Determination of liquid chromatography/flame ionization detection response factors for N-heterocycles, carboxylic acids, halogenated compounds, and others. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:171-179. [PMID: 31832708 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC/FID) studies are dealing with response behavior of analytes such as alcohols and alkanes. Studies in the field of liquid chromatography (LC)/FID mainly focused on volatile analytes. In contrast, studies on LC/FID by conveyor type interface covered high molecular weight non-volatile biopolymers, whereby no response factors were calculated. With this study, we fill the gap and present response factors of volatile and non-volatile analytes by LC/FID in terms of flow injection (FIA) measurements of the single compounds without an analytical separation by an LC column. In the present study, 56 different compounds such as carboxylic acids, N-heterocycles, halogenated acids, pharmaceuticals, and other compounds were investigated. In some cases, the obtained response factor data confirmed aspects known from GC/FID studies. But this study also disproves several assumptions done in previous response studies as well as the prediction models based upon the experimental data and literature. Especially the response factors and effective carbon number (ECN) values of structural isomers such as pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine are assumed to be equal in current response prediction models. Contradictory to these assumptions, the experimental response factors and ECN values of, e.g., the structural isomers pyrazine (RFExp = 0.59; ECNExp = 3.66), pyridazine (RFExp = 0.66; ECNExp = 4.1), and pyrimidine (RFExp = 0.63; ECNExp = 3.93) reveal different experimental response factors and ECN than proposed by response factor prediction models (RFExp = 0.64; ECNExp = 4). Graphical abstract Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Becker
- BGB Analytik AG, Rohrmattstr.4, 4461, Böckten, Switzerland.,Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ahmad A Deeb
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman, 11733, Jordan
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58 - 60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.,Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Teutenberg T. What Chromatographia Papers Influenced My Field: Superheated Water Chromatography. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Werres T, Leonhardt J, Jäger M, Teutenberg T. Critical Comparison of Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry and Three Different Ion Mobility Spectrometry Systems on Their Separation Capability for Small Isomeric Compounds. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Hetzel T, Blaesing C, Jaeger M, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Characterization of peak capacity of microbore liquid chromatography columns using gradient kinetic plots. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hetzel T, Loeker D, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Characterization of the efficiency of microbore liquid chromatography columns by van Deemter and kinetic plot analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3889-3897. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Hetzel
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 5 Essen Germany
| | - Denise Loeker
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 5 Essen Germany
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Leonhardt J, Hetzel T, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Large Volume Injection of Aqueous Samples in Nano Liquid Chromatography Using Serially Coupled Columns. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Zhang L, Thevis M, Piper T, Jochmann MA, Wolbert JB, Kujawinski DM, Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis of Steroids by High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2297-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403353x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute
of Biochemistry,
Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark
Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Piper
- Institute
of Biochemistry,
Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark
Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maik A. Jochmann
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - J. Benjamin Wolbert
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Dorothea M. Kujawinski
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiese
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V., (IUTA), Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V., (IUTA), Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Haun J, Leonhardt J, Portner C, Hetzel T, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Online and Splitless NanoLC × CapillaryLC with Quadrupole/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Detection for Comprehensive Screening Analysis of Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10083-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402002m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Haun
- Institut
für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Juri Leonhardt
- Institut
für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Portner
- Institut
für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Terence Hetzel
- Institut
für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut
für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut
für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Haun J, Oeste K, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Long-term high-temperature and pH stability assessment of modern commercially available stationary phases by using retention factor analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Haun J, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Influence of temperature on peak shape and solvent compatibility: Implications for two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1723-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Haun
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V.; Duisburg Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | | | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
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Ermisch P, Wiese S, Weber H, Teutenberg T. Determination of Suitable Column Geometries by Means of van Deemter and Kinetic Plots for Isothermal and Isocratic Method Development in High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1565-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202819v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ermisch
- Institut fuer Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60,
47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiese
- Institut fuer Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60,
47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Harald Weber
- Niederrhein University of Applied Science, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut fuer Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60,
47229 Duisburg, Germany
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24
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. A general strategy for performing temperature-programming in high performance liquid chromatography—Further improvements in the accuracy of retention time predictions of segmented temperature gradients. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1222:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. A general strategy for performing temperature-programming in high performance liquid chromatography—Prediction of segmented temperature gradients. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6898-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. General Strategy for Performing Temperature Programming in High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Prediction of Linear Temperature Gradients. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2227-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103113m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wiese
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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27
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Oeste K, Scheerle R, Graßmann J, Letzel T, Teutenberg T. Hochtemperatur-HPLC als Tool zur Online-Kopplung mit enzymatischen Assays. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Haun J, Teutenberg T, Schmidt T. Entwicklung eines 2D-HPLC-Verfahrens zur Analyse komplexer Substanzgemische. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201050013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Jochmann MA, Schmidt T, Fischer B, Bettermann H. Neuartige Kopplung von Isotopenmassenspektrometrie und Ramanspektroskopie. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201050016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Bathen D, Schmidt T. Methodenentwicklung in der Flüssigchromatographie unter Verwendung von Temperaturgradienten. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201050005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Zedda M, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T, Peil S, Schmidt T. A strategy for the systematic development of a liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric screening method for polymer electrolyte membrane degradation products using isocratic and gradient phase optimized liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8910-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Teutenberg T, Wiese S, Wagner P, Gmehling J. High-temperature liquid chromatography. Part II: Determination of the viscosities of binary solvent mixtures—Implications for liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8470-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Teutenberg T, Wiese S, Wagner P, Gmehling J. High-temperature liquid chromatography. Part III: Determination of the static permittivities of pure solvents and binary solvent mixtures—Implications for liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8480-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Teutenberg T, Wagner P, Gmehling J. High-temperature liquid chromatography. Part I. Determination of the vapour pressures of binary solvent mixtures—Implications for liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6471-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Teutenberg T. Potential of high temperature liquid chromatography for the improvement of separation efficiency—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 643:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Giegold S, Teutenberg T, Tuerk J, Kiffmeyer T, Wenclawiak B. Determination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim using high temperature HPLC with simultaneous temperature and solvent gradient. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3497-502. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Giegold S, Holzhauser M, Kiffmeyer T, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T, Rosenhagen M, Hennies D, Hoppe-Tichy T, Wenclawiak B. Influence of the stationary phase on the stability of thalidomide and comparison of different methods for the quantification of thalidomide in tablets using high-temperature liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:625-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Teutenberg T, Tuerk J, Holzhauser M, Giegold S. Temperature stability of reversed phase and normal phase stationary phases under aqueous conditions. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1101-14. [PMID: 17595945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study the temperature stability of several normal phase and RP columns was investigated using a water-only mobile phase. The temperature was adjusted to 120 degrees C for the bare silica stationary phases and to 185 degrees C for the metal oxide and carbon stationary phases. It could be shown that metal oxide stationary phases exhibited excellent thermal stability over the duration of the test period and are therefore suitable for high temperature LC applications.
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Teutenberg T, Tuerk J, Holzhauser M, Kiffmeyer TK. Evaluation of column bleed by using an ultraviolet and a charged aerosol detector coupled to a high-temperature liquid chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:197-201. [PMID: 16378619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five different HPLC columns were heated to 200 degrees C using a homemade heating system which can be operated in temperature programmed mode. The column bleed as an indicator of induced degradation of the stationary phase material was evaluated using a charged aerosol detector (CAD) and an ultraviolet diode array detector (UV-DAD) at different wavelengths. The silica based C-18 stationary phase gave the highest bleed, and the carbon clad titanium dioxide column the lowest bleed. This was independent of both the detection technique and the wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Teutenberg
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany.
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Teutenberg T, Goetze HJ, Tuerk J, Ploeger J, Kiffmeyer TK, Schmidt KG, Kohorst WG, Rohe T, Jansen HD, Weber H. Development and application of a specially designed heating system for temperature-programmed high-performance liquid chromatography using subcritical water as the mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1114:89-96. [PMID: 16530210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A specially designed heating system for temperature-programmed HPLC was developed based on experimental measurements of eluent temperature inside a stainless steel capillary using a very thin thermocouple. The heating system can be operated at temperatures up to 225 degrees C and consists of a preheating, a column heating and a cooling unit. Fast cycle times after a temperature gradient can be realized by an internal silicone oil bath which cools down the preheating and column heating unit. Long-term thermal stability of a polybutadiene-coated zirconium dioxide column has been evaluated using a tubular oven in which the column was placed. The packing material was stable after 50h of operation at 185 degrees C. A mixture containing four steroids was separated at ambient conditions using a mobile phase of 25% acetonitrile:75% deionized water and a mobile phase of pure deionized water at 185 degrees C using the specially designed heating system and the PBD column. Analysis time could be drastically reduced from 17 min at ambient conditions and a flow rate of 1 mL/min to only 1.2 min at 185 degrees C and a flow rate of 5 mL/min. At these extreme conditions, no thermal mismatch was observed and peaks were not distorted, thus underlining the performance of the developed heating system. Temperature programming was performed by separating cytostatic and antibiotic drugs with a temperature gradient using only water as the mobile phase. In contrast to an isocratic elution of this mixture at room temperature, overall analysis time could be reduced two-fold from 20 to 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Teutenberg
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology, Bliersheimer Strasse 60, D-47229 Duisburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Six anticancer drugs have been eluted on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) column with buffered superheated water as the mobile phase. The temperature range studied was from ambient temperature up to 160 degrees C, and the pH of the water was adjusted to 11.5 and 3.5 with phosphate buffer. It was possible to separate the substances 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), and etoposide (VP-16) in one chromatographic run. The separation of these substances was optimized when adjusting the pH from 11.5 to 3.5, resulting in a total elution time of less than 13 min. Furthermore, retention factors of all of the investigated substances were measured at different temperatures and pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Teutenberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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