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Kulkarni S, Morrissey A, Sebastian A, Keller CA, Giardine B, Smith C, Akinniyi OT, Arnaoutov A, Albert I, Mahony S, Reese JC. Human CCR4-NOT is a global regulator of gene expression and is a novel silencer of retrotransposon activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.10.612038. [PMID: 39314347 PMCID: PMC11419117 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.10.612038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
CCR4-NOT regulates multiple steps in gene regulation, including transcription, mRNA decay, protein ubiquitylation, and translation. It has been well studied in budding yeast; however, relatively less is known about its regulation and functions in mammals. To characterize the functions of the human CCR4-NOT complex, we developed a rapid auxin-induced degron system to deplete CNOT1 (the scaffold of the complex) and CNOT4 (E3 ubiquitin ligase) in cell culture. Transcriptome-wide measurements of gene-expression revealed that depleting CNOT1 changed several thousand transcripts, wherein most mRNAs were increased and resulted in a global decrease in mRNA decay rates. In contrast to what was observed in CNOT1-depleted cells, CNOT4 depletion only modestly changed RNA steady-state levels and, surprisingly, led to a global acceleration in mRNA decay. To further investigate the role of CCR4-NOT in transcription, we used transient transcriptome sequencing (TT-seq) to measure ongoing RNA synthesis. Depletion of either subunit resulted in increased RNA synthesis of several thousand genes. In contrast to most of the genome, a rapid reduction in the synthesis of KRAB-Zinc-Finger-proteins (KZNFs) genes, especially those clustered on chromosome 19, was observed. KZNFs are transcriptional repressors of retro-transposable elements (rTEs), and consistent with the decreased KZNFs expression, we observed a significant and rapid activation of rTEs, mainly Long interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs). Our data reveal that CCR4-NOT regulates gene expression and silences retrotransposons across the genome by maintaining KZNF expression. These data establish CCR4-NOT as a global regulator of gene expression, and we have identified a novel mammalian-specific function of the complex, the suppression of rTEs.
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Wang ZY, Ge LP, Ouyang Y, Jin X, Jiang YZ. Targeting transposable elements in cancer: developments and opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189143. [PMID: 38936517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs), comprising nearly 50% of the human genome, have transitioned from being perceived as "genomic junk" to key players in cancer progression. Contemporary research links TE regulatory disruptions with cancer development, underscoring their therapeutic potential. Advances in long-read sequencing, computational analytics, single-cell sequencing, proteomics, and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies have enriched our understanding of TEs' clinical implications, notably their impact on genome architecture, gene regulation, and evolutionary processes. In cancer, TEs, including long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1), Alus, and long terminal repeat (LTR) elements, demonstrate altered patterns, influencing both tumorigenic and tumor-suppressive mechanisms. TE-derived nucleic acids and tumor antigens play critical roles in tumor immunity, bridging innate and adaptive responses. Given their central role in oncology, TE-targeted therapies, particularly through reverse transcriptase inhibitors and epigenetic modulators, represent a novel avenue in cancer treatment. Combining these TE-focused strategies with existing chemotherapy or immunotherapy regimens could enhance efficacy and offer a new dimension in cancer treatment. This review delves into recent TE detection advancements, explores their multifaceted roles in tumorigenesis and immune regulation, discusses emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches centered on TEs, and anticipates future directions in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Ping Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Ouyang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Jiao X, Di Sante G, Casimiro MC, Tantos A, Ashton AW, Li Z, Quach Y, Bhargava D, Di Rocco A, Pupo C, Crosariol M, Lazar T, Tompa P, Wang C, Yu Z, Zhang Z, Aldaaysi K, Vadlamudi R, Mann M, Skordalakes E, Kossenkov A, Du Y, Pestell RG. A cyclin D1 intrinsically disordered domain accesses modified histone motifs to govern gene transcription. Oncogenesis 2024; 13:4. [PMID: 38191593 PMCID: PMC10774418 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The essential G1-cyclin, CCND1, is frequently overexpressed in cancer, contributing to tumorigenesis by driving cell-cycle progression. D-type cyclins are rate-limiting regulators of G1-S progression in mammalian cells via their ability to bind and activate CDK4 and CDK6. In addition, cyclin D1 conveys kinase-independent transcriptional functions of cyclin D1. Here we report that cyclin D1 associates with H2BS14 via an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD). The same region of cyclin D1 was necessary for the induction of aneuploidy, induction of the DNA damage response, cyclin D1-mediated recruitment into chromatin, and CIN gene transcription. In response to DNA damage H2BS14 phosphorylation occurs, resulting in co-localization with γH2AX in DNA damage foci. Cyclin D1 ChIP seq and γH2AX ChIP seq revealed ~14% overlap. As the cyclin D1 IDD functioned independently of the CDK activity to drive CIN, the IDD domain may provide a rationale new target to complement CDK-extinction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Jiao
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | | | - Mathew C Casimiro
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA
| | - Agnes Tantos
- Institute of Enzymology, Hun-Ren Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, 19003, USA
| | - Zhiping Li
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Yen Quach
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | | | | | - Claudia Pupo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Marco Crosariol
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Tamas Lazar
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Peter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Hun-Ren Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Zuoren Yu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Kawthar Aldaaysi
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Ratna Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Monica Mann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | | | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba.
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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4
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Milano L, Gautam A, Caldecott KW. DNA damage and transcription stress. Mol Cell 2024; 84:70-79. [PMID: 38103560 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Genome damage and transcription are intimately linked. Tens to hundreds of thousands of DNA lesions arise in each cell each day, many of which can directly or indirectly impede transcription. Conversely, the process of gene expression is itself a source of endogenous DNA lesions as a result of the susceptibility of single-stranded DNA to damage, conflicts with the DNA replication machinery, and engagement by cells of topoisomerases and base excision repair enzymes to regulate the initiation and progression of gene transcription. Although such processes are tightly regulated and normally accurate, on occasion, they can become abortive and leave behind DNA breaks that can drive genome rearrangements, instability, or cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Milano
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Amit Gautam
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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Pernigoni N, Guo C, Gallagher L, Yuan W, Colucci M, Troiani M, Liu L, Maraccani L, Guccini I, Migliorini D, de Bono J, Alimonti A. The potential role of the microbiota in prostate cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:706-718. [PMID: 37491512 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The human body hosts a complex and dynamic population of trillions of microorganisms - the microbiota - which influences the body in homeostasis and disease, including cancer. Several epidemiological studies have associated specific urinary and gut microbial species with increased risk of prostate cancer; however, causal mechanistic data remain elusive. Studies have associated bacterial generation of genotoxins with the occurrence of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions, a common, early oncogenic event during prostate carcinogenesis. A subsequent study demonstrated the role of the gut microbiota in prostate cancer endocrine resistance, which occurs, at least partially, through the generation of androgenic steroids fuelling oncogenic signalling via the androgen receptor. These studies present mechanistic evidence of how the host microbiota might be implicated in prostate carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Importantly, these findings also reveal potential avenues for the detection and treatment of prostate cancer through the profiling and modulation of the host microbiota. The latter could involve approaches such as the use of faecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics or antibiotics, which can be used independently or combined with existing treatments to reverse therapeutic resistance and improve clinical outcomes in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Pernigoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christina Guo
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Manuel Colucci
- Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Troiani
- Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Maraccani
- Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Guccini
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne and Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johann de Bono
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Chen JY, Wang PY, Liu MZ, Lyu F, Ma MW, Ren XY, Gao XS. Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer: From Diagnosis to Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3350. [PMID: 37958246 PMCID: PMC10649216 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a widespread malignancy with global significance, which substantially affects cancer-related mortality. Its spectrum varies widely, from slow-progressing cases to aggressive or even lethal forms. Effective patient stratification into risk groups is crucial to therapeutic decisions and clinical trials. This review examines a wide range of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, several of which are integrated into clinical guidelines, such as the PHI, the 4K score, PCA3, Decipher, and Prolaris. It also explores the emergence of novel biomarkers supported by robust preclinical evidence, including urinary miRNAs and isoprostanes. Genetic alterations frequently identified in PCa, including BRCA1/BRCA2, ETS gene fusions, and AR changes, are also discussed, offering insights into risk assessment and precision treatment strategies. By evaluating the latest developments and applications of PCa biomarkers, this review contributes to an enhanced understanding of their role in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (J.-Y.C.); (F.L.); (M.-W.M.); (X.-Y.R.)
| | - Pei-Yan Wang
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Ming-Zhu Liu
- Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China;
| | - Feng Lyu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (J.-Y.C.); (F.L.); (M.-W.M.); (X.-Y.R.)
| | - Ming-Wei Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (J.-Y.C.); (F.L.); (M.-W.M.); (X.-Y.R.)
| | - Xue-Ying Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (J.-Y.C.); (F.L.); (M.-W.M.); (X.-Y.R.)
| | - Xian-Shu Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (J.-Y.C.); (F.L.); (M.-W.M.); (X.-Y.R.)
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Raina K, Kandhari K, Kant R, Prasad RR, Mishra N, Maurya AK, Fox JT, Sei S, Shoemaker RH, Bosland MC, Maroni P, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Differential Effect of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Aspirin and Naproxen against TMPRSS2-ERG (Fusion)-Driven and Non-Fusion-Driven Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5054. [PMID: 37894421 PMCID: PMC10605633 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) aspirin is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-positive prostate cancer (PCa) compared to fusion-negative PCa in population-based case-control studies; however, no extensive preclinical studies have been conducted to investigate and confirm these protective benefits. Thus, the focus of this study was to determine the potential usefulness of aspirin and another NSAID, naproxen, in PCa prevention, employing preclinical models of both TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-driven (with conditional deletion of Pten) and non-TMPRSS2-ERG-driven (Hi-Myc+/- mice) PCa. Male mice (n = 25 mice/group) were fed aspirin- (700 and 1400 ppm) and naproxen- (200 and 400 ppm) supplemented diets from (a) 6 weeks until 32 weeks of Hi-Myc+/- mice age; and (b) 1 week until 20 weeks post-Cre induction in the fusion model. In all NSAID-fed groups, compared to no-drug controls, there was a significant decrease in higher-grade adenocarcinoma incidence in the TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-driven PCa model. Notably, there were no moderately differentiated (MD) adenocarcinomas in the dorsolateral prostate of naproxen groups, and its incidence also decreased by ~79-91% in the aspirin cohorts. In contrast, NSAIDs showed little protective effect against prostate tumorigenesis in Hi-Myc+/- mice, suggesting that NSAIDs exert a specific protective effect against TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-driven PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Ram Raj Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Akhilendra K. Maurya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Jennifer T. Fox
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.T.F.); (S.S.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.T.F.); (S.S.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Robert H. Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.T.F.); (S.S.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Maarten C. Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Paul Maroni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (R.K.); (R.R.P.); (N.M.); (A.K.M.); (C.A.)
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Del Giudice F, Belladelli F, Glover F, Basran S, Li S, Mulloy E, Pradere B, Soria F, Krajewski W, Nair R, Muncey W, Seranio N, Eisenberg ML. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARi) with or without alpha-blockers (α-B) for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia do NOT lower the risk of incident Bladder Cancer: United States insurance claims data. World J Urol 2023; 41:2783-2791. [PMID: 37548746 PMCID: PMC10582125 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoprotective effect of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARi) on bladder cancer (BCa) risk in men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) has been explored with conflicting results. We sought to examine the effect of 5-ARi on new BCa diagnoses in a large US database. METHODS Men ≥ 50 y/o with a prescription for 5-ARi after BPH diagnosis were identified in the IBM® Marketscan® Research de-identified Databases between 2007 and 2016 and matched with paired controls. Incident BCa diagnoses were identified after BPH diagnosis and/or pharmacologic treatment. Multivariable regression modeling adjusting for relevant factors was implemented. Sub-group analyses by exposure risk were performed to explore the association between 5-ARi and BCa over time. Administration of alpha-blockers (α-B) w/o 5-ARi was also examined. RESULTS In total, n = 24,036 men on 5-ARi, n = 107,086 on 5-ARi plus alpha-blockers, and n = 894,275 without medical therapy for BPH were identified. The percentage of men diagnosed with BCa was 0.8% for the 5-ARi, 1.4% for the 5-ARi + α-B, and 0.6% for the untreated BPH group of incident BCa (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56 - 1.47), and 1.08, 95%CI 0.89 - 1.30, respectively). This was also true at both shorter (≤ 2 yr) and longer-term (> 2 yr) follow up. In addition, α-B alone had no change in BCa risk (HR 1.06, 0.86-1.30). CONCLUSIONS We did not find any diminished risk of new BCa in men treated with 5-ARi (i.e., chemoprotective effect). The current report suggests that 5-ARi do not change a man's bladder cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Federico Belladelli
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Frank Glover
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Satvir Basran
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shufeng Li
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Evan Mulloy
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Pradere
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, La Croix du Sud Hospital, 31130, Quint-Fonsegrives, France
| | - Francesco Soria
- Urology Division, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Studies of Torino, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Wojciech Krajewski
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rajesh Nair
- Department of Urology, Guys and St, Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Wade Muncey
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Seranio
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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Dileep V, Boix CA, Mathys H, Marco A, Welch GM, Meharena HS, Loon A, Jeloka R, Peng Z, Bennett DA, Kellis M, Tsai LH. Neuronal DNA double-strand breaks lead to genome structural variations and 3D genome disruption in neurodegeneration. Cell 2023; 186:4404-4421.e20. [PMID: 37774679 PMCID: PMC10697236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Persistent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in neurons are an early pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), with the potential to disrupt genome integrity. We used single-nucleus RNA-seq in human postmortem prefrontal cortex samples and found that excitatory neurons in AD were enriched for somatic mosaic gene fusions. Gene fusions were particularly enriched in excitatory neurons with DNA damage repair and senescence gene signatures. In addition, somatic genome structural variations and gene fusions were enriched in neurons burdened with DSBs in the CK-p25 mouse model of neurodegeneration. Neurons enriched for DSBs also had elevated levels of cohesin along with progressive multiscale disruption of the 3D genome organization aligned with transcriptional changes in synaptic, neuronal development, and histone genes. Overall, this study demonstrates the disruption of genome stability and the 3D genome organization by DSBs in neurons as pathological steps in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Dileep
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Carles A Boix
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hansruedi Mathys
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Asaf Marco
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gwyneth M Welch
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hiruy S Meharena
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anjanet Loon
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ritika Jeloka
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhuyu Peng
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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10
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Dai C, Dehm SM, Sharifi N. Targeting the Androgen Signaling Axis in Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4267-4278. [PMID: 37429011 PMCID: PMC10852396 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the androgen receptor (AR) and AR-driven transcriptional programs is central to the pathophysiology of prostate cancer. Despite successful translational efforts in targeting AR, therapeutic resistance often occurs as a result of molecular alterations in the androgen signaling axis. The efficacy of next-generation AR-directed therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer has provided crucial clinical validation for the continued dependence on AR signaling and introduced a range of new treatment options for men with both castration-resistant and castration-sensitive disease. Despite this, however, metastatic prostate cancer largely remains an incurable disease, highlighting the need to better understand the diverse mechanisms by which tumors thwart AR-directed therapies, which may inform new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we revisit concepts in AR signaling and current understandings of AR signaling-dependent resistance mechanisms as well as the next frontier of AR targeting in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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11
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Attiq A, Afzal S. Trinity of inflammation, innate immune cells and cross-talk of signalling pathways in tumour microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1255727. [PMID: 37680708 PMCID: PMC10482416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1255727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is a pathological consequence of persistent inflammatory stimulus and perturbation in regulatory mechanisms. It increases the risk of tumour development and orchestrates all stages of tumorigenesis in selected organs. In certain cancers, inflammatory processes create the appropriate conditions for neoplastic transformation. While in other types, oncogenic changes pave the way for an inflammatory microenvironment that leads to tumour development. Of interest, hallmarks of tumour-promoting and cancer-associated inflammation are striking similar, sharing a complex network of stromal (fibroblasts and vascular cells) and inflammatory immune cells that collectively form the tumour microenvironment (TME). The cross-talks of signalling pathways initially developed to support homeostasis, change their role, and promote atypical proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and subversion of adaptive immunity in TME. These transcriptional and regulatory pathways invariably contribute to cancer-promoting inflammation in chronic inflammatory disorders and foster "smouldering" inflammation in the microenvironment of various tumour types. Besides identifying common target sites of numerous cancer types, signalling programs and their cross-talks governing immune cells' plasticity and functional diversity can be used to develop new fate-mapping and lineage-tracing mechanisms. Here, we review the vital molecular mechanisms and pathways that establish the connection between inflammation and tumour development, progression, and metastasis. We also discussed the cross-talks between signalling pathways and devised strategies focusing on these interaction mechanisms to harness synthetic lethal drug combinations for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attiq
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sheryar Afzal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Azani A, Omran SP, Ghasrsaz H, Idani A, Eliaderani MK, Peirovi N, Dokhani N, Lotfalizadeh MH, Rezaei MM, Ghahfarokhi MS, KarkonShayan S, Hanjani PN, Kardaan Z, Navashenagh JG, Yousefi M, Abdolahi M, Salmaninejad A. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis, targeting and prognosis of prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154618. [PMID: 37331185 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Globally, prostate cancer (PC) is leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. Despite significant advances in the treatment and management of this disease, the cure rates for PC remains low, largely due to late detection. PC detection is mostly reliant on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE); however, due to the low positive predictive value of current diagnostics, there is an urgent need to identify new accurate biomarkers. Recent studies support the biological role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the initiation and progression of PC, as well as their potential as novel biomarkers for patients' diagnosis, prognosis, and disease relapse. In the advanced stages, cancer-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) may constitute a significant part of circulating vesicles and cause detectable changes in the plasma vesicular miRNA profile. Recent computational model for the identification of miRNA biomarkers discussed. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs can be utilized to target PC cells. In this article, the current understanding of the role of microRNAs and exosomes in the pathogenesis and their significance in PC prognosis, early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Parvizi Omran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Ghasrsaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Asra Idani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niloufar Peirovi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Dokhani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Sepideh KarkonShayan
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Parisa Najari Hanjani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kardaan
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Yousefi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mitra Abdolahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-Disciplinary Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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13
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Zhang L, Zheng H, Xu L, You S, Shen Y, Han Y, Anderson S. A Robust FISH Assay to Detect FGFR2 Translocations in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2088. [PMID: 37370984 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR fusions retaining the FGFR kinase domain are active kinases that are either overexpressed or constitutively activated throughout diverse cancer types. The presence of FGFR translocations enhances tumor cell proliferation and contributes to significant sensitivity to FGFR kinase inhibitors. FGFR2 as an actionable target in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has been tested in many clinical trials. FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and NGS (next-generation sequence) are well-known tools to investigate the translocations of FGFR with multiple or unknown translocation partners. A rapid and robust FISH assay was developed and validated to detect FGFR2 translocations from FFPE specimens in iCCA. The analytical performance of the FISH assay was evaluated for probe localization, probe sensitivity and specificity, and assay precision. Twenty-five archival FFPE specimens from local iCCA patients were tested for FGFR2 translocations. FISH results were correlated with that of NGS on some samples. Biallelic translocations and a novel FGFR2 translocation involving the partner gene, SHROOM3, t(4;10) (q21;q26), were identified in a local iCCA patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Central Laboratory Service, Labcorp Drug Development, 8211 Scicor Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Central Laboratory Service, Labcorp Drug Development, 8211 Scicor Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
| | - Linyu Xu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Central Laboratory Service, Labcorp Drug Development, 8211 Scicor Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
| | - Si You
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Central Laboratory Service, Labcorp Drug Development, 8211 Scicor Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Central Laboratory Service, Labcorp Drug Development, 8211 Scicor Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Central Laboratory Service, Labcorp Drug Development, 8211 Scicor Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
| | - Steve Anderson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Central Laboratory Service, Labcorp Drug Development, 8211 Scicor Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
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14
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Lee JJK, Jung YL, Cheong TC, Espejo Valle-Inclan J, Chu C, Gulhan DC, Ljungström V, Jin H, Viswanadham VV, Watson EV, Cortés-Ciriano I, Elledge SJ, Chiarle R, Pellman D, Park PJ. ERα-associated translocations underlie oncogene amplifications in breast cancer. Nature 2023; 618:1024-1032. [PMID: 37198482 PMCID: PMC10307628 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Focal copy-number amplification is an oncogenic event. Although recent studies have revealed the complex structure1-3 and the evolutionary trajectories4 of oncogene amplicons, their origin remains poorly understood. Here we show that focal amplifications in breast cancer frequently derive from a mechanism-which we term translocation-bridge amplification-involving inter-chromosomal translocations that lead to dicentric chromosome bridge formation and breakage. In 780 breast cancer genomes, we observe that focal amplifications are frequently connected to each other by inter-chromosomal translocations at their boundaries. Subsequent analysis indicates the following model: the oncogene neighbourhood is translocated in G1 creating a dicentric chromosome, the dicentric chromosome is replicated, and as dicentric sister chromosomes segregate during mitosis, a chromosome bridge is formed and then broken, with fragments often being circularized in extrachromosomal DNAs. This model explains the amplifications of key oncogenes, including ERBB2 and CCND1. Recurrent amplification boundaries and rearrangement hotspots correlate with oestrogen receptor binding in breast cancer cells. Experimentally, oestrogen treatment induces DNA double-strand breaks in the oestrogen receptor target regions that are repaired by translocations, suggesting a role of oestrogen in generating the initial translocations. A pan-cancer analysis reveals tissue-specific biases in mechanisms initiating focal amplifications, with the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle prevalent in some and the translocation-bridge amplification in others, probably owing to the different timing of DNA break repair. Our results identify a common mode of oncogene amplification and propose oestrogen as its mechanistic origin in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake June-Koo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Youngsook Lucy Jung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taek-Chin Cheong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chong Chu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doga C Gulhan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hu Jin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Emma V Watson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isidro Cortés-Ciriano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David Pellman
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Masud N. Symphony in the crowd: Key genetic alterations in prostate cancer. CANCER INNOVATION 2023; 2:203-209. [PMID: 38089408 PMCID: PMC10686121 DOI: 10.1002/cai2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling have been frequently targeted for treating prostate cancer (PCa). Even though primarily patients receive a good therapeutic outcome by targeting AR signaling axis, eventually it emerges resistance by altering the genetic makeup of prostate cells. However, to develop an effective therapeutic regime, it is essential to recognize key genetic alterations in PCa. The most common genetic alterations that give rise to distinct androgen different differentiation states are gene fusion of TMPRSS2 with ETS family genes, deletion, or mutation of tumor suppressor PTEN and TP53 gene, amplification or splicing of AR, altered DNA repair genes. In this review, we describe key genes and genetic changes that have been recognized to contribute to altered prostate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshat Masud
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Louisiana at MonroeMonroeLAUSA
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16
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Kumar R, Sena LA, Denmeade SR, Kachhap S. The testosterone paradox of advanced prostate cancer: mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:265-278. [PMID: 36543976 PMCID: PMC10164147 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the benefits of castration for prostate cancer treatment in 1941 led to androgen deprivation therapy, which remains a mainstay of the treatment of men with advanced prostate cancer. However, as early as this original publication, the inevitable development of castration-resistant prostate cancer was recognized. Resistance first manifests as a sustained rise in the androgen-responsive gene, PSA, consistent with reactivation of the androgen receptor axis. Evaluation of clinical specimens demonstrates that castration-resistant prostate cancer cells remain addicted to androgen signalling and adapt to chronic low-testosterone states. Paradoxically, results of several studies have suggested that treatment with supraphysiological levels of testosterone can retard prostate cancer growth. Insights from these studies have been used to investigate administration of supraphysiological testosterone to patients with prostate cancer for clinical benefits, a strategy that is termed bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). BAT involves rapid cycling from supraphysiological back to near-castration testosterone levels over a 4-week cycle. Understanding how BAT works at the molecular and cellular levels might help to rationalize combining BAT with other agents to achieve increased efficacy and tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Laura A Sena
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sushant Kachhap
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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17
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Shi F, Wu L, Cui D, Sun M, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Deng Z, Han B, Xia S, Zhu Z, Sun F. LncFALEC recruits ART5/PARP1 and promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer through enhancing PARP1-meditated self PARylation. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:761-776. [PMID: 36913068 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abnormal expression in various malignant tumors. Our previous research demonstrated that focally amplified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) on chromosome 1 (FALEC) is an oncogenic lncRNA in prostate cancer (PCa). However, the role of FALEC in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is poorly understood. In this study, we showed FALEC was upregulated in post-castration tissues and CRPC cells, and increased FALEC expression was associated with poor survival in post-castration PCa patients. RNA FISH demonstrated FALEC was translocated into nucleus in CRPC cells. RNA pulldown and followed Mass Spectrometry (MS) assay demonstrated FALEC directly interacted with PARP1 and loss of function assay showed FALEC depletion sensitized CRPC cells to castration treatment and restored NAD+. Specific PARP1 inhibitor AG14361 and NAD+ endogenous competitor NADP+ sensitized FALEC-deleted CRPC cells to castration treatment. FALEC increasing PARP1 meditated self PARylation through recruiting ART5 and down regulation of ART5 decreased CRPC cell viability and restored NAD+ through inhibiting PARP1meditated self PARylation in vitro. Furthermore, ART5 was indispensable for FALEC directly interaction and regulation of PARP1, loss of ART5 impaired FALEC and PARP1 associated self PARylation. In vivo, FALEC depleted combined with PARP1 inhibitor decreased CRPC cell derived tumor growth and metastasis in a model of castration treatment NOD/SCID mice. Together, these results established that FALEC may be a novel diagnostic marker for PCa progression and provides a potential new therapeutic strategy to target the FALEC/ART5/PARP1 complex in CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Di Cui
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Menghao Sun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuanhao Shen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bangmin Han
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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18
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Zagelbaum J, Gautier J. Double-strand break repair and mis-repair in 3D. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 121:103430. [PMID: 36436496 PMCID: PMC10799305 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are lesions that arise frequently from exposure to damaging agents as well as from ongoing physiological DNA transactions. Mis-repair of DSBs leads to rearrangements and structural variations in chromosomes, including insertions, deletions, and translocations implicated in disease. The DNA damage response (DDR) limits pathologic mutations and large-scale chromosome rearrangements. DSB repair initiates in 2D at DNA lesions with the stepwise recruitment of repair proteins and local chromatin remodeling which facilitates break accessibility. More complex structures are then formed via protein assembly into nanodomains and via genome folding into chromatin loops. Subsequently, 3D reorganization of DSBs is guided by clustering forces which drive the assembly of repair domains harboring multiple lesions. These domains are further stabilized and insulated into condensates via liquid-liquid phase-separation. Here, we discuss the benefits and risks associated with this 3D reorganization of the broken genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zagelbaum
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Gautier
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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5α-reductase inhibitors and the risk of bladder cancer in a large, population-based cohort. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:50.e11-50.e17. [PMID: 36319553 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ability of 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARI) to reduce the risk of new onset bladder cancer (BC) has been studied with variable results. Our objective was to conduct a retrospective cohort population-based study to evaluate the association between 5ARI use, BC diagnosis, and BC mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used routinely collected health care data from Ontario, Canada. Men ≥66 years of age with a prescription for a 5ARI were matched to non-5ARI users. Matching was done using a propensity score of selected covariates to make 96 different covariates comparable. We measured 5 additional baseline variables which may have impacted the risk of future BC diagnosis: prior cystoscopy, urine cytology, urinalysis, gross hematuria episodes, and transurethral resection of a bladder lesion. Only the first period of continuous usage of 5ARIs was considered. The prespecified at-risk period for outcomes started 1 year after initiating therapy and ended at the last date of 5ARI exposure + 1 year. RESULTS We identified 93,197 men who initiated 5ARI therapy (52% dutasteride, and 48% finasteride) between 2003 and 2013 and matched them 1:1 to men who did not start a 5ARI. The median at-risk period for the 5ARI group was 1.68 years (interquartile range 1.00, 4.27). With adjustment for the variables related to prior BC investigations there was no significant difference in BC diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82-1.32) during the period of 0 to <2 years of 5ARI use; however, after ≥2 years of 5ARI use, the risk of BC diagnosis was significantly lower among the 5ARI group (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.79-0.94). In a similarly adjusted model, BC mortality was lower among 5ARI users, but no longer statistically significant (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.65, 1.02). When stratified by type of 5ARI, finasteride significantly reduced the risk of BC diagnosis after ≥2 years of continuous use (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76, 0.96); however, dutasteride did not (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.83, 1.03). CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort of men, the use of a 5ARI was associated with a significantly decreased the risk of BC diagnosis after more than 2 years of continuous therapy.
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20
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Systematic Analysis of Cellular Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Targets for SLC45A3:ERG Fusion-Positive Prostate Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111818. [PMID: 36579559 PMCID: PMC9693845 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ETS-related gene (ERG) fusion affects prostate cancer depending on the degree of expression of ERG. Solute Carrier Family 45 Member 3 (SLC45A3) is the second-most common 5′ partner gene of ERG rearrangement. However, the molecular pathological features of SLC45A3:ERG (S:E) fusion and therapeutic methods have not been studied at all. S:E fusion-positive cancers (n = 10) were selected from the Tumor Fusion Gene Data Portal website. Fusion-negative cancers (n = 50) were selected by sorting ERG expression level in descending order and selecting the bottom to 50th sample. Totally, 1325 ERG correlated genes were identified by a Pearson correlation test using over 0.3 of absolute correlation coefficiency (|R| > 0.3). Pathway analysis was performed using over-representation analysis of correlated genes, and seven cancer-related pathways (focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/PI3K-Akt, JAK-STAT, Notch, receptor tyrosine kinase/PDGF, TGF-β, VEGFA, and Wnt signaling) were identified. In particular, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/PI3K-Akt signaling and JAK-STAT signaling were significantly enriched in S:E fusion-positive prostate cancer. We further identified therapeutic targets and candidate drugs for S:E fusion-positive prostate cancer using gene−drug network analysis. Interestingly, PDGFRA and PDGFRB were the most frequently predicted therapeutic targets, and imatinib targeted both genes. In this study, we provide extensive information on cellular signaling pathways involved in S:E fusion-positive prostate cancer and also suggest therapeutic methods.
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21
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Dubois F, Sidiropoulos N, Weischenfeldt J, Beroukhim R. Structural variations in cancer and the 3D genome. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:533-546. [PMID: 35764888 PMCID: PMC10423586 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural variations (SVs) affect more of the cancer genome than any other type of somatic genetic alteration but difficulties in detecting and interpreting them have limited our understanding. Clinical cancer sequencing also increasingly aims to detect SVs, leading to a widespread necessity to interpret their biological and clinical relevance. Recently, analyses of large whole-genome sequencing data sets revealed features that impact rates of SVs across the genome in different cancers. A striking feature has been the extent to which, in both their generation and their influence on the selective fitness of cancer cells, SVs are more specific to individual cancer types than other genetic alterations such as single-nucleotide variants. This Perspective discusses how the folding of the 3D genome, and differences in its folding across cell types, affect observed SV rates in different cancer types as well as how SVs can impact cancer cell fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Dubois
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nikos Sidiropoulos
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Weischenfeldt
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Functions of Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes: Implications for Clinical Management. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137481. [PMID: 35806485 PMCID: PMC9267387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5–10% of all breast cancer (BC) cases are caused by germline pathogenic variants (GPVs) in various cancer predisposition genes (CPGs). The most common contributors to hereditary BC are BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). ATM, BARD1, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51C, and RAD51D have also been recognized as CPGs with a high to moderate risk of BC. Primary and secondary cancer prevention strategies have been established for HBOC patients; however, optimal preventive strategies for most hereditary BCs have not yet been established. Most BC-associated CPGs participate in DNA damage repair pathways and cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms, and function jointly in such cascades; therefore, a fundamental understanding of the disease drivers in such cascades can facilitate the accurate estimation of the genetic risk of developing BC and the selection of appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies to manage hereditary BCs. Herein, we review the functions of key BC-associated CPGs and strategies for the clinical management in individuals harboring the GPVs of such genes.
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23
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Raina K, Kant R, Prasad RR, Kandhari K, Tomar M, Mishra N, Kumar R, Fox JT, Sei S, Shoemaker RH, Chen Y, Maroni P, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Characterization of stage-specific tumor progression in TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-driven and non-fusion-driven prostate cancer in GEM models. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:717-734. [PMID: 35452553 PMCID: PMC10007524 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we performed a comparative stage-specific pathological and molecular marker evaluation of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and PTEN loss-driven (TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox ) versus non-fusion-driven prostate tumorigenesis (Hi-Myc) in mice. Anterior, ventral, and dorsolateral prostates were collected from mice at different ages (or time points post-Cre induction). Results indicated that growth and progression of prostatic intraepithelial lesions to adenocarcinoma stages occurred in both mice models albeit at different rates. In the TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox mice, the initiation of tumorigenesis was slow, but subsequent progression through different stages became increasingly faster. Adenocarcinoma stage was reached early on; however, no high-grade undifferentiated tumors were observed. Conversely, in the Hi-Myc+/- mice, tumorigenesis initiation was rapid; however, progression through different stages was relatively slower and it took a while to reach the more aggressive phenotype stage. Nevertheless, at the advanced stages in the Hi-Myc+/- mice, high-grade undifferentiated tumors were observed compared to the later stage tumors observed in the fusion-driven TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox mice. These results were corroborated by the stage specific-pattern in the molecular expression of proliferation markers (PCNA and c-Myc); androgen receptor (AR); fusion-resultant overexpression of ERG; Prostein (SLC45-A3); and angiogenesis marker (CD-31). Importantly, there was a significant increase in immune cell infiltrations, which increased with the stage of tumorigenesis, in the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive tumors relative to fusion negative tumors. Together, these findings are both novel and highly significant in establishing a working preclinical model for evaluating the efficacy of interventions during different stages of tumorigenesis in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-driven PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ram R Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Munendra Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer T Fox
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Maroni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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24
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Moreira-Silva F, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. From Therapy Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877379. [PMID: 35686097 PMCID: PMC9170957 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy among men worldwide. Although early-stage disease is curable, advanced stage PCa is mostly incurable and eventually becomes resistant to standard therapeutic options. Different genetic and epigenetic alterations are associated with the development of therapy resistant PCa, with specific players being particularly involved in this process. Therefore, identification and targeting of these molecules with selective inhibitors might result in anti-tumoral effects. Herein, we describe the mechanisms underlying therapy resistance in PCa, focusing on the most relevant molecules, aiming to enlighten the current state of targeted therapies in PCa. We suggest that selective drug targeting, either alone or in combination with standard treatment options, might improve therapeutic sensitivity of resistant PCa. Moreover, an individualized analysis of tumor biology in each PCa patient might improve treatment selection and therapeutic response, enabling better disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Moreira-Silva
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (He-alth Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (He-alth Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (He-alth Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
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25
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Liu Q, Wang S, Wang Z, Tang P, Zhang D, Lan W, Jiang J. Identification of novel somatic fusions of ERG-VEGFA, TMPRSS2-ERG, and VEGFA-TMPRSS2 in prostate cancer treated with anlotinib and androgen deprivation therapy: A case report. CANCER INNOVATION 2022; 1:114-118. [PMID: 38089454 PMCID: PMC10686182 DOI: 10.1002/cai2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
The TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene has frequently been found in prostate cancer and is associated with malignancy. Identifying novel fusions will help to stratify patients and establish patient-tailored therapies. A 78-year-old man presented to our hospital with severe symptoms of urinary urgency and frequency for 2 years, as well as severe bone pain for 1 year. He was diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer with a Gleason score of 5 + 5. Three gene fusions, ERG_VEGFA, TMPRSS2_ERG, and VEGFA_TMPRSS2, were identified in the patient's prostate cancer tissue. Notably, administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, anlotinib, in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) and abiraterone, reduced the patient's bone pain and also stabilized his prostate cancer for more than 2 years. This is the first report of somatic fusions among the VEGFA, ERG, and TMPRSS2 genes in cancer tissues from a patient with prostate cancer who responded well to antiangiogenic treatment combined with a GnRHa and abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of UrologyDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of UrologyDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of UrologyDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of UrologyDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio‐Medical SciencesPhiladelphia College of Osteopathic MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Weihua Lan
- Department of UrologyDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of UrologyDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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26
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Chen L, Sun Y, Tang M, Wu D, Xiang Z, Huang CP, You B, Xie D, Ye Q, Yu D, Chang C. High-dose-androgen-induced autophagic cell death to suppress the Enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer growth via altering the circRNA-BCL2/miRNA-198/AMBRA1 signaling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:128. [PMID: 35318303 PMCID: PMC8941094 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a gold standard treatment for advanced PCa. However, most patients eventually develop the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that progresses rapidly despite ongoing systemic androgen deprivation. While early studies indicated that high physiological doses of androgens might suppress rather than promote PCa cell growth in some selective CRPC patients, the exact mechanism of this opposite effect remains unclear. Here we found that Enzalutamide-resistant (EnzR) CRPC cells can be suppressed by the high-dose-androgen (dihydrotestosterone, DHT). Mechanism dissection suggested that a high-dose-DHT can suppress the circular RNA-BCL2 (circRNA-BCL2) expression via transcriptional regulation of its host gene BCL2. The suppressed circRNA-BCL2 can then alter the expression of miRNA-198 to modulate the AMBRA1 expression via direct binding to the 3′UTR of AMBRA1 mRNA. The consequences of high-dose-DHT suppressed circRNA-BCL2/miRNA-198/AMBRA1 signaling likely result in induction of the autophagic cell death to suppress the EnzR CRPC cell growth. Preclinical studies using in vivo xenograft mouse models also demonstrated that AMBRA1-shRNA to suppress the autophagic cell death can weaken the effect of high-dose-DHT on EnzR CRPC tumors. Together, these in vitro and in vivo data provide new insights for understanding the mechanisms underlying high-dose-DHT suppression of the EnzR CRPC cell growth, supporting a potential therapy using high-dose-androgens to suppress CRPC progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Min Tang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji Universiry, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhendong Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji Universiry, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bosen You
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dongdong Xie
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Qinglin Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC.
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27
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Dahiya R, Hu Q, Ly P. Mechanistic origins of diverse genome rearrangements in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:100-109. [PMID: 33824062 PMCID: PMC8487437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer genomes frequently harbor structural chromosomal rearrangements that disrupt the linear DNA sequence order and copy number. To date, diverse classes of structural variants have been identified across multiple cancer types. These aberrations span a wide spectrum of complexity, ranging from simple translocations to intricate patterns of rearrangements involving multiple chromosomes. Although most somatic rearrangements are acquired gradually throughout tumorigenesis, recent interrogation of cancer genomes have uncovered novel categories of complex rearrangements that arises rapidly through a one-off catastrophic event, including chromothripsis and chromoplexy. Here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to the formation of diverse structural rearrangement classes during cancer development. Genotoxic stress from a myriad of extrinsic and intrinsic sources can trigger DNA double-strand breaks that are subjected to DNA repair with potentially mutagenic outcomes. We also highlight how aberrant nuclear structures generated through mitotic cell division errors, such as rupture-prone micronuclei and chromosome bridges, can instigate massive DNA damage and the formation of complex rearrangements in cancer genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Dahiya
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Peter Ly
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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28
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Lorenzin F, Demichelis F. Past, Current, and Future Strategies to Target ERG Fusion-Positive Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051118. [PMID: 35267426 PMCID: PMC8909394 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In addition to its role in development and in the vascular and hematopoietic systems, ERG plays a central role in prostate cancer. Approximately 40–50% of prostate cancer cases are characterized by ERG gene fusions, which lead to ERG overexpression. Importantly, inhibition of ERG activity in prostate cancer cells decreases their viability. Therefore, inhibiting ERG might represent an important step to improve treatment efficacy for patients with ERG-positive prostate tumors. Here, we summarize the attempts made over the past years to repress ERG activity, the current use of ERG fusion detection and the strategies that might be utilized in the future to treat ERG fusion-positive tumors. Abstract The ETS family member ERG is a transcription factor with physiological roles during development and in the vascular and hematopoietic systems. ERG oncogenic activity characterizes several malignancies, including Ewing’s sarcoma, leukemia and prostate cancer (PCa). In PCa, ERG rearrangements with androgen-regulated genes—mostly TMPRSS2—characterize a large subset of patients across disease progression and result in androgen receptor (AR)-mediated overexpression of ERG in the prostate cells. Importantly, PCa cells overexpressing ERG are dependent on ERG activity for survival, further highlighting its therapeutic potential. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of ERG and its partners in PCa. We discuss the strategies developed in recent years to inhibit ERG activity, the current therapeutic utility of ERG fusion detection in PCa patients, and the possible future approaches to target ERG fusion-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorenzin
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.D.)
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29
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The spectrum of sex differences in cancer. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:303-315. [PMID: 35190302 PMCID: PMC8930612 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in cellular and systems biology have been evolutionarily selected to optimize reproductive success in all species with little (sperm) and big (ova) gamete producers. They are evident from the time of fertilization and accrue throughout development through genetic, epigenetic, and circulating sex hormone-dependent mechanisms. Among other effects, they significantly impact on chromatin organization, metabolism, cell cycle regulation, immunity, longevity, and cancer risk and survival. Sex differences in cancer should be expected and accounted for in basic, translational, and clinical oncology research.
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30
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Qian C, Li D, Chen Y. ETS factors in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 530:181-189. [PMID: 35033589 PMCID: PMC8832285 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ETS family of proteins consists of 28 transcription factors, many of which play critical roles in both normal tissue development and homeostasis and have been implicated in development and progression of a variety of cancers. In prostate cancer, gene fusion and overexpression of ETS factors ERG, FLI1, ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5 have been found in half of prostate cancer patients in Caucasian men and define the largest genetic subtype of prostate cancer. This review summarizes the data on the discovery, modeling, molecular taxonomy, lineage plasticity and therapeutic targeting of ETS family members in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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31
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Bakouny Z, Sadagopan A, Ravi P, Metaferia NY, Li J, AbuHammad S, Tang S, Denize T, Garner ER, Gao X, Braun DA, Hirsch L, Steinharter JA, Bouchard G, Walton E, West D, Labaki C, Dudani S, Gan CL, Sethunath V, Carvalho FLF, Imamovic A, Ricker C, Vokes NI, Nyman J, Berchuck JE, Park J, Hirsch MS, Haq R, Mary Lee GS, McGregor BA, Chang SL, Feldman AS, Wu CJ, McDermott DF, Heng DYC, Signoretti S, Van Allen EM, Choueiri TK, Viswanathan SR. Integrative clinical and molecular characterization of translocation renal cell carcinoma. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110190. [PMID: 34986355 PMCID: PMC9127595 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation renal cell carcinoma (tRCC) is a poorly characterized subtype of kidney cancer driven by MiT/TFE gene fusions. Here, we define the landmarks of tRCC through an integrative analysis of 152 patients with tRCC identified across genomic, clinical trial, and retrospective cohorts. Most tRCCs harbor few somatic alterations apart from MiT/TFE fusions and homozygous deletions at chromosome 9p21.3 (19.2% of cases). Transcriptionally, tRCCs display a heightened NRF2-driven antioxidant response that is associated with resistance to targeted therapies. Consistently, we find that outcomes for patients with tRCC treated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) are worse than those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Using multiparametric immunofluorescence, we find that the tumors are infiltrated with CD8+ T cells, though the T cells harbor an exhaustion immunophenotype distinct from that of clear cell RCC. Our findings comprehensively define the clinical and molecular features of tRCC and may inspire new therapeutic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Bakouny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ananthan Sadagopan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Praful Ravi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nebiyou Y Metaferia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shatha AbuHammad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Denize
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma R Garner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Braun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Yale Cancer Center / Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laure Hirsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Steinharter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gabrielle Bouchard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emily Walton
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Destiny West
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Labaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shaan Dudani
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, William Osler Health System, Brampton, ON, Canada
| | - Chun-Loo Gan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vidyalakshmi Sethunath
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Alma Imamovic
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cora Ricker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Natalie I Vokes
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jackson Nyman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jacob E Berchuck
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle S Hirsch
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rizwan Haq
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gwo-Shu Mary Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bradley A McGregor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven L Chang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S Feldman
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Y C Heng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Srinivas R Viswanathan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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Cailleteau A, Sargos P, Saad F, Latorzeff I, Supiot S. Drug Intensification in Future Postoperative Radiotherapy Practice in Biochemically-Relapsing Prostate Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 11:780507. [PMID: 35004302 PMCID: PMC8739777 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although salvage prostate bed radiotherapy is highly effective in biochemically-relapsing prostate cancer patients following prostatectomy, relapses remain frequent and improvements are needed. Randomized phase 3 trials have shown the benefit of adding androgen-depriving therapy to irradiation, but not all patients benefit from this combination. Preclinical studies have shown that novel agents targeting the androgen receptor, DNA repair, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, or the hypoxic microenvironment may help increase the response to prostate bed irradiation while minimizing potential side effects. This perspective review focuses on the most relevant molecules that may have an impact when combined with salvage radiotherapy, and underlines the strategies that need to be developed to increase the efficacy of salvage post-prostatectomy radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Cailleteau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Nantes Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Paul Sargos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of Urology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Igor Latorzeff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncorad Clinique Pasteur, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Supiot
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Nantes Saint-Herblain, France
- University of Nantes, CRCINA (CNRS, Inserm), Nantes, France
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33
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Gupta SK, Jea JDY, Yen L. RNA-driven JAZF1-SUZ12 gene fusion in human endometrial stromal cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009985. [PMID: 34928964 PMCID: PMC8722726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion genes as the result of chromosomal rearrangements are important for understanding genome instability in cancer cells and developing useful cancer therapies. To date, the mechanisms that create such oncogenic fusion genes are poorly understood. Previously we reported an unappreciated RNA-driven mechanism in human prostate cells in which the expression of chimeric RNA induces specified gene fusions in a sequence-dependent manner. One fundamental question yet to be addressed is whether such RNA-driven gene fusion mechanism is generalizable, or rather, a special case restricted to prostate cells. In this report, we demonstrated that the expression of designed chimeric RNAs in human endometrial stromal cells leads to the formation of JAZF1-SUZ12, a cancer fusion gene commonly found in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas. The process is specified by the sequence of chimeric RNA involved and inhibited by estrogen or progesterone. Furthermore, it is the antisense rather than sense chimeric RNAs that effectively drive JAZF1-SUZ12 gene fusion. The induced fusion gene is validated both at the RNA and the genomic DNA level. The ability of designed chimeric RNAs to drive and recapitulate the formation of JAZF1-SUZ12 gene fusion in endometrial cells represents another independent case of RNA-driven gene fusion, suggesting that RNA-driven genomic recombination is a permissible mechanism in mammalian cells. The results could have fundamental implications in the role of RNA in genome stability, and provide important insight in early disease mechanisms related to the formation of cancer fusion genes. Fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocations are important for understanding cancer mechanisms and developing anti-cancer therapies. Fusion gene are presumed to occur prior to fusion RNA expression. However, studies have reported the presence of fusion RNAs in individuals who were negative for chromosomal translocations. The observation, that fusion RNA could be present prior to fusion gene formation, raises the provocative hypothesis that fusion RNA, or any cellular RNA with sequence compositions resembling that of fusion RNA, could act as a template to mediate genomic rearrangement which leads to the final gene fusion. In this report, we demonstrated that the expression of designed chimeric RNAs in human endometrial stromal cells leads to the formation of JAZF1-SUZ12, a cancer fusion gene found in endometrial stromal sarcomas. The process is specified by the sequence of chimeric RNA involved and inhibited by estrogen or progesterone. Furthermore, it is the antisense rather than sense chimeric RNAs that effectively drive JAZF1-SUZ12 gene fusion. The results could have fundamental implications in the role of RNA in mammalian genome stability, provide important insight in early disease mechanism, as well as developing gene editing technology via mechanisms native to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Duen-Ya Jea
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laising Yen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Barroso-González J, García-Expósito L, Galaviz P, Lynskey ML, Allen JAM, Hoang S, Watkins SC, Pickett HA, O'Sullivan RJ. Anti-recombination function of MutSα restricts telomere extension by ALT-associated homology-directed repair. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110088. [PMID: 34879271 PMCID: PMC8724847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomere-elongation mechanism observed in ~15% of cancer subtypes. Current models indicate that ALT is mediated by homology-directed repair mechanisms. By disrupting MSH6 gene expression, we show that the deficiency of MutSα (MSH2/MSH6) DNA mismatch repair complex causes striking telomere hyperextension. Mechanistically, we show MutSα is specifically recruited to telomeres in ALT cells by associating with the proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) subunit of the ALT telomere replisome. We also provide evidence that MutSα counteracts Bloom (BLM) helicase, which adopts a crucial role in stabilizing hyper-extended telomeres and maintaining the survival of MutSα-deficient ALT cancer cells. Lastly, we propose a model in which MutSα deficiency impairs heteroduplex rejection, leading to premature initiation of telomere DNA synthesis that coincides with an accumulation of telomere variant repeats (TVRs). These findings provide evidence that the MutSα DNA mismatch repair complex acts to restrain unwarranted ALT. Barroso-Gonzalez et al. show that the mismatch repair complex MutSα restricts the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway in cancer cells. MutSα has an anti-recombination function and limits recombination between heteroduplex sequences at telomeres, in part by counteracting the Bloom helicase (BLM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barroso-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Laura García-Expósito
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pablo Galaviz
- Bioinformatics Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michelle Lee Lynskey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joshua A M Allen
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - SongMy Hoang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Roderick J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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35
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Coulter JB, Song DY, DeWeese TL, Yegnasubramanian S. Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities in Combined Radiation and Hormonal Therapies. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 32:76-81. [PMID: 34861998 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling blockade is perhaps the first example of targeted therapy in the treatment of cancer. Since the initial observations that prostate cancers depend on hormone signaling, hormonal therapies remain a cornerstone in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy has been shown to improve outcomes involving treatment of prostate cancers with radiotherapy, though a mechanistic understanding into the optimal sequencing of androgen deprivation therapy and radiotherapy remains incomplete. In this review we highlight key clinical trials designed to study combinations of hormonal and radiotherapies and introduce recent discoveries into the complex biology of androgen receptor signaling and DNA damage and repair. These emerging mechanistic and translational studies may have profound implications on both our understanding of hormonal therapy and radiotherapy combinations and the development of novel treatment strategies for locally-advanced and metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Coulter
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Daniel Y Song
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Theodore L DeWeese
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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36
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McCoy P, Mangiola S, Macintyre G, Hutchinson R, Tran B, Pope B, Georgeson P, Hong MKH, Kurganovs N, Lunke S, Clarkson MJ, Cmero M, Kerger M, Stuchbery R, Chow K, Haviv I, Ryan A, Costello AJ, Corcoran NM, Hovens CM. MSH2-deficient prostate tumours have a distinct immune response and clinical outcome compared to MSH2-deficient colorectal or endometrial cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:1167-1180. [PMID: 34108644 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent publications have shown patients with defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway driven by either MSH2 or MSH6 loss experience a significant increase in the incidence of prostate cancer. Moreover, this increased incidence of prostate cancer is accompanied by rapid disease progression and poor clinical outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that androgen-receptor activation, a key driver of prostate carcinogenesis, can disrupt the MSH2 gene in prostate cancer. We screened tumours from two cohorts (recurrent/non-recurrent) of prostate cancer patients to confirm the loss of MSH2 protein expression and identified decreased MSH2 expression in recurrent cases. Stratifying the independent TCGA prostate cancer cohort for MSH2/6 expression revealed that patients with lower levels of MSH2/6 had significant worse outcomes, in contrast, endometrial and colorectal cancer patients with lower MSH2/6 levels. MMRd endometrial and colorectal tumours showed the expected increase in mutational burden, microsatellite instability and enhanced immune cell mobilisation but this was not evident in prostate tumours. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that loss or reduced levels of MSH2/MSH6 protein in prostate cancer is associated with poor outcome. However, our data indicate that this is not associated with a statistically significant increase in mutational burden, microsatellite instability or immune cell mobilisation in a cohort of primary prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McCoy
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stefano Mangiola
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoff Macintyre
- Statistics and Computational Biology Group, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan Hutchinson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Tran
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bernard Pope
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Georgeson
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew K H Hong
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Kurganovs
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J Clarkson
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marek Cmero
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kerger
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan Stuchbery
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Chow
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Izhak Haviv
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Andrew Ryan
- TissuPath Specialist Pathology, Mount Waverley, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Costello
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, VIC, Australia.,The Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher M Hovens
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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37
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Stanic M, Mekhail K. Integration of DNA damage responses with dynamic spatial genome organization. Trends Genet 2021; 38:290-304. [PMID: 34598804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability and cellular homeostasis depends on the temporal and spatial coordination of successive events constituting the classical DNA damage response (DDR). Recent findings suggest close integration and coordination of DDR signaling with specific cellular processes. The mechanisms underlying such coordination remain unclear. We review emerging crosstalk between DNA repair factors, chromatin remodeling, replication, transcription, spatial genome organization, cytoskeletal forces, and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in mediating DNA repair. We present an overarching DNA repair framework within which these dynamic processes intersect in nuclear space over time. Collectively, this interplay ensures the efficient assembly of DNA repair proteins onto shifting genome structures to preserve genome stability and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Stanic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Karim Mekhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Canada Research Chairs Program, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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38
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Ma M, Ghosh S, Tavernari D, Katarkar A, Clocchiatti A, Mazzeo L, Samarkina A, Epiney J, Yu YR, Ho PC, Levesque MP, Özdemir BC, Ciriello G, Dummer R, Dotto GP. Sustained androgen receptor signaling is a determinant of melanoma cell growth potential and tumorigenesis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211509. [PMID: 33112375 PMCID: PMC7596884 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma susceptibility differs significantly in male versus female populations. Low levels of androgen receptor (AR) in melanocytes of the two sexes are accompanied by heterogeneous expression at various stages of the disease. Irrespective of expression levels, genetic and pharmacological suppression of AR activity in melanoma cells blunts proliferation and induces senescence, while increased AR expression or activation exert opposite effects. AR down-modulation elicits a shared gene expression signature associated with better patient survival, related to interferon and cytokine signaling and DNA damage/repair. AR loss leads to dsDNA breakage, cytoplasmic leakage, and STING activation, with AR anchoring the DNA repair proteins Ku70/Ku80 to RNA Pol II and preventing RNA Pol II-associated DNA damage. AR down-modulation or pharmacological inhibition suppresses melanomagenesis, with increased intratumoral infiltration of macrophages and, in an immune-competent mouse model, cytotoxic T cells. AR provides an attractive target for improved management of melanoma independent of patient sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Tavernari
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Atul Katarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Clocchiatti
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luigi Mazzeo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Justine Epiney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ru Yu
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Berna C Özdemir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.,International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
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39
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Nicholas TR, Metcalf SA, Greulich BM, Hollenhorst PC. Androgen signaling connects short isoform production to breakpoint formation at Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab033. [PMID: 34409300 PMCID: PMC8364332 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) encodes a multifunctional protein that can cooperate with the transcription factor ERG to promote prostate cancer. The EWSR1 gene is also commonly involved in oncogenic gene rearrangements in Ewing sarcoma. Despite the cancer relevance of EWSR1, its regulation is poorly understood. Here we find that in prostate cancer, androgen signaling upregulates a 5′ EWSR1 isoform by promoting usage of an intronic polyadenylation site. This isoform encodes a cytoplasmic protein that can strongly promote cell migration and clonogenic growth. Deletion of an Androgen Receptor (AR) binding site near the 5′ EWSR1 polyadenylation site abolished androgen-dependent upregulation. This polyadenylation site is also near the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint hotspot, and androgen signaling promoted R-loop and breakpoint formation. RNase H overexpression reduced breakage and 5′ EWSR1 isoform expression suggesting an R-loop dependent mechanism. These data suggest that androgen signaling can promote R-loops internal to the EWSR1 gene leading to either early transcription termination, or breakpoint formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Nicholas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Stephanie A Metcalf
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Benjamin M Greulich
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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40
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Oncogenic gene fusions in nonneoplastic precursors as evidence that bacterial infection can initiate prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018976118. [PMID: 34341114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018976118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, and the initiating factors are unknown. Oncogenic TMPRSS2:ERG (ERG+) gene fusions are facilitated by DNA breaks and occur in up to 50% of prostate cancers. Infection-driven inflammation is implicated in the formation of ERG+ fusions, and we hypothesized that these fusions initiate in early inflammation-associated prostate cancer precursor lesions, such as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prior to cancer development. We investigated whether bacterial prostatitis is associated with ERG+ precancerous lesions in unique cases with active bacterial infections at the time of radical prostatectomy. We identified a high frequency of ERG+ non-neoplastic-appearing glands in these cases, including ERG+ PIA transitioning to early invasive cancer. These lesions were positive for ERG protein by immunohistochemistry and ERG messenger RNA by in situ hybridization. We additionally verified TMPRSS2:ERG genomic rearrangements in precursor lesions using tricolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Identification of rearrangement patterns combined with whole-prostate mapping in three dimensions confirmed multiple (up to eight) distinct ERG+ precancerous lesions in infected cases. We further identified the pathogen-derived genotoxin colibactin as a potential source of DNA breaks in clinical cases as well as cultured prostate cells. Overall, we provide evidence that bacterial infections can initiate driver gene alterations in prostate cancer. In addition, our observations indicate that infection-induced ERG+ fusions are an early alteration in the carcinogenic process and that PIA may serve as a direct precursor to prostate cancer.
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Matias-Barrios VM, Radaeva M, Ho CH, Lee J, Adomat H, Lallous N, Cherkasov A, Dong X. Optimization of New Catalytic Topoisomerase II Inhibitors as an Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153675. [PMID: 34359577 PMCID: PMC8345109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) is a drug target for many types of cancers. However, clinically used TOP2 inhibitors not only kill cancer cells, but also damage normal cells, and can even give rise to other types of cancers. To discover new TOP2 inhibitors to more effectively treat cancer patients, we have applied computer-aided drug design technology to develop several TOP2 inhibitors that can strongly inhibit cancer cell growth but exert low side effects. Results of one exemplary compound are presented in this study. It shows several promising drug-like properties that can be potentially developed into anticancer drugs. Abstract Clinically used topoisomerase II (TOP2) inhibitors are poison inhibitors that induce DNA damage to cause cancer cell death. However, they can also destroy benign cells and thereby show serious side effects, including cardiotoxicity and drug-induced secondary malignancy. New TOP2 inhibitors with a different mechanism of action (MOA), such as catalytic TOP2 inhibitors, are needed to more effectively control tumor growth. We have applied computer-aided drug design to develop a new group of small molecule inhibitors that are derivatives of our previously identified lead compound T60. Particularly, the compound T638 has shown improved solubility and microsomal stability. It is a catalytic TOP2 inhibitor that potently suppresses TOP2 activity. T638 has a novel MOA by which it binds TOP2 proteins and blocks TOP2–DNA interaction. T638 strongly inhibits cancer cell growth, but exhibits limited genotoxicity to cells. These results indicate that T638 is a promising drug candidate that warrants further development into clinically used anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuesen Dong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(604)-875-4111; Fax: +1-(604)-875-5654
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42
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Stott RT, Kritsky O, Tsai LH. Profiling DNA break sites and transcriptional changes in response to contextual fear learning. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249691. [PMID: 34197463 PMCID: PMC8248687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at specific loci in vitro and this facilitates the rapid transcriptional induction of early response genes (ERGs). Physiological neuronal activity, including exposure of mice to learning behaviors, also cause the formation of DSBs, yet the distribution of these breaks and their relation to brain function remains unclear. Here, following contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in mice, we profiled the locations of DSBs genome-wide in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus using γH2AX ChIP-Seq. Remarkably, we found that DSB formation is widespread in the brain compared to cultured primary neurons and they are predominately involved in synaptic processes. We observed increased DNA breaks at genes induced by CFC in neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei. Activity-regulated and proteostasis-related transcription factors appear to govern some of these gene expression changes across cell types. Finally, we find that glia but not neurons have a robust transcriptional response to glucocorticoids, and many of these genes are sites of DSBs. Our results indicate that learning behaviors cause widespread DSB formation in the brain that are associated with experience-driven transcriptional changes across both neuronal and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Stott
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Oleg Kritsky
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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43
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Jahan N, Jones C, Rahman RL. Androgen receptor expression in breast cancer: Implications on prognosis and treatment, a brief review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111324. [PMID: 34000352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70%-85% of breast cancers express androgen receptors (ARs). The role of AR in breast cancer pathogenesis is currently in exploration. Both androgens and anti-androgens have demonstrated variable inhibitory and stimulatory effects in AR-positive breast cancer depending on estrogen receptor and HER2 co-expression. Androgen signaling pathways interact with other critical cellular pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, and estrogen signaling pathways. Therapeutic exploitation of AR has been the crux of management of prostate cancer for decades. In recent years there has been increasing interest in AR as a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer. There have been many early phase clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of various AR-targeted agents in breast cancer. Some of these studies have shown promising clinical benefits. Studies of biomarkers to identify the patients likely to benefit from AR-targeted therapies are currently in progress. Besides, AR expression may be an important prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer, which needs to be defined better in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA.
| | - Catherine Jones
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th)St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
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44
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Jillson LK, Yette GA, Laajala TD, Tilley WD, Costello JC, Cramer SD. Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer Genomic Subtypes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3272. [PMID: 34208794 PMCID: PMC8269091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While many prostate cancer (PCa) cases remain indolent and treatable, others are aggressive and progress to the metastatic stage where there are limited curative therapies. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains an important pathway for proliferative and survival programs in PCa, making disruption of AR signaling a viable therapy option. However, most patients develop resistance to AR-targeted therapies or inherently never respond. The field has turned to PCa genomics to aid in stratifying high risk patients, and to better understand the mechanisms driving aggressive PCa and therapy resistance. While alterations to the AR gene itself occur at later stages, genomic changes at the primary stage can affect the AR axis and impact response to AR-directed therapies. Here, we review common genomic alterations in primary PCa and their influence on AR function and activity. Through a meta-analysis of multiple independent primary PCa databases, we also identified subtypes of significantly co-occurring alterations and examined their combinatorial effects on the AR axis. Further, we discussed the subsequent implications for response to AR-targeted therapies and other treatments. We identified multiple primary PCa genomic subtypes, and given their differing effects on AR activity, patient tumor genetics may be an important stratifying factor for AR therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Jillson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.K.L.); (G.A.Y.); (T.D.L.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Gabriel A. Yette
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.K.L.); (G.A.Y.); (T.D.L.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Teemu D. Laajala
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.K.L.); (G.A.Y.); (T.D.L.); (J.C.C.)
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Wayne D. Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
- Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James C. Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.K.L.); (G.A.Y.); (T.D.L.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Scott D. Cramer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.K.L.); (G.A.Y.); (T.D.L.); (J.C.C.)
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45
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Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: From diagnosis to prognosis and precision-guided therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107932. [PMID: 34174272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies and among the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. It is a highly heterogeneous disease, ranging from remarkably slow progression or inertia to highly aggressive and fatal disease. As therapeutic decision-making, clinical trial design and outcome highly depend on the appropriate stratification of patients to risk groups, it is imperative to differentiate between benign versus more aggressive states. The incorporation of clinically valuable prognostic and predictive biomarkers is also potentially amenable in this process, in the timely prevention of metastatic disease and in the decision for therapy selection. This review summarizes the progress that has so far been made in the identification of the genomic events that can be used for the classification, prediction and prognostication of PCa, and as major targets for clinical intervention. We include an extensive list of emerging biomarkers for which there is enough preclinical evidence to suggest that they may constitute crucial targets for achieving significant advances in the management of the disease. Finally, we highlight the main challenges that are associated with the identification of clinically significant PCa biomarkers and recommend possible ways to overcome such limitations.
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46
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Sumner MC, Torrisi SB, Brickner DG, Brickner JH. Random sub-diffusion and capture of genes by the nuclear pore reduces dynamics and coordinates inter-chromosomal movement. eLife 2021; 10:66238. [PMID: 34002694 PMCID: PMC8195609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of genes interact with the yeast nuclear pore complex (NPC), localizing at the nuclear periphery and clustering with co-regulated genes. Dynamic tracking of peripheral genes shows that they cycle on and off the NPC and that interaction with the NPC slows their sub-diffusive movement. Furthermore, NPC-dependent inter-chromosomal clustering leads to coordinated movement of pairs of loci separated by hundreds of nanometers. We developed fractional Brownian motion simulations for chromosomal loci in the nucleoplasm and interacting with NPCs. These simulations predict the rate and nature of random sub-diffusion during repositioning from nucleoplasm to periphery and match measurements from two different experimental models, arguing that recruitment to the nuclear periphery is due to random sub-diffusion and transient capture by NPCs. Finally, the simulations do not lead to inter-chromosomal clustering or coordinated movement, suggesting that interaction with the NPC is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chas Sumner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Steven B Torrisi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Donna G Brickner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Jason H Brickner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
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47
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Kinoshita K, Uemura M, Shimizu T, Kinoshita S, Marusawa H. Stepwise generation of AID knock-in and conditional knockout mice from a single gene-targeting event. Int Immunol 2021; 33:387-398. [PMID: 33903914 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encoded by the Aicda gene initiates class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. In addition to this function, AID is also implicated in the epigenetic regulation in pluripotent stem cells and in the oncogenesis of lymphoid and non-lymphoid origins. To examine AID's role in specific cell types, we developed mouse strains of conditional knockout (Aicda-FL) and knock-in with a red fluorescent protein gene (RFP) inserted into the Aicda locus (Aicda-RFP). These two strains were obtained from a single targeting event in embryonic stem cells by a three-loxP or tri-lox strategy. Partial and complete recombination among the three loxP sites in the Aicda-RFP locus gave rise to Aicda-FL and AID-deficient loci (Aicda-KO), respectively, after mating Aicda-RFP mice with Cre-expressing mice driven by tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphate promoter. We confirmed RFP expression in B cells of germinal centers of intestine-associated lymphoid tissue. Mice homozygous for each allele were obtained and were checked for AID activity by class-switch and hypermutation assays. AID activity was normal for Aicda-FL but partially and completely absent for Aicda-RFP and Aicda-KO, respectively. Aicda-FL and Aicda-RFP mice would be useful for studying AID function in subpopulations of B cells and in non-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kinoshita
- Evolutionary Medicine, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, 4-27-2 Kita-ando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-0881, Japan.,Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama 524-0022, Japan
| | - Munehiro Uemura
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama 524-0022, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shun Kinoshita
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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A study of transposable element-associated structural variations (TASVs) using a de novo-assembled Korean genome. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:615-630. [PMID: 33833373 PMCID: PMC8102501 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have made personal genome sequencing possible, and indeed, many individual human genomes have now been sequenced. Comparisons of these individual genomes have revealed substantial genomic differences between human populations as well as between individuals from closely related ethnic groups. Transposable elements (TEs) are known to be one of the major sources of these variations and act through various mechanisms, including de novo insertion, insertion-mediated deletion, and TE–TE recombination-mediated deletion. In this study, we carried out de novo whole-genome sequencing of one Korean individual (KPGP9) via multiple insert-size libraries. The de novo whole-genome assembly resulted in 31,305 scaffolds with a scaffold N50 size of 13.23 Mb. Furthermore, through computational data analysis and experimental verification, we revealed that 182 TE-associated structural variation (TASV) insertions and 89 TASV deletions contributed 64,232 bp in sequence gain and 82,772 bp in sequence loss, respectively, in the KPGP9 genome relative to the hg19 reference genome. We also verified structural differences associated with TASVs by comparative analysis with TASVs in recent genomes (AK1 and TCGA genomes) and reported their details. Here, we constructed a new Korean de novo whole-genome assembly and provide the first study, to our knowledge, focused on the identification of TASVs in an individual Korean genome. Our findings again highlight the role of TEs as a major driver of structural variations in human individual genomes. A novel strategy for genome analysis offers insights into the distribution and impact on genome variation of transposable elements, DNA sequences that can replicate and relocate themselves at different chromosomal regions. These sequences, also known as ‘jumping genes’, comprise up to 50% of the genome, but it has proven challenging to map them with existing techniques. Seyoung Mun of Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea, and coworkers have developed a sequencing and computational analysis strategy that allowed them to accurately map transposable elements across the genome of a Korean individual. These data revealed hundreds of insertion and deletion events relative to an existing reference map of the genome, showing significant alterations in the chromosomal structure. The authors speculate that such widespread transposition events could potentially contribute to individual differences in gene expression and risk of disease.
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The "missing heritability"-Problem in psychiatry: Is the interaction of genetics, epigenetics and transposable elements a potential solution? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:23-42. [PMID: 33757815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders exhibit an enormous burden on the health care systems worldwide accounting for around one-third of years lost due to disability among adults. Their etiology is largely unknown and diagnostic classification is based on symptomatology and course of illness and not on objective biomarkers. Most psychiatric disorders are moderately to highly heritable. However, it is still unknown what mechanisms may explain the discrepancy between heritability estimates and the present data from genetic analysis. In addition to genetic differences also epigenetic modifications are considered as potentially relevant in the transfer of susceptibility to psychiatric diseases. Though, whether or not epigenetic alterations can be inherited for many generations is highly controversial. In the present article, we will critically summarize both the genetic findings and the results from epigenetic analyses, including also those of noncoding RNAs. We will argue that one possible solution to the "missing heritability" problem in psychiatry is a potential role of retrotransposons, the exploration of which is presently only in its beginnings.
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50
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Segura-Moreno YY, Sanabria-Salas MC, Varela R, Mesa JA, Serrano ML. Decoding the heterogeneous landscape in the development prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:376. [PMID: 33777200 PMCID: PMC7988715 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized as being histologically and molecularly heterogeneous; however, this is not only incorrect among individuals, but also at the multiple foci level, which originates in the prostate gland itself. The reasons for such heterogeneity have not been fully elucidated; however, understanding these may be crucial in determining the course of the disease. PCa is characterized by a complex network of chromosomal rearrangements, which simultaneously deregulate multiple genes; this could explain the appearance of exclusive events associated with molecular subtypes, which have been extensively investigated to establish clinical management and the development of therapies targeted to this type of cancer. From a clinical aspect, the prognosis of the patient has focused on the characteristics of the index lesion (the largest focus in PCa); however, a significant percentage of patients (11%) also exhibit an aggressive secondary foci, which may determine the prognosis of the disease, and could be the determining factor of why, in different studies, the classification of the subtypes does not have an association with prognosis. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the analysis of molecular subtypes in several foci, from the same individual could assist in determining the association between clinical evolution and management of patients with PCa. Castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) has the worst prognosis and develops following androgen ablation therapy. Currently, there are two models to explain the development of CRPC: i) The selection model and ii) the adaptation model; both of which, have been found to include alterations described in the molecular subtypes, such as Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit overexpression, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAPD+)1 and forkhead box A1 mutations, suggesting that the presence of specific molecular alterations could predict the development of CRPC. This type of analysis could lead to a biological understanding of PCa, to develop personalized medicine strategies, which could improve the response to treatment thus, avoiding the development of resistance. Therefore, the present review discusses the primary molecular factors, to which variable heterogeneity in PCa progress has been attributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenifer Yamile Segura-Moreno
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Institute of Cancerology, Bogota 110411, Colombia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Colombia, University City, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | | | - Rodolfo Varela
- Department of Urology, National Institute of Cancerology, Bogota 110411, Colombia.,Department of Urology, National University of Colombia, University City, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - Jorge Andrés Mesa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Cancerology, Bogota 110411, Colombia
| | - Martha Lucia Serrano
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Institute of Cancerology, Bogota 110411, Colombia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Colombia, University City, Bogota 111321, Colombia
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