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Ochi R, Fujita N, Takaishi K, Oshima T, Nguyen ST, Nishijo H, Urakawa S. Voluntary exercise reverses social behavior deficits and the increases in the densities of cholecystokinin-positive neurons in specific corticolimbic regions of diabetic OLETF rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 428:113886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Resistance exercise improves learning and memory and modulates hippocampal metabolomic profile in aged rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 766:136322. [PMID: 34737021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity has been considered an important non-medication intervention to preserve mnemonic processes during aging. However, how resistance exercise promotes such benefits remains unclear. A possible hypothesis is that brain-metabolic changes of regions responsible for memory consolidation is affected by muscular training. Therefore, we analyzed the memory, axiety and the metabolomic of aged male Wistar rats (19-20 months old in the 1st day of experiment) submitted to a 12-week resistance exercise protocol (EX, n = 11) or which remained without physical exercise (CTL, n = 13). Barnes maze, elevated plus maze and inhibitory avoidance tests were used to assess the animals' behaviour. The metabolomic profile was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. EX group had better performance in the tests of learning and spatial memory in Barnes maze, and an increase of short and long-term aversive memories formation in inhibitory avoidance. In addition, the exercised animals showed a greater amount of metabolites, such as 4-aminobutyrate, acetate, butyrate, choline, fumarate, glycerol, glycine, histidine, hypoxanthine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, niacinamide, phenylalanine, succinate, tyrosine, valine and a reduction of ascorbate and aspartate compared to the control animals. These data indicate that the improvement in learning and memory of aged rats submitted to resistance exercise program is associated by changes in the hippocampal metabolomic profile.
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Therapeutic effects of exercise, escitalopram, and exercise-accompanied escitalopram on brain functions in rats with depression. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.26.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Sinaei M, Alaei H, Nazem F, Kargarfard M, Feizi A, Talebi A, Esmaeili A, Nobari H, Pérez-Gómez J. Endurance exercise improves avoidance learning and spatial memory, through changes in genes of GABA and relaxin-3, in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:204-210. [PMID: 34214757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Different exercise patterns, neurotransmitters, and some genes have numerous effects on learning and memory. This research aims to investigate the long-term effects of submaximal aerobic exercise on spatial memory (SM), passive avoidance learning (PAL), levels of serum relaxin-3, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), RLN3 gene, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67 genes) in the brainstem of adult male Wistar rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: aerobic exercise groups, performed on a treadmill running (TR), for 5 weeks (Ex5, n = 10), 10 weeks (Ex10, n = 10), involuntary running wheel group for 5 weeks (IRW5, n = 10), sham (Sh, n = 10) and control (Co, n = 10). Consequently, SM, PAL, serum relaxin-3, GABA, and GAD65/67 and RLN3 genes were measured by ELISA and PCR. Ex5, Ex10 and IRW5 improved significantly SM (p ≤ 0.05), PAL (p ≤ 0.001) and decreased significantly relaxin-3 (p ≤ 0.001). RLN3 in the brain also decreased. However, it was not significant. GABA and GAD65/GAD67 increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in Ex5, Ex10 compared to Sh and Co. Aerobic exercise enhanced SM and PAL in Ex compared to Co and Sh. However, duration and type of exercise affected the level of enhancement. The serum relaxin-3 and RLN3 gene displayed reverse functions compared to GABA and GAD65/67 genes in Ex. Therefore, the changes of neurotransmitters in serum relaxin-3, GABA, and their genes: RLN3 and GAD65/67 respectively, influenced learning and memory meaningfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Sinaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Boroujerd, Iran.
| | - Hojatollah Alaei
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Farzad Nazem
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of School of Sport Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health,Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ardeshir Talebi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18010, Granada, Spain.
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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5
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Zhang D, Lu Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li L. Aerobic exercise attenuates neurodegeneration and promotes functional recovery - Why it matters for neurorehabilitation & neural repair. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104862. [PMID: 33031857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic exercise reduces brain lesion volume and improves multiple aspects of cognition and motor function after stroke. Studies using animal models have proposed a wide range of potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurological benefits of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, additional exercise parameters, including time of initiation, exercise dosage (exercise duration and intensity), and treatment modality are also critical for clinical application, as identifying the optimal combination of parameters will afford patients with maximal functional gains. To clarify these issues, the current review summarizes the known neurological benefits of aerobic exercise under both physiological and pathological conditions and then considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits in the contexts of stroke-like focal cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia. In addition, we explore the key roles of exercise parameters on the extent of aerobic exercise-induced neurological benefits to elucidate the optimal combination for aerobic exercise intervention. Finally, the current challenges for aerobic exercise implementation after stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
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6
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Enriched environment and exercise effects on parvalbumin expression and distribution in the hippocampal formation of developing rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Yi Y, Song Y, Lu Y. Parvalbumin Interneuron Activation-Dependent Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Is Required for Treadmill Running to Reverse Schizophrenia-Like Phenotypes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:24. [PMID: 32117963 PMCID: PMC7010605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise can alleviate some of the schizophrenia symptoms in patients, the mechanisms, however, are still unclear. To investigate whether the GABAergic interneuron involved in the therapeutic effect of treadmill running on schizophrenia, the parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) was specifically activated or abolished and the effects were evaluated. In the MK801-induced schizophrenia-like animal model, we found:(1) Treadmill running rescued the schizophrenia-related behavioral phenotypes, promoted the adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and increased the dendrite number and complexity of newborn neurons. (2) Treadmill running increased the number of PV-positive interneurons in the DG; genetic ablation of these interneurons reduced adult neurogenesis and abolished the effect of treadmill running on the schizophrenia-related behaviors. Consistently, chemogenetic activation of these interneurons improved neurogenesis and alleviated the schizophrenia-related behaviors. These results suggest a pivotal role of PV-positive interneuron-mediated adult neurogenesis in exercise. (3) However, schizophrenia-related behavioral phenotypes and adult neurogenesis in the DG could still be reversed by exercise after specifically knocking out the schizophrenia-related gene ErbB4 in PV interneurons, as a means to reduce their GABA release. These results suggest that activation of PV interneurons in the DG is sufficient for treadmill running to reverse schizophrenia-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanlong Song
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Γ-Aminobutyric acid in adult brain: an update. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Selakovic D, Joksimovic J, Jovicic N, Mitrovic S, Mihailovic V, Katanic J, Milovanovic D, Pantovic S, Mijailovic N, Rosic G. The Impact of Hippocampal Sex Hormones Receptors in Modulation of Depressive-Like Behavior Following Chronic Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Exercise Protocols in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:19. [PMID: 30792631 PMCID: PMC6374347 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations in depressive-like behaviors in rats following chronic administration of a supraphysiological dose of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) as well as exposure to a prolonged exercise protocol. The role of hippocampal sex hormones receptors in the modulation of depressive-like behavior was also assessed. A total of 48 male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: control, exercise (1 h/day, five consecutive days), nandrolone-decanoate (ND, 20 mg/kg/week, in a single dose), exercise plus ND, testosterone-enanthate (TE, 20 mg/kg/week, in a single dose), and exercise plus TE. After the 6-week protocols were complete, the rats underwent behavioral testing in the tail suspension test (TST). Rats were sacrificed for the collection of blood samples, to determine sex hormones levels, and isolation of the hippocampus, to determine [androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors α (ERα)] expression. ND and TE treatment induced significant depressive-like behavior, opposing the antidepressant effect of exercise. Chronic TE administration elevated testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) serum levels, and this was augmented by exercise. In contrast, ND and exercise alone did not alter T or DHT levels. There were no changes in serum estradiol levels in any of the groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that exercise reduced AR immunoreactivity in all hippocampal regions and increased the ERα expression in the CA1, dentate gyrus (DG), and total hippocampal sections, but not in the CA2/3 region. AASs administration increased AR expression in all hippocampal regions, although not the total hippocampal section in the TE group and did not significantly decrease ERα. The hippocampal AR/ERα expression index was lowered while parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactivity was enhanced by exercise. AASs administration increased the AR/ERα index and reduced PV-immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. The number of PV-immunoreactive neurons negatively correlated with the antidepressant effects and the AR/ERα ratio. Our results suggest a potential role of the numerical relationship between two sex hormones receptors (stronger correlation than for each individual receptor) in the regulation of depressive-like behavior via the hippocampal GABAergic system in rats, which allow better understanding of the hippocampal sex hormones receptors role in modulation of depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Mihailovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Katanic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragan Milovanovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suzana Pantovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Natasa Mijailovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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10
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Chen CC, Chang CP, Yang CL. An adaptive fall-free rehabilitation mechanism for ischemic stroke rat patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:984. [PMID: 30700758 PMCID: PMC6353993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Today’s commercial forced exercise platforms had been validated not as a well-designed rehabilitation environment for rats with a stroke, for the reason that rat with a stroke cannot take exercise at a constant intensity for a long period of time. In light of this, this work presented an adaptive, fall-free ischemic stroke rehabilitation mechanism in an animal model, which was implemented in an infrared-sensing adaptive feedback control running wheel (IAFCRW) platform. Consequently, rats with a stroke can be safely rehabilitated all the time, and particularly at full capacity for approximately one third of a training duration, in a completely fall-free environment according to individual physical differences by repeated use of an acceleration/deceleration mechanism. The performance of this platform was assessed using an animal ischemic stroke model. The IAFCRW therapy regimen was validated to outperform a treadmill and a conventional running wheel counterpart with respect to the reduction in the neurobehavioral deficits caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). IAFCRW is the first adaptive forced exercise training platform short of electrical stimulation-assistance in the literature, and ischemic stroke rats benefit more in terms of the behavioral tests run at the end of a 3-week rehabilitation program after a stroke thereby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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11
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Hippocampal distribution of parvalbumin neurons in female and male rats submitted to the same volume and intensity of aerobic exercise. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:162-166. [PMID: 30336195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several studies report the influence of gender on physical exercise-induced brain plasticity, including neurotrophic factor levels, neurogenesis, and navigation strategies in spatial memory task. However, it has been noted that females are physically more active than males in animal models of physical exercise. With this in mind, we conducted an experimental study to investigate the effect of sex on the brain of rats submitted to same volume and intensity of aerobic exercise. To do so, we used calcium-binding protein parvalbumin as neuroplastic marker to explore the hippocampal formation (a brain neurogenic/mnemonic region) of male and female rats submitted to 4 weeks of aerobic exercise on a treadmill at 12 m/min, 30 min per day. Our results show that, in both sexes, physical exercise increased hippocampal density of parvalbumin neurons in the cornus ammonis (CA1, CA2/3) and hilus subfields, but not in the dentate gyrus and subiculum. No difference in exercise-induced hipocampal parvalbumin density was found between male and female rats. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise promotes similar effects on hippocampal distribution of parvalbumin neurons of male and female rats, especially when they are submitted to the same volume and intensity of physical exercise.
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12
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Effects of harmane during treadmill exercise on spatial memory of restraint-stressed mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:239-245. [PMID: 29885919 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Silveira APC, Kitabatake TT, Pantaleo VM, Zangrossi H, Bertolino G, de Oliveira Guirro EC, de Souza HCD, de Araujo JE. Continuous and not continuous 2-week treadmill training enhances the performance in the passive avoidance test in ischemic gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2018; 665:170-175. [PMID: 29222024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the frequency and total duration effects of the 2-week treadmill training after experimental ischemic stroke in the passive avoidance test. We performed bilateral occlusion of common external carotid arteries, for five minutes, in Mongolian gerbils. The training groups were: continuous training for twelve consecutive days or not continuous training for six non-consecutive days. The groups remained in the treadmill for 15min, with the speed set at 10m/min, and the training started 24h after the stroke. In the Shuttle Box, each animal had ten trials during the Learning Session (LS), which occurred 24h before the stroke. The Retention Test (RT) occurred 24h after the stroke and started on the second, third, seventh and twelfth day after LS. After the experiments, the brains were perfused, and coronal sections of the CA1 area of the hippocampus were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ANOVA on Ranks was used for Behavioral data analysis and morphological data by percentage. Ischemic training groups showed preservation in neuron density in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, when compared to the control groups. Animals subjected to continuous training, showed a higher latency in the RT when compared to ischemic animals in both weeks [(2nd, H=39.81; P<0.05), (3rd, H=38.08; P<0.05), (7th, H=44.17; P<0.05), and (12th, H=39.55; P<0.05). Animals in the not continuous training showed higher latency in the RT, in the second week only [(2nd, H=39.81; P<0.05), (3rd, H=38.08; P<0.05), (7th, H=44.17; P<0.05), and (12th, H=39.55; P<0.05). These findings suggest that improvement of memory after stroke after treadmill training is dependent on the frequency and total duration of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Cassiano Silveira
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Takae Tamy Kitabatake
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Vivian Mozol Pantaleo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hélio Zangrossi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bertolino
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo de Araujo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil.
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14
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Selakovic D, Joksimovic J, Zaletel I, Puskas N, Matovic M, Rosic G. The opposite effects of nandrolone decanoate and exercise on anxiety levels in rats may involve alterations in hippocampal parvalbumin-positive interneurons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189595. [PMID: 29232412 PMCID: PMC5726625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of chronic (six weeks) nandrolone decanoate (ND, 20 mg/kg, s.c., weekly in single dose) administration (in order to mimic heavy human abuse), and exercise (swimming protocol of 60 minutes a day, five days in a row/two days break), applied alone and simultaneously with ND, in male rats (n = 40). Also, we evaluated the effects of those protocols on hippocampal parvalbumin (PV) content and the possible connection between the alterations in certain parts of hippocampal GABAergic system and behavioral patterns. Both ND and exercise protocols induced increase in testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol blood levels. Our results confirmed anxiogenic effects of ND observed in open field (OF) test (decrease in the locomotor activity, as well as in frequency and cumulative duration in the centre zone) and in elevated plus maze (EPM) test (decrease in frequency and cumulative duration in open arms, and total exploratory activity), that were accompanied with a mild decrease in the number of PV interneurons in hippocampus. Chronic exercise protocol induced significant increase in hippocampal PV neurons (dentate gyrus and CA1 region), followed by anxiolytic-like behavioral changes, observed in both OF and EPM (increase in all estimated parameters), and in evoked beam-walking test (increase in time to cross the beam), compared to ND treated animals. The applied dose of ND was sufficient to attenuate beneficial effects of exercise in rats by means of decreased exercise-induced anxiolytic effect, as well as to reverse exercise-induced augmentation in number of PV immunoreactive neurons in hippocampus. Our results implicate the possibility that alterations in hippocampal PV interneurons (i.e. GABAergic system) may be involved in modulation of anxiety level induced by ND abuse and/or extended exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Zaletel
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nela Puskas
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milovan Matovic
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Clinical Centre "Kragujevac", Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Dong J, Zhao J, Lin Y, Liang H, He X, Zheng X, Sui M, Zhuang Z, Yan T. Exercise improves recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex for rats modelling vascular dementia. Neurol Res 2017; 40:68-77. [PMID: 29126372 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1398389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingpu Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xiaokuo He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghong Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiebin Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Cheon S. Hippocampus-dependent Task Improves the Cognitive Function after Ovariectomy in Rats. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017; 8:227-234. [PMID: 28781946 PMCID: PMC5525566 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Estrogen is an important hormone for cell growth, development, and differentiation by transcriptional regulation and modulation of intracellular signaling via second messengers. The reduction in the estrogen level after ovariectomy may lead to cognitive impairments associated with morphological changes in areas of the brain mediate memory. The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of tasks on the cognitive function after ovariectomy in rats. Methods The animals used in the experiment were 50 Sprague-Dawley female rats. This study applied a hippocampus-independent task (wheel running) and a hippocampus-dependent task (Morris water maze) after ovariectomy in rats and measured the cognitive performance (object-recognition and object-location test) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) expression in the hippocampus, which is an important center for memory and learning. Results There were meaningful differences between the hippocampus-independent and hippocampus-dependent task groups for the object-location test and GAP-43 and NT-3 expression in the hippocampus, but not the object-recognition test. However, the hippocampus-independent task group showed a significant improvement in the object-recognition test, compared to the control group. Conclusion These results suggest that hippocampus-dependent task training after ovariectomy enhances the hippocampus-related memory and cognitive function that are associated with morphological and functional changes in the cells of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhee Cheon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Korea
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17
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Rich B, Scadeng M, Yamaguchi M, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Skeletal myofiber vascular endothelial growth factor is required for the exercise training-induced increase in dentate gyrus neuronal precursor cells. J Physiol 2017; 595:5931-5943. [PMID: 28597506 DOI: 10.1113/jp273994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Peripheral vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is necessary for exercise to stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis. Here we report that skeletal myofiber VEGF directly or indirectly regulates exercise-signalled proliferation of neuronal precursor cells. Our results found skeletal myofiber VEGF to be necessary for maintaining blood flow through hippocampal regions independent of exercise training state. This study demonstrates that skeletal myofiber VEGF is required for the hippocampal VEGF response to acute exercise. These results help to establish the mechanisms by which exercise, through skeletal myofiber VEGF, affects the hippocampus. ABSTRACT Exercise signals neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This phenomenon requires vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) originating from outside the blood-brain barrier, but no cellular source has been identified. Thus, we hypothesized that VEGF produced by skeletal myofibers plays a role in regulating hippocampal neuronal precursor cell proliferation following exercise training. This was tested in adult conditional skeletal myofiber-specific VEGF gene-ablated mice (VEGFHSA-/- ) by providing VEGFHSA-/- and non-ablated (VEGFf/f ) littermates with running wheels for 14 days. Following this training period, hippocampal cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and neuronal precursor cells (BrdU+/Nestin+) were detected by immunofluorescence. The VEGFf/f trained group showed improvements in both speed and endurance capacity in acute treadmill running tests (P < 0.05). The VEGFHSA-/- group did not. The number of proliferating neuronal precursor cells was increased with training in VEGFf/f (P < 0.05) but not in VEGFHSA-/- mice. Endothelial cell (CD31+) number did not change in this region with exercise training or skeletal myofiber VEGF gene deletion. However, resting blood flow through the hippocampal region was lower in VEGFHSA-/- mice, both untrained and trained, than untrained VEGFf/f mice (P < 0.05). An acute hypoxic challenge decreased CBF (P < 0.05) in untrained VEGFf/f , untrained VEGFHSA-/- and trained VEGFHSA-/- mice, but not trained VEGFf/f mice. VEGFf/f , but not VEGFHSA-/- , mice were able to acutely run on a treadmill at an intensity sufficient to increase hippocampus VEGF levels. These data suggest that VEGF expressed by skeletal myofibers may directly or indirectly regulate both hippocampal blood flow and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter D Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ellen C Breen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Mazur FG, Oliveira LFG, Cunha MP, Rodrigues ALS, Pértile RAN, Vendruscolo LF, Izídio GS. Effects of physical exercise and social isolation on anxiety-related behaviors in two inbred rat strains. Behav Processes 2017; 142:70-78. [PMID: 28602748 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of physical exercise (PE) on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in Lewis (LEW) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) male rats. Rats received either four weeks of forced training, 5days/week, on a treadmill (experiment 1) or were given 21days of free access to running wheels (experiment 2). We also tested the effects of social isolation (SI) (seven days of isolation - experiment 3) on behavior. In experiment 1, 20% of LEW rats and 63% of SHR rats completed the training protocol. PE significantly increased central and peripheral locomotion in the open field (OF) and entries into the open arms in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) in both strains. In experiment 2, the distance traveled by SHR rats on running wheels was significantly higher compared with LEW rats. PE on running wheels also increased the time spent in the center of the OF in SHR rats only. In experiment 3, SI decreased central and peripheral locomotion in the OF in both strains. In summary, forced PE on a treadmill reduced anxiety-like behavior and increased locomotion in male rats of both strains, whereas voluntary PE on running wheels decreased anxiety-like behavior in SHR rats only. SI decreased locomotion in both strains in the OF. This study suggests that spontaneous activity levels are genotype-dependent and the effects of PE depend on the type of exercise performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Mazur
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - L F G Oliveira
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M P Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A L S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - R A N Pértile
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - L F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, MD 21224, Baltimore, USA
| | - G S Izídio
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Phillips C. Physical Activity Modulates Common Neuroplasticity Substrates in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorder. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:7014146. [PMID: 28529805 PMCID: PMC5424494 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7014146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders (MDs) are chronic, recurrent mental diseases that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Although the biogenic amine model has provided some clinical utility, a need remains to better understand the interrelated mechanisms that contribute to neuroplasticity deficits in MDs and the means by which various therapeutics mitigate them. Of those therapeutics being investigated, physical activity (PA) has shown clear and consistent promise. Accordingly, the aims of this review are to (1) explicate key modulators, processes, and interactions that impinge upon multiple susceptibility points to effectuate neuroplasticity deficits in MDs; (2) explore the putative mechanisms by which PA mitigates these features; (3) review protocols used to induce the positive effects of PA in MDs; and (4) highlight implications for clinicians and researchers.
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20
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Cahill LS, Bishop J, Gazdzinski LM, Dorr A, Stefanovic B, Sled JG. Altered cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular function after voluntary exercise in adult mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3395-3405. [PMID: 28391400 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical exercise on brain health are well documented, yet how exercise modulates cerebrovascular function is not well understood. This study used continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging with a hypercapnic challenge to examine changes in cerebral blood flow and vascular function after voluntary exercise in healthy, adult mice. Thirty exercise mice and twenty-one control mice were imaged prior to the start of the exercise regime (at 12 weeks of age) and after 4 weeks of voluntary exercise. After the second in vivo imaging session, we performed high-resolution ex vivo anatomical brain imaging to correlate the structural brain changes with functional measures of flow and vascular reserve. We found that exercise resulted in increases in the normocapnic and hypercapnic blood flow in the hippocampus. Moreover, the change in normocapnic blood flow between pre-exercise and post-exercise was positively correlated to the hippocampal structure volume following exercise. There was no overall effect of voluntary exercise on blood flow in the motor cortex. Surprisingly, the hypercapnic hippocampal blood flow when measured prior to the start of exercise was predictive of subsequent exercise activity. Moreover, exercise was found to normalize this pre-existing difference in hypercapnic blood flow between mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Bishop
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada
| | - Lisa M Gazdzinski
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada
| | | | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Li Y, Zhao L, Gu B, Cai J, Lv Y, Yu L. Aerobic exercise regulates Rho/cofilin pathways to rescue synaptic loss in aged rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171491. [PMID: 28152068 PMCID: PMC5289643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The role of exercise to prevent or reverse aging-induced cognitive decline has been widely reported. This neuroprotection is associated with changes in the synaptic structure plasticity. However, the mechanisms of exercise-induced synaptic plasticity in the aging brain are still unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the aging-related alterations of Rho-GTPase and the modulatory influences of exercise training. Methods Young and old rats were used in this study. Old rats were subjected to different schedules of aerobic exercise (12 m/min, 60 min/d, 3d/w or 5d/w) or kept sedentary for 12 w. After 12 w of aerobic exercise, the synapse density in the cortex and hippocampus was detected with immunofluorescent staining using synaptophysin as a marker. The total protein levels of RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42 and cofilin in the cortex and hippocampus were detected with Western Blot. The activities of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 were determined using a pull down assay. Results We found that synapse loss occurred in aging rats. However, the change of expression and activity of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 was different in the cortex and hippocampus. In the cortex, the expression and activity of Rac1 and Cdc42 was greatly increased with aging, whereas there were no changes in the expression and activity of RhoA. In the hippocampus, the expression and activity of Rac1 and Cdc42 was greatly decreased and there were no changes in the expression and activity of RhoA. As a major downstream substrate of the Rho GTPase family, the increased expression of cofilin was only observed in the cortex. High frequency exercise ameliorated all aging-related changes in the cortex and hippocampus. Conclusions These data suggest that aerobic exercise reverses synapse loss in the cortex and hippocampus in aging rats, which might be related to the regulation of Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Boya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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22
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Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D, Millón C, Rosell-Valle C, Pérez-Fernández M, Missiroli M, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Martínez-Losa M, Álvarez-Dolado M, Santín LJ, Castilla-Ortega E. Long-lasting memory deficits in mice withdrawn from cocaine are concomitant with neuroadaptations in hippocampal basal activity, GABAergic interneurons and adult neurogenesis. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:323-336. [PMID: 28138095 PMCID: PMC5374316 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction disorder is notably aggravated by concomitant cognitive and emotional pathology that impedes recovery. We studied whether a persistent cognitive/emotional dysregulation in mice withdrawn from cocaine holds a neurobiological correlate within the hippocampus, a limbic region with a key role in anxiety and memory but that has been scarcely investigated in cocaine addiction research. Mice were submitted to a chronic cocaine (20 mg/kg/day for 12 days) or vehicle treatment followed by 44 drug-free days. Some mice were then assessed on a battery of emotional (elevated plus-maze, light/dark box, open field, forced swimming) and cognitive (object and place recognition memory, cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, continuous spontaneous alternation) behavioral tests, while other mice remained in their home cage. Relevant hippocampal features [basal c-Fos activity, GABA+, parvalbumin (PV)+ and neuropeptide Y (NPY)+ interneurons and adult neurogenesis (cell proliferation and immature neurons)] were immunohistochemically assessed 73 days after the chronic cocaine or vehicle protocol. The cocaine-withdrawn mice showed no remarkable exploratory or emotional alterations but were consistently impaired in all the cognitive tasks. All the cocaine-withdrawn groups, independent of whether they were submitted to behavioral assessment or not, showed enhanced basal c-Fos expression and an increased number of GABA+ cells in the dentate gyrus. Moreover, the cocaine-withdrawn mice previously submitted to behavioral training displayed a blunted experience-dependent regulation of PV+ and NPY+ neurons in the dentate gyrus, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Results highlight the importance of hippocampal neuroplasticity for the ingrained cognitive deficits present during chronic cocaine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Fernández
- Laboratory of Cell-based Therapy for Neuropathologies, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michele Missiroli
- Laboratory of Cell-based Therapy for Neuropathologies, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Magdalena Martínez-Losa
- Laboratory of Cell-based Therapy for Neuropathologies, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Álvarez-Dolado
- Laboratory of Cell-based Therapy for Neuropathologies, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis J Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Koo JH, Kang EB, Oh YS, Yang DS, Cho JY. Treadmill exercise decreases amyloid-β burden possibly via activation of SIRT-1 signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 288:142-152. [PMID: 27889467 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) correlates significantly with progressive cognitive deficits, a main symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although treadmill exercise reduces Aβ levels, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects are not fully understood. We hypothesize that treadmill exercise decreases Aβ production and alleviates cognitive deficits by activating the non-amyloidogenic pathway via SIRT-1 signaling. Treadmill exercise improved cognitive deficits and alleviated neurotoxicity. Most importantly, treadmill exercise increased SIRT-1 level, which subsequently resulted in increased ADAM-10 level by down-regulation of ROCK-1 and upregulation of RARβ, ultimately facilitating the non-amyloidogenic pathway. Treadmill exercise-induced activation in SIRT-1 level also elevated PGC-1α level and reduced BACE-1 and C-99 level, resulting in inhibition of the amyloidogenic pathway. Treadmill exercise may thus inhibit Aβ production via upregulation of SIRT-1, which biases amyloid precursor protein processing toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This study provides novel and valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms possibly by which treadmill exercise reduces Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Koo
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bum Kang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sung Oh
- Department of Exercise Prescription, University of Seoul, Seoul 163, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seung Yang
- Department of Taekwondo Studies, University of Gachon, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Chen CC, Yang CL, Chang CP. An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684092 DOI: 10.3791/54354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity for reducing the severity of the effects of the stroke in rats. This system provides more effective animal exercise training than commercially available systems such as treadmills and motorized running wheels (MRWs). In contrast to an MRW that can only achieve speeds below 20 m/min, rats are permitted to run at a stable speed of 30 m/min on a more spacious and high-density rubber running track supported by a 15 cm wide acrylic wheel with a diameter of 55 cm in this work. Using a predefined adaptive acceleration curve, the system not only reduces the operator error but also trains the rats to run persistently until a specified intensity is reached. As a way to evaluate the exercise effectiveness, real-time position of a rat is detected by four pairs of infrared sensors deployed on the running wheel. Once an adaptive acceleration curve is initiated using a microcontroller, the data obtained by the infrared sensors are automatically recorded and analyzed in a computer. For comparison purposes, 3 week training is conducted on rats using a treadmill, an MRW and a PRW. After surgically inducing middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) and an inclined plane test were conducted to assess the neurological damages to the rats. PRW is experimentally validated as the most effective among such animal mobility systems. Furthermore, an exercise effectiveness measure, based on rat position analysis, showed that there is a high negative correlation between the effective exercise and the infarct volume, and can be employed to quantify a rat training in any type of brain damage reduction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology;
| | - Chin-Lung Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center
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25
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The effects of hormones and physical exercise on hippocampal structural plasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:23-43. [PMID: 26989000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an integral role in certain aspects of cognition. Hippocampal structural plasticity and in particular adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we review how hormones (i.e., intrinsic modulators) and physical exercise (i.e., an extrinsic modulator) can differentially modulate hippocampal plasticity in general and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in particular. Specifically, we provide an overview of the effects of sex hormones, stress hormones, and metabolic hormones on hippocampal structural plasticity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, we also discuss how physical exercise modulates these forms of hippocampal plasticity, giving particular emphasis on how this modulation can be affected by variables such as exercise regime, duration, and intensity. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the modulation of hippocampal structural plasticity by intrinsic and extrinsic factors will impact the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring hippocampal plasticity following brain injury or neurodegeneration.
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Setkowicz Z, Kosonowska E, Kaczyńska M, Gzieło-Jurek K, Janeczko K. Physical training decreases susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures in the injured rat brain. Brain Res 2016; 1642:20-32. [PMID: 26972533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that physical activity ameliorates the course of epilepsy in animal models as well as in clinical conditions. Since traumatic brain injury is one of the strongest determinants of epileptogenesis, the present study focuses on the question whether a moderate long-term physical training can decrease susceptibility to seizures evoked following brain damage. Wistar rats received a mechanical brain injury and were subjected to daily running sessions on a treadmill for 21 days. Thereafter, seizures were induced by pilocarpine injections in trained and non-trained, control groups. During the acute period of status epilepticus, the intensity of seizures was assessed within the six-hour observation period. The trained rats showed considerable amelioration of pilocarpine-induced motor symptoms when compared with their non-trained counterparts. Histological investigations of effects of the brain injury and of physical training detected significant quantitative changes in parvalbumin-, calretinin- and NPY-immunopositive neuronal populations. Some of the injury-induced changes, especially those shoved by parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons, were abolished by the subsequent physical training procedure and could, therefore, be considered as neuronal correlates of the observed functional amelioration of the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Setkowicz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Emilia Kosonowska
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kaczyńska
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Gzieło-Jurek
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Janeczko
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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27
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Rizi AA, Reisi P, Naghsh N. Effect of forced treadmill exercise and blocking of opioid receptors with naloxone on memory in male rats. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:20. [PMID: 26962522 PMCID: PMC4770631 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.175906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The forced treadmill running can influence the opioid contents of the brain, through both effects of exercise and the effects of stress caused by coercion. Since opioids can cause negative effects on brain functions, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of forced treadmill exercise and blocking of opioid receptors with naloxone on memory in male rats. Materials and Methods: Experimental groups were the control, the exercise, the naloxone, and the naloxone exercise. The exercise program was treadmill running at 22 m/min at 0° inclination for 50 min/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) was injected 5 min before the treadmill running. Morris water maze and passive avoidance learning tests were used for evaluation of memory. Acquisition phase of both tests was performed before interventions, and memory was evaluated 1-day and 1-week after the last session of exercise and treatments. Results: Our data showed that forced exercise impaired performance in passive avoidance learning test (P < 0.05 and P <0.01, 1-day, and 1-week after the last session of exercise and treatments, respectively). Spatial memory was only impaired after 1-week in the exercise group. Naloxone had no significant effect on memory in the control group. However, it improved memory in the exercise group, as there was no significant difference between the control and the naloxone exercise in both tests. Conclusion: The data correspond to the possibility that opioidergic system may have mediatory roles in exercise-induced responses in forced exercise. These roles are likely harmful for memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Asadi Rizi
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nooshin Naghsh
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
Much evidence from pain patients and animal models shows that chronic pain does not exist in a vacuum but has varied comorbidities and far-reaching consequences. Patients with long-term pain often develop anxiety and depression and can manifest changes in cognitive functioning, particularly with working memory. Longitudinal studies in rodent models also show the development of anxiety-like behavior and cognitive changes weeks to months after an injury causing long-term pain. Brain imaging studies in pain patients and rodent models find that chronic pain is associated with anatomical and functional alterations in the brain. Nevertheless, studies in humans reveal that lifestyle choices, such as the practice of meditation or yoga, can reduce pain perception and have the opposite effect on the brain as does chronic pain. In rodent models, studies show that physical activity and a socially enriched environment reduce pain behavior and normalize brain function. Together, these studies suggest that the burden of chronic pain can be reduced by nonpharmacological interventions.
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Sale A, Berardi N. Active training for amblyopia in adult rodents. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:281. [PMID: 26578911 PMCID: PMC4621305 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is the most diffused form of visual function impairment affecting one eye, with a prevalence of 1–5% in the total world population. Amblyopia is usually caused by an early functional imbalance between the two eyes, deriving from anisometropia, strabismus, or congenital cataract, leading to severe deficits in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis. While amblyopia can be efficiently treated in children, it becomes irreversible in adults, as a result of a dramatic decline in visual cortex plasticity which occurs at the end of the critical period (CP) in the primary visual cortex. Notwithstanding this widely accepted dogma, recent evidence in animal models and in human patients have started to challenge this view, revealing a previously unsuspected possibility to enhance plasticity in the adult visual system and to achieve substantial visual function recovery. Among the new proposed intervention strategies, non invasive procedures based on environmental enrichment, physical exercise or visual perceptual learning (vPL) appear particularly promising in terms of future applicability in the clinical setting. In this survey, we will review recent literature concerning the application of these behavioral intervention strategies to the treatment of amblyopia, with a focus on possible underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sale
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council Pisa, Italy ; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
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Jafary L, Reisi P, Naghsh N. Effects of fluoxetine on memory under forced treadmill exercise conditions in male rats. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:235. [PMID: 26645020 PMCID: PMC4647126 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.167962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies show inconsistent effects of forced exercise on cognitive processes. These differences are probably due to the stress of coercion in forced exercise. Because fluoxetine is used to treat complications caused by stress, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of fluoxetine on memory in rats under forced treadmill exercise. Materials and Methods: Experimental groups were the control, the control exercise, the fluoxetine, and the fluoxetine exercise. The exercise program was treadmill running at 22 m/min, 0° inclination for 50 min/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) was injected 30 min before treadmill. Morris water maze and passive avoidance learning tests were used for evaluation of memory. Acquisition phase of both tests were performed before interventions and memory was evaluated 1-day and 1-week after the last session of exercise and treatments. Results: Our data showed that forced exercise impaired performance in passive avoidance learning test (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, 1-day and 1-week after the last session of exercise and treatments, respectively). Spatial memory was only impaired after 1-week in the exercise group. Fluoxetine improved spatial memory after 1-day in the control group. However, it had no significant effects on memory in the exercise group. Conclusion: The data correspond to the possibility that forced treadmill exercise can cause stress, and thereby cause damage to memory. The present results suggest that although fluoxetine may improve memory in intact rats but it cannot prevent damages that are caused by forced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jafary
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nooshin Naghsh
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Kitabatake TT, Marini LDC, Gonçalves RB, Bertolino G, de Souza HCD, de Araujo JE. Behavioral effects and neural changes induced by continuous and not continuous treadmill training, post bilateral cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:20-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hamilton GF, Rhodes JS. Exercise Regulation of Cognitive Function and Neuroplasticity in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:381-406. [PMID: 26477923 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise broadly enhances physical and mental health throughout the lifespan. Animal models have provided us with the tools to gain a better understanding of the underlying biochemical, physiological, and morphological mechanisms through which exercise exerts its beneficial cognitive effects. One brain region in particular, the hippocampus, is especially responsive to exercise. It is critically involved in learning and memory and is one of two regions in the mammalian brain that continues to generate new neurons throughout life. Exercise prevents the decline of the hippocampus from aging and ameliorates many neurodegenerative diseases, in part by increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis but also by activating a multitude of molecular mechanisms that promote brain health. In this chapter, we first describe some rodent models used to study effects of exercise on the brain. Then we review the rodent work focusing on the mechanisms behind which exercise improves cognition and brain health in both the normal and the diseased brain, with emphasis on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilian F Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Effect of forced exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels in rats. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2789-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Alomari MA, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Alzubi MA. Combining restricted diet with forced or voluntary exercises improves hippocampal BDNF and cognitive function in rats. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:366-73. [PMID: 26000806 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1012587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (RDt) and exercise (Ex) enhances cognitive function due, at least in part, levels of neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This study examined changes in BDNF levels and data acquisition and retention following every-other-day RDt alone, and combined with either voluntary wheel (VxRDt) or forced swimming Exs (FxRDt) in rats. Hippocampal BDNF was measured using ELISA while learning and memory formation were assessed with the radial arm water maze (RAWM) paradigm. After 6 weeks, VxRDt and FxRDt enhanced BDNF levels, and short- and long-term memories (p < 0.05). The magnitude of the increase in BDNF was significantly higher in VxRDt group than in other groups (p < 0.05). However, no differences were found in learning and memory formation between the Ex regiments (VxRDt versus FxRDt). Additionally, RDt alone neither modulated BDNF level nor enhanced learning and memory formation (p > 0.05). These results suggest more important role of Ex, as opposed to RDt, in enhancing learning and memory formation. In addition, VxRDt appears to be more potent in enhancing brain BDNF levels than FxRDt, when combined with RDt in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Alomari
- a Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan.,c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Taibah University , Madinah Munawara , Saudi Arabia
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- d Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Mohammad A Alzubi
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
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Chen CC, Chang MW, Chang CP, Chang WY, Chang SC, Lin MT, Yang CL. Improved infrared-sensing running wheel systems with an effective exercise activity indicator. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122394. [PMID: 25875841 PMCID: PMC4395283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an infrared-sensing running wheel (ISRW) system for the quantitative measurement of effective exercise activity in rats. The ISRW system provides superior exercise training compared with commercially available traditional animal running platforms. Four infrared (IR) light-emitting diode/detector pairs embedded around the rim of the wheel detect the rat's real-time position; the acrylic wheel has a diameter of 55 cm and a thickness of 15 cm, that is, it is larger and thicker than traditional exercise wheels, and it is equipped with a rubber track. The acrylic wheel hangs virtually frictionless, and a DC motor with an axially mounted rubber wheel, which has a diameter of 10 cm, drives the acrylic wheel from the outer edge. The system can automatically train rats to run persistently. The proposed system can determine effective exercise activity (EEA), with the IR sensors (which are connected to a conventional PC) recording the rat exercise behavior. A prototype of the system was verified by a hospital research group performing ischemic stroke experiments on rats by considering middle cerebral artery occlusion. The experimental data demonstrated that the proposed system provides greater neuroprotection in an animal stroke model compared with a conventional treadmill and a motorized running wheel for a given exercise intensity. The quantitative exercise effectiveness indicator showed a 92% correlation between an increase in the EEA and a decrease in the infarct volume. This indicator can be used as a noninvasive and objective reference in clinical animal exercise experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wen Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chieh Chang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, ChiMei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Reyes LM, Morton JS, Kirschenman R, DeLorey DS, Davidge ST. Vascular effects of aerobic exercise training in rat adult offspring exposed to hypoxia-induced intrauterine growth restriction. J Physiol 2015; 593:1913-29. [PMID: 25616117 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.288449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Prenatal hypoxia, one of the most common consequences of complicated pregnancies, leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and impairs later-life endothelium-dependent vascular function. Early interventions are needed to ultimately reduce later-life risk for cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise training has been shown to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Whether exercise can be used as an intervention to reverse the vascular phenotype of this susceptible population is unknown. Aerobic exercise training enhanced endothelium-derived hyperpolarization-mediated vasodilatation in gastrocnemius muscle arteries in male IUGR offspring, and did not improve nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation in IUGR offspring. Understanding the mechanisms by which exercise impacts the cardiovascular system in a susceptible population and the consideration of sexual dimorphism is essential to define whether exercise could be used as a preventive strategy in this population. ABSTRACT Hypoxia in utero is a critical insult causing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Adult offspring born with hypoxia-induced IUGR have impaired endothelium-dependent vascular function. We tested whether aerobic exercise improves IUGR-induced endothelial dysfunction. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to control (21% oxygen) or hypoxic (11% oxygen) conditions from gestational day 15 to 21. Male and female offspring from normoxic and hypoxic (IUGR) pregnancies were randomized at 10 weeks of age to either an exercise-trained or sedentary group. Exercise-trained rats ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 20 m min(-1) , 5 deg gradient, 5 days week(-1) , for 6 weeks. Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine and methylcholine were performed in second order mesenteric and gastrocnemius muscle arteries, in the presence or absence of l-NAME (100 μm), MnTBAP (peroxynitrite scavenger; 10 μm), apamin (0.1 μm) and TRAM-34 (an intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel blocker; 10 μm), or indomethacin (5 μm). In adult male IUGR offspring, prenatal hypoxia had no effect on total vasodilator responses in either vascular bed. Aerobic exercise training in IUGR males, however, improved endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH)-mediated vasodilatation in gastrocnemius muscle arteries. Female IUGR offspring had reduced NO-mediated vasodilatation in both vascular beds, along with decreased total vasodilator responses and increased prostaglandin-mediated vasoconstriction in gastrocnemius muscle arteries. In contrast to males, aerobic exercise training in IUGR female offspring had no effect on either vascular bed. Exercise may not prove to be a beneficial therapy for specific vascular pathways affected by prenatal hypoxia, particularly in female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Reyes
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Chen CC, Chang MW, Chang CP, Chan SC, Chang WY, Yang CL, Lin MT. A forced running wheel system with a microcontroller that provides high-intensity exercise training in an animal ischemic stroke model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:858-68. [PMID: 25140816 PMCID: PMC4181221 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a forced non-electric-shock running wheel (FNESRW) system that provides rats with high-intensity exercise training using automatic exercise training patterns that are controlled by a microcontroller. The proposed system successfully makes a breakthrough in the traditional motorized running wheel to allow rats to perform high-intensity training and to enable comparisons with the treadmill at the same exercise intensity without any electric shock. A polyvinyl chloride runway with a rough rubber surface was coated on the periphery of the wheel so as to permit automatic acceleration training, and which allowed the rats to run consistently at high speeds (30 m/min for 1 h). An animal ischemic stroke model was used to validate the proposed system. FNESRW, treadmill, control, and sham groups were studied. The FNESRW and treadmill groups underwent 3 weeks of endurance running training. After 3 weeks, the experiments of middle cerebral artery occlusion, the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), an inclined plane test, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed platform. The proposed platform showed that enhancement of motor function, mNSS, and infarct volumes was significantly stronger in the FNESRW group than the control group (P<0.05) and similar to the treadmill group. The experimental data demonstrated that the proposed platform can be applied to test the benefit of exercise-preconditioning-induced neuroprotection using the animal stroke model. Additional advantages of the FNESRW system include stand-alone capability, independence of subjective human adjustment, and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - M W Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C P Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - S C Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - W Y Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C L Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - M T Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Cechella JL, Leite MR, Gai RM, Zeni G. The impact of a diphenyl diselenide-supplemented diet and aerobic exercise on memory of middle-aged rats. Physiol Behav 2014; 135:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bonaccorsi J, Berardi N, Sale A. Treatment of amblyopia in the adult: insights from a new rodent model of visual perceptual learning. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:82. [PMID: 25076874 PMCID: PMC4100600 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is the most common form of impairment of visual function affecting one eye, with a prevalence of about 1–5% of the total world population. Amblyopia usually derives from conditions of early functional imbalance between the two eyes, owing to anisometropia, strabismus, or congenital cataract, and results in a pronounced reduction of visual acuity and severe deficits in contrast sensitivity and stereopsis. It is widely accepted that, due to a lack of sufficient plasticity in the adult brain, amblyopia becomes untreatable after the closure of the critical period in the primary visual cortex. However, recent results obtained both in animal models and in clinical trials have challenged this view, unmasking a previously unsuspected potential for promoting recovery even in adulthood. In this context, non invasive procedures based on visual perceptual learning, i.e., the improvement in visual performance on a variety of simple visual tasks following practice, emerge as particularly promising to rescue discrimination abilities in adult amblyopic subjects. This review will survey recent work regarding the impact of visual perceptual learning on amblyopia, with a special focus on a new experimental model of perceptual learning in the amblyopic rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Bonaccorsi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience CNR, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience CNR, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Florence University Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sale
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience CNR, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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Bayod S, Mennella I, Menella I, Sanchez-Roige S, Lalanza JF, Escorihuela RM, Camins A, Pallàs M, Canudas AM. Wnt pathway regulation by long-term moderate exercise in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2013; 1543:38-48. [PMID: 24183784 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An active lifestyle involving regular exercise reduces the deleterious effects of the aging process. At the cerebral level, both synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis are modulated by exercise, although the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not clearly understood. In the mature nervous system, the canonical Wnt (Wnt/β-catenin) signaling pathway is implicated in neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity. Here, we examined whether the Wnt pathway could be modulated in adult male rat hippocampus by long-term moderate exercise (treadmill running) or enrichment (handling/environmental stimulation). Sedentary animals showed higher protein levels of the Wnt antagonist, Dkk-1, the lowest levels being found in the exercised group. Although there was no evidence of any changes in activation of the LRP6 receptor, the total levels of LRP6 were higher in exercised and enriched animals. Analysis of some of the components implicated in the phosphorylation of β-catenin, which leads ultimately to its proteasomal degradation, revealed higher levels and activation of Axin1 and GSK-3α/β respectively in sedentary animals. However neither different phosphorylated forms nor total β-catenin protein levels differed between the experimental groups. Higher protein levels of Axin2 and the antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2, were found with exercise and handling, whereas the proapototic, Bax, was unaffected. Thus, our results suggest activation of the Wnt pathway not only with moderate exercise, but also with the handling of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bayod
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | | | - I Menella
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - S Sanchez-Roige
- Dept de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J F Lalanza
- Dept de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R M Escorihuela
- Dept de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - M Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - A M Canudas
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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Nguyen JCD, Killcross AS, Jenkins TA. Effect of low-intensity treadmill exercise on behavioural measures and hippocampal parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:598-601. [PMID: 24035878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been demonstrated to have positive effects on both the body and brain. The present study aimed to determine the behavioural and morphological consequence of low-intensity running. Rats were exercised on a treadmill for a total of 30 days, 30 min/day. Social interaction, locomotor activity and behaviour on an elevated plus maze were assessed post-treatment. Exercised animals demonstrated more passive interaction and less time not interacting than control animals that were not exercised. Conversely, locomotor and anxiety measures showed no effect of exercise. Analysis of brains demonstrated an increase in expression of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus localised to the CA1 and CA2/3 regions. These results demonstrate that low-intensity exercise leads to changes in social behaviour as well as neuroplastic morphological changes within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C D Nguyen
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Forced and voluntary exercises equally improve spatial learning and memory and hippocampal BDNF levels. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Coletti D, Berardi E, Aulino P, Rossi E, Moresi V, Li Z, Adamo S. Substrains of inbred mice differ in their physical activity as a behavior. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:237260. [PMID: 23533342 PMCID: PMC3606797 DOI: 10.1155/2013/237260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies strengthen the belief that physical activity as a behavior has a genetic basis. Screening wheel-running behavior in inbred mouse strains highlighted differences among strains, showing that even very limited genetic differences deeply affect mouse behavior. We extended this observation to substrains of the same inbred mouse strain, that is, BALB/c mice. We found that only a minority of the population of one of these substrains, the BALB/c J, performs spontaneous physical activity. In addition, the runners of this substrain cover a significantly smaller distance than the average runners of two other substrains, namely, the BALB/c ByJ and the BALB/c AnNCrl. The latter shows a striking level of voluntary activity, with the average distance run/day reaching up to about 12 kilometers. These runners are not outstanders, but they represent the majority of the population, with important scientific and economic fallouts to be taken into account during experimental planning. Spontaneous activity persists in pathological conditions, such as cancer-associated cachexia. This important amount of physical activity results in a minor muscle adaptation to endurance exercise over a three-week period; indeed, only a nonsignificant increase in NADH transferase+ fibers occurs in this time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Coletti
- UR4 Aging, Stress, Inflammation, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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Urakawa S, Takamoto K, Hori E, Sakai N, Ono T, Nishijo H. Rearing in enriched environment increases parvalbumin-positive small neurons in the amygdala and decreases anxiety-like behavior of male rats. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:13. [PMID: 23347699 PMCID: PMC3599335 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life experiences including physical exercise, sensory stimulation, and social interaction can modulate development of the inhibitory neuronal network and modify various behaviors. In particular, alteration of parvalbumin-expressing neurons, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neuronal subpopulation, has been suggested to be associated with psychiatric disorders. Here we investigated whether rearing in enriched environment could modify the expression of parvalbumin-positive neurons in the basolateral amygdala and anxiety-like behavior. RESULTS Three-week-old male rats were divided into two groups: those reared in an enriched environment (EE rats) and those reared in standard cages (SE rats). After 5 weeks of rearing, the EE rats showed decreased anxiety-like behavior in an open field than the SE rats. Under another anxiogenic situation, in a beam walking test, the EE rats more quickly traversed an elevated narrow beam. Anxiety-like behavior in the open field was significantly and negatively correlated with walking time in the beam-walking test. Immunohistochemical tests revealed that the number of parvalbumin-positive neurons significantly increased in the basolateral amygdala of the EE rats than that of the SE rats, while the number of calbindin-D28k-positive neurons did not change. These parvalbumin-positive neurons had small, rounded soma and co-expressed the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67). Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin-positive small cells in the basolateral amygdala tended to positively correlate with emergence in the center arena of the open field and negatively correlated with walking time in the beam walking test. CONCLUSION Rearing in the enriched environment augmented the number of parvalbumin-containing specific inhibitory neuron in the basolateral amygdala, but not that of calbindin-containing neuronal phenotype. Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin-positive small neurons in the basolateral amygdala was negatively correlated with walking time in the beam walking test and tended to be positively correlated with activity in the center arena in the open field test. The results suggest that rearing in the enriched environment augmented parvalbumin-positive specific neurons in the basolateral amygdala, which induced behavioral plasticity that was reflected by a decrease in anxiety-like behavior in anxiogenic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kouich Takamoto
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Natsuko Sakai
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Marques-Aleixo I, Oliveira PJ, Moreira PI, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. Physical exercise as a possible strategy for brain protection: Evidence from mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:149-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ke Z, Yip SP, Li L, Zheng XX, Tam WK, Tong KY. The effects of voluntary, involuntary, and forced exercises on motor recovery in a stroke rat model. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:8223-6. [PMID: 22256251 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stroke rehabilitation with different exercise paradigms has been investigated, but a comparison study on motor recovery after voluntary, involuntary, and forced exercises is limited. The current study used a rat brain ischemia model to investigate the effects of voluntary wheel running, involuntary muscle movement caused by functional electrical stimulation (FES), and forced treadmill exercise on motor recovery and brain BDNF changes. The results showed that voluntary exercise is the most effective intervention in upregulating the hippocampal BDNF level, and facilitating motor recovery after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ke
- the Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ferreira AFB, Real CC, Rodrigues AC, Alves AS, Britto LRG. Short-term, moderate exercise is capable of inducing structural, BDNF-independent hippocampal plasticity. Brain Res 2011; 1425:111-22. [PMID: 22035567 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is known to improve cognitive functions and to induce neuroprotection. In this study we used a short-term, moderate intensity treadmill exercise protocol to investigate the effects of exercise on usual markers of hippocampal synaptic and structural plasticity, such as synapsin I (SYN), synaptophysin (SYP), neurofilaments (NF), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), glutamate receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2/3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time PCR were used. We also evaluated the number of cells positive for the proliferation marker 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), the neurogenesis marker doublecortin (DCX) and the plasma corticosterone levels. Adult male Wistar rats were adapted to a treadmill and divided into 4 groups: sedentary (SED), 3-day exercise (EX3), 7-day exercise (EX7) and 15-day exercise (EX15). The protein changes detected were increased levels of NF68 and MAP2 at EX3, of SYN at EX7 and of GFAP at EX15, accompanied by a decreased level of GluR1 at EX3. Immunohistochemical findings revealed a similar pattern of changes. The real-time PCR analysis disclosed only an increase of MAP2 mRNA at EX7. We also observed an increased number of BrdU-positive cells and DCX-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus at all time points and increased corticosterone levels at EX3 and EX7. These results reveal a positive effect of short-term, moderate treadmill exercise on hippocampal plasticity. This effect was in general independent of transcriptional processes and of BDNF upregulation, and occurred even in the presence of increased corticosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F B Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
p53 regulates the cell cycle and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair pathways as part of its unequivocally important function to maintain genomic stability. Intriguingly, recent studies show that p53 can also transactivate genes involved in coordinating the two major pathways of energy generation to promote aerobic metabolism, but how this serves to maintain genomic stability is less clear. In an attempt to understand the biology, this review presents human epidemiologic data on the inverse relationship between aerobic capacity and cancer incidence that appears to be mirrored by the impact of p53 on aerobic capacity in mouse models. The review summarizes mechanisms by which p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration and proposes how this might contribute to maintaining genomic stability. Although disparate in nature, the data taken together suggest that the promotion of aerobic metabolism by p53 serves as an important tumor suppressor activity and may provide insights for cancer prevention strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory U. Lago
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ho Joong Sung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, GyeongGi-Do, Korea
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ping-yuan Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul M. Hwang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Differential effects of treadmill exercise in early and chronic diabetic stages on parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1526-32. [PMID: 21516442 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise in early and chronic diabetic stages on parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and its lean control rats (ZLC). To investigate the effects, ZLC and ZDF rats at 6 or 23 weeks of age were put on a treadmill with or without running for 1 h/day/5 consecutive days at 16-22 m/min for 5 weeks or 12-16 m/min for 7 weeks, respectively. Physical exercise in pre-diabetic rats prevented onset of diabetes, while exercise in rats at chronic diabetic stage significantly reduced blood glucose levels. In addition, physical exercise in the pre-diabetic rats significantly increased PV immunoreactive fibers in the strata oriens and radiatum of the CA1-3 region and in the polymorphic and molecular layers of the dentate gyrus compared to that in sedentary controls. However, in rats at chronic stages, PV immunoreactivity was slightly increased in the CA1-3 region as well as in the dentate gyrus compared to that in the sedentary controls. These results suggest that physical exercise has differential effects on blood glucose levels and PV immunoreactivity according to diabetic stages. Early exercise improves diabetic phenotype and PV immunoreactive fibers in the rat hippocampus.
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