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Zhang L, Chu W, Feng X, Li J, Ren Y, Yang Y, Zheng Z, Li H. Caveolin-1 protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma by reducing TLR4 and activating the Akt/PTEN signaling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155552. [PMID: 39180803 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a degenerative disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and visual impairment caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Elevated IOP can activate microglia, which participate in ganglion cell injury. Based on the study of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in glaucoma, we aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of Cav-1 on RGC apoptosis in mice with acute ocular hypertension (AOH). AOH mice were established, and Cav-1 was intravitreally injected. Retinal microglia and RGCs were isolated from neonatal mice. TUNEL staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, PCR and western blotting were used to observe the effect of Cav-1 on RGCs and mouse retinas. The thickness of the whole retina and the inner retinal sublayer decreased significantly, retinal cell apoptosis increased after AOH injury, and Cav-1 treatment reversed the effect of AOH injury. In addition, Cav-1 treatment promoted the conversion of proinflammatory M1 microglia to anti-inflammatory M2 microglia. Microglia and RGCs were isolated from neonatal mice. Cav-1 protects RGCs from OGD/R-induced injury by changing the polarization status of retinal microglia in vitro. Further studies revealed that Cav-1 activated the Akt/PTEN signaling pathway and inhibited TLR4. Our study provides evidence that Cav-1 may be a promising therapeutic target for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Wen Chu
- Dental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yuling Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yabin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University; The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Yunnan Eye Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China.
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Song LJ, Sui RX, Wang J, Miao Q, He Y, Yin JJ, An J, Ding ZB, Han QX, Wang Q, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Targeting the differentiation of astrocytes by Bilobalide in the treatment of Parkinson's disease model. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:274-291. [PMID: 36037147 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease, is multifactorial but not fully unknown. Until now, no drug has been proven to have neuroprotective or neuroregenerative effects in patients with PD. Objectives: To observe the therapeutic potential of Bilobalide (BB), a constituent of ginkgo biloba, in MPTP-induced PD model, and explore its possible mechanisms of action. Material and Methods: Mice were randomly divided into three groups: healthy group, MPTP group and MPTP + BB group. PD-related phenotypes were induced by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP into male C57BL/6 mice, and BB (40 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally given for 7 consecutive days at the end of modeling. The injection of saline was set up as the control in a similar manner. Results: BB induced M2 polarization of microglia, accompanied by inhibition of neuroinflammation in the brain. Simultaneously, BB promoted the expression of BDNF in astrocytes and neurons, and expression of GDNF in neurons. Most interestingly, BB enhanced the formation of GFAP+ astrocytes expressing nestin, Brn2 and Ki67, as well as the transformation of GFAP+ astrocytes expressing tyrosine hydroxylase around subventricular zone, providing experimental evidence that BB could promote the conversion of astrocytes into TH+ dopamine neurons in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: These results suggest the natural product BB may utilize multiple pathways to modify degenerative process of TH+ neurons, revealing an exciting opportunity for novel neuroprotective therapeutics. However, its multi-target and important mechanisms need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Sui
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan He
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun An
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ding
- The Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing-Xian Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- The NO. 1 Affiliated Hospital/Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
- The Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- The NO. 1 Affiliated Hospital/Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
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3
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Jiang K, Cai J, Jiang Q, Loor JJ, Deng G, Li X, Yang J. Interferon-tau protects bovine endometrial epithelial cells against inflammatory injury by regulating the PI3K/AKT/β-catenin/FoxO1 signaling axis. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:555-572. [PMID: 38220437 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Endometritis is one of the most common causes of infertility in dairy cows, and is histopathologically characterized by inflammation and damage of endometrial epithelium. Interferon-tau (IFN-τ) is a novel type I interferon secreted by ruminant trophoblast cells with low cytotoxicity even at high doses. Previous studies suggested that IFN-τ plays an important role in inflammation. However, the mechanisms whereby IFN-τ may modulate the inflammatory responses in the bovine endometrium are unknown. In the present study, primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEEC) isolated from fresh and healthy uterine horns were used for in vitro studies. The integrity of BEEC was assessed by immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 18 (CK-18, a known epithelial marker). For the experiments, BEEC were stimulated with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0-20 µg/mL) for different times (0-24 h). Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed via CCK-8 and flow cytometry. In a preliminary study, we observed that compared with the control group without LPS, 10 µg/mL of LPS stimulation for 24 h induced apoptosis. In a subsequent study, 20 or 40 ng/mL of IFN-τ alleviated LPS-induced apoptosis. Relative to the LPS group, western blotting further revealed that IFN-τ inhibited the protein abundance of TLR4 and phosphorylated (p-) p65 (p-p65) and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, suggesting that IFN-τ can protect BEEC against inflammatory injury. Furthermore, the protein abundance of p-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), p-protein kinase B (p-AKT), p-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β), β-catenin, and p-forkhead box O1 (p-FoxO1) was lower in the LPS group, whereas IFN-τ upregulated their abundance. The use of LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K/AKT, attenuated the upregulation of p-PI3K, p-AKT p-GSK3β, β-catenin, and p-FoxO1 induced by IFN-τ, and also blocked the downregulation of TLR4, p-p65, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. This suggested that the inhibition of TLR4 signaling by IFN-τ was mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, compared with the LPS group, the β-catenin agonist SB216763 led to greater p-FoxO1 and lower p-p65 and cell apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of β-catenin using small interfering RNA had the opposite effects. To explore the role of FoxO1 on the inhibition of TLR4 by IFN-τ, we employed LY294002 to inhibit the PI3K/AKT while FoxO1 was knocked down. Results revealed that the knockdown of FoxO1 blocked the upregulation of TLR4 and p-p65 induced by LY294002, and enhanced the inhibition of IFN-τ on TLR4, p-p65, and cell apoptosis. Overall, these findings confirmed that IFN-τ can protect endometrial epithelial cells against inflammatory injury via suppressing TLR4 activation through the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/β-catenin/FoxO1 axis. These represent new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory function of IFN-τ in BEEC, and also provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the in vivo application of IFN-τ to help prevent negative effects of endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfeng Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinyin Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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De Felice B, Coppola C, Bonavita S, Signoriello E, Montanino C, Farinella F. Exploring Circulating Long Non-Coding RNAs in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients' Blood. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2963. [PMID: 38001964 PMCID: PMC10669861 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional clinical stage prior to dementia. Patients with amnestic MCI have a high risk of progression toward Alzheimer's disease. Both amnestic mild cognitive impairment and sporadic Alzheimer's disease are multifactorial disorders consequential from a multifaceted cross-talk among molecular and biological processes. Non-coding RNAs play an important role in the regulation of gene expression, mainly long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), that regulate other RNA transcripts through binding microRNAs. Cross-talk between RNAs, including coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs, produces a significant regulatory network all through the transcriptome. The relationship of genes and non-coding RNAs could improve the knowledge of the genetic factors contributing to the predisposition and pathophysiology of MCI. The objective of this study was to identify the expression patterns and relevant lncRNA-associated miRNA regulatory axes in the blood of MCI patients, which includes lncRNA-SNHG16, lncRNA-H19, and lncRNA-NEAT1. Microarray investigations have demonstrated modifications in the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in the blood of patients with MCI compared with control samples. This is the first study to explore lncRNA profiles in mild cognitive impairment blood. Our study proposes RNAs targets involved in molecular pathways connected to the pathogenesis of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna De Felice
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Coppola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Simona Bonavita
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Signoriello
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Concetta Montanino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Federica Farinella
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Laboratori Vita S.r.l., Via Sabaudia 19, 04100 Latina, Italy;
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5
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Go MJ, Kim JM, Lee HL, Kim TY, Joo SG, Kim JH, Lee HS, Kim DO, Heo HJ. Anti-Amnesia-like Effect of Pinus densiflora Extract by Improving Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation on Trimethyltin-Induced ICR Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14084. [PMID: 37762386 PMCID: PMC10531555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the anti-amnestic property of Korean red pine bark extract (KRPBE) on TMT-induced cognitive decline in ICR mice. As a result of looking at behavioral function, the consumption of KRPBE improved the spatial work ability, short-term learning, and memory ability by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. KRPBE suppressed antioxidant system damage by assessing the SOD activity, reduced GSH content, and MDA levels in brain tissue. In addition, it had a protective effect on cholinergic and synaptic systems by regulating ACh levels, AChE activity, and protein expression levels of ChAT, AChE, SYP, and PSD-95. Also, the KRPBE ameliorated TMT-induced mitochondrial damage by regulating the ROS content, MMP, and ATP levels. Treatment with KRPBE suppressed Aβ accumulation and phosphorylation of tau and reduced the expression level of BAX/BCl-2 ratio and caspase 3, improving oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Moreover, treatment with KRPBE improved cognitive dysfunction by regulating the neuro-inflammatory protein expression levels of p-JNK, p-Akt, p-IκB-α, COX-2, and IL-1β. Based on these results, the extract of Korean red pine bark, which is discarded as a byproduct of forestry, might be used as an eco-friendly material for functional foods or pharmaceuticals by having an anti-amnesia effect on cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Go
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Hyo Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Seung Gyum Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Ju Hui Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Han Su Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
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6
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Choi SB, Kwon S, Kim JH, Ahn NH, Lee JH, Yang SH. The Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease, the Consequence of Neural Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11757. [PMID: 37511515 PMCID: PMC10380735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by neural cell loss and memory deficit. Neural cell death, occurring via apoptosis and autophagy, is widely observed in the AD brain in addition to neuroinflammation mediated by necroptosis and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau aggregates leads to excessive neural cell death and neuroinflammation in the AD brain. During AD progression, uncontrolled neural cell death results in the dysregulation of cellular activity and synaptic function. Apoptosis mediated by pro-apoptotic caspases, autophagy regulated by autophagy-related proteins, and necroptosis controlled by the RIPK/MLKL axis are representative of neural cell death occurred during AD. Necroptosis causes the release of cellular components, contributing to the pro-inflammatory environment in the AD brain. Inordinately high levels of neural cell death and pro-inflammatory events lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and feed-forward hyper neuroinflammation. Thus, neural cell death and neuroinflammation cause synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits in the AD brain. In this review, we briefly introduce the mechanisms of neural cell death and neuroinflammation observed in the AD brain. Combined with a typical strategy for targeting Aβ and tau, regulation of neural cell death and neuroinflammation may be effective for the amelioration of AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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7
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He Q, Zhang LL, Li D, Wu J, Guo YX, Fan J, Wu Q, Wang HP, Wan Z, Xu JY, Qin LQ. Lactoferrin alleviates Western diet-induced cognitive impairment through the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100533. [PMID: 37351541 PMCID: PMC10282426 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) has been shown to benefit cognitive function in several animal models. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the control (CON), Western-style diets (WD), lactoferrin (Lf), and Lf + antibiotics (AB) groups. The Lf group was intragastrically administered with Lf, and the Lf + AB group additionally drank a solution with antibiotics. After 16 weeks of intervention, Lf improved the cognitive function as indicated by behavioral tests. Lf also increased the length and curvature of postsynaptic density and upregulated the related protein expression, suggesting improved hippocampal neurons and synapses. Lf suppressed microglia activation and proliferation as revealed by immunofluorescence analysis. Lf decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and downregulated their protein expressions in the hippocampus region. Lf also inhibited the activation of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasomes in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, Lf upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, and increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes at phylum and Roseburia at genus, which are beneficial for gut barrier and cognitive function. The antibiotics eliminated the effects of long-term Lf intervention on cognitive impairment in the Lf + AB group, suggesting that gut microbiota participated in Lf action. Short-term Lf intervention (2 weeks) prevented WD-induced gut microbiota alteration without inducing behavioral changes, supporting the timing sequence of gut microbiota to the brain. Thus, Lf intervention alleviated cognitive impairment by inhibiting microglial activation and neuroinflammation through the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Deming Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jiangxue Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ya-Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jingbo Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Laboratory Center, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qingyang Wu
- School of Life Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 7th Floor, Yasumoto International Academic Park, 999077, China
| | - Hai-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jia-Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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8
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Kortam MA, Elfar N, Shaker OG, El-Boghdady NA, Abd-Elmawla MA. MAGI2-AS3 and miR-374b-5p as Putative Regulators of Multiple Sclerosis via Modulating the PTEN/AKT/IRF-3/IFN-β Axis: New Clinical Insights. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1107-1118. [PMID: 36878000 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease and one of the leading causes of disability in young adults. The current study aims to investigate the pathogenesis of MS via studying the regulatory role of novel lncRNA MAGI2-AS3 in miR-374b-5p and their downstream targets PTEN/AKT/IRF-3/IFN-β and the relationship of this pathway with disease severity. Moreover, it aims to assess the role of MAGI2-AS3/miR-374b-5p as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers for MS. Overall, 150 contributors were recruited: 100 patients with MS and 50 healthy volunteers. Gene expression of MAGI2-AS3, miR-374b-5p, PTEN, AKT, and IRF-3 were assessed using RT-qPCR, and IFN-β was measured by ELISA. Compared with the healthy control group, serum MAGI2-AS3 and PTEN were downregulated in MS patients, whereas miR-374b-5p, PI3K, AKT, IRF-3, and IFN-β were upregulated in MS patients. Furthermore, MAGI2-AS3 was downregulated, while miR-374b-5p was upregulated in MS patients with an expanded disability status scale (EDSS) ≥3.5, compared to patients with an EDSS <3.5. Receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis revealed that MAGI2-AS3 and miR-374b-5p can be used in the diagnosis of MS. Remarkably, multivariate logistic analysis revealed that MAGI2-AS3, miR-374b-5p, PTEN, and AKT act as independent variables in MS. Moreover, MAGI2-AS3 was directly correlated with PTEN and inversely correlated with miR-374b-5p, AKT, and EDSS. Regarding miR-374b-5p, it was positively correlated with AKT and EDSS. In conclusion, the study showed for the first time that the crosstalk between MAGI2-AS3 and miR-374b-5p could affect the AKT/IRF3/IFN-β axis in MS. Interestingly, MAGI2-AS3 and miR-374b-5p could be genetic noninvasive biomarkers for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Kortam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Elfar
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11578, Egypt
- Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 11567, Egypt
| | - Olfat G Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Noha A El-Boghdady
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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9
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Gene Networks and Pathways Involved in LPS-Induced Proliferative Response of Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122342. [PMID: 36553609 PMCID: PMC9778113 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria involved in the pathogenic processes leading to mastitis and metritis in animals such as dairy cattle. LPS causes cell proliferation associated with endometrium inflammation. Former in vitro studies have demonstrated that LPS induces an intense stimulation of the proliferation of a pure population of bovine endometrial epithelial cells. In a follow-up transcriptomic study based on RNA-sequencing data obtained after 24 h exposure of primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells to 0, 2, and 8 μg/mL LPS, 752 and 727 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the controls and LPS-treated samples that encode proteins known to be associated with either proliferation or apoptosis, respectively. The present bioinformatic analysis was performed to decipher the gene networks involved to obtain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the proliferative and apoptosis processes. Our findings have revealed 116 putative transcription factors (TFs) and the most significant number of interactions between these TFs and DEGs belong to NFKβ1, TP53, STAT1, and HIF1A. Moreover, our results provide novel insights into the early signaling and metabolic pathways in bovine endometrial epithelial cells associated with the innate immune response and cell proliferation to Escherichia coli-LPS infection. The results further indicated that LPS challenge elicited a strong transcriptomic response, leading to potent activation of pro-inflammatory pathways that are associated with a marked endometrial cancer, Toll-like receptor, NFKβ, AKT, apoptosis, and MAPK signaling pathways. This effect may provide a mechanistic explanation for the relationship between LPS and cell proliferation.
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10
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Moreira NCDS, Tamarozzi ER, Lima JEBDF, Piassi LDO, Carvalho I, Passos GA, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Novel Dual AChE and ROCK2 Inhibitor Induces Neurogenesis via PTEN/AKT Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314788. [PMID: 36499116 PMCID: PMC9737254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and complex neurodegenerative disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are a major class of drugs used in AD therapy. ROCK2, another promising target for AD, has been associated with the induction of neurogenesis via PTEN/AKT. This study aimed to characterize the therapeutic potential of a novel donepezil-tacrine hybrid compound (TA8Amino) to inhibit AChE and ROCK2 protein, leading to the induction of neurogenesis in SH-SY5Y cells. Experiments were carried out with undifferentiated and neuron-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells submitted to treatments with AChEIs (TA8Amino, donepezil, and tacrine) for 24 h or 7 days. TA8Amino was capable of inhibiting AChE at non-cytotoxic concentrations after 24 h. Following neuronal differentiation for 7 days, TA8Amino and donepezil increased the percentage of neurodifferentiated cells and the length of neurites, as confirmed by β-III-tubulin and MAP2 protein expression. TA8Amino was found to participate in the activation of PTEN/AKT signaling. In silico analysis showed that TA8Amino can stably bind to the active site of ROCK2, and in vitro experiments in SH-SY5Y cells demonstrate that TA8Amino significantly reduced the expression of ROCK2 protein, contrasting with donepezil and tacrine. Therefore, these results provide important information on the mechanism underlying the action of TA8Amino with regard to multi-target activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elvira Regina Tamarozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities—USP, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa de Oliveira Piassi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—USP, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo—USP, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Aleixo Passos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—USP, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elza Tiemi Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—USP, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo—USP, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-3827
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11
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Batiha GES. Central Effects of Ivermectin in Alleviation of Covid-19-induced Dysauto-nomia. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1277-1287. [PMID: 35950254 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220810102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 may be associated with various neurological disorders, including dysautonomia, a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In Covid-19, hypoxia, immunoinflammatory abnormality, and deregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may increase sympathetic discharge with dysautonomia development. Direct SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effects and associated inflammatory reaction may lead to neuroinflammation, affecting different parts of the central nervous system (CNS), including the autonomic center in the hypothalamus, causing dysautonomia. High circulating AngII, hypoxia, oxidative stress, high pro-inflammatory cytokines, and emotional stress can also provoke autonomic deregulation and high sympathetic outflow with the development of the sympathetic storm. During SARS-CoV-2 infection with neuro-invasion, GABA-ergic neurons and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) are inhibited in the hypothalamic pre-sympathetic neurons leading to sympathetic storm and dysautonomia. Different therapeutic modalities are applied to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, like antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs. Ivermectin (IVM) is a robust repurposed drug widely used to prevent and manage mild-moderate Covid-19. IVM activates both GABA-ergic neurons and nAChRs to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection- induced dysautonomia. Therefore, in this brief report, we try to identify the potential role of IVM in managing Covid-19-induced dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia.,AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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12
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Noori T, Sahebgharani M, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Fakhri S, Shirooie S. Targeting PI3K by Natural Products: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1564-1578. [PMID: 35043762 PMCID: PMC9881086 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220119125040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder. In general, a child with ADHD has significant attention problems with difficulty concentrating on a subject and is generally associated with impulsivity and excessive activity. The etiology of ADHD in most patients is unknown, although it is considered to be a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Diverse factors, such as the existence of mental, nutritional, or general health problems during childhood, as well as smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, are related to an increased risk of ADHD. Behavioral and psychological characteristics of ADHD include anxiety, mood disorders, behavioral disorders, language disorders, and learning disabilities. These symptoms affect individuals, families, and communities, negatively altering educational and social results, strained parent-child relationships, and increased use of health services. ADHD may be associated with deficits in inhibitory frontostriatal noradrenergic neurons on lower striatal structures that are predominantly driven by dopaminergic neurons. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a conserved family of lipid kinases that control a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, insulin metabolism, and apoptosis. Since PI3K plays an important role in controlling the noradrenergic neuron, it opens up new insights into research on ADHD and other developmental brain diseases. This review presents evidence for the potential usefulness of PI3K and its modulators as a potential treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de MallorcaE-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain;,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile;,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; E-mail:
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13
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Tedeschi P, Nigro M, Travagli A, Catani M, Cavazzini A, Merighi S, Gessi S. Therapeutic Potential of Allicin and Aged Garlic Extract in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136950. [PMID: 35805955 PMCID: PMC9266652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic, Allium sativum, has long been utilized for a number of medicinal purposes around the world, and its medical benefits have been well documented. The health benefits of garlic likely arise from a wide variety of components, possibly working synergistically. Garlic and garlic extracts, especially aged garlic extracts (AGEs), are rich in bioactive compounds, with potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. In light of these effects, garlic and its components have been examined in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia without therapy, and a growing health concern in aging societies. With the aim of offering an updated overview, this paper reviews the chemical composition, metabolism and bioavailability of garlic bioactive compounds. In addition, it provides an overview of signaling mechanisms triggered by garlic derivatives, with a focus on allicin and AGE, to improve learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences—DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Manuela Nigro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessia Travagli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences—DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences—DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455434
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
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14
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Yang D, Dai X, Xing Y, Tang X, Yang G, Harrison AG, Cahoon J, Li H, Lv X, Yu X, Wang P, Wang H. Intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells contribute to LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction. Commun Biol 2022; 5:96. [PMID: 35079095 PMCID: PMC8789803 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic cardiac adrenergic (ICA) cells regulate both developing and adult cardiac physiological and pathological processes. However, the role of ICA cells in septic cardiomyopathy is unknown. Here we show that norepinephrine (NE) secretion from ICA cells is increased through activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to aggravate myocardial TNF-α production and dysfunction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In ICA cells, LPS activated TLR4-MyD88/TRIF-AP-1 signaling that promoted NE biosynthesis through expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, but did not trigger TNF-α production due to impairment of p65 translocation. In a co-culture consisting of LPS-treated ICA cells and cardiomyocytes, the upregulation and secretion of NE from ICA cells activated cardiomyocyte β1-adrenergic receptor driving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to crosstalk with NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Importantly, blockade of ICA cell-derived NE prevented LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction. Our findings suggest that ICA cells may be a potential therapeutic target for septic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomeng Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Xing
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangxu Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pathogen biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jason Cahoon
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuxiu Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Chen H, Zhong J, Li J, Zeng Z, Yu Q, Yan C. PTP70-2, a novel polysaccharide from Polygala tenuifolia, prevents neuroinflammation and protects neurons by suppressing the TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:546-555. [PMID: 34801584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PTP70-2, a novel polysaccharide isolated from Polygala tenuifolia in our previous publication, exhibits potential anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects and the neuroprotective activity of PTP70-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-damaged BV2 microglial cells and neuroinflammation-injured primary cortical neurons. The results suggest that PTP70-2 dramatically reduces the LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokines overexpression, as well as down-regulates the levels of TLR4-, MyD88-, and NF-κB-related proteins. The effect of PTP70-2 in down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and downstream proteins implicated in MyD88 and NF-κB signaling is related to the TLR4 pathway. Furthermore, this effect is enhanced by the co-incubation of BV2 cells with PTP70-2 and TAK242, a TLR4 inhibitor, before exposure to LPS. Importantly, PTP70-2 prevents neuroinflammation-induced neurotoxicity by mitigating ROS overproduction and MMP dissipation. Overall, the PTP70-2's anti-neuroinflammation and neuroprotection are involved to the modulation of the TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianxuan Li
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyan Yan
- Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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16
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Nadeem MS, Kazmi I, Ullah I, Muhammad K, Anwar F. Allicin, an Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Agent, Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:87. [PMID: 35052591 PMCID: PMC8772758 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a defense molecule produced by cellular contents of garlic (Allium sativum L.). On tissue damage, the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) is converted to allicin in an enzyme-mediated process catalysed by alliinase. Allicin is hydrophobic in nature, can efficiently cross the cellular membranes and behaves as a reactive sulfur species (RSS) inside the cells. It is physiologically active molecule with the ability to oxidise the thiol groups of glutathione and between cysteine residues in proteins. Allicin has shown anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and also serves as an efficient therapeutic agent against cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the present review describes allicin as an antioxidant, and neuroprotective molecule that can ameliorate the cognitive abilities in case of neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders. As an antioxidant, allicin fights the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by downregulation of NOX (NADPH oxidizing) enzymes, it can directly interact to reduce the cellular levels of different types of ROS produced by a variety of peroxidases. Most of the neuroprotective actions of allicin are mediated via redox-dependent pathways. Allicin inhibits neuroinflammation by suppressing the ROS production, inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, P38 and JNK pathways. As an inhibitor of cholinesterase and (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) it can be applied to manage the Alzheimer's disease, helps to maintain the balance of neurotransmitters in case of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactive syndrome (ADHD). In case of acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) allicin protects neuron damage by regulating inflammation, apoptosis and promoting the expression levels of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2). Metal induced neurodegeneration can also be attenuated and cognitive abilities of patients suffering from neurological diseases can be ameliorates by allicin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Inam Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan; (I.U.); (K.M.)
| | - Khushi Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan; (I.U.); (K.M.)
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; or
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17
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Domínguez-Rivas E, Ávila-Muñoz E, Schwarzacher SW, Zepeda A. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the context of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation: A molecular, cellular and behavioral review. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:286-302. [PMID: 34174334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous generation of new neurons occurs in at least two well-defined niches in the adult rodent brain. One of these areas is the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus. While the DG is associated with contextual and spatial learning and memory, hippocampal neurogenesis is necessary for pattern separation. Hippocampal neurogenesis begins with the activation of neural stem cells and culminates with the maturation and functional integration of a portion of the newly generated glutamatergic neurons into the hippocampal circuits. The neurogenic process is continuously modulated by intrinsic factors, one of which is neuroinflammation. The administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely used as a model of neuroinflammation and has yielded a body of evidence for unveiling the detrimental impact of inflammation upon the neurogenic process. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the effects of the systemic and central administration of LPS upon the different stages of neurogenesis and discuss their effects at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Domínguez-Rivas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Ávila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephan W Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Wu Z, Yu X, Yin Y, Qian S, Wang Z, Huang J, Wang W, Liu T, Xue W, Chen G. Quercitrin Rapidly Alleviated Depression-like Behaviors in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice: The Involvement of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Signaling Suppression and CREB/BDNF Signaling Restoration in the Hippocampus. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3387-3396. [PMID: 34469122 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercitrin (Qc) is a well-known flavonoid compound that exerts anti-inflammation effects on various diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like response of Qc and its underlying mechanisms concerning neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behaviors. The results showed a single dose of Qc (10 mg/kg) produced an antidepressant-like effect at 2 h postadministration and lasted for at least 3 days. The expressions of neuroplasticity signaling molecules of pCREB/BDNF/PSD95/Synapsin1 were upregulated at 2 h, and ERK signaling was upregulated for 3 days in the hippocampus after a single administration of Oc or ketamine. A 5-day treatment of LPS led to depression-like behaviors, including reduced sucrose preference and increased immobility in the tail suspension test or forced swim test, which were all reversed by a single dose of Qc. In LPS-treated mice, Qc reduced the levels of inflammation-related factors including IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α in serum, as well as the activations of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and MEK/ERK pathways in the hippocampus. Moreover, Qc restored the expressions of pCREB/BDNF/PSD95/Synapsin1 signaling in the hippocampus that were impaired by LPS. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, but not PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, produced effects similar to Qc. LY294002 also restored the expressions of pCREB/BDNF/PSD95/Synapsin1 signaling in the hippocampus impaired by LPS. Additionally, subeffective doses of Qc and LY294002 induced behavioral and molecular synergism. Together, the depression-like behaviors in LPS-treated mice were alleviated by a single dose of Qc likely via inhibition of the activations PI3K/AKT/NF-κB inflammation signaling and subsequent improvement of neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hailou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhangjie Wu
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinlang Yu
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyu Qian
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiaru Huang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenda Xue
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Meng J, Deng K, Hu N, Wang H. Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.-derived polysaccharides protect against LPS-induced lung injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:71-78. [PMID: 34216671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. is suggested to be active in immunoregulation and antioxidation. However, the in vivo bioactivity of N. tangutorum Bobr.-derived polysaccharides (NTP) and their anti-inflammatory activity have not been addressed. In the present study, we extracted and purified polysaccharides from N. tangutorum Bobr. and determined their anti-inflammatory activities in vivo. HPGPC, UHPLC/DAD, and NMR analyses identified that the monosaccharide components of NTP were Man, Rha, GalUA, Glu, Gal, and Ara, with relative contents of 3.52%, 15.08%, 10.00%, 26.73%, 38.08%, and 6.59%, respectively. In mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI), NTP treatment attenuated tissue damage, inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the anti-oxidative response. The supposed mechanism may be via suppressing the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study suggests a protective role of NTP in LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Huzhou Plateau Biological Resource Centre of Innovation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Honglun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Huzhou Plateau Biological Resource Centre of Innovation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou 313000, China.
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El Sayed NS, Kandil EA, Ghoneum MH. Enhancement of Insulin/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and Modulation of Gut Microbiome by Probiotics Fermentation Technology, a Kefir Grain Product, in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Model in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666502. [PMID: 34366841 PMCID: PMC8346028 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction. Remarkably, alteration in the gut microbiome and resultant insulin resistance has been shown to be connected to metabolic syndrome, the crucial risk factor for AD, and also to be implicated in AD pathogenesis. Thus, this study, we assessed the efficiency of probiotics fermentation technology (PFT), a kefir product, in enhancing insulin signaling via modulation of gut microbiota to halt the development of AD. We also compared its effectiveness to that of pioglitazone, an insulin sensitizer that has been confirmed to substantially treat AD. AD was induced in mice by a single injection of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ; 3 mg/kg). PFT (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (30 mg/kg) were administered orally for 3 weeks. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess cognitive function, and hippocampal levels of acetylcholine (Ach) and β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) protein were assessed along with histological examination. Moreover, the expression of the insulin receptor, insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), and the phosphorylated forms of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and tau were detected. Furthermore, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers were estimated. Treatment with PFT reversed STZ-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, enhanced hippocampal Ach levels, and reduced Aβ1-42 levels after restoration of IDE activity. PFT also improved insulin signaling, as evidenced by upregulation of insulin receptor expression and activation of PI3K/Akt signaling with subsequent suppression of GSK-3β and mTOR signaling, which result in the downregulation of hyperphosphorylated tau. Moreover, PFT significantly diminished oxidative stress and inflammation induced by STZ. These potential effects were parallel to those produced by pioglitazone. Therefore, PFT targets multiple mechanisms incorporated in the pathogenesis of AD and hence might be a beneficial therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esraa A. Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh H. Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Sharma A, Mehan S. Targeting PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling in the prevention of autism. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105067. [PMID: 33992742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway represents an essential signaling mechanism for mammalian enzyme-related receptors in transducing signals or biological processes such as cell development, differentiation, cell survival, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Upregulation of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway involves many human brain abnormalities, including autism and other neurological dysfunctions. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with behavior and psychiatric illness. This research-based review discusses the functional relationship between the neuropathogenic factors associated with PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Ultimately causes autism-like conditions associated with genetic alterations, neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may have an effective therapeutic value for autism treatment. The current review also summarizes the involvement of PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors in the treatment of autism and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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Zhang X, Xu L, Chen W, Yu X, Shen L, Huang Y. Pyridoxamine alleviates mechanical allodynia by suppressing the spinal receptor for advanced glycation end product-nuclear factor- κB/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in diabetic rats. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920917251. [PMID: 32252594 PMCID: PMC7139183 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920917251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and
requires a substantial amount of societal resources. Pyridoxamine is an
inhibitor of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products. Several animal
and clinical studies have confirmed that pyridoxamine can inhibit a range of
pathological changes in diabetes-induced organ injury and alleviate certain
kinds of neuropathic pain. However, no studies have attempted to explore the
effects of pyridoxamine on diabetic neuropathic pain. We conducted animal
experiments to examine whether pyridoxamine could alleviate diabetic neuropathic
pain and to explore the mechanism underlying these effects. Adult male Sprague
Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the normal + sterile water group,
diabetic + sterile water group, diabetic + pyridoxamine100 group,
diabetic +pyridoxamine200 group,
diabetic + pyridoxamine400 group, or normal + pyridoxamine group.
The rats in the diabetic +pyridoxamine100,
diabetic + pyridoxamine200,
diabetic + pyridoxamine400, and normal + pyridoxamine groups received
pyridoxamine at dosages of 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day, and
400 mg/kg/day, respectively, via intragastric administration. The rats in the
other groups received water daily. Pyridoxamine alleviated diabetic neuropathic
pain at least partially by suppressing the activity of the spinal receptor for
advanced glycation end products-nuclear factor-κB/extracellular signal-regulated
kinase signaling pathway; additionally, pyridoxamine decreased advanced
glycation end product-modified low-density lipoprotein, oxidized low-density
lipoprotein, and interleukin-1β levels in the serum. The immunofluorescence
staining results revealed that most phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB was
localized to neuronal cells and not to microglia or astrocytes; this pattern may
be associated with the upregulated expression of pain-related proteins. The
abovementioned results indicate that pyridoxamine is a promising choice for the
clinical treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain. Further investigations need to
be carried out to confirm the benefits of pyridoxamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Weiyun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Xuerong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Yuguang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
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Xin Y, Zou L, Lang S. 4-Octyl itaconate (4-OI) attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by suppressing PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways in mice. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:141. [PMID: 33456508 PMCID: PMC7791918 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of acute lung injury (ALI) is attributable to inflammation and oxidative stress. The cell-permeable itaconate analog 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) provides protection against inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. However, whether 4-OI can protect against ALI remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of 4-OI against LPS-induced ALI and the underlying mechanisms using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to observe lung morphology, ELISA and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR to measure the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 and western blotting to examine the levels of PI3K, Akt and NF-κB. The present study demonstrates that intraperitoneal administration of 4-OI (25 mg/kg) 2 h before lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg) intratracheal injection significantly alleviated the lung tissue injury induced by LPS, reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo. Furthermore, 4-OI and the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine markedly suppressed PI3K and Akt phosphorylation in LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells in vitro. Further study demonstrated that a pharmacological inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway, LY294002, inhibited the expression of NF-κB p65 in the nuclear fraction and decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, the experimental results of the present study provide evidence that 4-OI significantly decreased LPS-induced lung inflammation by suppressing ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways. These results suggest that 4-OI could be a valuable therapeutic drug in the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changchun Maternity Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130042, P.R. China
| | - Lili Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ning Xia Medical University, Yin Chuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Lang
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ning Xia Medical University, Yin Chuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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Wang Z, Chen Z, Li B, Zhang B, Du Y, Liu Y, He Y, Chen X. Curcumin attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis of obstructive nephropathy by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-кB and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:828-837. [PMID: 32866059 PMCID: PMC7470153 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1809462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is characterized by the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Curcumin exerts antifibrogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of curcumin on RIF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were intragastrically administered curcumin (50 mg/kg/day) for 14 days after undergoing unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) operations. Renal function (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and serum creatinine [Scr]) and inflammatory cytokine levels were tested using colorimetric assays and ELISA, respectively. EMT markers were evaluated through immunohistochemistry, western blotting and qPCR. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1; 10 ng/mL) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 100 ng/mL) were used to stimulate EMT and an inflammatory response in human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells, respectively, for further investigation. RESULTS In vivo, curcumin significantly improved the levels of BUN and Scr by 28.7% and 21.3%, respectively. Moreover, curcumin reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α by 22.5%, 30.3% and 26.7%, respectively, and suppressed vimentin expression in UUO mice. In vitro, curcumin reduced the expression of vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin in TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells. In LPS-induced HK-2 cells, curcumin decreased the release of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α by 43.4%, 38.1% and 28.3%, respectively. In addition, curcumin reduced the expression of TLR4, p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-NF- κB and p-IκBα in both LPS- and TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Curcumin repressed EMT and the inflammatory response by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways, demonstrating its potential utility in RIF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Bingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yongchao Du
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- CONTACT Yao He
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- Xiang Chen Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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Statins Inhibit Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Growth of Human Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells. J Surg Res 2020; 260:436-447. [PMID: 33272595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a lethal malignancy with poor prognosis. Pharmacologic inhibitors of inflammation, such as statins, have been shown to decrease the risk of development and progression of esophageal cancer, but the mechanism of this protection is unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of statins on toll-like receptor 4-mediated-proliferation of human EAC cells and identify the mechanism responsible for these observed effects. METHODS Human EAC cells (OE33 and FLO1) were treated with simvastatin or atorvastatin for increasing doses and time periods. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was assessed. Cells were pretreated with statin followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell proliferation and expression of signaling proteins were evaluated. FLO1 cells were injected into the flank of nude mice. Mice received intraperitoneal injections of simvastatin, atorvastatin, or control solution and tumor volume was measured. RESULTS OE33 and FLO1 cells demonstrated decreased TLR4 expression after treatment with simvastatin or atorvastatin for 8 h (P < 0.05). LPS increased proliferation, whereas pretreatment with statin abolished this response (P < 0.05). Statins decreased expression and activation of LPS-induced signaling proteins, including MyD88, TRAF6, Akt, and NF-κB (P < 0.05). Mice receiving daily statin injections demonstrated smaller tumors than control mice (P < 0.001 at day 33). CONCLUSIONS Treatment of EAC cells with simvastatin or atorvastatin decreases TLR4-mediated proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. Decreased TLR4 expression and subsequent reduction in MyD88-dependent signaling could be a mechanism by which statins act to reduce tumor growth rates.
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Sharma D, Farrar JD. Adrenergic regulation of immune cell function and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:709-717. [PMID: 33219396 PMCID: PMC7678770 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system integrates the functions of multiple organ systems by regulating their autonomic physiological activities. The immune system is regulated both locally and systemically by the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland and local sympathetic neurons. Immune cells respond by activation of adrenergic receptors, primarily the β2-adrenergic receptor, which signal through heterotrimeric G-proteins. Depending upon the cell type, adrenergic signaling regulates a variety of functions in immune cells ranging from cellular migration to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, due to the diurnal oscillation of systemic norepinephrine levels, various immune functions follow a circadian rhythmic pattern. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of how the sympathetic nervous system regulates both innate and adaptive immune functions and how this regulation is linked to circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drashya Sharma
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Ge R, Lv Y, Li P, Xu L, Feng X, Qi H. Upregulated microRNA-126 induces apoptosis of dental pulp stem cell via mediating PTEN-regulated Akt activation. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 35:e23624. [PMID: 33150661 PMCID: PMC7891527 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have potential applications in regenerative medicine. The molecular mechanisms underlying DPSCs viability and apoptosis are not completely understood. Here, we investigated the role of miR-126 in DPSCs viability and apoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Senescent DPSCs were compared with early passage DPSCs. real-time PCR and microARRAY were performed to identify the differential expression of miR-126, and western blot was performed to detect the expression of PTEN. MTT assay was utilized to reveal the proliferative rate of both senescent and early passage DPSCs. Flow cytometry was used to examine the apoptotic rate of DPSCs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was carried out to detect the interaction of miR-126 and PTEN. RESULTS Senescent DPSCs showed a high level of apoptosis. Further study showed that miR-126 is upregulated in senescent DPSCs and its overexpression in early passaged DPSCs induced apoptosis. Phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) was identified as a target of miR-126. PTEN was downregulated in senescent DPSCs, whereas miR-126 inhibition upregulated PTEN level, and subsequently activated Akt pathway and suppressed the apoptotic phenotype of senescent DPSCs. In addition, PTEN overexpression rescued apoptosis of DPSCs at later stage. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the miR-126-PTEN-Akt axis plays a key role in the regulation of DPSCs apoptosis and provide a candidate target to improve the functional and therapeutic potential of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucun Ge
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yongtao Lv
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoya Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Hongshun Qi
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
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Revealing the Pharmacological Mechanism of Acorus tatarinowii in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3236768. [PMID: 33178313 PMCID: PMC7648688 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3236768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim Stroke is the second significant cause for death, with ischemic stroke (IS) being the main type threatening human being's health. Acorus tatarinowii (AT) is widely used in the treatment of Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, depression, and stroke, which leads to disorders of consciousness disease. However, the systemic mechanism of AT treating IS is unexplicit. This article is supposed to explain why AT has an effect on the treatment of IS in a comprehensive and systematic way by network pharmacology. Methods and Materials ADME (absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted) is an important property for screening-related compounds in AT, which were screening out of TCMSP, TCMID, Chemistry Database, and literature from CNKI. Then, these targets related to screened compounds were predicted via Swiss Targets, when AT-related targets database was established. The gene targets related to IS were collected from DisGeNET and GeneCards. IS-AT is a common protein interactive network established by STRING Database. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were analysed by IS-AT common target genes. Cytoscape software was used to establish a visualized network for active compounds-core targets and core target proteins-proteins interactive network. Furthermore, we drew a signal pathway picture about its effect to reveal the basic mechanism of AT against IS systematically. Results There were 53 active compounds screened from AT, inferring the main therapeutic substances as follows: bisasaricin, 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol-α,α,4-trimethyl,acetate, cis,cis,cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal, hydroxyacoronene, nerolidol, galgravin, veraguensin, 2′-o-methyl isoliquiritigenin, gamma-asarone, and alpha-asarone. We obtained 398 related targets, 63 of which were the same as the IS-related genes from targets prediction. Except for GRM2, remaining 62 target genes have an interactive relation, respectively. The top 10 degree core target genes were IL6, TNF, IL1B, TLR4, NOS3, MAPK1, PTGS2, VEGFA, JUN, and MMP9. There were more than 20 terms of biological process, 7 terms of cellular components, and 14 terms of molecular function through GO enrichment analysis and 13 terms of signal pathway from KEGG enrichment analysis based on P < 0.05. Conclusion AT had a therapeutic effect for ischemic via multicomponent, multitarget, and multisignal pathway, which provided a novel research aspect for AT against IS.
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Wan Nasri WN, Makpol S, Mazlan M, Tooyama I, Wan Ngah WZ, Damanhuri HA. Tocotrienol Rich Fraction Supplementation Modulate Brain Hippocampal Gene Expression in APPswe/PS1dE9 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:S239-S254. [PMID: 30507571 PMCID: PMC6700627 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive abilities. AD is associated with aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposited in the hippocampal brain region. Our previous work has shown that tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) supplementation was able to attenuate the blood oxidative status, improve behavior, and reduce fibrillary-type Aβ deposition in the hippocampus of an AD mouse model. In the present study, we investigate the effect of 6 months of TRF supplementation on transcriptome profile in the hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice. TRF supplementation can alleviate AD conditions by modulating several important genes in AD. Moreover, TRF supplementation attenuated the affected biological process and pathways that were upregulated in the AD mouse model. Our findings indicate that TRF supplementation can modulate hippocampal gene expression as well as biological processes that can potentially delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nurzulaikha Wan Nasri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Musalmah Mazlan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Moreira NCDS, Lima JEBDF, Chierrito TPC, Carvalho I, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Novel Hybrid Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Induce Differentiation and Neuritogenesis in Neuronal Cells in vitro Through Activation of the AKT Pathway. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:353-370. [PMID: 32986667 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive loss of episodic memory associated with amyloid-β peptide aggregation and the abnormal phosphorylation of the tau protein, leading to the loss of cholinergic function. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the main class of drugs used in AD therapy. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential of two tacrine-donepezil hybrid molecules (TA8Amino and TAHB3), which are AChE inhibitors, to induce neurodifferentiation and neuritogenesis in SH-SY5Y cells. METHODS The experiments were carried out to characterize neurodifferentiation, cellular changes related to responses to oxidative stress and pathways of cell survival in response to drug treatments. RESULTS The results indicated that the compounds did not present cytotoxic effects in SH-SY5Y or HepG2 cells. TA8Amino and TAHB3 induced neurodifferentiation and neuritogenesis in SH-SY5Y cells. These cells showed increased levels of intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; the induction of oxidative stress was also demonstrated by an increase in SOD1 expression in TA8Amino and TAHB3-treated cells. Cells treated with the compounds showed an increase in PTEN(Ser380/Thr382/383) and AKT(Ser473) expression, suggesting the involvement of the AKT pathway. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that TA8Amino and TAHB3 present advantages as potential drugs for AD therapy and that they are capable of inducing neurodifferentiation and neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elza Tiemi Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Circular RNA-9119 suppresses in ovarian cancer cell viability via targeting the microRNA-21-5p-PTEN-Akt pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14314-14328. [PMID: 32675386 PMCID: PMC7425477 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the regulatory role of circular RNA (circRNA)-9119 (circ9119) in ovarian cancer (OC) cell viability. The expression of circ9119 was clearly reduced in OC tissues and cell lines, whereas the microRNA-21-5p (miR-21) levels were elevated compared with those in normal healthy control tissues and immortalized fallopian epithelial cell line FTE187. Further, circ9119 was overexpressed, causing a notable decrease in the viability and proliferation of OC cells and an increase in apoptosis. Further study showed that circ9119 upregulation resulted in a decrease in miR-21 levels. Bioinformatics forecasting (starBase and TargetScan) and dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that circ9119 acts as an miR-21 sponge. Recovery of miR-21 expression in circ9119-overexpressing OC cells showed that miR-21 exhibited the opposite effect on circ9119; moreover, its recovery could suppress the effects of circ9119 overexpression, recover cell proliferation, and reduce apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-21 was found to target phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) 3′ untranslated region. PTEN protein and mRNA expression was reduced in OC tissues and cells, whereas it was increased on transfection with an miR-21 inhibitor. Thus, circ9119 could regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis of OC cells via by acting as an miR-21 sponge and targeting the PTEN–Akt pathway.
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Xiao D, Yang R, Gong L, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Ni S. Plantamajoside inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and extracellular matrix accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells through the inactivation of Akt/NF-κB pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:45-52. [PMID: 32605460 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1784939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People’s Hospital, Pingxiang, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Laboratory, Qidong City People’s Hospital, Qidong, PR China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People’s Hospital, Pingxiang, PR China
| | - Yongli Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People’s Hospital, Pingxiang, PR China
| | - Shenjue Ni
- Department of Laboratory, Qidong City People’s Hospital, Qidong, PR China
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TNFAIP8 influences the motor function in mice after spinal cord injury (SCI) through meditating inflammation dependent on AKT. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:234-241. [PMID: 32487318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease and causes tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction, contributing to high morbidity and disability among human. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) is a member of the TNFAIP8/TIPE family, and has been implicated in different diseases associated with inflammation, infection, and immunity. Nevertheless, its effects on SCI have not been well investigated. In our study, we found time course of TNFAIP8 following SCI in mice, along with time-dependent increases of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The in vitro results confirmed the up-regulation of TNFAIP8 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subsequently, we found that reducing TNFAIP8 by transfection with its specific siRNA (siTNFAIP8) markedly alleviated cell viability and inflammatory response caused by LPS in mouse microglial BV2 cells. Importantly, LPS-enhanced activation of inhibitor of κBα/nuclear factor-κB (IκBα/NF-κB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways was considerably blunted by siTNFAIP8. Intriguingly, our results further showed that siTNFAIP8-restrained inflammation and IκBα/NF-κB in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells were almost abolished by the pre-treatment of AKT activator SC-79, demonstrating that TNFAIP8-regulated inflammatory response was largely dependent on AKT activation. Then, the in vivo studies were performed using the wild type (WT) and TNFAIP8-knockout (KO) mice with or without SCI operation. Results showed that TNFAIP8-KO mice exhibited improved neuron injury and locomotor function along with decreased microglial activity. Furthermore, compared with the WT/SCI mice, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in spinal cords was markedly down-regulated by TNFAIP8-deficiency through blocking IκBα/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings elucidated the novel role of TNFAIP8 in regulating SCI via the AKT signaling, and thus TNFAIP8 may be served as a promising therapeutic target for SCI treatment.
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Peng N, He J, Li J, Huang H, Huang W, Liao Y, Zhu S. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 inhibits the apoptosis and autophagy of hepatocellular carcinoma cell by targeting the microRNA-146a/PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:165. [PMID: 32435156 PMCID: PMC7222315 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01231-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression is characteristic to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and several other neoplasms. The present study aimed to identify the mechanism underlying modulation of HCC development by the lncRNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1). Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine MALAT1 and microRNA (miR)-146a expression in HCC tissues and cell lines. Western blotting was performed to measure PI3K, Akt, and mTOR levels. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to validate the direct targeting and negative regulatory interaction between miR-146a and MALAT1. Cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were analyzed using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry, respectively; autophagy was detected based on LC3B expression. Results MALAT1 expression was higher in HCC tissues than in normal tissues. MALAT1 upregulation promoted HCC cell proliferation, whereas MALAT1 downregulation promoted HCC apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, effects of MALAT1 downregulation on HCC cells were abolished by miR-146a inhibition. miR-146a directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region of PI3K, and PI3K protein level was clearly decreased upon miR-146a mimic transfection. Conclusions MALAT1 may modulate HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy via sponging miR-146a, which regulates HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfu Peng
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Jingrong He
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Jindu Li
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Hao Huang
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Weiqiao Huang
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Yingyang Liao
- 2Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Shaoliang Zhu
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi China
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Yao Y, Zhang Z, Kong F, Mao Z, Niu Z, Li C, Chen A. Smad4 induces cell death in HO-8910 and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cell lines via PI3K-mTOR involvement. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:777-784. [PMID: 32276544 PMCID: PMC7273890 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220916709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study investigated the effect and mechanism of Smad4 in ovarian carcinoma (OC) cell viability and demonstrated that Smad4 acted as a tumor suppressor in OC, which may contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying OC occurrence and progression. Smad4 expression was decreased in the OC specimens, but Smad4 recovery in the OC cell lines impaired the survival and viability of OC cells by increasing autophagy and apoptosis. Further investigation showed that Smad4 interacted with the P85 subunit of PI3K and caused deactivation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Therefore, Smad4 could be considered as a target in cancer therapy due to its regulatory effect in OC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Yao
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Cell Biology & Genetics Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanmao Kong
- Henan Road Community Health Service Center, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuqing Mao
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyuan Niu
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiping Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
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Effect of adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PTEN on brain oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in a rat kindling model of epilepsy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 132:2628-2635. [PMID: 31658159 PMCID: PMC6846256 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a chronic and severe neurological disorder. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)-deficient mice exhibit learning and memory deficits and spontaneous epilepsy. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PTEN in brain oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in a rat model of epilepsy. Methods: An adenovirus (Ad)-PTEN vector was constructed, and status epilepticus (SE) was induced in 41 model rats using lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Thirty-six SE rats were then allocated into the Ad-PTEN, Ad-LacZ, and SE groups, those were administered intracerebroventricular injections of Ad-PTEN, Ad-enhanced green fluorescent protein, and phosphate buffer saline, respectively. The normal group was comprised of healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. Nissl staining was conducted to evaluate neuronal damage, and immunohistochemistry was conducted to observe the morphology of cells in the hippocampal CA1 region and the distribution of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and ED1 (rat homologue of human CD68). Levels of apoptosis-related proteins, inflammatory-related factors, and oxidative stress-related markers (reactive oxygen species [ROS], glutathione [GSH], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) were measured. Comparisons between multiple groups were conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and pairwise comparisons after ANOVA were conducted using the Tukey multiple comparisons test. Results: After SE induction, PTEN expression in the rat brain exhibited a four-fold decrease (P = 0.000) and the expression of both Iba1 and ED1 increased. Furthermore, significant neuronal loss, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation were observed in the SE rat brain. After intracerebroventricular injection of Ad-PTEN, PTEN expression exhibited a three-fold increase (P = 0.003), and the expression of both Iba1 and ED1 decreased. Additionally, neurons were restored and neuronal apoptosis was inhibited. Furthermore, ROS and MDA levels decreased, GSH level and SOD activity increased, and neuroinflammation was reduced. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that brain oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in SE rats were ameliorated by intracerebroventricular injection of Ad-PTEN.
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Mok SWF, Wong VKW, Lo HH, de Seabra Rodrigues Dias IR, Leung ELH, Law BYK, Liu L. Natural products-based polypharmacological modulation of the peripheral immune system for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation: Focus on PI3K Modulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010137. [PMID: 31947676 PMCID: PMC7022557 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation in the central nervous system involves mostly microglia in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage, which react, promoting a self-limiting inflammatory response aimed to restore homeostasis. However, prolonged, uncontrolled inflammation may result in the production by microglia of neurotoxic factors that lead to the amplification of the disease state and tissue damage. In particular, specific inducers of inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases activate inflammatory processes that result in the production of a number of mediators and cytokines that enhance neurodegenerative processes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a family of enzymes regulating a wide range of activity, including signal transduction. Recent studies have focused attention on the intracellular role of PI3K and its contribution to neurodegenerative processes. This review illustrates and discusses recent findings about the role of this signaling pathway in the modulation of microglia neuroinflammatory responses linked to neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss the modulation of PI3K as a potential therapeutic approach helpful for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Inflammation-induced behavioral changes is driven by alterations in Nrf2-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in mouse hippocampus: Role of fluoxetine. Cell Signal 2019; 68:109521. [PMID: 31881324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been associated with the progression of many neurological diseases. Peripheral inflammation has also been vaguely linked to depression-like symptoms in animal models, but the underlying pathways that orchestrate inflammation-induced behavioral or molecular changes in the brain are still elusive. We have recently shown that intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to Swiss albino mice triggers systemic inflammation, leading to an activated immune response along with changes in monoamine levels in the brain. Herein we pinpoint the fundamental pathways linking peripheral inflammation and depression-like behavior in a mouse model, thereby identifying suitable targets of intervention to combat the situation. We show that LPS-induced peripheral inflammation provoked a depression-like behavior in mice and a distinct pro-inflammatory bias in the hippocampus, as evident from increased microglial activation and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and activation of NFκB-p65 pathway. Significant alterations in Nrf2-dependent cellular redox status, coupled with altered autophagy and increased apoptosis were noticed in the hippocampus of LPS-exposed mice. We and others have previously shown that, fluoxetine (an anti-depressant) has effective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by virtue of its abilities to regulate NFκB and Nrf2 signaling. We observed that treatment with fluoxetine or the Nrf2 activator tBHQ (tert-butyl hydroquinone), could reverse depression-like-symptoms and mitigate alterations in autophagy and cell death pathways in the hippocampus by activating Nrf2-dependent gene expressions. Taken together, the data suggests that systemic inflammation potentiates Nrf2-dependent changes in cell death and autophagy pathway in the hippocampus, eventually leading to major pathologic sequelae associated with depression. Therefore, targeting Nrf2 could be a novel approach in combatting depression and ameliorating its associated pathogenesis.
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Guan F, Zhou X, Li P, Wang Y, Liu M, Li F, Cui Y, Huang T, Yao M, Zhang Y, Ma J, Ma S. MG53 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation via inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109684. [PMID: 31260721 PMCID: PMC6708450 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays important roles in the pathogenesis and development of neurodegenerative disorders. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces neuroinflammation and causes neurotoxicity, which results in cell damage or memory impairment in different cells and animals. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of MG53, a member of the TRIM family proteins, against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. MG53 significantly protected HT22 cells against LPS-induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by inhibiting TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β expression. In addition, MG53 ameliorated LPS-induced memory impairment and neuronal cell death in mice. Interestingly, MG53 significantly promoted newborn cell survival, improved neurogenesis, and mitigated neuroinflammation evidenced by lower production of IL-1β and IL-6, less activation of microglia in the hippocampus of LPS treated mice. Further studies demonstrated that MG53 significantly inhibited TLR4 expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation in LPS treated HT22 cells and mice. Taken together, our results suggested that MG53 attenuated LPS-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation partly by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xinkui Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Clinical Laboratory, Zhumadian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuanbo Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Tuanjie Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Tao F, Zhu J, Duan L, Wu J, Zhang J, Yao K, Bo J, Zu H. Anti-inflammatory effects of doxepin hydrochloride against LPS-induced C6-glioma cell inflammatory reaction by PI3K-mediated Akt signaling. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 34:e22424. [PMID: 31743544 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) may have anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant effects in addition to its antidepressant effects. So far, the nonantidepressant effects of TCAs and their molecular pharmacological mechanisms remain completely unclear. Chronic inflammation in the brain parenchyma may be related to the pathogenesis and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. As a common antidepressant and anti-insomnia drug, doxepin also may be a potential anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant drug, so the study on the anti-inflammatory protective effect of doxepin and its molecular mechanism has become a very important issue in pharmacology and clinical medicine. Further elucidating the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of doxepin and its molecular mechanism may provide the important theoretical and clinical basis for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disease. This study was designed to understand the glio-protective mechanism of doxepin against the inflammatory damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in C6-glioma cells. We found the treatment of C6-glioma cells with LPS results in deleterious effects, including the augmentation of inflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β), and suppresses the Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, our outcomes demonstrated that doxepin was able to suppress these effects induced by LPS, through activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-mediated protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. To sum up, these results highlight the potential role of doxepin against neuroinflammatory-related disease in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimei Bo
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengbing Zu
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wang YX, Kang XN, Cao Y, Zheng DX, Lu YM, Pang CF, Wang Z, Cheng B, Peng Y. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces depression via downregulating p75NTR-mediated BDNF maturation in astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:523-534. [PMID: 31299366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cross-sectional epidemiological studies have shown the incidence of periodontitis is positive correlated with that of depression. However, their causal relationship and underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is the main pathogen for periodontitis. Employing female mice treated with Pg every other day for 4 weeks, we found that Pg-mice showed obvious depression-like behavior, an increased number of activated astrocytes and decreased levels of mature brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and astrocytic p75NTR in the hippocampus. Both hippocampal injection of BDNF and overexpression of p75NTR in astrocytes alleviated Pg-induced depression-like behavior in mice. Moreover, Pg-lipopolysaccharides (LPS) generated similar phenotypes, which were reversed by the TLR-4 inhibitor TAK242. Our results suggest that Pg-LPS decreases the level of astrocytic p75NTR and then downregulates BDNF maturation, leading to depression-like behavior in mice. Our study provides the first evidence that Pg is a modifiable risk factor for depression and uncovers a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - De-Xiu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Ye-Ming Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China; The Department of Stomatology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Chun-Feng Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China.
| | - Yun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Coelonin, an Anti-Inflammation Active Component of Bletilla striata and Its Potential Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184422. [PMID: 31500401 PMCID: PMC6770560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol extract of Bletilla striata has remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-pulmonary fibrosis activities in the rat silicosis model. However, its active substances and molecular mechanism are still unclear. To uncover the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism of the Bletilla striata extract, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammation model and phospho antibody array were used. Coelonin, a dihydrophenanthrene compound was isolated and identified. It significantly inhibited LPS-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression at 2.5 μg/mL. The microarray data indicate that the phosphorylation levels of 32 proteins in the coelonin pre-treated group were significantly down-regulated. In particular, the phosphorylation levels of the key inflammatory regulators factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly reduced, and the negative regulator phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome ten (PTEN) was reduced. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1), another downstream molecule regulated by PTEN was also reduced significantly. Western blot and confocal microscopy results confirmed that coelonin inhibited LPS-induced PTEN phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, then inhibited NF-κB activation and p27Kip1 degradation by regulating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases/ v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (PI3K/AKT) pathway negatively. However, PTEN inhibitor co-treatment analysis indicated that the inhibition of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression by coelonin was independent of PTEN, whereas the inhibition of p27Kip1 degradation resulted in cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase, which was dependent on PTEN. The anti-inflammatory activity of coelonin in vivo, which is one of the main active ingredients of Bletilla striata, deserves further study.
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Wang L, Liang Q, Lin A, Wu Y, Min H, Song S, Wang Y, Wang H, Yi L, Gao Q. Borneol alleviates brain injury in sepsis mice by blocking neuronal effect of endotoxin. Life Sci 2019; 232:116647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rastogi M, Singh SK. Modulation of Type-I Interferon Response by hsa-miR-374b-5p During Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Human Microglial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:291. [PMID: 31448245 PMCID: PMC6695837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic ssRNA virus, belonging to the Flaviviridae family. JEV is one of the leading causes of the viral encephalitis in Southeast-Asian countries. JEV primarily infects neurons however, the microglial activation has been reported to further enhance the neuroinflammation and promote neuronal death. The PI3K/AKT pathway has been reported to play an important role in type-I interferon response via IRF3. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of PI3K/AKT pathway, participates in microglial polarization and neuroinflammation. The microRNAs are small non-coding endogenously expressed RNAs, which regulate the gene expression by binding at 3′ UTR of target gene. The human microglial cells were infected with JEV (JaOArS982 strain) and up-regulation of microRNA; hsa-miR-374b-5p was confirmed by qRT-PCR. The genes in PI3K/AKT pathway, over-expression and knock-down studies of hsa-miR-374b-5p with and without JEV infection were analyzed through immuno blotting. The regulatory role of hsa-miR-374b-5p on the expression of type-I interferon was determined by luciferase assays. JEV infection modulated the expression of hsa-miR-374b-5p and PI3K/AKT pathway via PTEN. The over-expression of hsa-miR-374b-5p suppressed the PTEN while up-regulated the AKT and IRF3 proteins, whereas, the knockdown rescued the PTEN expression and suppressed the AKT and IRF3 proteins. The modulation of hsa-miR-374b-5p regulated the type-I interferon response during JEV infection. In present study, we have shown the modulation of PTEN by hsa-miR-374b-5p, which regulated the PI3K/AKT/IRF3 axis in JEV infected microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Chen J, Hu L, Wang J, Cao Y, Zhu D, Chen L, Duan Y. Toxoplasma gondii excreted-secreted antigens suppress Foxp3 via PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16044-16051. [PMID: 31074049 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii excreted-secreted antigens (ESA) cause spontaneous abortion or fetal teratogenesis during the pregnancy in mice, especially in the early stage. Those adverse pregnancy outcomes are due to the deficit in regulatory T cells (Tregs). Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), a critical transcription factor, modulates Tregs differentiation and its function. Besides, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) signaling network is implicated in interfering with Foxp3 induction. We previously demonstrated that ESA diminished the number of Tregs and inhibited its function. And ESA suppressed Foxp3 expression via the attenuation of transforming growth factor β RII/Smad2/Smad3/Smad4 pathway. The current study aimed to investigate whether the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is involved in Foxp3 downregulation induced by ESA. We found that ESA upregulated PI3K, P-AKT, mTOR, and P-mTOR. Knockdown of PI3K cooperated with ESA to restore Foxp3 expression mediated by ESA. This suppressive role of ESA on Foxp3 expression was abrogated by AKT inhibitor. In addition, neutralization of Toll-like receptor 4 could restore the expression of Foxp3, PI3K, and its downstream effectors induced by ESA. Collectively, the findings indicated that ESA inhibited Foxp3 expression via the upregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangqing Cao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Guo LT, Wang SQ, Su J, Xu LX, Ji ZY, Zhang RY, Zhao QW, Ma ZQ, Deng XY, Ma SP. Baicalin ameliorates neuroinflammation-induced depressive-like behavior through inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 expression via the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:95. [PMID: 31068207 PMCID: PMC6507025 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baicalin, which is isolated from Radix Scutellariae, possesses strong biological activities including an anti-inflammation property. Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect of baicalin is linked to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which participates in pathological changes of central nervous system diseases such as depression. In this study, we explored whether baicalin could produce antidepressant effects via regulation of TLR4 signaling in mice and attempted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice model was performed to explore whether baicalin could produce antidepressant effects via the inhibition of neuroinflammation. To clarify the role of TLR4 in the anti-neuroinflammatory efficacy of baicalin, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was employed in mice to specially activate TLR4 and the behavioral changes were determined. Furthermore, we used LY294002 to examine the molecular mechanisms of baicalin in regulating the expression of TLR4 in vivo and in vitro using western blot, ELISA kits, and immunostaining. In the in vitro tests, the BV2 microglia cell lines and primary microglia cultures were pretreated with baicalin and LY292002 for 1 h and then stimulated 24 h with LPS. The primary microglial cells were transfected with the forkhead transcription factor forkhead box protein O 1 (FoxO1)-specific siRNA for 5 h and then co-stimulated with baicalin and LPS to investigate whether FoxO1 participated in the effect of baicalin on TLR4 expression. Results The administration of baicalin (especially 60 mg/kg) dramatically ameliorated CUMS-induced depressive-like symptoms; substantially decreased the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampus; and significantly decreased the expression of TLR4. The activation of TLR4 by the LPS triggered neuroinflammation and evoked depressive-like behaviors in mice, which were also alleviated by the treatment with baicalin (60 mg/kg). Furthermore, the application of baicalin significantly increased the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and FoxO1. The application of baicalin also promoted FoxO1 nuclear exclusion and contributed to the inhibition of the FoxO1 transactivation potential, which led to the downregulation of the expression of TLR4 in CUMS mice or LPS-treated BV2 cells and primary microglia cells. However, prophylactic treatment of LY294002 abolished the above effects of baicalin. In addition, we found that FoxO1 played a vital role in baicalin by regulating the TLR4 and TLR4-mediating neuroinflammation triggered by the LPS via knocking down the expression of FoxO1 in the primary microglia. Conclusion Collectively, these results demonstrate that baicalin ameliorated neuroinflammation-induced depressive-like behaviors through the inhibition of TLR4 expression via the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1474-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou-Ye Ji
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Wen Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Qiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Yang Deng
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Ping Ma
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Qinba Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Research and Development Center, AnKang University, AnKang, 725000, People's Republic of China.
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Loehfelm A, Boucsein A, Pretz D, Tups A. Timing Matters: Circadian Effects on Energy Homeostasis and Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:132-143. [PMID: 30594436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two major health issues in modern society causing an extraordinary financial burden for the global healthcare systems. A tight link between the pathologies of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and more recently between T2D and AD, has been discovered. Furthermore, in recent years it has become apparent that the circadian clock has an important function in controlling metabolism. This review integrates the role of the circadian clock in the development of these metabolic derangements and vice versa. Common features such as central insulin resistance, altered glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signalling, and central inflammation are discussed, and therapeutic interventions targeting those mechanisms are mentioned briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Loehfelm
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alisa Boucsein
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dominik Pretz
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alexander Tups
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway regulates behaviors in adolescent female rats following with neonatal maternal deprivation and chronic mild stress. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:199-207. [PMID: 30630016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The early-life aversive experiences are associated with the increased risk for adolescent neuropsychiatric disorders and neuroinflammation. So, we used neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) and chronic mild stress (CMS) to build adolescent depression model and investigate the role of microglia activation, PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in female rats. Pups in NMD group were separated from mothers for 3 h each day from postnatal day (PND) 2 to PND 21 and rats in CMS group were subjected to one mild stressor each day from PND 22 to PND 42. Sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), novel objective recognition test (NORT), Elevated-plus maze (EPM), marble burying test (MBT) and forced swimming test (FST) were performed from PND 42 to PND 50. Iba-1, pPI3K/PI3K, pAkt/Akt, and NF-κB expressions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) were detected by Western-Blot. Contents of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α were detected by ELISA method. It was found NMD + CMS increased the immobility time, buried marble number, inflammatory cytokines release and reduced the sucrose consumption ratio, time ratio and distance ratio in open arm, crossing times, rearing times. Furthermore, it decreased the discrimination ratio (DR) and discrimination index (DI) in T2 phase. NMD + CMS upregulated the expression of Iba-1, pPI3K/PI3K, pacts/Akt, and NF-κB in PFC and HIP. NMD or CMS solely didn't affect all these behaviors in rats. Sertraline treatment reversed these changes after NMD + CMS. In view of our findings we propose the NMD + CMS procedure as a potentially useful animal model to analyze developmental emotional behaviors and cognitive dysfunction in adolescent female rats, which may be related with microglial activation and PI3k/Akt/NF-κB pathway upregulation.
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Sánchez-Alegría K, Flores-León M, Avila-Muñoz E, Rodríguez-Corona N, Arias C. PI3K Signaling in Neurons: A Central Node for the Control of Multiple Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123725. [PMID: 30477115 PMCID: PMC6321294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling contributes to a variety of processes, mediating many aspects of cellular function, including nutrient uptake, anabolic reactions, cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Less is known regarding its critical role in neuronal physiology, neuronal metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and the control of gene expression in the central nervous system in healthy and diseased states. The aim of the present work is to review cumulative evidence regarding the participation of PI3K pathways in neuronal function, focusing on their role in neuronal metabolism and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance and plasticity or on the expression of pathological hallmarks associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sánchez-Alegría
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Flores-León
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Evangelina Avila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Rodríguez-Corona
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
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