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Chen X, Tang SJ. Neural Circuitry Polarization in the Spinal Dorsal Horn (SDH): A Novel Form of Dysregulated Circuitry Plasticity during Pain Pathogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:398. [PMID: 38474361 PMCID: PMC10930392 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain emerges from nociceptive system dysfunction, resulting in heightened pain circuit activity. Various forms of circuitry plasticity, such as central sensitization, synaptic plasticity, homeostatic plasticity, and excitation/inhibition balance, contribute to the malfunction of neural circuits during pain pathogenesis. Recently, a new form of plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), named neural circuit polarization (NCP), was discovered in pain models induced by HIV-1 gp120 and chronic morphine administration. NCP manifests as an increase in excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in excitatory neurons and a decrease in EPSCs in inhibitory neurons, presumably facilitating hyperactivation of pain circuits. The expression of NCP is associated with astrogliosis. Ablation of reactive astrocytes or suppression of astrogliosis blocks NCP and, concomitantly, the development of gp120- or morphine-induced pain. In this review, we aim to compare and integrate NCP with other forms of plasticity in pain circuits to improve the understanding of the pathogenic contribution of NCP and its cooperation with other forms of circuitry plasticity during the development of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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2
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Ivasiuk A, Matvieienko M, Kononenko NI, Duzhyy DE, Korogod SM, Voitenko N, Belan P. Diabetes-Induced Amplification of Nociceptive DRG Neuron Output by Upregulation of Somatic T-Type Ca 2+ Channels. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1320. [PMID: 37759720 PMCID: PMC10526307 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of pain symptoms in peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is associated with the upregulation of T-type Ca2+ channels (T-channels) in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons. Moreover, a block of these channels in DRG neurons effectively reversed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in animal diabetic models, indicating that T-channel functioning in these neurons is causally linked to PDN. However, no particular mechanisms relating the upregulation of T-channels in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons to the pathological pain processing in PDN have been suggested. Here we have electrophysiologically identified voltage-gated currents expressed in nociceptive DRG neurons and developed a computation model of the neurons, including peripheral and central axons. Simulations showed substantially stronger sensitivity of neuronal excitability to diabetes-induced T-channel upregulation at the normal body temperature compared to the ambient one. We also found that upregulation of somatic T-channels, observed in these neurons under diabetic conditions, amplifies a single action potential invading the soma from the periphery into a burst of multiple action potentials further propagated to the end of the central axon. We have concluded that the somatic T-channel-dependent amplification of the peripheral nociceptive input to the spinal cord demonstrated in this work may underlie abnormal nociception at different stages of diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsentii Ivasiuk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of NAS of Ukraine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.I.); (M.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Maksym Matvieienko
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of NAS of Ukraine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.I.); (M.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Nikolai I. Kononenko
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of NAS of Ukraine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.I.); (M.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Dmytro E. Duzhyy
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of NAS of Ukraine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Sergiy M. Korogod
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of NAS of Ukraine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.I.); (M.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Kyiv Academic University of NAS of Ukraine, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Research Center, Dobrobut Academy Medical School, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel Belan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of NAS of Ukraine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.I.); (M.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Kyiv Academic University of NAS of Ukraine, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Martin LF, Cheng K, Washington SM, Denton M, Goel V, Khandekar M, Largent-Milnes TM, Patwardhan A, Ibrahim MM. Green Light Exposure Elicits Anti-inflammation, Endogenous Opioid Release and Dampens Synaptic Potentiation to Relieve Post-surgical Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:509-529. [PMID: 36283655 PMCID: PMC9991952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light therapy improves multiple conditions such as seasonal affective disorders, circadian rhythm dysregulations, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about its potential benefits in pain management. While current pharmacologic methods are effective in many cases, the associated side effects can limit their use. Non-pharmacological methods would minimize drug dependence, facilitating a reduction of the opioid burden. Green light therapy has been shown to be effective in reducing chronic pain in humans and rodents. However, its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. In this study, we demonstrate that green light exposure reduced postsurgical hypersensitivity in rats. Moreover, this therapy potentiated the antinociceptive effects of morphine and ibuprofen on mechanical allodynia in male rats. Importantly, in female rats, GLED potentiated the antinociceptive effects of morphine but did not affect that of ibuprofen. We showed that green light increases endogenous opioid levels while lessening synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation. Importantly, this study reveals new insights into how light exposure can affect neuroinflammation and plasticity in both genders. Clinical translation of these results could provide patients with improved pain control and decrease opioid consumption. Given the noninvasive nature of green light, this innovative therapy would be readily implementable in hospitals. PERSPECTIVE: This study provides a potential additional therapy to decrease postsurgical pain. Given the safety, availability, and the efficacy of green light therapy, there is a significant potential for advancing the green light therapy to clinical trials and eventual translation to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent F Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephanie M Washington
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Millie Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Vasudha Goel
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Maithili Khandekar
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tally M Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amol Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mohab M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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Ca 2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Contribute to Changed Dorsal Horn Neuronal Firing and Inflammatory Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032341. [PMID: 36768663 PMCID: PMC9916706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord play a critical role in nociceptive input integration and processing in the central nervous system. Engaged neuronal classes and cell-specific excitability shape nociceptive computation within the DH. The DH hyperexcitability (central sensitisation) has been considered a fundamental mechanism in mediating nociceptive hypersensitivity, with the proven role of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs). However, whether and how the DH hyperexcitability relates to changes in action potential (AP) parameters in DH neurons and if Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to these changes remain unknown. We examined the cell-class heterogeneity of APs generated by DH neurons in inflammatory pain conditions to address these. Inflammatory-induced peripheral hypersensitivity increased DH neuronal excitability. We found changes in the AP threshold and amplitude but not kinetics (spike waveform) in DH neurons generating sustained or initial bursts of firing patterns. In contrast, there were no changes in AP parameters in the DH neurons displaying a single spike firing pattern. Genetic knockdown of the molecular mechanism responsible for the upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs allowed the recovery of cell-specific AP changes in peripheral inflammation. Selective inhibition of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs in the spinal cord alleviated nociceptive hypersensitivity, both thermal and mechanical modalities, in animals with peripheral inflammation. Thus, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to shaping APs in DH neurons and nociceptive hypersensitivity. This may represent a neuropathological mechanism in the DH circuits, leading to aberrant signal transfer to other nociceptive pathways.
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Vogel JJ. Pain specialist management of sexual pain—I: foundations. Sex Med Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qeac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The biopsychosocial model of care for women with sexual pain is a widely endorsed approach melding the expertise of multiple professional disciplines. Interventional pain management provides specialized diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain as part of the interdisciplinary care team. Diagnosis and treatment strategies are built on the foundational knowledge of the causes of female sexual pain, appreciation of the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural contexts which shape pain, and the psychological and neurophysiological effect of chronic pain. This first paper in a series of four lays the groundwork for applying the perspectives, approaches, and therapeutic treatment options inherent in the specialty of pain management.
Objectives
To provide a current summary of the neurobiology, intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of female sexual pain within a chronic pain paradigm. Describe the role of an interventional pain specialist as part of an interdisciplinary sexual pain team.
Methods
Internet search engines, PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles on female sexual pain within the scope of practice of pain management.
Results
A thorough review of the literature was conducted to include basic science studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, consensus statements, and case-reports. The neurobiological and psychological aspects of sexual pain were described within a chronic pain paradigm. The perspective of a pain specialist on female sexual pain was presented.
Conclusion
The care of women with sexual pain is highly complex and must be individualized based on the characteristics of the pain, its chronicity, and all the ways the condition impacts each woman. Physiological changes seen in chronic pain are likely to be present in most women with sexual pain. Awareness of the replete biopsychosocial dimensions of sexual pain promotes the goals of interdisciplinary care and provides a foundation for each specialty in the team. The way pain management specialists employ that knowledge for women with sexual pain will be examined in subsequent papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Vogel
- Innovative Pain Care , Marietta, Georgia, United States
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Kang Y, Xue J, Zheng J, Liang J, Cai C, Wang Y. Upregulation of Hevin contributes to postoperative pain hypersensitivity by inducing neurexin1β/neuroligin1-mediated synaptic targeting of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors in rat dorsal horn. Brain Res 2022; 1792:148004. [PMID: 35820448 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The astrocytes-secreted active molecule, Hevin considerably contributes in the transsynaptic bridge of neurexin1β/neuligin1 in excitatory synapse. Previous studies have demonstrated that activity-dependent synaptic recruitment of spinal neuroligin1 and GluA1-containing AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is involved in incisional, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we hypothesized that Hevin induced postoperative pain hypersensitivity by enhancing the neurexin1β/neuroligin1-mediated synaptic targeting of GluA1-containing AMPARs in spinal dorsal horns (DH). Our results showed that plantar incision induced significant postoperative pain behavior, which was described by the cumulative pain scores. At 1 d and 3 d post-incision, Hevin expression was considerably elevated in ipsilateral DHs, although it recovered to baseline value at 5 d following the incision. At 1 d post plantar incision, the neurexin1β/neuroligin1 interactions significantly increased in ipsilateral DHs in rats subjected to incision when compared with those in control rats. Intrathecal pretreatments of small interference RNA targeting Hevin substantially suppressed postoperative pain hypersensitivity and reduced the neurexin1β/neurolgin1 interaction as well as the synaptic targeting of GluA1 in ipsilateral spinal DHs. These data suggest that Hevin induced postoperative pain hypersensitivity by enhancing the neurexin1β/neuroligin1 interaction and subsequent synaptic targeting of GluA1-containing AMPARs in ipsilateral spinal DHs. It provides new insights into the role of Hevin-mediated trans-synaptic regulation in postoperative pain hypersensitivity, which would help develop a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kang
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jianjun Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Junwei Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jinghan Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Chenghui Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
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Zhou L, Su S, Yu J, Wan S, Xu X, Li X, Xiong M, Tian W, Wang L, Wu Y, Ke C. Schnurri-2 promotes the expression of excitatory glutamate receptors and contributes to neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2022; 488:20-31. [PMID: 35218885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain with complex mechanisms, and current treatments have shown limited success in treating patients suffering from chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has shown that the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain is mediated by the plasticity of excitatory neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which provides insights into the treatment of hyperalgesia. In this study, we found that Schnurri-2 (Shn2) was significantly upregulated in the L4-L6 segments of the spinal cord of C57 mice with spared nerve injury, which was accompanied by an increase in GluN2D subunit and glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) levels. Knocking down the expression of Shn2 using a lentivirus in the spinal cord decreased the GluN2D subunit and GluR1 levels in spared nerve injury mice and eventually alleviated mechanical allodynia. In summary, Shn2 regulates neuropathic pain, promotes the upregulation of GluN2D in glutamatergic neurons and increases the accumulation of GluR1 in excitatory neurons. Taken together, our study provides a new underlying mechanism for the development of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhou
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shanchun Su
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shengjun Wan
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Mengyuan Xiong
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Linhan Wang
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Yanqiong Wu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Changbin Ke
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
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Kopach O, Voitenko N. Spinal AMPA receptors: Amenable players in central sensitization for chronic pain therapy? Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:284-297. [PMID: 33565904 PMCID: PMC7889122 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1885836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity-dependent trafficking of AMPA receptors (AMPAR) mediates synaptic strength and plasticity, while the perturbed trafficking of the receptors of different subunit compositions has been linked to memory impairment and to causing neuropathology. In the spinal cord, nociceptive-induced changes in AMPAR trafficking determine the central sensitization of the dorsal horn (DH): changes in AMPAR subunit composition compromise the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition, rendering interneurons hyperexcitable to afferent inputs, and promoting Ca2+ influx into the DH neurons, thereby amplifying neuronal hyperexcitability. The DH circuits become over-excitable and carry out aberrant sensory processing; this causes an increase in pain sensation in central sensory pathways, giving rise to chronic pain syndrome. Current knowledge of the contribution of spinal AMPAR to the cellular mechanisms relating to chronic pain provides opportunities for developing target-based therapies for chronic pain intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Present Address: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Guo C, Ma YY. Calcium Permeable-AMPA Receptors and Excitotoxicity in Neurological Disorders. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:711564. [PMID: 34483848 PMCID: PMC8416103 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.711564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is one of the primary mechanisms of cell loss in a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Other than the previously established signaling pathways of excitotoxicity, which depend on the excessive release of glutamate from axon terminals or over-activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), Ca2+ influx-triggered excitotoxicity through Ca2+-permeable (CP)-AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is detected in multiple disease models. In this review, both acute brain insults (e.g., brain trauma or spinal cord injury, ischemia) and chronic neurological disorders, including Epilepsy/Seizures, Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic pain, and glaucoma, are discussed regarding the CP-AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity. Considering the low expression or absence of CP-AMPARs in most cells, specific manipulation of the CP-AMPARs might be a more plausible strategy to delay the onset and progression of pathological alterations with fewer side effects than blocking NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yao-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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10
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Hu J, Chen X, Cheng J, Kong F, Xia H, Wu J. Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway is involved in synaptic plasticity of the spinal dorsal horn and neuropathic pain in rats by regulating autophagy. Neuroreport 2021; 32:925-935. [PMID: 34145195 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unveiling the etiology and the underlying mechanism of neuropathic pain, a poorly treated disease, is essential for the development of effective therapies. This study aimed to explore the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in autophagy-mediated neuropathic pain. We established a spared nerve injury (SNI) model in adult male SD rats by ligating the common peroneal nerve and tibial, with the distal end cutoff. The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and C/A-fiber evoked field potentials were determined by electrophysiologic tests at day 0 (before operation), day 7 and day 14 postoperation, and SNI significantly increased field potentials (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry and western blots using spinal cord tissues showed that the expressions of GluR1, GluR2, Beclin-1, p62, mTOR and 4EBP1 were significantly increased after SNI (all P < 0.05), whereas the expressions of LC3 and LAMP2 were significantly decreased after SNI (all P < 0.05). Rapamycin efficiently counteracted the effect of SNI and restored the phenotypes to the level comparable to the sham control. In conclusion, rapamycin inhibits C/A-fiber-mediated long-term potentiation in the SNI rat model of neuropathic pain, which might be mediated by activation of autophagy signaling and downregulation of GluRs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Tongcheng People's Hospital, Tongcheng
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children Hospital, Wuhan, China
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11
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Warfield AE, Prather JF, Todd WD. Systems and Circuits Linking Chronic Pain and Circadian Rhythms. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:705173. [PMID: 34276301 PMCID: PMC8284721 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.705173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the last 20 years regarding the link between circadian rhythms and chronic pain pathology has suggested interconnected mechanisms that are not fully understood. Strong evidence for a bidirectional relationship between circadian function and pain has been revealed through inflammatory and immune studies as well as neuropathic ones. However, one limitation of many of these studies is a focus on only a few molecules or cell types, often within only one region of the brain or spinal cord, rather than systems-level interactions. To address this, our review will examine the circadian system as a whole, from the intracellular genetic machinery that controls its timing mechanism to its input and output circuits, and how chronic pain, whether inflammatory or neuropathic, may mediate or be driven by changes in these processes. We will investigate how rhythms of circadian clock gene expression and behavior, immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, intracellular signaling, and glial cells affect and are affected by chronic pain in animal models and human pathologies. We will also discuss key areas in both circadian rhythms and chronic pain that are sexually dimorphic. Understanding the overlapping mechanisms and complex interplay between pain and circadian mediators, the various nuclei they affect, and how they differ between sexes, will be crucial to move forward in developing treatments for chronic pain and for determining how and when they will achieve their maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William D. Todd
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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12
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Bouali-Benazzouz R, Landry M, Benazzouz A, Fossat P. Neuropathic pain modeling: Focus on synaptic and ion channel mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102030. [PMID: 33711402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of pain consist of modeling a pain-like state and measuring the consequent behavior. The first animal models of neuropathic pain (NP) were developed in rodents with a total lesion of the sciatic nerve. Later, other models targeting central or peripheral branches of nerves were developed to identify novel mechanisms that contribute to persistent pain conditions in NP. Objective assessment of pain in these different animal models represents a significant challenge for pre-clinical research. Multiple behavioral approaches are used to investigate and to validate pain phenotypes including withdrawal reflex to evoked stimuli, vocalizations, spontaneous pain, but also emotional and affective behaviors. Furthermore, animal models were very useful in investigating the mechanisms of NP. This review will focus on a detailed description of rodent models of NP and provide an overview of the assessment of the sensory and emotional components of pain. A detailed inventory will be made to examine spinal mechanisms involved in NP-induced hyperexcitability and underlying the current pharmacological approaches used in clinics with the possibility to present new avenues for future treatment. The success of pre-clinical studies in this area of research depends on the choice of the relevant model and the appropriate test based on the objectives of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bouali-Benazzouz
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Marc Landry
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Maduka UP, White SR, Joiner MLA, Hell JW, Hammond DL. CaMKII binding to GluN2B at S1303 has no role in acute or inflammatory pain. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147154. [PMID: 33068634 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and the N-Methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), particularly its GluN2B subunit, contribute to the central sensitization of nociceptive pathways and persistent pain. Using mutant mice wherein the activity-driven binding of CaMKII to S1303 in GluN2B is abrogated (GluN2BKI), this study investigated the importance of this interaction for acute and persistent inflammatory nociception. GluN2BKI, wild type and heterozygote mice did not differ in responses to acute noxious heat stimuli as measured with tail flick, paw flick, or hot plate assays, nor did they differ in their responses to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments. Surprisingly, the three genotypes exhibited similar spontaneous pain behaviors and hypersensitivity to heat or mechanical stimuli induced by intraplantar injection of capsaicin; however, GluN2BKI mice did not immediately attend to the paw. WT and GluN2BKI mice also did not differ in the nociceptive behaviors elicited by intraplantar injection of formalin, even though MK801 greatly reduced these behaviors in both genotypes concordant with NMDAR dependence. CaMKII binding to GluN2B at S1303 therefore does not appear to be critical for the development of inflammatory nociception. Finally, intrathecal KN93 reduced formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in GluN2BKI mice. KN93 does not inhibit CaKMII, but rather binds Ca2+/calmodulin. It has multiple other targets including Ca2+-, Na+- and K+-channels, as well as various kinases. Therefore, the use of GluN2BKI mice provided genetic specificity in assessing the role of CaMKII in inflammatory pain signaling cascades. These results challenge current thinking on the involvement of the CaMKII-NMDAR interaction in inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uche P Maduka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stephanie R White
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mei-Ling A Joiner
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Donna L Hammond
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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14
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Cho JH, Lee DG. Translocation of AMPA Receptors in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord Corresponding to Long-term Depression Following Pulsed Radiofrequency Stimulation at the Dorsal Root Ganglion. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 21:1913-1920. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Pulsed radiofrequency stimulation at the dorsal root ganglion is used for treatment of radicular pain; however, its mechanism for neuropathic pain treatment has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated whether pulsed radiofrequency stimulation affects the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, which play a critical role in synaptic plasticity.
Methods
Neuropathic pain was studied using a radicular neuropathic pain model (43 female Sprague-Dawley rats; 200–250 g). In total, 28 rats were assigned to the following groups for fraction analysis: a control group, a control + pulsed radiofrequency stimulation group, a disc pain group, and a disc pain + pulsed radiofrequency stimulation group. For nonfraction analysis of Glutamate A1 (GluA1) and GluA2 subunits, a total of 15 female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a control group, a disc pain group, and a disc pain + pulsed radiofrequency stimulation group. Pulsed radiofrequency stimulation and subsequent analysis were conducted three days after surgery.
Results
AMPA receptor subunits, GluA1 and GluA2, in the radicular neuropathic pain model were upregulated compared with those in the control group three days after surgery. Pulsed radiofrequency stimulation induced the translocation of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits from the synaptosome to cytosol without a change in the total amount of AMPA receptors in the dorsal horn.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that pulsed radiofrequency stimulation affected the synaptic plasticity corresponding to long-term depression. Thus, we show that long-term depression from pulsed radiofrequency stimulation is associated with analgesic effects in the radicular neuropathic pain model following peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hyuk Cho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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15
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Taylor BK, Sinha GP, Donahue RR, Grachen CM, Morón JA, Doolen S. Opioid receptors inhibit the spinal AMPA receptor Ca 2+ permeability that mediates latent pain sensitization. Exp Neurol 2019; 314:58-66. [PMID: 30660616 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation induces sensitization of nociceptive neurons and triggers the accumulation of calcium permeable (CP) α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This coincides with behavioral signs of acute inflammatory pain, but whether CP-AMPARs contribute to chronic pain remains unclear. To evaluate this question, we first constructed current-voltage (IV) curves of C-fiber stimulus-evoked, AMPAR-mediated EPSCs in lamina II to test for inward rectification, a key characteristic of CP-AMPARs. We found that the intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced an inward rectification at 3 d that persisted to 21 d after injury. Furthermore, the CP- AMPAR antagonist IEM-1460 (50 μM) inhibited AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients 21d after injury but had no effect in uninflamed mice. We then used a model of long-lasting vulnerability for chronic pain that is determined by the balance between latent central sensitization (LCS) and mu opioid receptor constitutive activity (MORCA). When administered 21 d after the intraplantar injection of CFA, intrathecal administration of the MORCA inverse agonist naltrexone (NTX, 1 μg, i.t.) reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity, and superfusion of spinal cord slices with NTX (10 μM) increased the peak amplitude of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients in lamina II neurons. The CP-AMPAR antagonist naspm (0-10 nmol, i.t.) inhibited these NTX-induced increases in mechanical hypersensitivity. NTX had no effect in uninflamed mice. Subsequent western blot analysis of the postsynaptic density membrane fraction from lumbar dorsal horn revealed that CFA increased GluA1 expression at 2 d and GluA4 expression at both 2 and 21 d post-injury, indicating that not just the GluA1 subunit, but also the GluA4 subunit, contributes to the expression of CP-AMPARs and synaptic strength during hyperalgesia. GluA2 expression increased at 21 d, an unexpected result that requires further study. We conclude that after tissue injury, dorsal horn AMPARs retain a Ca2+ permeability that underlies LCS. Because of their effectiveness in reducing naltrexone-induced reinstatement of hyperalgesia and potentiation of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ signals, CP-AMPAR inhibitors are a promising class of agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Ghanshyam P Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Renee R Donahue
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Carolyn M Grachen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Jose A Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 600 South Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Suzanne Doolen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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16
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Miyamoto K, Ishikura KI, Kume K, Ohsawa M. Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle sensitizes nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Glia 2018; 67:27-36. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Ishikura
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohsawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
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17
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Guo R, Li H, Li X, Xue Z, Sun Y, Ma D, Guan Y, Li J, Tian M, Wang Y. Downregulation of neuroligin1 ameliorates postoperative pain through inhibiting neuroligin1/postsynaptic density 95-mediated synaptic targeting of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor GluA1 subunits in rat dorsal horns. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918766745. [PMID: 29592780 PMCID: PMC5881971 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918766745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroligin1 is an important synaptic cell adhesion molecule that modulates the function of synapses through protein-protein interactions. Yet, it remains unclear whether the regulation of synaptic transmission in the spinal cord by neruoligin1 contributes to the development of postoperative pain. In a rat model of postoperative pain induced by plantar incision, we conducted Western blot study to examine changes in the expression of postsynaptic membrane of neuroligin1, postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor GluA1 and GluA2 subunits in the spinal cord dorsal horn after injury. The interaction between neuroligin1 and PSD-95 was further determined by using coimmunoprecipitation. Protein levels of neuroligin1 and GluA1, but not GluA2 and PSD-95, were significantly increased in the postsynaptic membrane of the ipsilateral dorsal horn at 3 h and 1 day after incision, as compared to that in control group (naïve). A greater amount of PSD-95 was coimmunoprecipitated with neuroligin1 at 3 h after incision than that in the control group. Intrathecal administration of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting neuroligin1 suppressed the expression of neuroligin1 in the spinal cord. Importantly, pretreatment with intrathecal neuroligin1 siRNA2497, but not scrambled siRNA or vehicle, prevented the upregulation of GluA1 expression at 3 h after incision, inhibited the enhanced neuroligin1/PSD-95 interaction, and attenuated postoperative pain. Together, current findings suggest that downregulation of spinal neuroligin1 expression may ameliorate postoperative pain through inhibiting neuroligin1/PSD-95 interaction and synaptic targeting of GluA1 subunit. Accordingly, spinal neuroligin1 may be a potential new target for postoperative pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Guo
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huili Li
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojing Xue
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Danxu Ma
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Guan
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The 1466 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junfa Li
- 4 Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Tian
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Greenwald JD, Shafritz KM. An Integrative Neuroscience Framework for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: From Cellular Alterations to Behavior. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:18. [PMID: 29875641 PMCID: PMC5974053 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain can result from many pain syndromes including complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), phantom limb pain and chronic low back pain, among others. On a molecular level, chronic pain syndromes arise from hypersensitization within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, a process known as central sensitization. Central sensitization involves an upregulation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) similar to that of long-term potentiation (LTP). Regions of the brain in which LTP occurs, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, are implicated in fear- and memory-related brain circuity. Chronic pain dramatically influences patient quality of life. Individuals with chronic pain may develop pain-related anxiety and pain-related fear. The syndrome also alters functional connectivity in the default-mode network (DMN) and salience network. On a cellular/molecular level, central sensitization may be reversed through degradative glutamate receptor pathways. This, however, rarely happens. Instead, cortical brain regions may serve in a top-down regulatory capacity for the maintenance or alleviation of pain. Specifically, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which plays a critical role in fear-related brain circuits, the DMN, and salience network may be the driving forces in this process. On a cellular level, the mPFC may form new neural circuits through LTP that may cause extinction of pre-existing pain pathways found within fear-related brain circuits, the DMN, and salience network. In order to promote new LTP connections between the mPFC and other key brain structures, such as the amygdala and insula, we propose a holistic rehabilitation program including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and revolving around: (1) cognitive reappraisals; (2) mindfulness meditation; and (3) functional rehabilitation. Unlike current medical interventions focusing upon pain-relieving medications, we do not believe that chronic pain treatment should focus on reversing the effects of central sensitization. Instead, we propose here that it is critical to focus on non-invasive efforts to promote new neural circuits originating from the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess D. Greenwald
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Keith M. Shafritz
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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19
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Thakre PP, Bellingham MC. Capsaicin Enhances Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission to Neonatal Rat Hypoglossal Motor Neurons via a TRPV1-Independent Mechanism. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:383. [PMID: 29259542 PMCID: PMC5723349 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether capsaicin modulated synaptic transmission to hypoglossal motor neurons (HMNs) by acting on transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording from neonatal rat HMNs, we found that capsaicin increased spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) frequency and amplitude. Interestingly, the only effect of capsaicin on spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents (sIPSCs) was a significant decrease in sIPSC amplitude without altering frequency, indicating a post-synaptic mechanism of action. The frequency of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs), recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), was also increased by capsaicin, but capsaicin did not alter mEPSC amplitude, consistent with a pre-synaptic mechanism of action. A negative shift in membrane current (Iholding) was elicited by capsaicin under both recording conditions. The effect of capsaicin on excitatory synaptic transmission remained unchanged in the presence of the TRPV1 antagonists, capsazepine or SB366791, suggesting that capsaicin acts to modulate EPSCs via a mechanism which does not require TRPV1 activation. Capsaicin, however, did not alter evoked excitatory post-synaptic currents (eEPSCs) or the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of eEPSCs. Repetitive action potential (AP) firing in HMNs was also unaltered by capsaicin, indicating that capsaicin does not change HMN intrinsic excitability. We have demonstrated that capsaicin modulates glutamatergic excitatory, as well as glycinergic inhibitory, synaptic transmission in HMNs by differing pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms. These results expand our understanding regarding the extent to which capsaicin can modulate synaptic transmission to central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal P Thakre
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark C Bellingham
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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20
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Khariv V, Elkabes S. Contribution of Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPases to neuronal maladaptive responses: Focus on spinal nociceptive mechanisms and neurodegeneration. Neurosci Lett 2017; 663:60-65. [PMID: 28780172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) are ion pumps that expel Ca2+ from cells and maintain Ca2+ homeostasis. Four isoforms and multiple splice variants play important and non-overlapping roles in cellular function and integrity and have been implicated in diseases including disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, one of these isoforms, PMCA2, is critical for spinal cord (SC) neuronal function. PMCA2 expression is decreased in SC neurons at onset of symptoms in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Decreased PMCA2 expression affects the function and viability of SC neurons, with motor neurons being the most vulnerable population. Recent studies have also shown that PMCA2 could be an important contributor to pain processing in the dorsal horn (DH) of the SC. Pain sensitivity was altered in female, but not male, PMCA2+/- mice compared to PMCA2+/+ littermates in a modality-dependent manner. Changes in pain responsiveness in the female PMCA2+/- mice were paralleled by female-specific alterations in the expression of effectors, which have been implicated in the excitability of DH neurons, in mechanisms governing nociception and in the transmission of pain signals. Other PMCA isoforms and in particular, PMCA4, also contribute to the excitability of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which contain the first-order sensory neurons that convey nociceptive information from the periphery to the DH. These findings suggest that specific PMCA isoforms play specialized functions in neurons that mediate pain processing. Further investigations are necessary to unravel the precise contribution of PMCAs to mechanisms governing pathological pain in models of injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Khariv
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States.
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21
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Hong B, Yao L, Ni L, Wang L, Hu X. Antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin A involves alterations in AMPA receptor expression and glutamate release in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Neuroscience 2017; 357:197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Poddar R, Chen A, Winter L, Rajagopal S, Paul S. Role of AMPA receptors in homocysteine-NMDA receptor-induced crosstalk between ERK and p38 MAPK. J Neurochem 2017; 142:560-573. [PMID: 28543279 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine, a metabolite of the methionine cycle has been reported to play a role in neurotoxicity through activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR)-mediated signaling pathway. The proposed mechanisms associated with homocysteine-NMDAR-induced neurotoxicity involve a unique signaling pathway that triggers a crosstalk between extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPKs, where activation of p38 MAPK is downstream of and dependent on ERK MAPK. However, the molecular basis of the ERK MAPK-mediated p38 MAPK activation is not understood. This study investigates whether α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) play a role in facilitating the ERK MAPK-mediated p38 MAPK activation. Using surface biotinylation and immunoblotting approaches we show that treatment with homocysteine leads to a decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit in neurons, but have no effect on the surface expression of GluA1-AMPAR subunit. Inhibition of NMDAR activation with D-AP5 or ERK MAPK phosphorylation with PD98059 attenuates homocysteine-induced decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit. The decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit is associated with p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which is inhibited by 1-napthyl acetyl spermine trihydrochloride (NASPM), a selective antagonist of GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs. These results suggest that homocysteine-NMDAR-mediated ERK MAPK phosphorylation leads to a decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit resulting in Ca2+ influx through the GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Cell death assays further show that inhibition of AMPAR activity with 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4,tetrahydrobenzoquinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX)/6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3, -dione (CNQX) or GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPAR activity with NASPM attenuates homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. We have identified an important mechanism involved in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity that highlights the intermediary role of GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs in the crosstalk between ERK and p38 MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alexandria Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lucas Winter
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sathyanarayanan Rajagopal
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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23
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Wigerblad G, Huie JR, Yin HZ, Leinders M, Pritchard RA, Koehrn FJ, Xiao WH, Bennett GJ, Huganir RL, Ferguson AR, Weiss JH, Svensson CI, Sorkin LS. Inflammation-induced GluA1 trafficking and membrane insertion of Ca 2+ permeable AMPA receptors in dorsal horn neurons is dependent on spinal tumor necrosis factor, PI3 kinase and protein kinase A. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:144-158. [PMID: 28412220 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation induces sensitization of nociceptive spinal cord neurons. Both spinal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and neuronal membrane insertion of Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptor (AMPAr) contribute to spinal sensitization and resultant pain behavior, molecular mechanisms connecting these two events have not been studied in detail. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of TNF-blockers attenuated paw carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Levels of GluA1 and GluA4 from dorsal spinal membrane fractions increased in carrageenan-injected rats compared to controls. In the same tissue, GluA2 levels were not altered. Inflammation-induced increases in membrane GluA1 were prevented by i.t. pre-treatment with antagonists to TNF, PI3K, PKA and NMDA. Interestingly, administration of TNF or PI3K inhibitors followed by carrageenan caused a marked reduction in plasma membrane GluA2 levels, despite the fact that membrane GluA2 levels were stable following inhibitor administration in the absence of carrageenan. TNF pre-incubation induced increased numbers of Co2+ labeled dorsal horn neurons, indicating more neurons with Ca2+ permeable AMPAr. In parallel to Western blot results, this increase was blocked by antagonism of PI3K and PKA. In addition, spinal slices from GluA1 transgenic mice, which had a single alanine replacement at GluA1 ser 845 or ser 831 that prevented phosphorylation, were resistant to TNF-induced increases in Co2+ labeling. However, behavioral responses following intraplantar carrageenan and formalin in the mutant mice were no different from littermate controls, suggesting a more complex regulation of nociception. Co-localization of GluA1, GluA2 and GluA4 with synaptophysin on identified spinoparabrachial neurons and their relative ratios were used to assess inflammation-induced trafficking of AMPAr to synapses. Inflammation induced an increase in synaptic GluA1, but not GluA2. Although total GluA4 also increased with inflammation, co-localization of GluA4 with synaptophysin, fell short of significance. Taken together these data suggest that peripheral inflammation induces a PI3K and PKA dependent TNFR1 activated pathway that culminates with trafficking of calcium permeable AMPAr into synapses of nociceptive dorsal horn projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wigerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J R Huie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Z Yin
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Leinders
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R A Pritchard
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F J Koehrn
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W-H Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G J Bennett
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J H Weiss
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L S Sorkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Huie JR, Morioka K, Haefeli J, Ferguson AR. What Is Being Trained? How Divergent Forms of Plasticity Compete To Shape Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1831-1840. [PMID: 27875927 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating syndrome that produces dysfunction in motor and sensory systems, manifesting as chronic paralysis, sensory changes, and pain disorders. The multi-faceted and heterogeneous nature of SCI has made effective rehabilitative strategies challenging. Work over the last 40 years has aimed to overcome these obstacles by harnessing the intrinsic plasticity of the spinal cord to improve functional locomotor recovery. Intensive training after SCI facilitates lower extremity function and has shown promise as a tool for retraining the spinal cord by engaging innate locomotor circuitry in the lumbar cord. As new training paradigms evolve, the importance of appropriate afferent input has emerged as a requirement for adaptive plasticity. The integration of kinematic, sensory, and loading force information must be closely monitored and carefully manipulated to optimize training outcomes. Inappropriate peripheral input may produce lasting maladaptive sensory and motor effects, such as central pain and spasticity. Thus, it is important to closely consider the type of afferent input the injured spinal cord receives. Here we review preclinical and clinical input parameters fostering adaptive plasticity, as well as those producing maladaptive plasticity that may undermine neurorehabilitative efforts. We differentiate between passive (hindlimb unloading [HU], limb immobilization) and active (peripheral nociception) forms of aberrant input. Furthermore, we discuss the timing of initiating exposure to afferent input after SCI for promoting functional locomotor recovery. We conclude by presenting a candidate rapid synaptic mechanism for maladaptive plasticity after SCI, offering a pharmacological target for restoring the capacity for adaptive spinal plasticity in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell Huie
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Kazuhito Morioka
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Jenny Haefeli
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California.,2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco, California
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Nasir H, Mahboubi H, Gyawali S, Ding S, Mickeviciute A, Ragavendran JV, Laferrière A, Stochaj U, Coderre TJ. Consistent sex-dependent effects of PKMζ gene ablation and pharmacological inhibition on the maintenance of referred pain. Mol Pain 2016; 12:1744806916675347. [PMID: 27899695 PMCID: PMC5131814 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916675347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistently active PKMζ has been implicated in maintaining spinal nociceptive sensitization that underlies pain hypersensitivity. However, evidence for PKMζ in the maintenance of pain hypersensitivity comes exclusively from short-term studies in males using pharmacological agents of questionable selectivity. The present study examines the contribution of PKMζ to long-lasting allodynia associated with neuropathic, inflammatory, or referred visceral and muscle pain in males and females using pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation. RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PKMζ reduced mild formalin pain and slowly developing contralateral allodynia in nerve-injured rats, but not moderate formalin pain or ipsilateral allodynia in models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PKMζ also effectively reduced referred visceral and muscle pain in male, but not in female mice and rats. CONCLUSION We show pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of PKMζ consistently attenuate long-lasting pain hypersensitivity. However, differential effects in models of referred versus inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and in males versus females, highlight the roles of afferent input-dependent masking and sex differences in the maintenance of pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibatulnaseer Nasir
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hicham Mahboubi
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandeep Gyawali
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Ding
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aiste Mickeviciute
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Vaigunda Ragavendran
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Laferrière
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Terence J Coderre
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Khariv V, Ni L, Ratnayake A, Sampath S, Lutz BM, Tao XX, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Impaired sensitivity to pain stimuli in plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 (PMCA2) heterozygous mice: a possible modality- and sex-specific role for PMCA2 in nociception. FASEB J 2016; 31:224-237. [PMID: 27702770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600541r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 (PMCA2) is a calcium pump that plays important roles in neuronal function. Although it is expressed in pain-associated regions of the CNS, including in the dorsal horn (DH), its contribution to pain remains undefined. The present study assessed the role of PMCA2 in pain responsiveness and the link between PMCA2 and glutamate receptors, GABA receptors (GABARs), and glutamate transporters that have been implicated in pain processing in the DH of adult female and male PMCA2+/+ and PMCA2+/- mice. Behavioral assays evaluated mechanical and thermal pain responsiveness. Mechanical sensitivity was significantly increased by 52% and heat sensitivity was reduced by 29% in female, but not male, PMCA2+/- mice compared with PMCA2+/+ controls. There were female-specific changes in metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, NMDA receptor 2A, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunit GluR1, GABABR1, and GABABR2 levels, whereas metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, NMDA receptor 2B, GluR2, and GABAARα2 levels were not altered. Glutamate aspartate transporter levels were higher and glial glutamate transporter 1 levels were lower in the DH of female, but not male, PMCA2+/- mice. These findings indicate a novel role for PMCA2 in modality- and sex-dependent pain responsiveness. Female-specific molecular changes potentially account for the altered pain responses.-Khariv, V., Ni, L., Ratnayake, A., Sampath, S., Lutz, B. M., Tao, X.-X., Heary, R. F., Elkabes, S. Impaired sensitivity to pain stimuli in plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 (PMCA2) heterozygous mice: a possible modality- and sex-specific role for PMCA2 in nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Khariv
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Li Ni
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ayomi Ratnayake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sujitha Sampath
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brianna M Lutz
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Xuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Robert F Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
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Filpa V, Moro E, Protasoni M, Crema F, Frigo G, Giaroni C. Role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system and brain-gut axis in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:14-33. [PMID: 27561972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have been carried out in the last 30 years in the attempt to clarify the possible role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the gastrointestinal tract. Such effort has provided immunohistochemical, biomolecular and functional data suggesting that the entire glutamatergic neurotransmitter machinery is present in the complex circuitries of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which participates to the local coordination of gastrointestinal functions. Glutamate is also involved in the regulation of the brain-gut axis, a bi-directional connection pathway between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut. The neurotransmitter contributes to convey information, via afferent fibers, from the gut to the brain, and to send appropriate signals, via efferent fibers, from the brain to control gut secretion and motility. In analogy with the CNS, an increasing number of studies suggest that dysregulation of the enteric glutamatergic neurotransmitter machinery may lead to gastrointestinal dysfunctions. On the whole, this research field has opened the possibility to find new potential targets for development of drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The present review analyzes the more recent literature on enteric glutamatergic neurotransmission both in physiological and pathological conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux, gastric acid hypersecretory diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Filpa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Protasoni
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, via F. Guicciardini 9, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianmario Frigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, I-21100 Varese, Italy
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Fbxo3-Dependent Fbxl2 Ubiquitination Mediates Neuropathic Allodynia through the TRAF2/TNIK/GluR1 Cascade. J Neurosci 2016; 35:16545-60. [PMID: 26674878 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2301-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Emerging evidence has indicated that the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain is mediated by spinal neural plasticity in the dorsal horn, which provides insight for analgesic therapy. Here, we report that the abundance of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 and NcK-interacting kinase (TNIK), a kinase that is presumed to regulate neural plasticity, was specifically enhanced in ipsilateral dorsal horn neurons after spinal nerve ligation (SNL; left L5 and L6). Spinal TNIK-associated allodynia is mediated by downstream TNIK-GluR1 coupling and the subsequent phosphorylation-dependent trafficking of GluR1 toward the plasma membrane in dorsal horn neurons. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), which is regulated by spinal F-box protein 3 (Fbxo3)-dependent F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 2 (Fbxl2) ubiquitination, contributes to SNL-induced allodynia by modifying TNIK/GluR1 phosphorylation-associated GluR1 trafficking. Although exhibiting no effect on Fbxo3/Fbxl2/TRAF2 signaling, focal knockdown of spinal TNIK expression prevented SNL-induced allodynia by attenuating TNIK/GluR1 phosphorylation-dependent subcellular GluR1 redistribution. In contrast, intrathecal administration of BC-1215 (N1,N2-Bis[[4-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]-1,2-ethanediamine) (a novel Fbxo3 inhibitor) prevented SNL-induced Fbxl2 ubiquitination and subsequent TFAF2 de-ubiquitination to ameliorate behavioral allodynia via antagonizing TRAF2/TNIK/GluR1 signaling. By targeting spinal Fbxo3-dependent Fbxl2 ubiquitination and the subsequent TRAF2/TNIK/GluR1 cascade, spinal application of a TNF-α-neutralizing antibody ameliorated SNL-induced allodynia, and, conversely, intrathecal TNF-α injection into naive rats induced allodynia via a spinal Fbxo3/Fbxl2-dependent modification of the TRAF2/TNIK/GluR1 cascade. Together, our results suggest that spinal TNF-α contributes to the development of neuropathic pain by upregulating TRAF2/TNIK/GluR1 signaling via Fbxo3-dependent Fbxl2 ubiquitination and degradation. Thus, we propose a potential medical treatment strategy for neuropathic pain by targeting the F-box protein or TNIK. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT TNF-α participates in neuropathic pain development by facilitating the spinal TRAF2-dependent TNIK-GluR1 association, which drives GluR1-containing AMPA receptor trafficking toward the plasma membrane. In addition, F-box protein 3 modifies this pathway by inhibiting F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 2-mediated TRAF2 ubiquitination, suggesting that protein ubiquitination contributes crucially to the development of neuropathic pain. These results provide a novel therapeutic strategy for pain relief.
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VPS26A-SNX27 Interaction-Dependent mGluR5 Recycling in Dorsal Horn Neurons Mediates Neuropathic Pain in Rats. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14943-55. [PMID: 26538661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2587-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retromer, which crucially contributes to endosomal sorting machinery through the retrieval and recycling of signaling receptors away from degradation, has been identified as a critical element for glutamatergic-receptor-dependent neural plasticity at excitatory synapses. We observed it accompanied by behavioral allodynia; neuropathic injury time-dependently enhanced VPS26A and SNX27 expression; VPS26A-SNX27 coprecipitation; and VPS26A-positive, SNX27-positive, and VPS26A-SNX27 double-labeled immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of Sprague Dawley rats that were all sufficiently ameliorated through the focal knock-down of spinal VPS26A expression. Although the knock-down of spinal SNX27 expression exhibited similar effects, spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-enhanced VPS26A expression remained unaffected. Moreover, SNL also increased membrane-bound and total mGluR5 abundance, VPS26A-bound SNX27 and mGluR5 and mGluR5-bound VPS26A and SNX27 coprecipitation, and mGluR5-positive and VPS26A/SNX27/mGluR5 triple-labeled immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn, and these effects were all attenuated through the focal knock-down of spinal VPS26A and SNX27 expression. Although administration with MPEP adequately ameliorated SNL-associated allodynia, mGluR5 expression, and membrane insertion, SNL-enhanced VPS26A and SNX27 expression were unaffected. Together, these results suggested a role of spinal VPS26A-SNX27-dependent mGluR5 recycling in the development of neuropathic pain. This is the first study that links retromer-associated sorting machinery with the spinal plasticity underlying pain hypersensitivity and proposes the possible pathophysiological relevance of endocytic recycling in pain pathophysiology through the modification of glutamatergic mGluR5 recycling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT VPS26A-SNX27-dependent mGluR5 recycling plays a role in the development of neuropathic pain. The regulation of the VPS26A-SNX27 interaction that modifies mGluR5 trafficking and expression in the dorsal horn provides a novel therapeutic strategy for pain relief.
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30
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Boadas-Vaello P, Castany S, Homs J, Álvarez-Pérez B, Deulofeu M, Verdú E. Neuroplasticity of ascending and descending pathways after somatosensory system injury: reviewing knowledge to identify neuropathic pain therapeutic targets. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:330-40. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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AMPA Receptor Phosphorylation and Synaptic Colocalization on Motor Neurons Drive Maladaptive Plasticity below Complete Spinal Cord Injury. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0091-15. [PMID: 26668821 PMCID: PMC4677690 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0091-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) is accompanied by comorbid peripheral injury in 47% of patients. Human and animal modeling data have shown that painful peripheral injuries undermine long-term recovery of locomotion through unknown mechanisms. Peripheral nociceptive stimuli induce maladaptive synaptic plasticity in dorsal horn sensory systems through AMPA receptor (AMPAR) phosphorylation and trafficking to synapses. Here we test whether ventral horn motor neurons in rats demonstrate similar experience-dependent maladaptive plasticity below a complete SCI in vivo. Quantitative biochemistry demonstrated that intermittent nociceptive stimulation (INS) rapidly and selectively increases AMPAR subunit GluA1 serine 831 phosphorylation and localization to synapses in the injured spinal cord, while reducing synaptic GluA2. These changes predict motor dysfunction in the absence of cell death signaling, suggesting an opportunity for therapeutic reversal. Automated confocal time-course analysis of lumbar ventral horn motor neurons confirmed a time-dependent increase in synaptic GluA1 with concurrent decrease in synaptic GluA2. Optical fractionation of neuronal plasma membranes revealed GluA2 removal from extrasynaptic sites on motor neurons early after INS followed by removal from synapses 2 h later. As GluA2-lacking AMPARs are canonical calcium-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs), their stimulus- and time-dependent insertion provides a therapeutic target for limiting calcium-dependent dynamic maladaptive plasticity after SCI. Confirming this, a selective CP-AMPAR antagonist protected against INS-induced maladaptive spinal plasticity, restoring adaptive motor responses on a sensorimotor spinal training task. These findings highlight the critical involvement of AMPARs in experience-dependent spinal cord plasticity after injury and provide a pharmacologically targetable synaptic mechanism by which early postinjury experience shapes motor plasticity.
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Laedermann CJ, Abriel H, Decosterd I. Post-translational modifications of voltage-gated sodium channels in chronic pain syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:263. [PMID: 26594175 PMCID: PMC4633509 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the peripheral sensory nervous system the neuronal expression of voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) is very important for the transmission of nociceptive information since they give rise to the upstroke of the action potential (AP). Navs are composed of nine different isoforms with distinct biophysical properties. Studying the mutations associated with the increase or absence of pain sensitivity in humans, as well as other expression studies, have highlighted Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 as being the most important contributors to the control of nociceptive neuronal electrogenesis. Modulating their expression and/or function can impact the shape of the AP and consequently modify nociceptive transmission, a process that is observed in persistent pain conditions. Post-translational modification (PTM) of Navs is a well-known process that modifies their expression and function. In chronic pain syndromes, the release of inflammatory molecules into the direct environment of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons leads to an abnormal activation of enzymes that induce Navs PTM. The addition of small molecules, i.e., peptides, phosphoryl groups, ubiquitin moieties and/or carbohydrates, can modify the function of Navs in two different ways: via direct physical interference with Nav gating, or via the control of Nav trafficking. Both mechanisms have a profound impact on neuronal excitability. In this review we will discuss the role of Protein Kinase A, B, and C, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases and Ca++/Calmodulin-dependent Kinase II in peripheral chronic pain syndromes. We will also discuss more recent findings that the ubiquitination of Nav1.7 by Nedd4-2 and the effect of methylglyoxal on Nav1.8 are also implicated in the development of experimental neuropathic pain. We will address the potential roles of other PTMs in chronic pain and highlight the need for further investigation of PTMs of Navs in order to develop new pharmacological tools to alleviate pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric J. Laedermann
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, BostonMA, USA
| | - Hugues Abriel
- Department of Clinical Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Decosterd
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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Duzhyy DE, Viatchenko-Karpinski VY, Khomula EV, Voitenko NV, Belan PV. Upregulation of T-type Ca2+ channels in long-term diabetes determines increased excitability of a specific type of capsaicin-insensitive DRG neurons. Mol Pain 2015; 11:29. [PMID: 25986602 PMCID: PMC4490764 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that increased excitability of capsaicin-sensitive DRG neurons and thermal hyperalgesia in rats with short-term (2–4 weeks) streptozotocin-induced diabetes is mediated by upregulation of T-type Ca2+ current. In longer–term diabetes (after the 8th week) thermal hyperalgesia is changed to hypoalgesia that is accompanied by downregulation of T-type current in capsaicin-sensitive small-sized nociceptors. At the same time pain symptoms of diabetic neuropathy other than thermal persist in STZ-diabetic animals and patients during progression of diabetes into later stages suggesting that other types of DRG neurons may be sensitized and contribute to pain. In this study, we examined functional expression of T-type Ca2+ channels in capsaicin-insensitive DRG neurons and excitability of these neurons in longer-term diabetic rats and in thermally hypoalgesic diabetic rats. Results Here we have demonstrated that in STZ-diabetes T-type current was upregulated in capsaicin-insensitive low-pH-sensitive small-sized nociceptive DRG neurons of longer-term diabetic rats and thermally hypoalgesic diabetic rats. This upregulation was not accompanied by significant changes in biophysical properties of T-type channels suggesting that a density of functionally active channels was increased. Sensitivity of T-type current to amiloride (1 mM) and low concentration of Ni2+ (50 μM) implicates prevalence of Cav3.2 subtype of T-type channels in the capsaicin-insensitive low-pH-sensitive neurons of both naïve and diabetic rats. The upregulation of T-type channels resulted in the increased neuronal excitability of these nociceptive neurons revealed by a lower threshold for action potential initiation, prominent afterdepolarizing potentials and burst firing. Sodium current was not significantly changed in these neurons during long-term diabetes and could not contribute to the diabetes-induced increase of neuronal excitability. Conclusions Capsaicin-insensitive low-pH-sensitive type of DRG neurons shows diabetes-induced upregulation of Cav3.2 subtype of T-type channels. This upregulation results in the increased excitability of these neurons and may contribute to nonthermal nociception at a later-stage diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro E Duzhyy
- Department of General Physiology of the CNS and State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz street, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Viacheslav Y Viatchenko-Karpinski
- Department of General Physiology of the CNS and State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz street, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Eugen V Khomula
- International Center of Molecular Physiology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz street, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Nana V Voitenko
- Department of General Physiology of the CNS and State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz street, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Pavel V Belan
- Department of General Physiology of the CNS and State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz street, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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A role for Kalirin-7 in nociceptive sensitization via activity-dependent modulation of spinal synapses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6820. [PMID: 25865668 PMCID: PMC4403379 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is the cornerstone of processes underlying persistent nociceptive activity-induced changes in normal nociceptive sensitivity. Kalirin-7 is a multifunctional guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases that is characterized by its localization at excitatory synapses, interactions with glutamate receptors and its ability to dynamically modulate the neuronal cytoskeleton. Here we show that spinally expressed Kalirin-7 is required for persistent nociceptive activity-dependent synaptic long-term potentiation as well as activity-dependent remodelling of synaptic spines in the spinal dorsal horn, thereby orchestrating functional and structural plasticity during the course of inflammatory pain.
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GluA1 phosphorylation contributes to postsynaptic amplification of neuropathic pain in the insular cortex. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13505-15. [PMID: 25274827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1431-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation of glutamatergic transmission has been observed after physiological learning or pathological injuries in different brain regions, including the spinal cord, hippocampus, amygdala, and cortices. The insular cortex is a key cortical region that plays important roles in aversive learning and neuropathic pain. However, little is known about whether excitatory transmission in the insular cortex undergoes plastic changes after peripheral nerve injury. Here, we found that peripheral nerve ligation triggered the enhancement of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission in the insular cortex. The synaptic GluA1 subunit of AMPAR, but not the GluA2/3 subunit, was increased after nerve ligation. Genetic knock-in mice lacking phosphorylation of the Ser845 site, but not that of the Ser831 site, blocked the enhancement of the synaptic GluA1 subunit, indicating that GluA1 phosphorylation at the Ser845 site by protein kinase A (PKA) was critical for this upregulation after nerve injury. Furthermore, A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 (AKAP79/150) and PKA were translocated to the synapses after nerve injury. Genetic deletion of adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) prevented the translocation of AKAP79/150 and PKA, as well as the upregulation of synaptic GluA1-containing AMPARs. Pharmacological inhibition of calcium-permeable AMPAR function in the insular cortex reduced behavioral sensitization caused by nerve injury. Our results suggest that the expression of AMPARs is enhanced in the insular cortex after nerve injury by a pathway involving AC1, AKAP79/150, and PKA, and such enhancement may at least in part contribute to behavioral sensitization together with other cortical regions, such as the anterior cingulate and the prefrontal cortices.
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Down-regulation of Stargazin inhibits the enhanced surface delivery of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor GluR1 subunit in rat dorsal horn and ameliorates postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:609-19. [PMID: 25093662 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stargazin is the first transmembrane protein known to regulate synaptic targeting of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. However, it is unclear whether regulation of the surface delivery of spinal AMPA receptor subunits by stargazin contributes to postoperative pain development. METHODS Western blot analysis was used to examine changes in the surface delivery of AMPA receptor subunits, GluR1 and GluR2, in rat dorsal horn. The interaction between stargazin and GluR1 and GluR2 was examined by coimmunoprecipitation. Expression of stargazin was suppressed by intrathecal administration of small interfering RNA311. RESULTS Membrane-bound GluR1, but not GluR2, in ipsilateral dorsal horn was increased at 3 h (1.49 ± 0.15-fold of β-tubulin, mean ± SEM) and 1 day (1.03 ± 0.25) after incision, as compared with that in control rats (naive, 0.63 ± 0.23, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). The amount of GluR1 coimmunoprecipitated with stargazin was greater at 3 h after incision (1.48 ± 0.31-fold of input) than that in control animals (0.45 ± 0.24, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Importantly, the increase in membrane GluR1 at 3 h after incision was normalized to near control level (0.72 ± 0.20-fold of β-tubulin) by pretreatment with intrathecal stargazin small interfering RNA311 (0.87 ± 0.09), but not scrambled small interfering RNA (1.48 ± 0.24) or vehicle (1.25 ± 0.13, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Stargazin small interfering RNA311 pretreatment prevented the increase in stargazin-GluR1 interaction and decreased postoperative pain after incision. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a critical role of stargazin-mediated surface delivery of GluR1 subunit in the development of postoperative pain. A better therapeutic strategy for postoperative pain may involve selectively down-regulating spinal stargazin to inhibit synaptic targeting of GluR1 subunit.
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Watson JL, Hala TJ, Putatunda R, Sannie D, Lepore AC. Persistent at-level thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia accompany chronic neuronal and astrocyte activation in superficial dorsal horn following mouse cervical contusion spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109099. [PMID: 25268642 PMCID: PMC4182513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, sensory abnormalities, including neuropathic pain, often result from traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI can induce cellular changes in the CNS, termed central sensitization, that alter excitability of spinal cord neurons, including those in the dorsal horn involved in pain transmission. Persistently elevated levels of neuronal activity, glial activation, and glutamatergic transmission are thought to contribute to the hyperexcitability of these dorsal horn neurons, which can lead to maladaptive circuitry, aberrant pain processing and, ultimately, chronic neuropathic pain. Here we present a mouse model of SCI-induced neuropathic pain that exhibits a persistent pain phenotype accompanied by chronic neuronal hyperexcitability and glial activation in the spinal cord dorsal horn. We generated a unilateral cervical contusion injury at the C5 or C6 level of the adult mouse spinal cord. Following injury, an increase in the number of neurons expressing ΔFosB (a marker of chronic neuronal activation), persistent astrocyte activation and proliferation (as measured by GFAP and Ki67 expression), and a decrease in the expression of the astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT1 are observed in the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn of cervical spinal cord. These changes have previously been associated with neuronal hyperexcitability and may contribute to altered pain transmission and chronic neuropathic pain. In our model, they are accompanied by robust at-level hyperaglesia in the ipsilateral forepaw and allodynia in both forepaws that are evident within two weeks following injury and persist for at least six weeks. Furthermore, the pain phenotype occurs in the absence of alterations in forelimb grip strength, suggesting that it represents sensory and not motor abnormalities. Given the importance of transgenic mouse technology, this clinically-relevant model provides a resource that can be used to study the molecular mechanisms contributing to neuropathic pain following SCI and to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamara J. Hala
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajarshi Putatunda
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Sannie
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angelo C. Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Tagawa K, Homma H, Saito A, Fujita K, Chen X, Imoto S, Oka T, Ito H, Motoki K, Yoshida C, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Iwatsubo T, Miyano S, Okazawa H. Comprehensive phosphoproteome analysis unravels the core signaling network that initiates the earliest synapse pathology in preclinical Alzheimer's disease brain. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:540-58. [PMID: 25231903 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a high-end mass spectrometry, we screened phosphoproteins and phosphopeptides in four types of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models and human AD postmortem brains. We identified commonly changed phosphoproteins in multiple models and also determined phosphoproteins related to initiation of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition in the mouse brain. After confirming these proteins were also changed in and human AD brains, we put the proteins on experimentally verified protein-protein interaction databases. Surprisingly, most of the core phosphoproteins were directly connected, and they formed a functional network linked to synaptic spine formation. The change of the core network started at a preclinical stage even before histological Aβ deposition. Systems biology analyses suggested that phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) by overactivated kinases including protein kinases C and calmodulin-dependent kinases initiates synapse pathology. Two-photon microscopic observation revealed recovery of abnormal spine formation in the AD model mice by targeting a core protein MARCKS or by inhibiting candidate kinases, supporting our hypothesis formulated based on phosphoproteome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Tagawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Homma
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ayumu Saito
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kyota Fujita
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Xigui Chen
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Oka
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ito
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Motoki
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Chisato Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Department of Neuropathology, Brain Bank for Aging Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan and
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Brain Bank for Aging Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan and
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Liu Y, Liang Y, Hou B, Liu M, Yang X, Liu C, Zhang J, Zhang W, Ma Z, Gu X. The inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II KN93 attenuates bone cancer pain via inhibition of KIF17/NR2B trafficking in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tao W, Chen Q, Zhou W, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Z. Persistent inflammation-induced up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes synaptic delivery of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor GluA1 subunits in descending pain modulatory circuits. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22196-204. [PMID: 24966334 PMCID: PMC4139232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced AMPA receptor phosphorylation at GluA1 serine 831 sites in the central pain-modulating system plays a pivotal role in descending pain facilitation after inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We show here that, in the rat brain stem, in the nucleus raphe magnus, which is a critical relay in the descending pain-modulating system of the brain, persistent inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) can enhance AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and the GluA2-lacking AMPA receptor-mediated rectification index. Western blot analysis showed an increase in GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser-831 but not at Ser-845. This was accompanied by an increase in distribution of the synaptic GluA1 subunit. In parallel, the level of histone H3 acetylation at bdnf gene promoter regions was reduced significantly 3 days after CFA injection, as indicated by ChIP assays. This was correlated with an increase in BDNF mRNA levels and BDNF protein levels. Sequestering endogenous extracellular BDNF with TrkB-IgG in the nucleus raphe magnus decreased AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser-831 3 days after CFA injection. Under the same conditions, blockade of TrkB receptor functions, phospholipase C, or PKC impaired GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser-831 and decreased excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that epigenetic up-regulation of BDNF by peripheral inflammation induces GluR1 phosphorylation at Ser-831 sites through activation of the phospholipase C-PKC signaling cascade, leading to the trafficking of GluA1 to pain-modulating neuronal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Tao
- From the Key Laboratory of Brain Functions and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China and the Department of Pharmacy, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Quan Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Brain Functions and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China and
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- From the Key Laboratory of Brain Functions and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China and
| | - Yunping Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Brain Functions and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China and
| | - Lu Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Brain Functions and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China and
| | - Zhi Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Brain Functions and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China and
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Hagenston AM, Simonetti M. Neuronal calcium signaling in chronic pain. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:407-26. [PMID: 25012522 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute physiological pain, the unpleasant sensory response to a noxious stimulus, is essential for animals and humans to avoid potential injury. Pathological pain that persists after the original insult or injury has subsided, however, not only results in individual suffering but also imposes a significant cost on society. Improving treatments for long-lasting pathological pain requires a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying pain perception and the development of pain chronicity. In this review, we aim to highlight some of the major findings related to the involvement of neuronal calcium signaling in the processes that mediate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Hagenston
- University of Heidelberg, Neurobiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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Ohsawa M, Otake S, Murakami T, Yamamoto S, Makino T, Ono H. Gabapentin prevents oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:292-9. [PMID: 24990115 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14058fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy drug, frequently causes acute and chronic peripheral neuropathies including mechanical hyperalgesia. These adverse effects hinder anticancer therapy with the drug. In this study, we examined several drugs that might prevent oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of oxaliplatin (10 mg/kg) induced cold allodynia (acetone test) and mechanical hyperalgesia (von Frey test). Gabapentin, but not simvastatin and atorvastatin, prevented oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia without affecting cold allodynia. Moreover, oxaliplatin caused phosphorylation of cofilin protein in the spinal cord, which has been shown to be involved in the neuropathic hyperalgesia. This increased phosphorylation of cofilin was also attenuated by gabapentin treatment. These results suggest that gabapentin is useful for relieving oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and that the pathogenic mechanisms of cold allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohsawa
- Laboratory of CNS Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
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Luo C, Kuner T, Kuner R. Synaptic plasticity in pathological pain. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:343-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Leinders M, Koehrn FJ, Bartok B, Boyle DL, Shubayev V, Kalcheva I, Yu NK, Park J, Kaang BK, Hefferan MP, Firestein GS, Sorkin LS. Differential distribution of PI3K isoforms in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia: potential roles in acute inflammatory pain. Pain 2014; 155:1150-1160. [PMID: 24631588 PMCID: PMC4128246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PI3-kinases (PI3Ks) participate in nociception within spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and peripheral nerves. To extend our knowledge, we immunohistochemically stained for each of the 4 class I PI3K isoforms along with several cell-specific markers within the lumbar spinal cord, DRG, and sciatic nerve of naive rats. Intrathecal and intraplantar isoform specific antagonists were given as pretreatments before intraplantar carrageenan; pain behavior was then assessed over time. The α-isoform was localized to central terminals of primary afferent fibers in spinal cord laminae IIi to IV as well as to neurons in ventral horn and DRG. The PI3Kβ isoform was the only class I isoform seen in dorsal horn neurons; it was also observed in DRG, Schwann cells, and axonal paranodes. The δ-isoform was found in spinal cord white matter oligodendrocytes and radial astrocytes, and the γ-isoform was seen in a subpopulation of IB4-positive DRG neurons. No isoform co-localized with microglial markers or satellite cells in naive tissue. Only the PI3Kβ antagonist, but none of the other antagonists, had anti-allodynic effects when administered intrathecally; coincident with reduced pain behavior, this agent completely blocked paw carrageenan-induced dorsal horn 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking to plasma membranes. Intraplantar administration of the γ-antagonist prominently reduced pain behavior. These data suggest that each isoform displays specificity with regard to neuronal type as well as to specific tissues. Furthermore, each PI3K isoform has a unique role in development of nociception and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Leinders
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fred J. Koehrn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beatrix Bartok
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David L. Boyle
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Veronica Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
| | - Iveta Kalcheva
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nam-Kyung Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | | | - Gary S. Firestein
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linda S. Sorkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
Selective strengthening of specific glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian hippocampus is critical for encoding new memories. This is most commonly achieved by input-specific Hebbian-type plasticity involving glutamate-dependent coincident presynaptic and postsynaptic depolarization. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which nicotinic signaling, independently of coincident fast glutamatergic transmission, increases synaptic strength in the hippocampus. Electrophysiological recordings from rat hippocampal neurons in culture revealed that 1-3 h of exposure to 1 μm nicotine, even with action potentials being blocked, produced increases in both the frequency and amplitude of miniature EPSCs. Possible mechanisms were analyzed both in mouse organotypic slice culture and in rat cell culture by inducing the cells to express super-ecliptic pHluorin-tagged GluA1-containing AMPA receptors, which fluoresce only on the cell surface. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the cells, in combination with fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching experiments, revealed that nicotine, acting through α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, induces the stabilization and accumulation of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors on dendritic spines. The process relies on intracellular calcium signaling, PDZ [postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/Discs large (Dlg)/zona occludens-1 (ZO-1)] interactions with members of the PSD-95 family, and lateral diffusion of the GluA1 receptors on the cell surface. These findings define a new avenue by which nicotinic signaling modulates synaptic mechanisms thought to subserve learning and memory.
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Prostacyclin regulates spinal nociceptive processing through cyclic adenosine monophosphate-induced translocation of glutamate receptors. Anesthesiology 2014; 120:447-58. [PMID: 23969560 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3182a76f74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostacyclin (PGI2) is known to be an important mediator of peripheral pain sensation (nociception) whereas little is known about its role in central sensitization. METHODS The levels of the stable PGI2-metabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) and of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured in the dorsal horn with the use of mass spectrometry after peripheral inflammation. Expression of the prostanoid receptors was determined by immunohistology. Effects of prostacyclin receptor (IP) activation on spinal neurons were investigated with biochemical assays (cyclic adenosine monophosphate-, glutamate release-measurement, Western blot analysis) in embryonic cultures and adult spinal cord. The specific IP antagonist Cay10441 was applied intrathecally after zymosan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in vivo. RESULTS Peripheral inflammation caused a significant increase of the stable PGI2 metabolite 6-keto-PGF1α in the dorsal horn of wild-type mice (n = 5). IP was located on spinal neurons and did not colocalize with the prostaglandin E2 receptors EP2 or EP4. The selective IP-agonist cicaprost increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis in spinal cultures from wild-type but not from IP-deficient mice (n = 5-10). The combination of fluorescence-resonance-energy transfer-based cyclic adenosine monophosphate imaging and calcium imaging showed a cicaprost-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis in spinal cord neurons (n = 5-6). Fittingly, IP activation increased glutamate release from acute spinal cord sections of adult mice (n = 13-58). Cicaprost, but not agonists for EP2 and EP4, induced protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit and its translocation to the membrane. Accordingly, intrathecal administration of the IP receptor antagonist Cay10441 had an antinociceptive effect (n = 8-11). CONCLUSION Spinal prostacyclin synthesis during early inflammation causes the recruitment of GluR1 receptors to membrane fractions, thereby augmenting the onset of central sensitization.
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Ma W, Quirion R. Targeting cell surface trafficking of pain-facilitating receptors to treat chronic pain conditions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:459-72. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.887683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Vermeulen W, Man JGD, Pelckmans PA, Winter BYD. Neuroanatomy of lower gastrointestinal pain disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1005-1020. [PMID: 24574773 PMCID: PMC3921524 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic abdominal pain accompanying intestinal inflammation emerges from the hyperresponsiveness of neuronal, immune and endocrine signaling pathways within the intestines, the peripheral and the central nervous system. In this article we review how the sensory nerve information from the healthy and the hypersensitive bowel is encoded and conveyed to the brain. The gut milieu is continuously monitored by intrinsic enteric afferents, and an extrinsic nervous network comprising vagal, pelvic and splanchnic afferents. The extrinsic afferents convey gut stimuli to second order neurons within the superficial spinal cord layers. These neurons cross the white commissure and ascend in the anterolateral quadrant and in the ipsilateral dorsal column of the dorsal horn to higher brain centers, mostly subserving regulatory functions. Within the supraspinal regions and the brainstem, pathways descend to modulate the sensory input. Because of this multiple level control, only a small proportion of gut signals actually reaches the level of consciousness to induce sensation or pain. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, however, long-term neuroplastic changes have occurred in the brain-gut axis which results in chronic abdominal pain. This sensitization may be driven on the one hand by peripheral mechanisms within the intestinal wall which encompasses an interplay between immunocytes, enterochromaffin cells, resident macrophages, neurons and smooth muscles. On the other hand, neuronal synaptic changes along with increased neurotransmitter release in the spinal cord and brain leads to a state of central wind-up. Also life factors such as but not limited to inflammation and stress contribute to hypersensitivity. All together, the degree to which each of these mechanisms contribute to hypersensitivity in IBD and IBS might be disease- and even patient-dependent. Mapping of sensitization throughout animal and human studies may significantly improve our understanding of sensitization in IBD and IBS. On the long run, this knowledge can be put forward in potential therapeutic targets for abdominal pain in these conditions.
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Zhou L, Huang J, Gao J, Zhang G, Jiang J. NMDA and AMPA receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex mediates visceral pain in visceral hypersensitivity rats. Cell Immunol 2013; 287:86-90. [PMID: 24487031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor activation in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons plays critical roles in modulating visceral pain responses in visceral hypersensitivity (VH) rats. However, there are few reports about the expressions of NMDA and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isox-azolepropionic-acid (AMPA) receptor subtypes in ACC of VH model rats at different time points. The current study was undertaken to investigate NR2A, NR2B and GluR2 expressions in ACC of VH rats that were induced by administration with 5% mustard oil. Our results indicated that NR2B, but not NR2A, was highly expressed in VH model group on day 15, 22, and 36 compared with normal group (p < 0.05). GluR2 expression was also higher in VH model group on day 15, 22, and 36 than that of normal group (p < 0.05). These findings suggested increased expression of NR2B and GluR2 might be key mechanisms for long-term synaptic plastic changes in VH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjing Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanpo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinjin Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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