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Gama TB, Ferraro AA, Vieira SE. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory failure caused by respiratory viruses in children and adolescents. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1392426. [PMID: 39210982 PMCID: PMC11357968 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1392426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to the direct impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on child/adolescent health, changes in infections caused by other viruses have been observed. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are important agents of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in these age groups. This study presents an analysis of the influence of the pandemic on the seasonal and clinical patterns of ARF caused by RSV and influenza. Methods A retrospective ecological study was performed. The data of individuals younger than 20 years who were hospitalized with ARF and who were diagnosed with RSV, influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) between 2019 and 2022 were analysed. The data were collected from the governmental system. Results Among 367,136 individuals, the incidence of ARF increased annually. During the pandemic, the number of infected schoolchildren, adolescents, and nonwhite people; intensive care admissions; and mortality rates increased. Older age, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and residence in North Brazil/Northeast Brazil were associated with lower odds of intensive care unit admission but greater odds of death. Comorbidities were important risk factors for severe disease. There was a drastic reduction in the number of RSV and influenza infections, with a resurgence in 2021. After the resurgence in 2021, the number of influenza-related deaths remained above the 2019 level, which did not occur in 2022. After 2021, RSV infection was associated with greater odds of intensive care admission but not death. Conclusions During the pandemic, older children, adolescents, and individuals with comorbidities were more vulnerable to ARF. There was a reduction in the prevalence and severity of RSV and influenza infections. After this reduction, a resurgence with an out-of-season pattern, but without higher odds of death than in the prepandemic year, was observed for both in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra E. Vieira
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Campo JJ, Seppo AE, Randall AZ, Pablo J, Hung C, Teng A, Shandling AD, Truong J, Oberai A, Miller J, Iqbal NT, Peñataro Yori P, Kukkonen AK, Kuitunen M, Guterman LB, Morris SK, Pell LG, Al Mahmud A, Ramakrishan G, Heinz E, Kirkpatrick BD, Faruque AS, Haque R, Looney RJ, Kosek MN, Savilahti E, Omer SB, Roth DE, Petri WA, Järvinen KM. Human milk antibodies to global pathogens reveal geographic and interindividual variations in IgA and IgG. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e168789. [PMID: 39087469 PMCID: PMC11290967 DOI: 10.1172/jci168789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe use of high-throughput technologies has enabled rapid advancement in the knowledge of host immune responses to pathogens. Our objective was to compare the repertoire, protection, and maternal factors associated with human milk antibodies to infectious pathogens in different economic and geographic locations.METHODSUsing multipathogen protein microarrays, 878 milk and 94 paired serum samples collected from 695 women in 5 high and low-to-middle income countries (Bangladesh, Finland, Peru, Pakistan, and the United States) were assessed for specific IgA and IgG antibodies to 1,607 proteins from 30 enteric, respiratory, and bloodborne pathogens.RESULTSThe antibody coverage across enteric and respiratory pathogens was highest in Bangladeshi and Pakistani cohorts and lowest in the U.S. and Finland. While some pathogens induced a dominant IgA response (Campylobacter, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Cryptosporidium, and pertussis), others elicited both IgA and IgG antibodies in milk and serum, possibly related to the invasiveness of the infection (Shigella, enteropathogenic E. coli "EPEC", Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Group B Streptococcus). Besides the differences between economic regions and decreases in concentrations over time, human milk IgA and IgG antibody concentrations were lower in mothers with high BMI and higher parity, respectively. In Bangladeshi infants, a higher specific IgA concentration in human milk was associated with delayed time to rotavirus infection, implying protective properties of antirotavirus antibodies, whereas a higher IgA antibody concentration was associated with greater incidence of Campylobacter infection.CONCLUSIONThis comprehensive assessment of human milk antibody profiles may be used to guide the development of passive protection strategies against infant morbidity and mortality.FUNDINGBill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1172222 (to KMJ); Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1066764 funded the MDIG trial (to DER); University of Rochester CTSI and Environmental Health Sciences Center funded the Rochester Lifestyle study (to RJL); and R01 AI043596 funded PROVIDE (to WAP).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antti E. Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Jozelyn Pablo
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Chris Hung
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andy Teng
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | - Amit Oberai
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | - James Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Najeeha Talat Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Kaarina Kukkonen
- New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Kuitunen
- New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Beryl Guterman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shaun K. Morris
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa G. Pell
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdullah Al Mahmud
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Girija Ramakrishan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eva Heinz
- Departments of Vector Biology and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Parasites and Microbes, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Abu S.G. Faruque
- Emerging Infection and Parasitology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Emerging Infection and Parasitology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R. John Looney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erkki Savilahti
- New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel E. Roth
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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3
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Ahmed S, Jiang X, Liu G, Yang H, Sadiq A, Yi D, Farooq U, Yiyu S, Zubair M. The protective role of maternal genetic immunization on maternal-fetal health and welfare. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 163:763-777. [PMID: 37218379 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a critical period associated with alterations in physiologic, biologic, and immunologic processes, which can affect maternal-fetal health through development of several infectious diseases. At birth, neonates have an immature immune system that makes them more susceptible to severe viral infections and diseases. For this reason, different maternal nutritional and immunization interventions have been used to improve the immune and health status of the mother and her neonate through passive immunity. Here, we reviewed the protective role of maternal immunization with different types of vaccines, especially genetic vaccines, during pregnancy in maternal-fetal health, immune response, colostrum quality, immune response, and anti-oxidative status. For this purpose, we have used different scientific databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and other official web pages. We customized the search period range from the year 2000 to 2023 using the key words "maternal immunization" OR "gestation period/pregnancy" OR "genetic vaccination" OR "maternal-fetal health" OR "micronutrients" OR "neonatal immunity" "oxidative stress" OR "colostrum quality". The evidence demonstrated that inactivated or killed vaccines produced significant immune protection in the mother and fetus. Furthermore, most recent studies have suggested that the use of genetic vaccines (mRNA and DNA) during pregnancy is efficient at triggering the immune response in mother and neonate without the risk of undesired pregnancy outcomes. However, factors such as maternal redox balance, nutritional status, and the timing of immunization play essential roles in regulating immune response inflammatory status, antioxidant capacity, and the welfare of both the pregnant mother and her newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Yang
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Amber Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ding Yi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Yiyu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
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Macredie F, Willing E, Dawson P, Howe A, Young A. Interventions to improve vaccine coverage of pregnant women in Aotearoa New Zealand. J Prim Health Care 2023; 15:230-237. [PMID: 37756230 DOI: 10.1071/hc23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maternal vaccination against influenza and pertussis protects mothers and babies from severe disease and is recommended and funded in Aotearoa New Zealand. Despite this, maternal vaccination uptake is low, varies by region and is inequitable, with Māori and Pacific māmā (mothers) less likely to receive vaccination. Aim To determine what interventions currently exist to support and encourage maternal vaccination against influenza and pertussis and what changes and interventions could be implemented to improve coverage, with a focus on Māori and Pacific hapū māmā (pregnant mothers). Methods Interviews with six participants with diverse roles in the vaccination workforce were conducted. Participants were involved in education, certification and supporting vaccinators, high-level strategising, and vaccination. Interviews aimed to determine what interventions currently exist for hapū māmā, what changes need to be made to improve coverage and how Māori and Pacific people have been specifically engaged. Qualitative data analysis was used to determine themes. Results Participants identified that interventions must focus on prioritising and emphasising the importance of maternal vaccination, promoting collaboration and innovation, making interventions accessible, and empowering Māori- and Pacific-driven avenues to vaccination. To create positive foundations, participants identified the importance of building and maintaining trust and affording mothers' time and autonomy in vaccination. Discussion Healthcare professionals need to proactively engage hapū māmā about vaccination and collaborate in service delivery. Interventions must be suitably accessible and allow for the autonomy of hapū māmā over vaccination decisions. Equity should be considered at the foundation of vaccine interventions to improve the accessibility of vaccines to all communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flynn Macredie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Esther Willing
- Kohatu - The Centre for Hauora Maori, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Dawson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anna Howe
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amber Young
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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5
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Yang X, DeCarlo C, Fox A, Pineda N, Powell RLR. Assessment of human milk samples obtained pre and post-influenza vaccination reveals a poor boosting of seasonally-relevant, hemagglutinin-specific antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154782. [PMID: 37325620 PMCID: PMC10264617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Influenza (flu) vaccination prevented over 100,000 hospitalizations and 7000 deaths from flu over the 2019-2020 season in the USA. Infants <6 months are the most likely to die from flu, though flu vaccines are only licensed for infants >6 months old. Therefore, it is recommended that flu vaccination occur during pregnancy, as this reduces severe complications; however, vaccination rates are suboptimal, and vaccination is also recommended postpartum. For breast/chest-fed infants, the vaccine is believed to elicit protective and robust seasonally-specific milk antibody (Ab). Few comprehensive studies exist examining Ab responses in milk after vaccination, with none measuring secretory Ab (sAb). Determining whether sAbs are elicited is critical, as this Ab class is highly stable in milk and mucosae. Methods In the present study, our aim was to determine to what extent specific Ab titers in the milk of lactating people were boosted after seasonal influenza vaccination. Over the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 seasons, milk was obtained pre- and post-vaccination and assessed for specific IgA, IgG, and sAb against relevant hemagglutinin (HA) antigens by a Luminex immunoassay. Results IgA and sAb were not found to be significantly boosted, while only IgG titers against B/Phuket/3073/2013, included in vaccines since 2015, exhibited an increase. Across the 7 immunogens examined, as many as 54% of samples exhibited no sAb boost. No significant differences for IgA, sAb, or IgG boosting were measured between seasonally-matched versus mismatched milk groups, indicating boosting was not seasonally-specific. No correlations between IgA and sAb increases were found for 6/8 HA antigens. No boost in IgG- or IgA-mediated neutralization post vaccination was observed. Discussion This study highlights the critical need to redesign influenza vaccines with the lactating population in mind, wherein the aim should be to elicit a potent seasonally-specific sAb response in milk. As such, this population must be included in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca L. R. Powell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Elias SC, Muthumbi E, Mwanzu A, Wanjiku P, Mutiso A, Simon R, MacLennan CA. Complementary measurement of nontyphoidal Salmonella-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in oral fluid and serum. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12071. [PMID: 36704288 PMCID: PMC9871079 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Immuno-epidemiological studies of orally acquired, enteric pathogens such as nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) often focus on serological measures of immunity, ignoring potentially relevant oral mucosal responses. In this study we sought to assess the levels and detectability of both oral fluid and serum IgG and IgA to NTS antigens, in endemic and non-endemic populations. Methods IgG and IgA antibodies specific for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis O antigen and phase 1 flagellin were assessed using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Paired oral fluid and serum samples were collected from groups of 50 UK adults, Kenyan adults and Kenyan infants. Additionally, oral fluid alone was collected from 304 Kenyan individuals across a range of ages. Results Antigen-specific IgG and IgA was detectable in the oral fluid of both adults and infants. Oral fluid antibody increased with age, peaking in adulthood for both IgG and IgA but a separate peak was also observed for IgA in infants. Oral fluid and serum responses correlated for IgG but not IgA. Despite standardised collection the relationship between oral fluid volume and antibody levels varied with age and country of origin. Conclusions Measurement of NTS-specific oral fluid antibody can be used to complement measurement of serum antibody. For IgA in particular, oral fluid may offer insights into how protective immunity to NTS changes as individuals transition with age, from maternal to acquired systemic and mucosal immunity. This may prove useful in helping to guide future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Elias
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Esther Muthumbi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Alfred Mwanzu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Agnes Mutiso
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
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Jin L, Li Z, Zhang X, Li J, Zhu F. CoronaVac: A review of efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2096970. [PMID: 35878789 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2096970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CoronaVac, also known as the Sinovac inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, has been widely implemented in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. We summarized the results of clinical trials and real-world studies of CoronaVac in this review. The overall efficacy for the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 (before the emergence of variants of concern) using two doses of 3 μg CoronaVac was 67.7% (95% CI, 35.9% to 83.7%). Effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths was more prominent than that in preventing COVID-19. A third dose inherited the effectiveness against non-variants of concern and increased effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes caused by omicron variants compared to two doses. Most adverse reactions were mild. Few vaccine-related serious adverse reactions have been reported. Moreover, three-dose regimen significantly increased the seroconversion levels of neutralizing antibodies against omicron as compared to two-dose regimen. This review of CoronaVac may provide a scientific basis for optimizing global immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lairun Jin
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhuopei Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, P.R. China
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8
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Longueira Y, Ojeda DS, Battistelli RBA, Sanchez L, Oviedo Rouco S, Albano D, Guevara E, Valls V, Pando MA, Gamarnik AV. SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG and IgA response in maternal blood and breastmilk of vaccinated naïve and convalescent lactating participants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909995. [PMID: 36263055 PMCID: PMC9574440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in the milk of breastfeeding mothers vaccinated with mRNA and convalescent. However, limited information is available in lactating women receiving other vaccine platforms used in developing countries, such as the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) and the non-replicating adenovirus vaccines Sputnik V (Gamaleya Institute) and ChAdOx1-S (Oxford AstraZeneca). Methods Here, we evaluated anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA levels in both serum and milk samples using a longitudinal and a cross-sectional cohort of 208 breastfeeding vaccinated women from Argentina with or without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results The analysis showed that IgA levels remain constant in serum and milk of breastfeeding mothers between the first and second doses of vector-based vaccines (Sputnik V and ChAdOx1-S). After the second dose, anti-spike IgA was found positive in 100% of the serum samples and in 66% of breastmilk samples. In addition, no significant differences in milk IgA levels were observed in participants receiving BBIBP-CorV, Sputnik V or ChAdOx1-S. IgG levels in milk increased after the second dose of vector-based vaccines. Paired longitudinal samples taken at 45 and 120 days after the second dose showed a decrease in milk IgG levels over time. Study of IgA levels in serum and milk of vaccinated naïve of infection and vaccinated-convalescent breastfeeding participants showed significantly higher levels in vaccinated-convalescent than in participants without previous infection. Conclusion This study is relevant to understand the protection against SARS-CoV-2 by passive immunity in newborns and children who are not yet eligible to receive vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Longueira
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego S. Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina,*Correspondence: Andrea V. Gamarnik, ; Diego S. Ojeda,
| | - Rocio B. Antivero Battistelli
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo Rouco
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Albano
- Banco de Leche Humana – Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Guevara
- Banco de Leche Humana – Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Valls
- Banco de Leche Humana – Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A. Pando
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea V. Gamarnik
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina,*Correspondence: Andrea V. Gamarnik, ; Diego S. Ojeda,
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9
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Davis EC, Castagna VP, Sela DA, Hillard MA, Lindberg S, Mantis NJ, Seppo AE, Järvinen KM. Gut microbiome and breast-feeding: Implications for early immune development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:523-534. [PMID: 36075638 PMCID: PMC9463492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of the gut microbiome during early life is a complex process with lasting implications for an individual's health. Several factors influence microbial assembly; however, breast-feeding is recognized as one of the most influential drivers of gut microbiome composition during infancy, with potential implications for function. Differences in gut microbial communities between breast-fed and formula-fed infants have been consistently observed and are hypothesized to partially mediate the relationships between breast-feeding and decreased risk for numerous communicable and noncommunicable diseases in early life. Despite decades of research on the gut microbiome of breast-fed infants, there are large scientific gaps in understanding how human milk has evolved to support microbial and immune development. This review will summarize the evidence on how breast-feeding broadly affects the composition and function of the early-life gut microbiome and discuss mechanisms by which specific human milk components shape intestinal bacterial colonization, succession, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Davis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Golisano Children's Hospital, Rochester, NY
| | | | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Mass; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Mass; Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Mass
| | - Margaret A Hillard
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Mass; Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Mass
| | - Samantha Lindberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Albany, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Antti E Seppo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Golisano Children's Hospital, Rochester, NY
| | - Kirsi M Järvinen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Golisano Children's Hospital, Rochester, NY; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.
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Zheng Y, Correa-Silva S, Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Maternal vaccination as an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling: Anti-infective properties of breast milk. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100093. [PMID: 35963149 PMCID: PMC9382412 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk constitutes a secretion with unique functions of both nourishing the nursling and providing protection against enteric and respiratory infections, mainly due to its content of secretory IgA antibodies but also due to the presence of a plethora of bioactive factors. Specific IgA antibodies are produced locally by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes that migrate from other mucosae to the mammary gland during lactation, particularly from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Therefore, here, the authors will provide a comprehensive review of the content and functions of different nutritional and bioactive anti-infectious components from breast milk, such as oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, haptocorrin, α-lactalbumin, k-casein, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, mucin, fatty acids, defensins, cytokines and chemokines, hormones and growth factors, complement proteins, leukocytes and nucleic acids, including microRNAs, among many others, and the induction of antibody responses in breast milk after maternal vaccination with several licensed vaccines, including the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine preparations used worldwide. Currently, in the midst of the pandemic, maternal vaccination has re-emerged as a crucial source of passive immunity to the neonate through the placenta and breastfeeding, considering that maternal vaccination can induce specific antibodies if performed during pregnancy and after delivery. There have been some reports in the literature about milk IgA antibodies induced by bacterial antigens or inactivated virus vaccines, such as anti-diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, anti-influenza viruses, anti-pneumococcal and meningococcal polysaccharide preparations. Regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, most studies demonstrate elevated levels of specific IgA and IgG antibodies in milk with virus-neutralizing ability after maternal vaccination, which represents an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling during the entire breastfeeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Simone Correa-Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade Paulista, UNIP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Palmeira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-36), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Yang X, Fox A, DeCarlo C, Norris C, Griffin S, Wedekind S, Flanagan JM, Shenker N, Powell RL. Comparative Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific Human Milk Antibodies Elicited by mRNA- and Adenovirus-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:638-646. [PMID: 35675683 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2022.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Numerous COVID-19 vaccines are authorized globally. To date, ∼71% of doses comprise the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, and ∼17% the Moderna/NIH vaccine, both of which are messenger RNA (mRNA) based. The chimpanzee Ad-based Oxford/AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine comprises ∼9%, while the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen (J&J) human adenovirus (Ad26) vaccine ranks fourth at ∼2%. No COVID-19 vaccine is yet available for children 0-4. One method to protect this population may be passive immunization through antibodies (Abs) provided in the milk of a lactating vaccinated person. Our early work and other reports have demonstrated that unlike the post-SARS-CoV-2 infection milk Ab profile, which is rich in specific secretory (s)IgA, the vaccine response is highly IgG dominant. Results: In this report, we present a comparative assessment of the milk Ab response elicited by Pfizer, Moderna, J&J, and AZ vaccines. This analysis revealed 86-100% of mRNA vaccine recipient milk exhibited Spike-specific IgG endpoint titers, which were 12- to 28-fold higher than those measured for Ad vaccine recipient milk. Ad-based vaccines elicited Spike-specific milk IgG in only 33-38% of recipients. Specific IgA was measured in 52-71% of mRNA vaccine recipient milk and 17-23% of Ad vaccine recipient milk. J&J recipient milk exhibited significantly lower IgA than Moderna recipients, and AZ recipients exhibited significantly lower IgA titers than Moderna and Pfizer. Less than 50% of milk of any group exhibited specific secretory Ab, with Moderna recipient IgA titers measuring significantly higher than AZ. Moderna appeared to most frequently elicit greater than twofold increases in specific secretory Ab titer relative to prevaccine sample. Conclusion: These data indicate that current Ad-based COVID-19 vaccines poorly elicit Spike-specific Ab in milk compared to mRNA-based vaccines, and that mRNA vaccines are preferred for immunizing the lactating population. This study highlights the need to design vaccines better aimed at eliciting an optimal milk Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alisa Fox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claire DeCarlo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Norris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Griffin
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Wedekind
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James M Flanagan
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Shenker
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Powell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Whited N, Cervantes J. Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Breast Milk After Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:475-483. [PMID: 35325550 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: CDC guidelines have recommended coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccination for all people 5 years and older, including people who are breastfeeding. Breast milk has shown to be a valuable source of protection for immune-immature neonates. It has been shown that breast milk from mothers who have received vaccinations can transfer antibodies. Aim/Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigate the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human breast milk after vaccination. Methods: Studies that evaluated immunoglobulins in breast milk of women receiving a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were included. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science were searched for articles published between December 1, 2019 and September 30, 2021. Data from relevant articles were extracted manually or by WebPlotDigitizer version 4.1 to obtain the numeric values of antibody levels on peak days and the peak day then condensed into Excel. Additional raw data and information were supplied by corresponding authors. Results: One hundred ninety-two articles were obtained from the search. After excluding duplicates, screening titles and abstracts, 18 cohort studies were identified. For the rate of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk after the first vaccine dose but before the second vaccine dose, we found 64% (95% CI 51-78%) were positive for IgA and 30% (95% CI 13.1-46%) were positive for IgG. For the rate for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk after the second vaccine dose, we found 70% (95% CI 55-86%) were positive for IgA and 91% (95% CI 80-103%) were positive for IgG. Conclusions: Our analysis of the data published worldwide showed high rates of positivity for antibodies in breast milk following COVID-19 immunizations. Further research is necessary to find if the rate of positivity of IgA and IgG against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk persists months after the full immunization, and their impact on the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Whited
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
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Artzi-Medvedik R, Haile ZT, Chertok IRA. Association Between Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Duration. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:484-492. [PMID: 35271373 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2022.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Prenatal vaccination and breastfeeding are both health promotional behaviors. The benefits of breastfeeding are widely investigated and well established, as well as the effectivity and the safety of the influenza vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the association between the prenatal health behavior of influenza vaccination and breastfeeding duration for at least 3 months in the United States. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System data consisting of 83,976 postpartum women. Results: Overall, 68.3% (n = 57,269) breastfed for at least 3 months and 56.6% (n = 48,834) received the influenza vaccine during pregnancy. Women who did not receive the influenza vaccine during pregnancy were significantly less likely to breastfeed compared with women who received the vaccine during pregnancy (64.5% versus 71.1%; p < 0.001). Significant covariates associated with ≥3-month breastfeeding duration included maternal sociodemographic factors, infant factors, maternal health factors, and prenatal health behaviors. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, the odds of breastfeeding at least 3 months were significantly lower in women who did not receive the influenza vaccine during pregnancy compared with those who were vaccinated (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.98; p = 0.005). Discussion: Findings from this large, nationally representative sample of U.S. mothers indicate an association between the health-promotional behaviors of prenatal influenza vaccination and breastfeeding duration postpartum. Recommendations and education by health care providers should include a focus on maternal health behaviors to support positive maternal-infant health outcomes including reduced risk of infection and extended breastfeeding duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Artzi-Medvedik
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zelalem T Haile
- Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ilana R A Chertok
- School of Nursing, Ohio University College of Health Sciences and Professions, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Mutanga JN, Whitaker BI, Forshee RA. Regulatory considerations for study of infant protection through maternal immunization. Vaccine 2022; 40:3556-3565. [PMID: 35570075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood Immunization is one of the critical strategies to decrease infant morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases, but primary immunization schedules for infants in most countries start at 2 months of age. Childhood vaccines therefore begin providing adequate protection later in life, leaving infants vulnerable to infectious diseases and creating an immunity gap that results in higher morbidity and mortality among younger infants. Maternal immunization, the practice of vaccinating individuals during pregnancy, reduces the risk of infant infection primarily through the transfer of protective maternal antibodies to the fetus during late pregnancy. Although much progress has been made in public health policies to support maternal immunization research, inclusion of pregnant individuals and children in clinical trials remains challenging. This has resulted in paucity of evidence regarding safety and effectiveness of vaccines to support licensure of products intended for use during pregnancy and lactation to prevent disease in the infant. In addition, although safeguards for clinical research in pregnancy are supportive, experimental vaccines, e.g., Respiratory Syncytial Virus, are more complicated to study because data on safety, efficacy, and dosing are limited. This requires randomized controlled trials with safety monitoring for the mother, the fetus, and the infant with follow-up for at least 1 year or longer to assess long-term health outcomes that may be associated with peripartum vaccine exposure. The goal of this paper is to discuss the general regulatory considerations for clinical research to evaluate safety and effectiveness of vaccines administered during pregnancy to protect infants from disease. This could be useful to inform future vaccine trials. This discussion is not intended to provide agency guidance nor to articulate agency policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Namangolwa Mutanga
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Barbee I Whitaker
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Richard A Forshee
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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15
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Juncker HG, Mulleners SJ, Ruhé EJ, Coenen ER, Bakker S, van Doesburg M, Harinck JE, Rood RD, Bouhuijs JH, Oomen M, de Groot PCJ, Pajkrt PD, Korosi A, van Goudoever PJB, van Gils MJ, van Keulen BJ. Comparing the human milk antibody response after vaccination with four COVID-19 vaccines: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study in the Netherlands. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101393. [PMID: 35465077 PMCID: PMC9013951 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination of lactating women against COVID-19 may protect not only themselves but also their breastfed infant through human milk. Therefore, it is important to gain insight into the human milk antibody response after immunization with the various vaccines that are currently widely used. The aim of this study is to determine and compare the antibody response in human milk following vaccination with mRNA- and vector-based vaccines up to over two months post-vaccination. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Netherlands between January 06, 2021 and July 31, 2021. Participants were recruited through social media. Human milk samples were collected longitudinally during a period of 70 days from women receiving one of the four different severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines: Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273), Oxford/AstraZeneca (AZD1222) and Johnson&Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S). SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The area under the curve (AUC) of the Immunoglobulins A (IgA) and G (IgG) antibody response was determined over 15 and 70 days following the first vaccination and compared between the different vaccines. FINDINGS This study enrolled 134 vaccinated lactating women of whom 97 participated the entire study period. In total, 1887 human milk samples were provided. The human milk antibody response differed between SARS-CoV-2 vaccines over the study period. The mean AUC of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA, but not IgG, in human milk over 15 days was higher after vaccination with an mRNA-based vaccine than a vector-based vaccine (AUC with respect to ground [AUCg] ± the standard error of the mean [SEM] for IgA was 6·09 ± 0·89 in the BNT162b2 group, 7·48 ± 1·03 in the mRNA-1273 group, 4·17 ± 0·73 in the AZD1222 group, and 5·71 ± 0·70 in the Ad26.COV2.S group). Over a period of 70 days, the mean AUCg of both IgA and IgG was higher after vaccination with an mRNA-based vaccine than a vector-based vaccine (AUCg ± SEM for IgA was 38·77 ± 6·51 in the BNT162b2 group, 50·13 ± 7·41 in the mRNA-1273 group, 24·12 ± 5·47 in the AZD1222 group, and 28·15 ± 6·69 in the Ad26.COV2.S group; AUCg ± SEM for IgG was 40·43 ± 2·67 in the BNT162b2 group, 37·01 ± 2·38 in the mRNA-1273 group, 16·04 ± 5·09 in the AZD1222 group, and 10·44 ± 2·50 in the Ad26.COV2.S group). INTERPRETATION Overall, maternal vaccination during lactation with an mRNA-based vaccine resulted in higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in human milk compared to vector-based vaccines. Therefore, vaccination with mRNA-based vaccines, preferably with the mRNA-1273 vaccine, might not only provide better immunological protection for the mother but also for her breastfed infant. FUNDING Stichting Steun Emma Kinderziekenhuis and the Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (grant 24175).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Juncker
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sien J. Mulleners
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eliza J.M. Ruhé
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée R.M. Coenen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors Bakker
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maritt van Doesburg
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jolinda E. Harinck
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Romee D. Rood
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joey H. Bouhuijs
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Oomen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Prof. Christianne J.M. de Groot
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Prof. Dasja Pajkrt
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Prof. Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: Hans van Goudoever, Emma Children's Hospital - Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1000 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. tel +31-20-5668885.
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Britt J. van Keulen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Sadiq S, Arslan F. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in breast milk and serum of immunized lactating mothers. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2022; 3:30-37. [PMID: 37359440 PMCID: PMC10197347 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2021-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continuous to spread, the transfer of maternal anti severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies via lactation is an important source of immunity in newborns that requires more comprehensive studies to improve vaccine options in these candidates. The aim of this study was to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies against COVID-19 in breast milk and serum of lactating mothers post vaccination and to establish a correlation between both. Methods Hundred and eighty lactating mothers were included in this cross sectional cohort study conducted at Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. We described the immunogenicity 21 days after the booster dose of vaccine in 21 patients. Breast Milk and serum specimens were collected and investigated for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies by consuming electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S Roche, Switzerland). Results One-hundred percent of patients revealed robust positive findings to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins antibodies in breast milk and 85 percent in serum, i.e., >0.8 IU/mL. Our study shows that lactating mothers can mount robust immune reactions against SARS-CoV-2 post vaccination. Conclusions All participants had significantly higher antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination. Participants had antibody titers one scale higher post vaccination than pre vaccination. A significant correlation was found between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in milk and serum. Constant monitoring of antibodies titers is estimated to attain significant humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Sadiq
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Endocrinology, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Arslan
- Department of Radiology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Young BE, Seppo AE, Diaz N, Rosen-Carole C, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Cruz Vasquez JM, Ferri-Huerta R, Nguyen-Contant P, Fitzgerald T, Sangster MY, Topham DJ, Järvinen KM. Association of Human Milk Antibody Induction, Persistence, and Neutralizing Capacity With SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs mRNA Vaccination. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:159-168. [PMID: 34757387 PMCID: PMC8581794 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Importance Long-term effect of parental COVID-19 infection vs vaccination on human milk antibody composition and functional activity remains unclear. Objective To compare temporal IgA and IgG response in human milk and microneutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 between lactating parents with infection and vaccinated lactating parents out to 90 days after infection or vaccination. Design, Setting, and Participants Convenience sampling observational cohort (recruited July to December 2020) of lactating parents with infection with human milk samples collected at days 0 (within 14 days of diagnosis), 3, 7, 10, 28, and 90. The observational cohort included vaccinated lactating parents with human milk collected prevaccination, 18 days after the first dose, and 18 and 90 days after the second dose. Exposures COVID-19 infection diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction within 14 days of consent or receipt of messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273). Main Outcomes and Measures Human milk anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain IgA and IgG and microneutralization activity against live SARS-CoV-2 virus. Results Of 77 individuals, 47 (61.0%) were in the infection group (mean [SD] age, 29.9 [4.4] years), and 30 (39.0%) were in the vaccinated group (mean [SD] age, 33.0 [3.4] years; P = .002). The mean (SD) age of infants in the infection and vaccinated group were 3.1 (2.2) months and 7.5 (5.2) months, respectively (P < .001). Infection was associated with a variable human milk IgA and IgG receptor-binding domain-specific antibody response over time that was classified into different temporal patterns: upward trend and level trend (33 of 45 participants [73%]) and low/no response (12 of 45 participants [27%]). Infection was associated with a robust and quick IgA response in human milk that was stable out to 90 days after diagnosis. Vaccination was associated with a more uniform IgG-dominant response with concentrations increasing after each vaccine dose and beginning to decline by 90 days after the second dose. Vaccination was associated with increased human milk IgA after the first dose only (mean [SD] increase, 31.5 [32.6] antibody units). Human milk collected after infection and vaccination exhibited microneutralization activity. Microneutralization activity increased throughout time in the vaccine group only (median [IQR], 2.2 [0] before vaccine vs 10 [4.0] after the first dose; P = .003) but was higher in the infection group (median [IQR], 20 [67] at day 28) vs the vaccination group after the first-dose human milk samples (P = .002). Both IgA and non-IgA (IgG-containing) fractions of human milk from both participants with infection and those who were vaccinated exhibited microneutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of a convenience sample of lactating parents, the pattern of IgA and IgG antibodies in human milk differed between COVID-19 infection vs mRNA vaccination out to 90 days. While infection was associated with a highly variable IgA-dominant response and vaccination was associated with an IgG-dominant response, both were associated with having human milk that exhibited neutralization activity against live SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Young
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Antti E Seppo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Nichole Diaz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Casey Rosen-Carole
- Division of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joseline M Cruz Vasquez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rita Ferri-Huerta
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
- Now with Family Medicine Residency Program, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis
| | - Phuong Nguyen-Contant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Theresa Fitzgerald
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Mark Y Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kirsi M Järvinen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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18
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Knowledge gaps in late-onset neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates: a roadmap for future research. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:368-379. [PMID: 34497356 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset neonatal sepsis (LONS) remains an important threat to the health of preterm neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit. Strategies to optimize care for preterm neonates with LONS are likely to improve survival and long-term neurocognitive outcomes. However, many important questions on how to improve the prevention, early detection, and therapy for LONS in preterm neonates remain unanswered. This review identifies important knowledge gaps in the management of LONS and describe possible methods and technologies that can be used to resolve these knowledge gaps. The availability of computational medicine and hypothesis-free-omics approaches give way to building bedside feedback tools to guide clinicians in personalized management of LONS. Despite advances in technology, implementation in clinical practice is largely lacking although such tools would help clinicians to optimize many aspects of the management of LONS. We outline which steps are needed to get possible research findings implemented on the neonatal intensive care unit and provide a roadmap for future research initiatives. IMPACT: This review identifies knowledge gaps in prevention, early detection, antibiotic, and additional therapy of late-onset neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates and provides a roadmap for future research efforts. Research opportunities are addressed, which could provide the means to fill knowledge gaps and the steps that need to be made before possible clinical use. Methods to personalize medicine and technologies feasible for bedside clinical use are described.
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19
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Jorgensen SCJ, Burry L, Tabbara N. Role of maternal COVID-19 vaccination in providing immunological protection to the newborn. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 42:58-70. [PMID: 34816467 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant and postpartum individuals are known to have an elevated risk of severe COVID-19 compared with their non-pregnant counterparts. Vaccination is the most important intervention to protect these populations from COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. An added benefit of maternal COVID-19 vaccination is transfer of maternal immunity to newborns and infants, for whom a vaccine is not (yet) approved. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies are present in infant cord blood and breast milk following natural maternal infection and transfer of maternal immunity following COVID-19 vaccination is an area of active research. In this review, we synthesize the available research, discuss knowledge gaps, and outline factors that should be evaluated and reported when studying the transfer of maternal immunity following COVID-19 vaccination. The data reviewed herein suggest that maternal SARS-CoV-2-specific binding antibodies are efficiently transferred via the placenta and breast milk following maternal mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, antibodies retain strong neutralizing capacity. Antibody concentrations appear to be at least as high in infant cord blood as in the maternal serum, but lower in breast milk. Breast milk IgA rises rapidly following maternal vaccination, whereas IgG rises later but may persist longer. At least two COVID-19 vaccine doses appear to be required to reach maximal antibody concentrations in cord blood and breast milk. There is no indication that infants consuming breast milk from vaccinated mothers experience serious adverse effects, although follow-up is limited. No clear pattern has emerged regarding changes in milk supply following maternal vaccination. The heterogeneity in important methodological aspects of reviewed studies underscores the need to establish standard best practices related to research on the transfer of maternal COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C J Jorgensen
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Burry
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Najla Tabbara
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Citron MP, McAnulty J, Callahan C, Knapp W, Fontenot J, Morales P, Flynn JA, Douglas CM, Espeseth AS. Transplacental Antibody Transfer of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Specific IgG in Non-Human Primate Mother-Infant Pairs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111441. [PMID: 34832599 PMCID: PMC8624788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to protect new-borns against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is to vaccinate pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy. The boosting of circulating antibodies which can be transferred to the foetus would offer immune protection against the virus and ultimately the disease. Since non-human primates (NHPs) have similar reproductive anatomy, physiology, and antibody architecture and kinetics to humans, we utilized this preclinical species to evaluate maternal immunization (MI) using an RSV F subunit vaccine. Three species of NHPs known for their ability to be infected with human RSV in experimental challenge studies were tested for RSV-specific antibodies. African green monkeys had the highest overall antibody levels of the old-world monkeys evaluated and they gave birth to offspring with anti-RSV titers that were proportional to their mother. These higher overall antibody levels are associated with greater durability found in their offspring. Immunization of RSV seropositive AGMs during late pregnancy boosts RSV titers, which consequentially results in significantly higher titers in the vaccinated new-borns compared to the new-borns of unvaccinated mothers. These findings, accomplished in small treatment group sizes, demonstrate a model that provides an efficient, resource sparing and translatable preclinical in vivo system for evaluating vaccine candidates for maternal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Citron
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jessica McAnulty
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Cheryl Callahan
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Walter Knapp
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Jane Fontenot
- The New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA;
| | - Pablo Morales
- The Mannheimer Foundation, Homestead, FL 33034, USA;
| | - Jessica A. Flynn
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Cameron M. Douglas
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Amy S. Espeseth
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
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21
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Maltezou HC, Effraimidou E, Cassimos DC, Medic S, Topalidou M, Konstantinidis T, Theodoridou M, Rodolakis A. Vaccination programs for pregnant women in Europe, 2021. Vaccine 2021; 39:6137-6143. [PMID: 34462162 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination during pregnancy is increasingly adopted worldwide in order to protect the mother and her offspring. We studied the current vaccination programs specifically for pregnant women in 42 European countries. Vaccination programs for pregnant women are in place in 37 countries, as follows: influenza (36 countries), pertussis (28), hepatitis B (12), tetanus (10), pneumococcal disease (10), meningococcal disease (10), rabies (8), tick-borne encephalitis (6), hepatitis A (5), poliomyelitis (4), diphtheria (3), Haemophilus influenzae (2), and human papilloma virus (1). Recommendations for vaccination against influenza and pertussis concern almost exclusively pregnant women regardless of high-risk conditions, however differences between vaccination recommendations are noted in terms of timing. Vaccinations against hepatitis B, hepatitis A, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, poliomyelitis, H. influenzae, rabies, and tick-born encephalitis mainly concern pregnant women at high-risk for exposure or serious illness and post-exposure vaccinations. Overall, five European countries have no vaccination recommendations specifically for pregnant women. In conclusion, there are significant differences in vaccination programs for pregnant women in Europe. Vaccination programs for pregnant women should expand in order to protect maternal and infant health. A consensus-based vaccination program is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Snezana Medic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maria Topalidou
- Pediatric Clinic, Komotini General Hospital, Komotini, Greece
| | | | - Maria Theodoridou
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Rodolakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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22
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Kamath GD, Kukreja S, Mukherjee P, Kolhapure S, Sathyanarayanan S. Maternal immunization: trends in South and Southeast Asian countries. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:8372-8381. [PMID: 34517746 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1974389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immunization has the potential to reduce neonatal deaths caused by vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus from many countries illustrates the potential benefits of maternal immunization as a strategy to decrease neonatal mortality caused by vaccine-preventable infections. Many countries in South and Southeast Asia have high cases of neonatal deaths, which were historically attributed to vaccine-preventable infections. Still, these countries vary in recommendations regarding immunization of pregnant women. We reviewed the current recommendations for the use of tetanus toxoid, tetanus-diphtheria, or tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines for immunization of pregnant women. In addition to protection against tetanus and diphtheria, administration of the Tdap vaccine to pregnant women could help protect neonates against pertussis until they can receive the first two vaccine doses of their primary course. Vaccination against seasonal influenza is also recommended in many countries worldwide for pregnant women as influenza can pose health risks for the mother-fetus unit and the infant. Despite the recognized benefit of influenza vaccination for pregnant women, only some South and Southeast Asian countries have implemented its recommendation. The success of maternal tetanus vaccination has kindled the interest in vaccines that can be safely administered during pregnancy. Future availability of vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus and group B streptococcus, for use in pregnant women, could help prevent neonatal infections, especially in regions where diseases are less controlled. Communicating the body of evidence that supports maternal immunization to obstetricians is key for achieving optimal vaccination coverage to ensure protection of neonates. The current review aims to create awareness about the existing and potential benefits of maternal immunization in South and Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyam Kukreja
- Pediatrics Department, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi, India
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23
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Nascimento RMD, Baptista PN, Lopes KADM, Pimentel AM, Cruz FDSP, Ximenes RADA. Protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding and effectiveness of maternal vaccination in reducing pertussis-like illness. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2021; 97:500-507. [PMID: 33465336 PMCID: PMC9432170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding and the effectiveness of maternal vaccination in reducing pertussis-like illness. METHOD This was a case-control study conducted in sentinel hospitals for pertussis in Recife between July 2016 and July 2018. Cases included children aged under six months with symptoms compatible with pertussis (pertussis-like illness). Controls included children aged under six months, living in the metropolitan region of Recife with no diagnosis of pertussis-like illness and matched by the same hospital and birth date. RESULTS Seventy-three cases and 194 controls were included. The diagnosis of pertussis-like illness was predominantly clinical (97,2%). Amongst the main symptoms, paroxysmal cough was observed in 95.89% of cases and vomiting in 53.4%. There were 29 hospitalized cases and no deaths. Out of the 73 cases, 47 were born to mothers vaccinated against pertussis during pregnancy, and the mothers of 144 of the 194 controls had been vaccinated. The protective effect of breastfeeding was of 74% (95% CI;38%, 89%). Children younger than six months, who were exclusively breastfed and with mothers vaccinated against pertussis during pregnancy were 5 times less likely to develop pertussis-like illness, corresponding to a protection of 79% (95% CI;31%, 94%). The effectiveness of maternal vaccination against pertussis-like illness in children under six months was low (27%) and not statistically significant (CI 95%; -34% a 60%). CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breastfeeding protects children under six months from pertussis-like illness and may be enhanced when associated with maternal vaccination. These strategies should be encouraged because they also protect against pertussis-like illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Neves Baptista
- Universidade de Pernambuco, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brazil
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24
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Rio-Aige K, Azagra-Boronat I, Castell M, Selma-Royo M, Collado MC, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061810. [PMID: 34073540 PMCID: PMC8230140 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk components contribute to the infant’s immune development and protection, and among other immune factors, immunoglobulins (Igs) are the most studied. The presence of IgA in milk has been known for a long time; however, less information is available about the presence of other Igs such as IgM, IgG, and their subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) or even IgE or IgD. The total Ig concentration and profile will change during the course of lactation; however, there is a great variability among studies due to several variables that limit establishing a clear pattern. In this context, the aim of this review was firstly to shed light on the Ig concentration in breast milk based on scientific evidence and secondly to study the main factors contributing to such variability. A search strategy provided only 75 studies with the prespecified eligibility criteria. The concentrations and proportions found have been established based on the intrinsic factors of the study—such as the sampling time and quantification technique—as well as participant-dependent factors, such as lifestyle and environment. All these factors contribute to the variability of the immunoglobulinome described in the literature and should be carefully addressed for further well-designed studies and data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rio-Aige
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46890 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46890 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-505
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25
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Myles IA, Datta SK. Frontline Science: Breast milk confers passive cellular immunity via CD8-dependent mechanisms. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:709-715. [PMID: 32881103 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0820-406rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most modern research into the immune effects of breast milk has focused on the impacts of immunoglobulin or oligosaccharide content. However, immediately prior to parturition, the cell populations of breast milk become selectively enriched for CD8+ T cells of an effector memory subtype. Despite this observation that the cellular content of breast milk contains a distinct leukocyte population when compared to peripheral blood, the physiologic role of these CD8+ effector memory cells is unknown. Research encompassing animal models and humans has demonstrated that leukocytes are capable of transferring antigen-specific immunity even when lysed, dialyzed to enrich for fractions less than 10 kDa, and orally administered. Our previous work built upon these reports to elucidate several aspects of this dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) activity: only DLE from T effector memory CD8+ cells was capable of transferring antigen-specific immunity; the DLE activity was TCRβ dependent; dendritic cells (DCs) were the cellular target of DLE; and DLE enhanced immune activity in epithelial challenge models via induction of IL-6 from DCs. Herein, we reveal that breast milk dialysate activates similar cytokine and genetic pathways as DLE taken from peripheral blood and murine spleens through TCRβ- and CD8-dependent mechanisms. These findings suggest that the CD8+ memory T cells enriched in breast milk, even after potential lysis in the infant gut, may represent a mechanism for passive transfer of cellular immunity from mother to child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Difference in levels of SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2 subunits- and nucleocapsid protein-reactive SIgM/IgM, IgG and SIgA/IgA antibodies in human milk. J Perinatol 2021; 41:850-859. [PMID: 32873904 PMCID: PMC7461757 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-00805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the presence and the levels of antibodies reactive to SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2 subunits (S1 + S2), and nucleocapsid protein. STUDY DESIGN The levels of SARS-CoV-2 S1 + S2- and nucleocapsid-reactive SIgM/IgM, IgG and SIgA/IgA were measured in human milk samples from 41 women during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-HM) and from 16 women 2 years prior to the outbreak (2018-HM). RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 S1 + S2-reactive SIgA/IgA, SIgM/IgM and IgG were detected in 97.6%, 68.3% and 58.5% in human milk whereas nucleocapsid-reactive antibodies were detected in 56.4%, 87.2% and 46.2%, respectively. S1 + S2-reactive IgG was higher in milk from women that had symptoms of viral respiratory infection(s) during the last year than in milk from women without symptom. S1 + S2- and nucleocapsid-reactive IgG were higher in the 2020-HM group compared to the 2018-HM group. CONCLUSIONS The presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies in human milk could provide passive immunity to breastfed infants and protect them against COVID-19 diseases.
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27
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Abu-Raya B, Maertens K. Protection of the Newborn Through Vaccination in Pregnancy. Neoreviews 2021; 22:e25-e39. [PMID: 33386312 DOI: 10.1542/neo.22-1-e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Newborns and infants are at risk for severe infections with some pathogens (eg, Bordetella pertussis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, group B Streptococcus) during early life. To decrease this window of high susceptibility to some infections during early life and protect young infants, vaccination in pregnancy against some vaccine-preventable diseases (eg, influenza, pertussis, tetanus) has been recommended in an increasing number of countries with notable success. In addition, recent advances have been made in developing vaccines for pregnant women with the aim of reducing the respiratory syncytial virus and group B Streptococcus burden in infancy. In this article, we review the vaccines currently recommended during pregnancy and their benefits to newborns and infants. We also discuss progress made in the development of other vaccines that are expected to be evaluated in pregnant women in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirsten Maertens
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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28
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Calil VMLT, Palmeira P, Zheng Y, Krebs VLJ, Carvalho WBD, Carneiro-Sampaio M. CoronaVac can induce the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies in human milk. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e3185. [PMID: 34190859 PMCID: PMC8221553 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Palmeira
- Laboratorio de Pediatria Clinica (LIM36), Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vera Lúcia Jornada Krebs
- Instituto da Crianca e do Adolescente, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Laboratorio de Pediatria Clinica (LIM36), Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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29
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Cinicola B, Conti MG, Terrin G, Sgrulletti M, Elfeky R, Carsetti R, Fernandez Salinas A, Piano Mortari E, Brindisi G, De Curtis M, Zicari AM, Moschese V, Duse M. The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:638871. [PMID: 33996688 PMCID: PMC8113393 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.638871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With birth, the newborn is transferred from a quasi-sterile environment to the outside world. At this time, the neonatal immune system is inexperienced and continuously subject to a process of development as it encounters different antigenic stimuli after birth. It is initially characterized by a bias toward T helper 2 phenotype, reduced T helper 1, and cytotoxic responses to microbial stimuli, low levels of memory, and effector T and B cells and a high production of suppressive T regulatory cells. The aim of this setting, during fetal life, is to maintain an anti-inflammatory state and immune-tolerance. Maternal antibodies are transferred during pregnancy through the placenta and, in the first weeks of life of the newborn, they represent a powerful tool for protection. Thus, optimization of vaccination in pregnancy represents an important strategy to reduce the burden of neonatal infections and sepsis. Beneficial effects of maternal immunization are universally recognized, although the optimal timing of vaccination in pregnancy remains to be defined. Interestingly, the dynamic exchange that takes place at the fetal-maternal interface allows the transfer not only of antibodies, but also of maternal antigen presenting cells, probably in order to stimulate the developing fetal immune system in a harmless way. There are still controversial effects related to maternal immunization including the so called "immunology blunting," i.e., a dampened antibody production following infant's vaccination in those infants who received placentally transferred maternal immunity. However, clinical relevance of this phenomenon is still not clear. This review will provide an overview of the evolution of the immune system in early life and discuss the benefits of maternal vaccination. Current maternal vaccination policies and their rationale will be summarized on the road to promising approaches to enhance immunity in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cinicola
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Conti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Terrin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mayla Sgrulletti
- Pediatric Immunopathology and Allergology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Ph.D. Program in Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Reem Elfeky
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Department, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Brindisi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario De Curtis
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zicari
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Moschese
- Pediatric Immunopathology and Allergology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Duse
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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30
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Ng YPM, Low YF, Goh XL, Fok D, Amin Z. Breastfeeding in COVID-19: A Pragmatic Approach. Am J Perinatol 2020; 37:1377-1384. [PMID: 32898920 PMCID: PMC7645812 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in changes to perinatal and neonatal care, concentrating on minimizing risks of transmission to the newborn and health care staff while ensuring medical care is not compromised for both mother and infant. Current recommendations on infant care and feeding when mother has COVID-19 ranges from mother-infant separation and avoidance of human milk feeding, to initiation of early skin-to-skin contact and direct breastfeeding. Health care providers fearing risks of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) maternal-infant transmission may veer toward restricted breastfeeding practices. We reviewed guidelines and published literature and propose three options for infant feeding depending on various scenarios. Option A involves direct breastfeeding with the infant being cared for by the mother or caregiver. In option B, the infant is cared for by another caregiver and receives mother's expressed milk. In the third option, the infant is not breastfed directly and does not receive mother's expressed milk. We recommend joint decision making by parents and the health care team. This decision is also flexible as situation changes. We also provide a framework for counseling mothers on these options using a visual aid and a corresponding structured training program for health care providers. Future research questions are also proposed. We conclude that evidence and knowledge about COVID-19 and breastfeeding are still evolving. Our options can provide a quick and flexible reference guide that can be adapted to local needs. KEY POINTS: · SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely transmitted via human milk.. · A shared decision making on infant feeding is the preferred approach.. · Mothers can safely breastfeed with appropriate infection control measures..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Peng Mei Ng
- Department of Neonatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Fen Low
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Lei Goh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doris Fok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zubair Amin
- Department of Neonatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Lebrão CW, Cruz MN, Silva MHD, Dutra LV, Cristiani C, Affonso Fonseca FL, Suano-Souza FI. Early Identification of IgA Anti-SARSCoV-2 in Milk of Mother With COVID-19 Infection. J Hum Lact 2020; 36:609-613. [PMID: 32985922 PMCID: PMC7783686 DOI: 10.1177/0890334420960433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human milk cannot currently be considered a major source of COVID-19 infection. On the other hand, it can contain specific antibodies that could modulate a possible newborn infection by SARS-CoV-2. MAIN ISSUE A 32-year-old pregnant woman, gestational age 37 and 3/7 weeks, was admitted with a flu-like syndrome caused by COVID-19. The female newborn was appropriate for gestational age, with a birth weight of 2,890 g, length 48 cm, and head circumference 34 cm. MANAGEMENT The mother-infant dyad remained in the rooming-in unit during hospitalization, exclusively breastfeeding and following World Health Organization recommendations for contact and airway precautions. On the 3rd day after delivery, two mother's milk samples (3 and 5 mL) were collected by hand expression. The samples were centrifuged for 10 min twice consecutively to separate fat, which was removed, and the remaining material was transferred to another tube to determine anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin A and Immunoglobulin G (ELISA, Kit EUROIMMUN AG, Luebeck, Germany). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin A was detected in the two samples evaluated, whose values were 2.5 and 1.9, respectively. No anti-SARSCoV-2 immunoglobulin G was detected. The exclusively-breastfed infant remained well through 45 days of age. CONCLUSION The presence of SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin A in the milk of mothers infected with COVID-19 may be related to protection against the transmission and severity of the disease in their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Wolf Lebrão
- Head of the Neonatology Service of Hospital Municipal Universitário de São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Manuela Navarro Cruz
- 125191 Pediatric Resident at the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Veríssimo Dutra
- 125191 Regular Dietitian of Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristiani
- 58804 Gynecologist and Obstetrician of Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola Isabel Suano-Souza
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC and Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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Swamy GK, Metz TD, Edwards KM, Soper DE, Beigi RH, Campbell JD, Grassano L, Buffi G, Dreisbach A, Margarit I, Karsten A, Henry O, Lattanzi M, Bebia Z. Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational maternal trivalent group B streptococcus vaccine in pregnant women and their infants: Results from a randomized placebo-controlled phase II trial. Vaccine 2020; 38:6930-6940. [PMID: 32883555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational trivalent group B streptococcus (GBS) vaccine in US pregnant women, transplacental serotype-specific antibody transfer and persistence in infants, and serotype-specific antibodies in breast milk. METHODS This randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled trial administered one dose of trivalent GBS vaccine (n = 49) or placebo (n = 26) to healthy pregnant 18-40-year-old women at 240/7-346/7 weeks' gestation. Women were enrolled from March 2014 to August 2015. Safety follow-up continued through postpartum day 180. Primary immunogenicity objectives were to evaluate serotype Ia/Ib/III-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in sera from women on day 1 (pre-vaccination), day 31, delivery and postpartum days 42 and 90, and from infants at birth (cord blood), days 42 and 90. Antibody transfer ratios (cord blood/maternal sera at delivery) and serotype-specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IgG in breast milk after delivery and on postpartum days 42 and 90 were evaluated. The planned sample size was not based on statistical assumptions for this descriptive study. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Serious adverse events were reported for 16% of GBS-vaccinated women and 15% of their infants, and 15% of placebo recipients and 12% of their infants; none were fatal or deemed vaccine-related. Serotype-specific IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were 13-23-fold higher in vaccine vs placebo recipients on day 31 and persisted until postpartum day 90. Median antibody concentrations were substantially higher in women with detectable pre-vaccination antibody concentrations. Antibody transfer ratios in the vaccine group were 0.62-0.82. Infant IgG GMCs and breast milk sIgA GMCs were higher in the vaccine vs the placebo group at all timepoints. CONCLUSIONS Maternal immunization with the trivalent GBS vaccine in US women had a favorable safety profile, elicited antibodies that were transplacentally transferred and persisted in infants for a minimum of 3 months. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02046148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta K Swamy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Torri D Metz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David E Soper
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Richard H Beigi
- UPMC Magee-Women's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - James D Campbell
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Saso A, Kampmann B. Maternal Immunization: Nature Meets Nurture. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1499. [PMID: 32849319 PMCID: PMC7396522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinating women in pregnancy (i.e., maternal immunization) has emerged as a promising tool to tackle infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This approach nurtures a 'gift of nature,' whereby antibody is transferred from mother to fetus transplacentally during pregnancy, or postnatally in breast milk, thereby providing passive, antigen-specific protection against infections in the first few months of life, a period of increased immune vulnerability for the infant. In this review, we briefly summarize the rationale for maternal immunization programs and the landscape of vaccines currently in use or in the pipeline. We then direct the focus to the underlying biological phenomena, including the main mechanisms by which maternally derived antibody is transferred efficiently to the infant, at the placental interface or in breast milk; important research models and methodological approaches to interrogate these processes, particularly in the context of recent advances in systems vaccinology; the potential biological and clinical impact of high maternal antibody titres on neonatal ontogeny and subsequent infant vaccine responses; and key vaccine- and host-related factors influencing the maternal-infant dyad across different environments. Finally, we outline important gaps in knowledge and suggest future avenues of research on this topic, proposing potential strategies to ensure optimal testing, delivery and implementation of maternal vaccination programs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Saso
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
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Unger S, Christie-Holmes N, Guvenc F, Budylowski P, Mubareka S, Gray-Owen SD, O'Connor DL. Holder pasteurization of donated human milk is effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2. CMAJ 2020; 192:E871-E874. [PMID: 32646870 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Provision of pasteurized donor human milk, as a bridge to mother's own milk, is the standard of care for very low-birth-weight infants in hospital. The aim of this research was to confirm that Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 min) would be sufficient to inactivate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in donated human milk samples. METHODS We spiked frozen milk samples from 10 donors to the Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank with SARS-CoV-2 to achieve a final concentration of 1 × 107 TCID50/mL (50% of the tissue culture infectivity dose per mL). We pasteurized samples using the Holder method or held them at room temperature for 30 minutes and plated serial dilutions on Vero E6 cells for 5 days. We included comparative controls in the study using milk samples from the same donors without addition of virus (pasteurized and unpasteurized) as well as replicates of Vero E6 cells directly inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. We reported cytopathic effects as TCID50/mL. RESULTS We detected no cytopathic activity in any of the SARS-CoV-2-spiked milk samples that had been pasteurized using the Holder method. In the SARS-CoV-2-spiked milk samples that were not pasteurized but were kept at room temperature for 30 minutes, we observed a reduction in infectious viral titre of about 1 log. INTERPRETATION Pasteurization of human milk by the Holder method (62.5°C for 30 min) inactivates SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in the event that donated human milk contains SARS-CoV-2 by transmission through the mammary gland or by contamination, this method of pasteurization renders milk safe for consumption and handling by care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Unger
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont.
| | - Natasha Christie-Holmes
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
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Abu-Raya B, Maertens K, Edwards KM, Omer SB, Englund JA, Flanagan KL, Snape MD, Amirthalingam G, Leuridan E, Damme PV, Papaevangelou V, Launay O, Dagan R, Campins M, Cavaliere AF, Frusca T, Guidi S, O'Ryan M, Heininger U, Tan T, Alsuwaidi AR, Safadi MA, Vilca LM, Wanlapakorn N, Madhi SA, Giles ML, Prymula R, Ladhani S, Martinón-Torres F, Tan L, Michelin L, Scambia G, Principi N, Esposito S. Global Perspectives on Immunization During Pregnancy and Priorities for Future Research and Development: An International Consensus Statement. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1282. [PMID: 32670282 PMCID: PMC7326941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization during pregnancy has been recommended in an increasing number of countries. The aim of this strategy is to protect pregnant women and infants from severe infectious disease, morbidity and mortality and is currently limited to tetanus, inactivated influenza, and pertussis-containing vaccines. There have been recent advancements in the development of vaccines designed primarily for use in pregnant women (respiratory syncytial virus and group B Streptococcus vaccines). Although there is increasing evidence to support vaccination in pregnancy, important gaps in knowledge still exist and need to be addressed by future studies. This collaborative consensus paper provides a review of the current literature on immunization during pregnancy and highlights the gaps in knowledge and a consensus of priorities for future research initiatives, in order to optimize protection for both the mother and the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirsten Maertens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Leuridan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vana Papaevangelou
- Third Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital ATTIKON, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Odile Launay
- Université de Paris, Inserm, CIC 1417, F-CRIN I REIVAC, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Magda Campins
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Franca Cavaliere
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Frusca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sofia Guidi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Associate Researcher, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrich Heininger
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tina Tan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ahmed R. Alsuwaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marco. A. Safadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luz M. Vilca
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle L. Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roman Prymula
- School of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Institute of Social Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Litjen Tan
- Immunization Action Coalition, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Lessandra Michelin
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Division, Health Sciences Post Graduation Program, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Zhou S, Greene CM, Song Y, Zhang R, Rodewald LE, Feng L, Millman AJ. Review of the status and challenges associated with increasing influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:602-611. [PMID: 31589548 PMCID: PMC7227693 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1664230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccination coverage in pregnant women in China remains low. In this review, we first provide an overview of the evidence for the use of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Second, we discuss influenza vaccination policy and barriers to increased seasonal influenza vaccination coverage in pregnant women in China. Third, we provide case studies of successes and challenges of programs for increasing seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnant women from other parts of Asia with lessons learned for China. Finally, we assess opportunities and challenges for increasing influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suizan Zhou
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Greene
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Song
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lance E. Rodewald
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander J. Millman
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Maertens K, Orije MRP, Van Damme P, Leuridan E. Vaccination during pregnancy: current and possible future recommendations. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:235-242. [PMID: 31912233 PMCID: PMC7222942 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunizing pregnant women to protect the mother, fetus and infant from infection has increasingly been used over the last decade. Protection against infectious diseases in neonates is mainly provided by maternal antibodies transferred from mother to infant during pregnancy through transplacental transport or after delivery via breastfeeding. Both the transplacental- and breast milk-derived maternal antibodies function as the primary source of protection against infectious diseases in neonates during the first vulnerable weeks of life. During recent infectious disease outbreaks (influenza, pertussis, Zika…) and for other infectious diseases (CMV, GBS…), pregnant women are increasingly identified as an important target for vaccination. For some of these diseases, vaccines are already on the market, and recommended during pregnancy. For others, vaccines are currently under development; furthermore, some are even specifically designed to be administered during pregnancy.Conclusion: This review article provides an overview on the rationale and main mechanism of the maternal vaccination strategy and gives a summary about the current and possible future recommendations for maternal vaccination.What is Known:• Maternal vaccination has a far-reaching potential in the protection of both women and offspring.• Currently, tetanus, pertussis and influenza vaccination during pregnancy is recommended in some countries. Several new vaccines specifically designed for use in pregnancy are currently under development.What is New:• Review providing a timely overview of the rationale and main mechanisms of the maternal vaccination strategy• Up-to-date summary of the current and possible future recommendations for maternal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Maertens
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marjolein Rozemarie Paulien Orije
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Elke Leuridan
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Lee MK, Binns C. Breastfeeding and the Risk of Infant Illness in Asia: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:E186. [PMID: 31888064 PMCID: PMC6981475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infancy remains the most vulnerable period of human life for death, illness, and establishing a lifetime trajectory of growth and health. It is estimated that there are 5.3 million deaths under five years of age worldwide and approximately 800,000 lives could be saved by improving breastfeeding rates and duration. In Asia, an estimated 300,000-350,000 child deaths could be prevented with optimal breastfeeding and the majority would be under 12 months of age. We present a systematic review of studies of infection and breastfeeding in infants in Asia and further review interactions of selected infectious diseases and breastfeeding. Initially, 2459 records of possible interest were identified, 153 full text papers were reviewed in detail, and 13 papers describing diarrhoeal disease and/or acute respiratory tract infection were selected for inclusion in the review. Additional papers were selected to discuss specific diseases and their relationship to breastfeeding. The review found that a variety of methods were used with differing definitions of breastfeeding and diseases. Overall, breastfeeding when compared to the use of infant formula, is associated with significantly lower rates of diarrhoeal disease and lower respiratory tract infection, with a reduction of 50% or more to be expected, especially in infants under six months of age. The relationship between breastfeeding and specific diseases including measles and HTLV1 were reviewed. Breastfeeding reduces some disease rates, but there remain a few conditions where breastfeeding may be contra-indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Lee
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Colin Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Mazur NI, Horsley NM, Englund JA, Nederend M, Magaret A, Kumar A, Jacobino SR, de Haan CAM, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Steinhoff MC, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Graham BS, Bont LJ, Leusen JHW, Chu HY. Breast Milk Prefusion F Immunoglobulin G as a Correlate of Protection Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Acute Respiratory Illness. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:59-67. [PMID: 30107412 PMCID: PMC6284547 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transplacental respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibody transfer has been characterized, but little is known about the protective effect of breast milk RSV-specific antibodies. Serum antibodies against the prefusion RSV fusion protein (pre-F) exhibit high neutralizing activity. We investigate protection of breast milk pre-F antibodies against RSV acute respiratory infection (ARI). Methods Breast milk at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum and midnasal swabs during infant illness episodes were collected in mother-infant pairs in Nepal. One hundred seventy-four infants with and without RSV ARI were matched 1:1 by risk factors for RSV ARI. Pre-F immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels were measured in breast milk. Results The median breast milk pre-F IgG antibody concentration before illness was lower in mothers of infants with RSV ARI (1.4 [interquartile range {IQR}, 1.1-1.6] log10 ng/mL) than without RSV ARI (1.5 [IQR, 1.3-1.8] log10 ng/mL) (P = .001). There was no difference in median maternal pre-F IgA antibody concentrations in cases vs controls (1.7 [IQR, 0.0-2.2] log10 ng/mL vs 1.7 [IQR, 1.2-2.2] log10 ng/mL, respectively; P = .58). Conclusions Low breast milk pre-F IgG antibodies before RSV ARI support a potential role for pre-F IgG as a correlate of protection against RSV ARI. Induction of breast milk pre-F IgG may be a mechanism of protection for maternal RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie I Mazur
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shamir R Jacobino
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102372. [PMID: 31590349 PMCID: PMC6836069 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances-drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants-which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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Rodríguez-Blanco N, Tuells J. Knowledge and Attitudes about the Flu Vaccine among Pregnant Women in the Valencian Community (Spain). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080467. [PMID: 31405260 PMCID: PMC6723429 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To describe the knowledge and attitudes related to the acceptance of the flu vaccine during pregnancy in women, from two Health Departments of the Valencian Community (VC), during the 2015–2016 season, after receiving prenatal care. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted during the annual vaccine season of women ascribed to prenatal care. A midwife offered flu vaccine advice and afterwards conducted a telephone poll of a representative sample, in order to find out the reason for accepting or rejecting the vaccine. Results: Of the 1017 expectant women who received advice about the vaccine, 77.4% (95% CI: 74.8–79.9%) declared their intention to vaccinate. After the recommendation, the vaccine coverage was 61.6%, with a percentage of accordance of 98.8% (95% CI: 98.0–99.6%) between the coverage declared and the Nominal Vaccination Registry (NVR) of the VC. Additionally, 67.2% of the expectant women were interviewed (n = 683). Most were aware of the recommendation and identified the health center and the midwife as the main sources of information. The internet was a consistent source in favor of vaccination 80.8% (n = 42). The obstetric variables (risk during the pregnancy, end of pregnancy, and feeding the newborn) did not have a statistically significant relationship with the vaccination. The women declared a high adherence to the vaccinations present in the child vaccination calendar, but rejected (31.3%) the flu vaccine, as they had not received it previously and did not want it because of their expectant state. Conclusions: The women positively evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the vaccines. However, with the flu vaccine, “not being previously vaccinated” and the “doubts about its safety” represented more than half of the reasons put forth for its rejection. Ensuring that the flu vaccine is perceived as more effective and acceptable through the messages directed towards the expectant mothers, directly through the midwives or through the communication media and social networks, will result in an increase of vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rodríguez-Blanco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario del Vinalopó, Spain C/Tonico Sansano Mora, 14, 03293 Elche, Spain
- Department of Nursing Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera. Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain
| | - José Tuells
- Cátedra Balmis de Vacunología. University of Alicante. Campus de San Vicente Raspeig. Ap.99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Sánchez-Salguero E, Mondragón-Ramírez GK, Alcántara-Montiel JC, Cérbulo-Vázquez A, Villegas-Domínguez X, Contreras-Vargas VM, Thompson-Bonilla MDR, Romero-Ramírez H, Santos-Argumedo L. Infectious episodes during pregnancy, at particular mucosal sites, increase specific IgA1 or IgA2 subtype levels in human colostrum. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2019; 5:9. [PMID: 31205733 PMCID: PMC6558797 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-019-0104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colostrum is the primary source of maternal immunoglobulin A (IgA) for the newborn. IgA participates in protection and regulation mechanisms of the immune response at the neonate’s mucosa. Several studies have evaluated infectious diseases and vaccine protocols effects during pregnancy on maternal milk IgA levels, with the aim to understand lactation protecting effect on newborn. However, most of their results demonstrated that there were no differences in the total IgA levels. In humans, IgA has two subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2), they have an anatomical distribution among mucosal compartments, their levels vary after antigen stimulation and are also seen to describe differential affinities in colostrum. Although there are differences between IgA subclasses in several compartments, these studies have excluded specific colostrum IgA1 and IgA2 determination. Methods We analyzed data from 900 women in Mexico City. With Pearson correlation, we compared the number of infectious episodes during their pregnancy that was associated with mucosal compartments (skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts) and colostrum IgA subclasses. Results We show a correlation between increased colostrum IgA1 levels and the number of infectious episodes at respiratory tract and the skin. In contrast, infections at the gastrointestinal tract correlated with increased IgA2 amounts. Conclusions Infections present during pregnancy at certain mucosal site increase specific IgA subclasses levels in human colostrum. These results will help in understanding infections and immunizations effects on maternal IgA at the mammary gland, and their impact on the development and protection of the newborn. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40748-019-0104-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Sánchez-Salguero
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Geovanni Kaleb Mondragón-Ramírez
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,2Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Milpa Alta Unit (CICSUMA), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Alcántara-Montiel
- School of Higher Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Regional Hospital of High Specialty of Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Cérbulo-Vázquez
- 4Faculty of Medicine, Plan of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,5Women's Hospital, Ministry of Health (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Manuel Contreras-Vargas
- 6Departments of Gynecology and Genomic Medicine, Regional Hospital 1° de Octubre, Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Del Rocío Thompson-Bonilla
- 6Departments of Gynecology and Genomic Medicine, Regional Hospital 1° de Octubre, Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Romero-Ramírez
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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Acquisition of specific antibodies and their influence on cell-mediated immune response in neonatal cord blood after maternal pertussis vaccination during pregnancy. Vaccine 2019; 37:2569-2579. [PMID: 30955978 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immunization with pertussis acellular vaccine (Tdap) is an intervention that provides protection to newborns. However, it has been reported that high maternal antibody levels may adversely affect the immune response of infants after active immunization. In this study, we evaluated neonatal passive acquisition of pertussis-specific antibodies and their influence on the neonatal cell-mediated immune response. Pregnant women were either vaccinated with Tdap vaccine (case group, n = 66) or received no vaccine (control group, n = 101). Whole-cell Bordetella pertussis (Bp), pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN)-specific serum IgG were quantified in paired maternal-cord sera, and Bp- and PT-specific IgA were evaluated in colostrum by ELISA. Ex vivo neonatal blood lymphocyte responsiveness after Bp stimulation was assessed in case (n = 17) and control (n = 15) groups using flow cytometry to detect proliferation, cytokine production and activation phenotype of lymphocytes in the context of high specific IgG acquired after maternal vaccination. Anti-Bp, PT, FHA and PRN IgG concentrations in maternal and cord sera from case group were higher than those in control group with positive correlation indexes in both groups for all pertussis antigens. The control group presented higher placental transfer ratios of specific antibodies and, in the case group, vaccination between 26 and 31 gestation weeks was associated with the best placental transfer ratios. Specific IgA concentrations in colostrum were not affected by vaccine status. Whole blood assays revealed that newborns responded to Bp stimulation with higher expression of CD40L, CD69 and CD4+ T cell proliferation compared to unstimulated cells, and a lower Th1 response, while a preserved Th2 response compared to adults, but there were no differences between the neonatal groups for any of the studied parameters. Our results indicate that higher pertussis-specific IgG levels in newborn sera after maternal vaccination do not affect the neonatal ex vivo cell-mediated immune response.
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44
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Meng QH, Liu Y, Yu JQ, Li LJ, Shi W, Shen YJ, Li L, Zhan SN, Yang F, Wang YJ, Yao KH. Seroprevalence of Maternal and Cord Antibodies Specific for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Measles, Mumps and Rubella in Shunyi, Beijing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13021. [PMID: 30158679 PMCID: PMC6115429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibodies contribute to the protection of young infants from infectious diseases during the early life. However, vaccinations for women of child-bearing age are not routine in China. Therefore, we investigated the level of protective immunity against vaccine preventable diseases in pregnant women and newborns in China. A total of 194 paired maternal and cord blood samples were collected in Beijing from 2016 to 2017. Antibodies specific for the antigens covered by diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine were determined by ELISA (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany). The cut off value of ≥0.1 IU/ml (anti-diphtheria), >0.1 IU/ml (anti-tetanus), >40 IU/ml (anti-pertussis toxin), ≥200 IU/l (anti-measles), ≥45 RU/ml (anti-mumps) and ≥10 IU/ml (anti-rubella) were used to assess the percentage of newborns with protective IgG concentrations, respectively. The results revealed that 61.3%, 73.2%, 97.4%, 30.4%, 65.5% and 17.0% of newborns had no protection against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps and rubella. Only 1.0% and 23.7% of newborns had protection against all three components of DTP or MMR, respectively. The finding suggested that most of newborns were susceptible to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and mumps, almost one-third of this population had no immune protection against measles, and about one-sixth of them were under threat of rubella infection. These data supported the immunization program for DTP and MMR vaccine in women at child-bearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jin-Qian Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Li-Jun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ying-Jie Shen
- Department of Neonatology, Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Shi-Na Zhan
- Department of Neonatology, Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Kai-Hu Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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45
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Brady RC, Jackson LA, Frey SE, Shane AL, Walter EB, Swamy GK, Schlaudecker EP, Szefer E, Wolff M, McNeal MM, Bernstein DI, Steinhoff MC. Randomized trial comparing the safety and antibody responses to live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine when administered to breastfeeding women. Vaccine 2018; 36:4663-4671. [PMID: 29961606 PMCID: PMC8785652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) are both licensed for administration to nursing mothers. Little is known about the potential for transmission of LAIV viruses from the mother to the infant and the comparative breast milk antibody responses to LAIV and IIV. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind study comparing the immunogenicity of LAIV to IIV when administered to nursing mothers. The safety of LAIV to IIV in women and their infants was also compared. Women received LAIV + intramuscular placebo, or IIV + intranasal placebo on Day 0. Breast milk and nasal swabs (from women and infants) were collected on Days 0, 2, and 8 for detection of LAIV. Breast milk and serum antibody responses were measured at Days 0 and 28. The primary hypothesis was that LAIV would provide superior induction of breast milk IgA responses to influenza as compared to IIV when administered to nursing mothers. RESULTS Breast milk IgG, breast milk IgA (H1N1 only), serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), and serum IgG responses were significantly higher following administration of IIV compared to LAIV. Receipt of either LAIV or IIV was safe in women and their infants. One (1%) LAIV recipient transmitted vaccine virus to her infant who remained well. No influenza virus was detected in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS Breast milk and serum antibody responses were higher for IIV compared to LAIV. LAIV and IIV were safe for nursing women but there was one (1%) possible transmission of LAIV to an infant. This study suggests that IIV may be the preferred vaccine for nursing mothers.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Breast Feeding
- Double-Blind Method
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Milk, Human/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Placebos/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Brady
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Wolff
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Mark C Steinhoff
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Ulfman LH, Leusen JHW, Savelkoul HFJ, Warner JO, van Neerven RJJ. Effects of Bovine Immunoglobulins on Immune Function, Allergy, and Infection. Front Nutr 2018; 5:52. [PMID: 29988421 PMCID: PMC6024018 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide an in depth overview of the current knowledge of the effects of bovine immunoglobulins on the human immune system. The stability and functional effects of orally ingested bovine immunoglobulins in milk products are described and potential mechanisms of action are discussed. Orally ingested bovine IgG (bovine IgG) can be recovered from feces, ranging from very low levels up to 50% of the ingested IgG that has passed through the gastrointestinal tract. In infants the recovered levels are higher than in adults most likely due to differences in stomach and intestinal conditions such as pH. This indicates that bovine IgG can be functionally active throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, a large number of studies in infants and adults have shown that bovine IgG (or colostrum as a rich source thereof) can prevent gastrointestinal tract infections, upper respiratory tract infections, and LPS-induced inflammation. These studies vary considerably in target group, design, source of bovine IgG, dosage, and endpoints measured making it hard to draw general conclusions on effectiveness of bovine immunoglobulin rich preparations. Typical sources of bovine IgG used in human studies are serum-derived IgG, colostrum, colostrum-derived IgG, or milk-derived immunoglobulins. In addition, many studies have used IgG from vaccinated cows, but studies using IgG from nonimmunized animals have also been reported to be effective. Mechanistically, bovine IgG binds to many human pathogens and allergens, can neutralize experimental infection of human cells, and limits gastrointestinal inflammation. Furthermore, bovine IgG binds to human Fc receptors which, enhances phagocytosis, killing of bacteria and antigen presentation and bovine IgG supports gastrointestinal barrier function in in vitro models. These mechanisms are becoming more and more established and explain why bovine IgG can have immunological effects in vivo. The inclusion of oral bovine immunoglobulins in specialized dairy products and infant nutrition may therefore be a promising approach to support immune function in vulnerable groups such as infants, children, elderly and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Wageningen University & Research, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - John O Warner
- National Institute of Health Research, Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care for NW London, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - R J Joost van Neerven
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands.,Wageningen University & Research, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Mohammed H, Clarke M, Koehler A, Watson M, Marshall H. Factors associated with uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccines among pregnant women in South Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197867. [PMID: 29902184 PMCID: PMC6002099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal immunization is an effective strategy to protect pregnant women and their infants from vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite the recommendation of maternal influenza and more recently pertussis immunization in Australia, uptake of these vaccines has been suboptimal. A midwife delivered immunization program for pregnant women at the Women's and Children's Hospital in South Australia commenced in April 2015. Monitoring the uptake of the current funded vaccine programs for pregnant women is limited. The study aimed to estimate maternal vaccine uptake and assess factors associated with influenza and pertussis vaccine uptake among pregnant women. METHODS This prospective study was undertaken between November 2014 and July 2016 at the Women's and Children's Hospital. Following consent, demographic details and vaccination history for South Australian pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinic were collected. A standardised self-reported survey was completed during pregnancy with a follow up telephone interview at 8-10 weeks post-delivery. RESULTS 205 women consented and completed the self-reported survey. Of the 180 pregnant women who completed the study, 76% and 81% received maternal influenza and pertussis vaccines respectively. The adjusted odds of women receiving maternal vaccines during pregnancy were significantly higher for women delivering after the implementation of the midwife delivered program compared with women who delivered babies prior to the program for both pertussis vaccination (AOR 21.17, 95% CI 6.14-72.95; p<0.001) and influenza vaccination (AOR 5.95, 95% CI 2.13-16.61, p<0.001). Women receiving a recommendation from a health care provider and first time mothers were significantly more likely to receive influenza vaccination during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS High uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccines during pregnancy can be attained with health care provider recommendation and inclusion of maternal immunization as part of standard antenatal care. A midwife delivered maternal immunization program is a promising approach to improve maternal vaccine uptake by pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Mohammed
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit (VIRTU), Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle Clarke
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit (VIRTU), Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ann Koehler
- The Communicable Disease Control Branch (CDCB), South Australia, Australia
| | - Maureen Watson
- The Communicable Disease Control Branch (CDCB), South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Marshall
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit (VIRTU), Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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48
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Blanco JCG, Pletneva LM, McGinnes-Cullen L, Otoa RO, Patel MC, Fernando LR, Boukhvalova MS, Morrison TG. Efficacy of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine candidate in a maternal immunization model. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1904. [PMID: 29765035 PMCID: PMC5953919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Maternal immunization is an option to increase maternal antibody levels and protect infants from infection. Here we assess the efficacy of virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates containing stabilized pre-fusion (pre-F) or post-fusion (post-F) conformations of the RSV F protein and the attachment RSV G protein in a maternal immunization model using cotton rats. VLP vaccines containing RSV F and G proteins strongly boost pre-existing RSV immunity in dams preventing their perinatal drop in immunity. Boosting is stronger for the pre-F VLP than for the post-F VLP or purified subunit F protein vaccines, giving an advantage on mothers’ protection. VLP immunization of dams provides significant protection to pups from RSV challenge and reduced pulmonary inflammation. Collectively, our results show that a VLP vaccine with RSV F and G proteins is safe and effective for maternal and adult vaccination. RSV infection is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and maternal vaccination is a potential preventive option. Here, Blanco et al. show efficacy of a Newcastle disease virus-based virus-like particle vaccine candidate in naive and pre-exposed cotton rat dams and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C G Blanco
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Lioubov M Pletneva
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Lori McGinnes-Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Raymonde O Otoa
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Mira C Patel
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Lurds R Fernando
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Marina S Boukhvalova
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Trudy G Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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49
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Abstract
Maternal immunization for prevention of morbidity and mortality of pregnant women and their neonates due to infectious diseases is ongoing worldwide. The complexity of vaccine research and development in this population is challenging. Not only do vaccines for pregnant women require evidence of immunogenicity, potency, stability, and limited reactogenicity, they must also provide efficacy in decreasing morbidity for the pregnant woman, her fetus, and the neonate, demonstrate safety or lack of evidence of harm, and offer benefit or potential benefit of vaccination during pregnancy. Since the 19th century, evidence of protective effects of vaccination during pregnancy has been documented. Pandemic influenza and pertussis outbreaks in recent years have affected a paradigm shift in vaccine research and development as well as current policy regarding immunization in pregnancy. Studies of the immune system in pregnant women and neonates have shown that immune changes associated with pregnancy in women do not interfere with maternal vaccine responses, multiple factors are important in transplacental transfer of antibodies, and maternal antibodies are beneficial to neonates. In recent years, guidelines have been developed by expert panels to help design studies for maternal vaccinations and for harmonization of data collection, analysis, and adverse event reporting. Further research into maternal and neonatal immunology, transplacental antibody transfer, and epidemiology of diseases is needed, especially as new vaccines to respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus, and Group B streptococcus are developed. Maternal vaccinations have the potential to change the epidemiology of infectious diseases in reproductive health and pediatrics and may lead to new clinical applications to improve global maternal and neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Kachikis
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda O Eckert
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Janet Englund
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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50
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Wilcox CR, Holder B, Jones CE. Factors Affecting the FcRn-Mediated Transplacental Transfer of Antibodies and Implications for Vaccination in Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1294. [PMID: 29163461 PMCID: PMC5671757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At birth, neonates are particularly vulnerable to infection and transplacental transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from mother to fetus provides crucial protection in the first weeks of life. Transcytosis of IgG occurs via binding with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the placental synctiotrophoblast. As maternal vaccination becomes an increasingly important strategy for the protection of young infants, improving our understanding of transplacental transfer and the factors that may affect this will become increasingly important, especially in low-income countries where the burden of morbidity and mortality is highest. This review highlights factors of relevance to maternal vaccination that may modulate placental transfer—IgG subclass, glycosylation of antibody, total maternal IgG concentration, maternal disease, infant gestational age, and birthweight—and outlines the conflicting evidence and questions that remain regarding the complexities of these relationships. Furthermore, the intricacies of the Ab–FcRn interaction remain poorly understood and models that may help address future research questions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Wilcox
- National Institute of Health Research Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Holder
- Paediatrics Section, Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine E Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
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