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Schöneich S, Cain CN, Sudol PE, Synovec RE. Enabling cuboid-based fisher ratio analysis using total-transfer comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464341. [PMID: 37660566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC3-TOFMS) is a promising instrumental platform for the separation of volatiles and semi-volatiles due to its increased peak capacity and selectivity relative to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with TOFMS (GC×GC-TOFMS). Given the recent advances in GC3-TOFMS instrumentation, new data analysis methods are now required to analyze its complex data structure efficiently and effectively. This report highlights the development of a cuboid-based Fisher ratio (F-ratio) analysis for supervised, non-targeted studies. This approach builds upon the previously reported tile-based F-ratio software for GC×GC-TOFMS data. Cuboid-based F-ratio analysis is enabled by constructing 3D cuboids within the GC3-TOFMS chromatogram and calculating F-ratios for every cuboid on a per-mass channel basis. This methodology is evaluated using a GC3-TOFMS data set of jet fuel spiked with both non-native and native components. The neat and spiked jet fuels were collected on a total-transfer (100 % duty cycle) GC3-TOFMS instrument, employing thermal modulation between the first (1D) and second dimension (2D) columns and dynamic pressure gradient modulation between the 2D and third dimension (3D) columns. In total, cuboid-based F-ratio analysis discovered 32 spiked analytes in the top 50 hits at concentration ratios as low as 1.1. In contrast, tile-based F-ratio analysis of the corresponding GC×GC-TOFMS data only discovered 28 of the spiked analytes total, with only 25 of them in the top 50 hits. Along with discovering more analytes, cuboid-based F-ratio analysis of GC3-TOFMS data resulted in fewer false positives. The increased discoverability is due to the added peak capacity and selectivity provided by the 3D column with GC3-TOFMS resulting in improved chromatographic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Schöneich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Caitlin N Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paige E Sudol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Trinklein TJ, Cain CN, Ochoa GS, Schöneich S, Mikaliunaite L, Synovec RE. Recent Advances in GC×GC and Chemometrics to Address Emerging Challenges in Nontargeted Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:264-286. [PMID: 36625122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trinklein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Caitlin N Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Grant S Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sonia Schöneich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Lina Mikaliunaite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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3
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von Mühlen C, Mangelli LN, Marriott PJ. Average theoretical peak time as a metric to analytical speed in one dimensional and multidimensional gas chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Schoenmakers P. Latest Trends on the Future of Three-Dimensional Separations in Chromatography. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12016-12034. [PMID: 33878259 PMCID: PMC8517953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Separation and characterization of complex mixtures are of crucial importance in many fields, where extremely high separation power is required. Three-dimensional separation techniques can offer a path toward achieving high peak capacities. In this Review, online three-dimensional separation systems are discussed, including three-dimensional gas chromatography, and hyphenated combinations of two-dimensional gas chromatography with liquid chromatography or supercritical-fluid chromatography. Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides detailed information on complex samples and the need for higher peak capacities is pushing researchers toward online three-dimensional liquid chromatography. In this review, an overview of the various combinations are provided and we discuss and compare their potential performance, advantages, perspectives, and results obtained during the most recent 10-15 years. Finally, the Review will discuss a novel approach of spatial three-dimensional liquid separation to increase peak capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Trinklein TJ, Warren CG, Synovec RE. Determination of the Signal-To-Noise Ratio Enhancement in Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8526-8535. [PMID: 34097388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the extent to which comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography (GC3) provides a signal enhancement (SE) and a signal-to-noise ratio enhancement (S/NRel) relative to one-dimensional (1D)-GC. Specifically, the SE is defined as the ratio of the tallest 3D peak height from the GC3 separation to the 1D peak height from the unmodulated 1D-GC separation. A model is proposed which allows the analyst to predict the theoretically attainable SE (SET) based upon the peak width and sampling density inputs. The model is validated via comparison of the SET to the experimentally measured SE (SEM) obtained using total-transfer GC3 (100% duty cycle for both modulators) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Two experimental conditions were studied using the same GC3 column set, differing principally in the modulation period from the 1D to 2D columns: 4 s versus 8 s. Under the first set of conditions, the average SEM was 97 (±22), in excellent agreement with the SET of 97 (±18). The second set of conditions improved the average SEM to 181 (±27), also in agreement with the average SET of 176 (±26). The average S/NRel following correction for the mass spectrum acquisition frequency was 38.8 (±11.2) and 59.0 (±27.2) for the two sets of conditions. The enhancement in S/N is largely attributed to moving the signal to a higher frequency domain where the impact of "low frequency" noise is less detrimental. The findings here provide strong evidence that GC3 separations can provide enhanced detectability relative to 1D-GC and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trinklein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Cable G Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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de Juan A, Tauler R. Multivariate Curve Resolution: 50 years addressing the mixture analysis problem – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1145:59-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Processing multi-way chromatographic data for analytical calibration, classification and discrimination: A successful marriage between separation science and chemometrics. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Trinklein TJ, Schöneich S, Sudol PE, Warren CG, Gough DV, Synovec RE. Total-transfer comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Trinklein TJ, Prebihalo SE, Warren CG, Ochoa GS, Synovec RE. Discovery-based analysis and quantification for comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography flame ionization detection data. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Consumable-free Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and PARAFAC for Determination of Allergens in Perfumes. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Marriott PJ, Nolvachai Y. A better way to separate the wheat from the chaff. Progression from single-dimension gas chromatography to multidimensional gas chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813745-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Anzardi MB, Arancibia JA, Olivieri AC. Interpretation of matrix chromatographic-spectral data modeling with parallel factor analysis 2 and multivariate curve resolution. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Column selection approach to achieve a high peak capacity in comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography. Talanta 2019; 195:822-829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Escandar GM, Olivieri AC. Multi-way chromatographic calibration—A review. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1587:2-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Bahaghighat HD, Freye CE, Gough DV, Sudol PE, Synovec RE. Ultrafast separations via pulse flow valve modulation to enable high peak capacity multidimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Freye CE, Bahaghighat HD, Synovec RE. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using partial modulation via a pulsed flow valve with a short modulation period. Talanta 2018; 177:142-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Watson NE, Prebihalo SE, Synovec RE. Targeted analyte deconvolution and identification by four-way parallel factor analysis using three-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry data. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 983:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Watson NE, Bahaghighat HD, Cui K, Synovec RE. Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1793-1800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanial E. Watson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - H. Daniel Bahaghighat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Ke Cui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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19
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Pixel-Level Data Analysis Methods for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63527-3.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Application of Multiway Calibration in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63527-3.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Parastar H, Tauler R. Multivariate Curve Resolution of Hyphenated and Multidimensional Chromatographic Measurements: A New Insight to Address Current Chromatographic Challenges. Anal Chem 2013; 86:286-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Parastar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Roma Tauler
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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22
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Analysis of the temporal performance of one versus on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Chen D, Seo JH, Liu J, Kurabayashi K, Fan X. Smart three-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6871-5. [PMID: 23789906 DOI: 10.1021/ac401152v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We developed a complete computer-controlled smart 3-dimensional gas chromatography (3-D GC) system with an automation algorithm. This smart 3-D GC architecture enabled independent optimization of and control over each dimension of separation and allowed for much longer separation time for the second- and third-dimensional columns than the conventional comprehensive 3-D GC could normally achieve. Therefore, it can potentially be employed to construct a novel GC system that exploits the multidimensional separation capability to a greater extent. In this Article, we introduced the smart 3-D GC concept, described its operation, and demonstrated its feasibility by separating 22 vapor analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Parastar H, Radović JR, Bayona JM, Tauler R. Solving chromatographic challenges in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry using multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6235-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Pierce KM, Kehimkar B, Marney LC, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Review of chemometric analysis techniques for comprehensive two dimensional separations data. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to bidimensional gas chromatography in comprehensive and heart-cutting mode: Design of the instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:153-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Pierce KM, Mohler RE. A Review of Chemometrics Applied to Comprehensive Two-dimensional Separations from 2008–2010. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2011.591868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Carr P, Davis J, Rutan S, Stoll D. Principles of Online Comprehensive Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 2012; 50:139-235. [DOI: 10.1201/b11636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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Seeley JV. Recent advances in flow-controlled multidimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:24-37. [PMID: 22305357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The continued development of flow-controlled two-dimensional gas chromatography (2-D GC) is reviewed, with a special emphasis on results published from 2001 through 2011. Heart-cutting 2-D GC continues to be used for isolating selected components in complex mixtures. The programmable and highly precise flows and temperatures produced by modern gas chromatographs have made it easier to selectively transfer analytes to the secondary column and to backflush unwanted components from the primary column. Several new Deans switch interfaces for performing heart-cutting 2-D GC have been introduced, with most attention given to devices that integrate the flow connections into a single unit. Heart-cutting 2-D GC has been used to isolate analytes in a wide variety of complex mixtures including fuels, industrial feedstocks, fragrances, and environmental extracts. Valve-based comprehensive 2-D GC (GC×GC) was also actively developed in the past decade. Valve-based modulation is a simple way to generate GC×GC separations without using cryogenic fluids. More than ten new valve-based modulators were introduced. Diaphragm valves fitted with sample loops are the most common low duty cycle modulators, whereas fluidic modulators that employ differential flow conditions are the most common high duty cycle modulators. Applications of valve-based GC×GC include analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures, essential oils, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Seeley
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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33
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Omais B, Courtiade M, Charon N, Ponthus J, Thiébaut D. Considerations on Orthogonality Duality in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7550-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Didier Thiébaut
- ESPCI, PECSA UMR CNRS 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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34
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Siegler WC, Fitz BD, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Experimental Study of the Quantitative Precision for Valve-Based Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5190-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Christopher Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Brian D. Fitz
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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35
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Chemometrics in comprehensive multidimensional separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2373-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Accelerating analysis for metabolomics, drugs and their metabolites in biological samples using multidimensional gas chromatography. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:367-91. [PMID: 21083173 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the great enabling analytical tools available to the chemical and biochemical analyst for the measurement of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. From the analysis result, it is possible to assess progress in chemical reactions, to monitor environmental pollutants in a wide range of soil, water or air samples, to determine if an athlete or horse trainer has contravened doping laws, or if crude oil has migrated through subsurface rock to a reservoir. Each of these scenarios and samples has an associated implementation method for GC-MS. However, few samples and the associated interpretation of data is as complex or important as biochemical sample analysis for trace drugs or metabolites. Improving the analysis in both the GC and MS domains is a continual search for better separation, selectivity and sensitivity. Multidimensional methods are playing important roles in providing quality data to address the needs of analysts.
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Trudgett MJ, Guiochon G, Shalliker RA. Theoretical description of a new analytical technique: Comprehensive online multidimensional fast Fourier transform separations. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3545-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Carr PW, Stoll DR, Wang X. Perspectives on recent advances in the speed of high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1890-900. [PMID: 21341777 DOI: 10.1021/ac102570t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most consistent trend in the development of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) since its inception in the 1960s has been the continuing reach for ever faster analyses. The pioneering work of Knox, Horvath, Halasz, and Guiochon set forth a theoretical framework that was used early on to improve the speed of HPLC, primarily through the commercialization of smaller and smaller particles. Over the past decade, approaches to improving the speed of HPLC have become more diverse, and now practitioners of HPLC are faced with the difficult task of deciding which of these approaches will lead them to the fastest analysis for their application. Digesting the rich literature on the optimization of HPLC is a difficult task in itself, which is further complicated by contradictory marketing messages from competing commercial outlets for HPLC technology. In this perspectives article we provide an overview of the theoretical and practical aspects of the principal modern approaches to improving the speed of HPLC. We present a straightforward theoretical basis, informed by decades of literature on the problem of optimization, that is useful for comparing different technologies for improving the speed of HPLC. Through mindful optimization of conditions, high-performance separations on the subminute timescale are now possible and becoming increasingly common under both isocratic and gradient elution conditions. Certainly the continued development of ultrafast separations will play an important role in the development of two-dimensional HPLC separations. Despite the relatively long history of HPLC as an analytical technique, there is no sign of a slow-down in the development of novel HPLC technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.
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Saraji-Bozorgzad MR, Eschner M, Groeger TM, Streibel T, Geissler R, Kaisersberger E, Denner T, Zimmermann R. Highly Resolved Online Organic-Chemical Speciation of Evolved Gases from Thermal Analysis Devices by Cryogenically Modulated Fast Gas Chromatography Coupled to Single Photon Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9644-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100745h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Saraji-Bozorgzad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Markus Eschner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Groeger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Robert Geissler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Erwin Kaisersberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Thomas Denner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Universität Augsburg, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische, Technische und Umweltchemie, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, D-95100 Selb, Germany
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Potts LW, Stoll DR, Li X, Carr PW. The impact of sampling time on peak capacity and analysis speed in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5700-9. [PMID: 20673902 PMCID: PMC2933795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) offers a number of practical advantages over optimized one-dimensional LC in peak capacity and thus in resolving power. The traditional "product rule" for overall peak capacity for a 2DLC system significantly overestimates peak capacity because it neglects under-sampling of the first dimension separation. Here we expand on previous work by more closely examining the effects of the first dimension peak capacity and gradient time, and the second dimension cycle times on the overall peak capacity of the 2DLC system. We also examine the effects of re-equilibration time on under-sampling as measured by the under-sampling factor and the influence of molecular type (peptide vs. small molecule) on peak capacity. We show that in fast 2D separations (less than 1h), the second dimension is more important than the first dimension in determining overall peak capacity and conclude that extreme measures to enhance the first dimension peak capacity are usually unwarranted. We also examine the influence of sample types (small molecules vs. peptides) on second dimension peak capacity and peak capacity production rates, and how the sample type influences optimum second dimension gradient and re-equilibration times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Potts
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA.
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Comprehensive multidimensional separation methods by hyphenation of single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOF-MS) with GC and GC×GC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1435-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dutriez T, Courtiade M, Thiébaut D, Dulot H, Bertoncini F, Hennion MC. Extended characterization of a vacuum gas oil by offline LC-high-temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1787-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Siegler WC, Crank JA, Armstrong DW, Synovec RE. Increasing selectivity in comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography via an ionic liquid stationary phase column in one dimension. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mieth M, Schubert JK, Gröger T, Sabel B, Kischkel S, Fuchs P, Hein D, Zimmermann R, Miekisch W. Automated Needle Trap Heart-Cut GC/MS and Needle Trap Comprehensive Two-Dimensional GC/TOF-MS for Breath Gas Analysis in the Clinical Environment. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2541-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Mieth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bastian Sabel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabine Kischkel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Patricia Fuchs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
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Handling within run retention time shifts in two-dimensional chromatography data using shift correction and modeling. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4020-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dutriez T, Courtiade M, Thiébaut D, Dulot H, Bertoncini F, Vial J, Hennion MC. High-temperature two-dimensional gas chromatography of hydrocarbons up to nC60 for analysis of vacuum gas oils. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2905-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cortes HJ, Winniford B, Luong J, Pursch M. Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography review. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:883-904. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for fingerprint pattern recognition in olive oils produced by two different techniques in Portuguese olive varieties Galega Vulgar, Cobrançosa e Carrasquenha. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 633:263-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Chapter 6 Comprehensive Multidimensional Systems Incorporating GC×GC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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50
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Gröger T, Welthagen W, Mitschke S, Schäffer M, Zimmermann R. Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry and different types of data analysis for the investigation of cigarette particulate matter. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3366-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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