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Dey S, Bhat A, Janani G, Shandilya V, Gupta R, Mandal BB. Microfluidic human physiomimetic liver model as a screening platform for drug induced liver injury. Biomaterials 2024; 310:122627. [PMID: 38823194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The pre-clinical animal models often fail to predict intrinsic and idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI), thus contributing to drug failures in clinical trials, black box warnings and withdrawal of marketed drugs. This suggests a critical need for human-relevant in vitro models to predict diverse DILI phenotypes. In this study, a porcine liver extracellular matrix (ECM) based biomaterial ink with high printing fidelity, biocompatibility and tunable rheological and mechanical properties is formulated for supporting both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. Further, we applied 3D printing and microfluidic technology to bioengineer a human physiomimetic liver acinus model (HPLAM), recapitulating the radial hepatic cord-like structure with functional sinusoidal microvasculature network, biochemical and biophysical properties of native liver acinus. Intriguingly, the human derived hepatic cells incorporated HPLAM cultured under physiologically relevant microenvironment, acts as metabolic biofactories manifesting enhanced hepatic functionality, secretome levels and biomarkers expression over several weeks. We also report that the matured HPLAM reproduces dose- and time-dependent hepatotoxic response of human clinical relevance to drugs typically recognized for inducing diverse DILI phenotypes as compared to conventional static culture. Overall, the developed HPLAM emulates in vivo like functions and may provide a useful platform for DILI risk assessment to better determine safety and human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradeep Dey
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Amritha Bhat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - G Janani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vartik Shandilya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Raghvendra Gupta
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Shi W, Zhang Z, Wang X. The Prospect of Hepatic Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as a Bioink for Liver 3D Bioprinting. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1019. [PMID: 39199406 PMCID: PMC11352484 DOI: 10.3390/biom14081019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liver diseases is high worldwide. Many factors can cause liver fibrosis, which in turn can lead to liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer. Due to the shortage of donor organs, immunosuppression, and other factors, only a few patients are able to undergo liver transplantation. Therefore, how to construct a bioartificial liver that can be transplanted has become a global research hotspot. With the rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, researchers have tried to use various 3D bioprinting technologies to construct bioartificial livers in vitro. In terms of the choice of bioinks, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has many advantages over other materials for cell-laden hydrogel in 3D bioprinting. This review mainly summarizes the acquisition of liver dECM and its application in liver 3D bioprinting as a bioink with respect to availability, printability, and biocompatibility in many aspects and puts forward the current challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
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Rahbar M, Asadpour R, Mazaheri Z. The effect of epididymosomes on the development of frozen-thawed mouse spermatogonial stem cells after culture in a decellularized testicular scaffold and transplantation into azoospermic mice. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:2079-2098. [PMID: 38839698 PMCID: PMC11339233 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-024-03157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined SSC proliferation on an epididymosome-enriched decellularized testicular matrix (DTM) hydrogel and spermatogenesis induction in azoospermic mice. METHODS Epididymosomes were extracted and characterized using SEM and western blotting. After cryopreservation, thawed SSCs were cultured in a hydrogel-based three-dimensional (3D) culture containing 10 ng/mL GDNF or 20 µg/mL epididymosomes. SSCs were assessed using the MTT assay, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR after two weeks of culture. The isolated SSCs were microinjected into the efferent ducts of busulfan-treated mice. DiI-labeled SSCs were followed, and cell homing was assessed after two weeks. After 8 weeks, the testes were evaluated using morphometric studies and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of PLZF, TGF-β, and miR-10b did not increase statistically significantly in the 3D + GDNF and 3D + epididymosome groups compared to the 3D group. Among the groups, the GDNF-treated group exhibited the highest expression of miR-21 (*P < 0.05). Caspase-3 expression was lower in the epididymosome-treated group than in the other groups (***P < 0.001). Compared to the 3D and negative control groups, the 3D + epididymosomes and 3D + GDNF groups showed an increase in spermatogenic cells. Immunohistochemical results confirmed the growth and differentiation of spermatogonial cells into spermatids in the treatment groups. CONCLUSION The DTM hydrogel containing 20 µg/mL epididymosomes or 10 ng/mL GDNF is a novel and safe culture system that can support SSC proliferation in vitro to obtain adequate SSCs for transplantation success. It could be a novel therapeutic agent that could recover deregulated SSCs in azoospermic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahbar
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Asadpour
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Mazaheri
- Basic Medical Science Research Center, Histogenotech Company, Tehran, Iran
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Shukla P, Bera AK, Yeleswarapu S, Pati F. High Throughput Bioprinting Using Decellularized Adipose Tissue-Based Hydrogels for 3D Breast Cancer Modeling. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2400035. [PMID: 38685795 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
3D bioprinting allows rapid automated fabrication and can be applied for high throughput generation of biomimetic constructs for in vitro drug screening. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogel is a popular biomaterial choice for tissue engineering and studying carcinogenesis as a tumor microenvironmental mimetic. This study proposes a method for high throughput bioprinting with decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) based hydrogels for 3D breast cancer modeling. A comparative analysis of decellularization protocol using detergent-based and detergent-free decellularization methods for caprine-origin adipose tissue is performed, and the efficacy of dECM hydrogel for 3D cancer modeling is assessed. Histological, biochemical, morphological, and biological characterization and analysis showcase the cytocompatibility of DAT hydrogel. The rheological property of DAT hydrogel and printing process optimization is assessed to select a bioprinting window to attain 3D breast cancer models. The bioprinted tissues are characterized for cellular viability and tumor cell-matrix interactions. Additionally, an approach for breast cancer modeling is shown by performing rapid high throughput bioprinting in a 96-well plate format, and in vitro drug screening using 5-fluorouracil is performed on 3D bioprinted microtumors. The results of this study suggest that high throughput bioprinting of cancer models can potentially have downstream clinical applications like multi-drug screening platforms and personalized disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanshu Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Bera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Sriya Yeleswarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhong K, Liao S, Zhang G. The Development of a 3D PET Fibrous Scaffold Modified with an Umbilical Cord dECM for Liver Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1794. [PMID: 39000651 PMCID: PMC11243929 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Organ and tissue dysfunction represents a clinically significant condition. By integrating cell biology with materials science, tissue engineering enables the reconstruction and restoration of damaged tissues or organs, offering a noninvasive repair approach. In our study, we replicated the cellular growth environment by utilizing a human umbilical cord-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) as a modifying agent for the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymeric fiber scaffold. This allowed us to create a dECM-coated polyester fiber-based scaffold, PET-dECM, tailored for liver tissue engineering purposes. We effectively produced a decellularized human umbilical cord-derived ECM through a combined decellularization process involving trypsin/EDTA, TritonX-100, and sodium deoxycholate. The application of the dECM coating onto the PET material was accomplished through several steps, such as ester hydrolysis, EDC/NHS-activated crosslinking, and dECM conjugation. The biological performance of the PET-dECM was validated using RG cell culture assays. Notably, the dECM coating significantly improved PET's hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, thereby aiding cell adhesion, proliferation, and functional differentiation (p < 0.05). It was further found that the hepatocyte function of HepaRG was significantly enhanced on the PET-dECM, which may be attributed to the dECM's ability to facilitate the restoration of cell polarity. The PET-dECM holds promise as an effective hepatocyte culture carrier and could potentially find application in liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kebo Zhong
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shuguang Liao
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Guifeng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Almalla A, Alzain N, Elomaa L, Richter F, Scholz J, Lindner M, Siegmund B, Weinhart M. Hydrogel-Integrated Millifluidic Systems: Advancing the Fabrication of Mucus-Producing Human Intestinal Models. Cells 2024; 13:1080. [PMID: 38994934 PMCID: PMC11240340 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium is protected by a vital mucus layer, which is essential for lubrication, hydration, and fostering symbiotic bacterial relationships. Replicating and studying this complex mucus structure in vitro presents considerable challenges. To address this, we developed a hydrogel-integrated millifluidic tissue chamber capable of applying precise apical shear stress to intestinal models cultured on flat or 3D structured hydrogel scaffolds with adjustable stiffness. The chamber is designed to accommodate nine hydrogel scaffolds, 3D-printed as flat disks with a storage modulus matching the physiological range of intestinal tissue stiffness (~3.7 kPa) from bioactive decellularized and methacrylated small intestinal submucosa (dSIS-MA). Computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to confirm a laminar flow profile for both flat and 3D villi-comprising scaffolds in the physiologically relevant regime. The system was initially validated with HT29-MTX seeded hydrogel scaffolds, demonstrating accelerated differentiation, increased mucus production, and enhanced 3D organization under shear stress. These characteristic intestinal tissue features are essential for advanced in vitro models as they critically contribute to a functional barrier. Subsequently, the chamber was challenged with human intestinal stem cells (ISCs) from the terminal ileum. Our findings indicate that biomimicking hydrogel scaffolds, in combination with physiological shear stress, promote multi-lineage differentiation, as evidenced by a gene and protein expression analysis of basic markers and the 3D structural organization of ISCs in the absence of chemical differentiation triggers. The quantitative analysis of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and secreted mucus demonstrates the functional differentiation of the cells into enterocyte and goblet cell lineages. The millifluidic system, which has been developed and optimized for performance and cost efficiency, enables the creation and modulation of advanced intestinal models under biomimicking conditions, including tunable matrix stiffness and varying fluid shear stresses. Moreover, the readily accessible and scalable mucus-producing cellular tissue models permit comprehensive mucus analysis and the investigation of pathogen interactions and penetration, thereby offering the potential to advance our understanding of intestinal mucus in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahed Almalla
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.A.); (L.E.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Nadra Alzain
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.A.); (L.E.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (M.L.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (Including Nutrition Medicine), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.A.); (L.E.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Fiona Richter
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.A.); (L.E.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Johanna Scholz
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.A.); (L.E.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcus Lindner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.A.); (L.E.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (Including Nutrition Medicine), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.A.); (L.E.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (M.L.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Ali AS, Wu D, Bannach-Brown A, Dhamrait D, Berg J, Tolksdorf B, Lichtenstein D, Dressler C, Braeuning A, Kurreck J, Hülsemann M. 3D bioprinting of liver models: A systematic scoping review of methods, bioinks, and reporting quality. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:100991. [PMID: 38558773 PMCID: PMC10978534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Effective communication is crucial for broad acceptance and applicability of alternative methods in 3R biomedical research and preclinical testing. 3D bioprinting is used to construct intricate biological structures towards functional liver models, specifically engineered for deployment as alternative models in drug screening, toxicological investigations, and tissue engineering. Despite a growing number of reviews in this emerging field, a comprehensive study, systematically assessing practices and reporting quality for bioprinted liver models is missing. Methods In this systematic scoping review we systematically searched MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid) and BioRxiv for studies published prior to June 2nd, 2022. We extracted data on methodological conduct, applied bioinks, the composition of the printed model, performed experiments and model applications. Records were screened for eligibility and data were extracted from included articles by two independent reviewers from a panel of seven domain experts specializing in bioprinting and liver biology. We used RAYYAN for the screening process and SyRF for data extraction. We used R for data analysis, and R and Graphpad PRISM for visualization. Results Through our systematic database search we identified 1042 records, from which 63 met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this systematic scoping review. Our findings revealed that extrusion-based printing, in conjunction with bioinks composed of natural components, emerged as the predominant printing technique in the bioprinting of liver models. Notably, the HepG2 hepatoma cell line was the most frequently employed liver cell type, despite acknowledged limitations. Furthermore, 51% of the printed models featured co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells to enhance their complexity. The included studies offered a variety of techniques for characterizing these liver models, with their primary application predominantly focused on toxicity testing. Among the frequently analyzed liver markers, albumin and urea stood out. Additionally, Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, primarily CYP3A and CYP1A, were assessed, and select studies employed nuclear receptor agonists to induce CYP activity. Conclusion Our systematic scoping review offers an evidence-based overview and evaluation of the current state of research on bioprinted liver models, representing a promising and innovative technology for creating alternative organ models. We conducted a thorough examination of both the methodological and technical facets of model development and scrutinized the reporting quality within the realm of bioprinted liver models. This systematic scoping review can serve as a valuable template for systematically evaluating the progress of organ model development in various other domains. The transparently derived evidence presented here can provide essential support to the research community, facilitating the adaptation of technological advancements, the establishment of standards, and the enhancement of model robustness. This is particularly crucial as we work toward the long-term objective of establishing new approach methods as reliable alternatives to animal testing, with extensive and versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S.M. Ali
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongwei Wu
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Bannach-Brown
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) @Charité, QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diyal Dhamrait
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) @Charité, QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Berg
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Tolksdorf
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Dressler
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Medical Library, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Hülsemann
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) @Charité, QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin, Germany
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Hasan MM, Swapon AR, Dipti TI, Choi YJ, Yi HG. Plant-Based Decellularization: A Novel Approach for Perfusion-Compatible Tissue Engineering Structures. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1003-1016. [PMID: 38563106 PMCID: PMC11180914 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2401.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of plant-based decellularization in regenerative medicine, a pivotal development in tissue engineering focusing on scaffold development, modification, and vascularization. Plant decellularization involves removing cellular components from plant structures, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional scaffold materials. The use of plant-derived polymers is critical, presenting both benefits and challenges, notably in mechanical properties. Integration of plant vascular networks represents a significant bioengineering breakthrough, aligning with natural design principles. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of development protocols, scaffold fabrication considerations, and illustrative case studies showcasing plant-based decellularization applications. This technique is transformative, offering sustainable scaffold design solutions with readily available plant materials capable of forming perfusable structures. Ongoing research aims to refine protocols, assess long-term implications, and adapt the process for clinical use, indicating a path toward widespread adoption. Plant-based decellularization holds promise for regenerative medicine, bridging biological sciences with engineering through eco-friendly approaches. Future perspectives include protocol optimization, understanding long-term impacts, clinical scalability, addressing mechanical limitations, fostering collaboration, exploring new research areas, and enhancing education. Collectively, these efforts envision a regenerative future where nature and scientific innovation converge to create sustainable solutions, offering hope for generations to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedee Hasan
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashikur Rahman Swapon
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Tazrin Islam Dipti
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jin Choi
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Gyeong Yi
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
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Qiao S, Peijie T, Nan J. Crosslinking strategies of decellularized extracellular matrix in tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:640-671. [PMID: 37990863 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
By removing the immunogenic cellular components through various decellularization methods, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is considered a promising material in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with highly preserved physicochemical properties and superior biocompatibility. However, decellularization treatment can lead to some loss of structural integrity, mechanical strength, degradation stability, and biological performance of dECM biomaterials. Therefore, physical and chemical crosslinking methods are preferred to restore or even improve the biomechanical properties, stability, and bioactivity, and to achieve a delicate balance between degradation of the implanted biomaterial and regeneration of the host tissue. This review provides an overview of dECM biomaterials, and describes and compares the mechanisms and characteristics of commonly used crosslinking methods for dECM, with a focus on the potential applications of versatile dECM-based biomaterials derived from skin, cardiac tissues (pericardium, heart valves, myocardial tissue), blood vessels, liver, and kidney, modified with different chemical crosslinking reagents, in tissue and organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases/National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tan Peijie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases/National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases/National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Das S, Jegadeesan JT, Basu B. Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA)-Based Biomaterial Inks: Process Science for 3D/4D Printing and Current Status. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2156-2221. [PMID: 38507816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering for injured tissue replacement and regeneration has been a subject of investigation over the last 30 years, and there has been considerable interest in using additive manufacturing to achieve these goals. Despite such efforts, many key questions remain unanswered, particularly in the area of biomaterial selection for these applications as well as quantitative understanding of the process science. The strategic utilization of biological macromolecules provides a versatile approach to meet diverse requirements in 3D printing, such as printability, buildability, and biocompatibility. These molecules play a pivotal role in both physical and chemical cross-linking processes throughout the biofabrication, contributing significantly to the overall success of the 3D printing process. Among the several bioprintable materials, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely utilized for diverse tissue engineering applications, with some degree of success. In this context, this review will discuss the key bioengineering approaches to identify the gelation and cross-linking strategies that are appropriate to control the rheology, printability, and buildability of biomaterial inks. This review will focus on the GelMA as the structural (scaffold) biomaterial for different tissues and as a potential carrier vehicle for the transport of living cells as well as their maintenance and viability in the physiological system. Recognizing the importance of printability toward shape fidelity and biophysical properties, a major focus in this review has been to discuss the qualitative and quantitative impact of the key factors, including microrheological, viscoelastic, gelation, shear thinning properties of biomaterial inks, and printing parameters, in particular, reference to 3D extrusion printing of GelMA-based biomaterial inks. Specifically, we emphasize the different possibilities to regulate mechanical, swelling, biodegradation, and cellular functionalities of GelMA-based bio(material) inks, by hybridization techniques, including different synthetic and natural biopolymers, inorganic nanofillers, and microcarriers. At the close, the potential possibility of the integration of experimental data sets and artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches is emphasized to predict the printability, shape fidelity, or biophysical properties of GelMA bio(material) inks for clinically relevant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Das
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | | | - Bikramjit Basu
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
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Noro J, Vilaça-Faria H, Reis RL, Pirraco RP. Extracellular matrix-derived materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: A journey from isolation to characterization and application. Bioact Mater 2024; 34:494-519. [PMID: 38298755 PMCID: PMC10827697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial choice is an essential step during the development tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. The selected biomaterial must present properties allowing the physiological-like recapitulation of several processes that lead to the reestablishment of homeostatic tissue or organ function. Biomaterials derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) present many such properties and their use in the field has been steadily increasing. Considering this growing importance, it becomes imperative to provide a comprehensive overview of ECM biomaterials, encompassing their sourcing, processing, and integration into TERM applications. This review compiles the main strategies used to isolate and process ECM-derived biomaterials as well as different techniques used for its characterization, namely biochemical and chemical, physical, morphological, and biological. Lastly, some of their applications in the TERM field are explored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Noro
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Vilaça-Faria
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P. Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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12
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Scheidecker B, Poulain S, Sugimoto M, Kido T, Kawanishi T, Miyajima A, Kim SH, Arakawa H, Kato Y, Nishikawa M, Danoy M, Sakai Y, Leclerc E. Dynamic, IPSC-derived hepatic tissue tri-culture system for the evaluation of liver physiology in vitro. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025037. [PMID: 38447229 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad30c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Availability of hepatic tissue for the investigation of metabolic processes is severely limited. While primary hepatocytes or animal models are widely used in pharmacological applications, a change in methodology towards more sustainable and ethical assays is highly desirable. Stem cell derived hepatic cells are generally regarded as a viable alternative for the above model systems, if current limitations in functionality and maturation can be overcome. By combining microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology with individually differentiated, multicellular hepatic tissue fractions, we aim to improve overall functionality of hepatocyte-like cells, as well as evaluate cellular composition and interactions with non-parenchymal cell populations towards the formation of mature liver tissue. Utilizing a multi-omic approach, we show the improved maturation profiles of hepatocyte-like cells maintained in a dynamic microenvironment compared to standard tissue culture setups without continuous perfusion. In order to evaluate the resulting tissue, we employ single cell sequencing to distinguish formed subpopulations and spatial localization. While cellular input was strictly defined based on established differentiation protocols of parenchyma, endothelial and stellate cell fractions, resulting hepatic tissue was shown to comprise a complex mixture of epithelial and non-parenchymal fractions with specific local enrichment of phenotypes along the microchannel. Following this approach, we show the importance of passive, paracrine developmental processes in tissue formation. Using such complex tissue models is a crucial first step to develop stem cell-derivedin vitrosystems that can compare functionally with currently used pharmacological and toxicological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Scheidecker
- CNRS UMI 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stéphane Poulain
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 997-0035 Yamagata, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 160-8402 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawanishi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1102 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1102 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1102 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS UMI 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
- CNRS UMR 7338, Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologies de Compiègne, 60203 Compiègne, France
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13
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Kim YH, Kanczler JM, Lanham S, Rawlings A, Roldo M, Tozzi G, Dawson JI, Cidonio G, Oreffo ROC. Biofabrication of nanocomposite-based scaffolds containing human bone extracellular matrix for the differentiation of skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Biodes Manuf 2024; 7:121-136. [PMID: 38497056 PMCID: PMC10937808 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-023-00265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Autograft or metal implants are routinely used in skeletal repair. However, they fail to provide long-term clinical resolution, necessitating a functional biomimetic tissue engineering alternative. The use of native human bone tissue for synthesizing a biomimetic material ink for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of skeletal tissue is an attractive strategy for tissue regeneration. Thus, human bone extracellular matrix (bone-ECM) offers an exciting potential for the development of an appropriate microenvironment for human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSCs) to proliferate and differentiate along the osteogenic lineage. In this study, we engineered a novel material ink (LAB) by blending human bone-ECM (B) with nanoclay (L, Laponite®) and alginate (A) polymers using extrusion-based deposition. The inclusion of the nanofiller and polymeric material increased the rheology, printability, and drug retention properties and, critically, the preservation of HBMSCs viability upon printing. The composite of human bone-ECM-based 3D constructs containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhanced vascularization after implantation in an ex vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. The inclusion of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) with the HBMSCs further enhanced vascularization and mineralization after only seven days. This study demonstrates the synergistic combination of nanoclay with biomimetic materials (alginate and bone-ECM) to support the formation of osteogenic tissue both in vitro and ex vivo and offers a promising novel 3D bioprinting approach to personalized skeletal tissue repair. Graphic abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42242-023-00265-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hee Kim
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Janos M. Kanczler
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Stuart Lanham
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Andrew Rawlings
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Jonathan I. Dawson
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science (CLN2S), Italian Institute of Technology, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
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14
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Gadre M, Kasturi M, Agarwal P, Vasanthan KS. Decellularization and Their Significance for Tissue Regeneration in the Era of 3D Bioprinting. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7375-7392. [PMID: 38405516 PMCID: PMC10883024 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is an emerging technology that has high potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Increasing advancement and improvement in the decellularization process have led to an increase in the demand for using a decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) to fabricate tissue engineered products. Decellularization is the process of retaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) while the cellular components are completely removed to harvest the ECM for the regeneration of various tissues and across different sources. Post decellularization of tissues and organs, they act as natural biomaterials to provide the biochemical and structural support to establish cell communication. Selection of an effective method for decellularization is crucial, and various factors like tissue density, geometric organization, and ECM composition affect the regenerative potential which has an impact on the end product. The dECM is a versatile material which is added as an important ingredient to formulate the bioink component for constructing tissue and organs for various significant studies. Bioink consisting of dECM from various sources is used to generate tissue-specific bioink that is unique and to mimic different biometric microenvironments. At present, there are many different techniques applied for decellularization, and the process is not standardized and regulated due to broad application. This review aims to provide an overview of different decellularization procedures, and we also emphasize the different dECM-derived bioinks present in the current global market and the major clinical outcomes. We have also highlighted an overview of benefits and limitations of different decellularization methods and various characteristic validations of decellularization and dECM-derived bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmayi Gadre
- Manipal
Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Meghana Kasturi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Prachi Agarwal
- Manipal
Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirthanashri S. Vasanthan
- Manipal
Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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15
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Golebiowska AA, Intravaia JT, Sathe VM, Kumbar SG, Nukavarapu SP. Decellularized extracellular matrix biomaterials for regenerative therapies: Advances, challenges and clinical prospects. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:98-123. [PMID: 37927899 PMCID: PMC10622743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have shown potential in the repair and regeneration of tissues and organs via the use of engineered biomaterials and scaffolds. However, current constructs face limitations in replicating the intricate native microenvironment and achieving optimal regenerative capacity and functional recovery. To address these challenges, the utilization of decellularized tissues and cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a promising approach. These biocompatible and bioactive biomaterials can be engineered into porous scaffolds and grafts that mimic the structural and compositional aspects of the native tissue or organ microenvironment, both in vitro and in vivo. Bioactive dECM materials provide a unique tissue-specific microenvironment that can regulate and guide cellular processes, thereby enhancing regenerative therapies. In this review, we explore the emerging frontiers of decellularized tissue-derived and cell-derived biomaterials and bio-inks in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We discuss the need for further improvements in decellularization methods and techniques to retain structural, biological, and physicochemical characteristics of the dECM products in a way to mimic native tissues and organs. This article underscores the potential of dECM biomaterials to stimulate in situ tissue repair through chemotactic effects for the development of growth factor and cell-free tissue engineering strategies. The article also identifies the challenges and opportunities in developing sterilization and preservation methods applicable for decellularized biomaterials and grafts and their translation into clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon T. Intravaia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Vinayak M. Sathe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Syam P. Nukavarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
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16
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Kyser AJ, Fotouh B, Mahmoud MY, Frieboes HB. Rising role of 3D-printing in delivery of therapeutics for infectious disease. J Control Release 2024; 366:349-365. [PMID: 38182058 PMCID: PMC10923108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Modern drug delivery to tackle infectious disease has drawn close to personalizing medicine for specific patient populations. Challenges include antibiotic-resistant infections, healthcare associated infections, and customizing treatments for local patient populations. Recently, 3D-printing has become a facilitator for the development of personalized pharmaceutic drug delivery systems. With a variety of manufacturing techniques, 3D-printing offers advantages in drug delivery development for controlled, fine-tuned release and platforms for different routes of administration. This review summarizes 3D-printing techniques in pharmaceutics and drug delivery focusing on treating infectious diseases, and discusses the influence of 3D-printing design considerations on drug delivery platforms targeting these diseases. Additionally, applications of 3D-printing in infectious diseases are summarized, with the goal to provide insight into how future delivery innovations may benefit from 3D-printing to address the global challenges in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kyser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Bassam Fotouh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; UofL Health - Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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17
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He W, Deng J, Ma B, Tao K, Zhang Z, Ramakrishna S, Yuan W, Ye T. Recent Advancements of Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Human Tissues and Organs. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:17-43. [PMID: 38091514 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
3D bioprinting is recognized as a promising biomanufacturing technology that enables the reproducible and high-throughput production of tissues and organs through the deposition of different bioinks. Especially, bioinks based on loaded cells allow for immediate cellularity upon printing, providing opportunities for enhanced cell differentiation for organ manufacturing and regeneration. Thus, extensive applications have been found in the field of tissue engineering. The performance of the bioinks determines the functionality of the entire printed construct throughout the bioprinting process. It is generally expected that bioinks should support the encapsulated cells to achieve their respective cellular functions and withstand normal physiological pressure exerted on the printed constructs. The bioinks should also exhibit a suitable printability for precise deposition of the constructs. These characteristics are essential for the functional development of tissues and organs in bioprinting and are often achieved through the combination of different biomaterials. In this review, we have discussed the cutting-edge outstanding performance of different bioinks for printing various human tissues and organs in recent years. We have also examined the current status of 3D bioprinting and discussed its future prospects in relieving or curing human health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jinjun Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Binghe Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Weizheng Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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18
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Carvalho AM, Bansal R, Barrias CC, Sarmento B. The Material World of 3D-Bioprinted and Microfluidic-Chip Models of Human Liver Fibrosis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307673. [PMID: 37961933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials are extensively used to mimic cell-matrix interactions, which are essential for cell growth, function, and differentiation. This is particularly relevant when developing in vitro disease models of organs rich in extracellular matrix, like the liver. Liver disease involves a chronic wound-healing response with formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis. At early stages, liver disease can be reverted, but as disease progresses, reversion is no longer possible, and there is no cure. Research for new therapies is hampered by the lack of adequate models that replicate the mechanical properties and biochemical stimuli present in the fibrotic liver. Fibrosis is associated with changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix that directly influence cell behavior. Biomaterials could play an essential role in better emulating the disease microenvironment. In this paper, the recent and cutting-edge biomaterials used for creating in vitro models of human liver fibrosis are revised, in combination with cells, bioprinting, and/or microfluidics. These technologies have been instrumental to replicate the intricate structure of the unhealthy tissue and promote medium perfusion that improves cell growth and function, respectively. A comprehensive analysis of the impact of material hints and cell-material interactions in a tridimensional context is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, Technical Medical Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina C Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- IUCS - Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra, 4585-116, Portugal
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19
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Kasturi M, Mathur V, Gadre M, Srinivasan V, Vasanthan KS. Three Dimensional Bioprinting for Hepatic Tissue Engineering: From In Vitro Models to Clinical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:21-52. [PMID: 37882981 PMCID: PMC10764711 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of functional organs is the holy grail of tissue engineering and the possibilities of repairing a partial or complete liver to treat chronic liver disorders are discussed in this review. Liver is the largest gland in the human body and plays a responsible role in majority of metabolic function and processes. Chronic liver disease is one of the leading causes of death globally and the current treatment strategy of organ transplantation holds its own demerits. Hence there is a need to develop an in vitro liver model that mimics the native microenvironment. The developed model should be a reliable to understand the pathogenesis, screen drugs and assist to repair and replace the damaged liver. The three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology that recreates in vivo alike in vitro model for transplantation, which is the goal of tissue engineers. The technology has great potential due to its precise control and its ability to homogeneously distribute cells on all layers in a complex structure. This review gives an overview of liver tissue engineering with a special focus on 3D bioprinting and bioinks for liver disease modelling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Kasturi
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vidhi Mathur
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Mrunmayi Gadre
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Varadharajan Srinivasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kirthanashri S Vasanthan
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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20
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Sasikumar S, Chameettachal S, K N V, Kingshott P, Cromer B, Pati F. Strategic Replication of the Hepatic Zonation In Vitro Employing a Biomimetic Approach. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5224-5234. [PMID: 38014618 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The varied functions of the liver are dependent on the metabolic heterogeneity exhibited by the hepatocytes within the liver lobule spanning the porto-central axis. This complex phenomenon plays an important role in maintaining the physiological homeostasis of the liver. Standard in vitro culture models fail to mimic this spatial heterogeneity of hepatocytes, assuming a homogeneous population of cells, which leads to inaccurate translation of results. Here, we demonstrate the development of an in vitro model of hepatic zonation by mimicking the microarchitecture of the liver using a 3D printed mini bioreactor and decellularized liver matrix to provide the native microenvironmental cues. There was a differential expression of hypoxic and metabolic markers across the developed mini bioreactor, showing the establishment of gradients of oxygen, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and other metabolic pathways. The model also showed the establishment of zone-dependent toxicity on treatment with acetaminophen. The developed model would thus be a promising avenue in the field of tissue engineering for understanding the liver physiology and pathophysiology and for drug screening to evaluate the potential of new pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyama Sasikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Shibu Chameettachal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Vijayasankar K N
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- ARC Training Centre Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Brett Cromer
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
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21
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Di Gravina GM, Bari E, Croce S, Scocozza F, Pisani S, Conti B, Avanzini MA, Auricchio F, Cobianchi L, Torre ML, Conti M. Design and development of a hepatic lyo-dECM powder as a biomimetic component for 3D-printable hybrid hydrogels. Biomed Mater 2023; 19:015005. [PMID: 37992318 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad0ee2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting offers new opportunities to obtain reliable 3Din vitromodels of the liver for testing new drugs and studying pathophysiological mechanisms, thanks to its main feature in controlling the spatial deposition of cell-laden hydrogels. In this context, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based hydrogels have caught more and more attention over the last years because of their characteristic to closely mimic the tissue-specific microenvironment from a biological point of view. In this work, we describe a new concept of designing dECM-based hydrogels; in particular, we set up an alternative and more practical protocol to develop a hepatic lyophilized dECM (lyo-dECM) powder as an 'off-the-shelf' and free soluble product to be incorporated as a biomimetic component in the design of 3D-printable hybrid hydrogels. To this aim, the powder was first characterized in terms of cytocompatibility on human and porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the optimal powder concentration (i.e. 3.75 mg ml-1) to use in the hydrogel formulation was identified. Moreover, its non-immunogenicity and capacity to reactivate the elastase enzyme potency was proved. Afterward, as a proof-of-concept, the powder was added to a sodium alginate/gelatin blend, and the so-defined multi-component hydrogel was studied from a rheological point of view, demonstrating that adding the lyo-dECM powder at the selected concentration did not alter the viscoelastic properties of the original material. Then, a printing assessment was performed with the support of computational simulations, which were useful to definea priorithe hydrogel printing parameters as window of printability and its post-printing mechanical collapse. Finally, the proposed multi-component hydrogel was bioprinted with cells inside, and its post-printing cell viability for up to 7 d was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Di Gravina
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elia Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Croce
- Department of General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franca Scocozza
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria A Avanzini
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cobianchi
- Department of General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PharmaExceed s.r.l., Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Conti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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22
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Elomaa L, Almalla A, Keshi E, Hillebrandt KH, Sauer IM, Weinhart M. Rise of tissue- and species-specific 3D bioprinting based on decellularized extracellular matrix-derived bioinks and bioresins. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2023; 12:100084. [PMID: 38035034 PMCID: PMC10685010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thanks to its natural complexity and functionality, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) serves as an excellent foundation for creating highly cell-compatible bioinks and bioresins. This enables the bioprinted cells to thrive in an environment that closely mimics their native ECM composition and offers customizable biomechanical properties. To formulate dECM bioinks and bioresins, one must first pulverize and/or solubilize the dECM into non-crosslinked fragments, which can then be chemically modified as needed. In bioprinting, the solubilized dECM-derived material is typically deposited and/or crosslinked in a layer-by-layer fashion to build 3D hydrogel structures. Since the introduction of the first liver-derived dECM-based bioinks, a wide variety of decellularized tissue have been employed in bioprinting, including kidney, heart, cartilage, and adipose tissue among others. This review aims to summarize the critical steps involved in tissue-derived dECM bioprinting, starting from the decellularization of the ECM to the standardized formulation of bioinks and bioresins, ultimately leading to the reproducible bioprinting of tissue constructs. Notably, this discussion also covers photocrosslinkable dECM bioresins, which are particularly attractive due to their ability to provide precise spatiotemporal control over the gelation in bioprinting. Both in extrusion printing and vat photopolymerization, there is a need for more standardized protocols to fully harness the unique properties of dECM-derived materials. In addition to mammalian tissues, the most recent bioprinting approaches involve the use of microbial extracellular polymeric substances in bioprinting of bacteria. This presents similar challenges as those encountered in mammalian cell printing and represents a fascinating frontier in bioprinting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ahed Almalla
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Eriselda Keshi
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, CCM|CVK, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Karl H. Hillebrandt
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, CCM|CVK, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, CCM|CVK, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity, Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2025, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity, Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2025, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, Hannover 30167, Germany
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23
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Sabzevari A, Rayat Pisheh H, Ansari M, Salati A. Progress in bioprinting technology for tissue regeneration. J Artif Organs 2023; 26:255-274. [PMID: 37119315 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-023-01394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the increase in diseases that require organ/tissue transplantation and the limited donor, on the other hand, patients have lost hope of recovery and organ transplantation. Regenerative medicine is one of the new sciences that promises a bright future for these patients by providing solutions to repair, improve function, and replace tissue. One of the technologies used in regenerative medicine is three-dimensional (3D) bioprinters. Bioprinting is a new strategy that is the basis for starting a global revolution in the field of medical sciences and has attracted much attention. 3D bioprinters use a combination of advanced biology and cell science, computer science, and materials science to create complex bio-hybrid structures for various applications. The capacity to use this technology can be demonstrated in regenerative medicine to make various connective tissues, such as skin, cartilage, and bone. One of the essential parts of a 3D bioprinter is the bio-ink. Bio-ink is a combination of biologically active molecules, cells, and biomaterials that make the printed product. In this review, we examine the main bioprinting strategies, such as inkjet printing, laser, and extrusion-based bioprinting, as well as some of their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sabzevari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Ansari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran.
| | - Amir Salati
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Group, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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24
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Huang Y, Zhang Z, Bi F, Tang H, Chen J, Huo F, Chen J, Lan T, Qiao X, Sima X, Guo W. Personalized 3D-Printed Scaffolds with Multiple Bioactivities for Bioroot Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300625. [PMID: 37523260 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D printing offer a prospective avenue for producing transplantable human tissues with complex geometries; however, the appropriate 3D-printed scaffolds possessing the biological compatibility for tooth regeneration remain unidentified. This study proposes a personalized scaffold of multiple bioactivities, including induction of stem cell proliferation and differentiation, biomimetic mineralization, and angiogenesis. A brand-new bioink system comprising a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer is developed and reinforced with extracellular matrix generated from dentin tissue (treated dentin matrix, TDM). Adding TDM optimizes physical properties including microstructure, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength of the scaffolds. Proteomics analysis reveals that the released proteins of the 3D-printed TDM scaffolds relate to multiple biological processes and interact closely with each other. Additionally, 3D-printed TDM scaffolds establish a favorable microenvironment for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. The 3D-printed TDM scaffolds are proangiogenic and facilitate whole-thickness vascularization of the graft in a subcutaneous model. Notably, the personalized TDM scaffold combined with dental follicle cells mimics the anatomy and physiology of the native tooth root three months after in situ transplantation in beagles. The remarkable in vitro and in vivo outcomes suggest that the 3D-printed TDM scaffolds have multiple bioactivities and immense clinical potential for tooth-loss therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Huilin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiangchen Qiao
- Chengdu Guardental Technology Limited Corporation, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiutian Sima
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, P. R. China
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25
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Allu I, Sahi AK, Koppadi M, Gundu S, Sionkowska A. Decellularization Techniques for Tissue Engineering: Towards Replicating Native Extracellular Matrix Architecture in Liver Regeneration. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:518. [PMID: 37888183 PMCID: PMC10607724 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of tissue regeneration requires the utilization of a scaffold, which serves as a structural framework facilitating cellular adhesion, proliferation, and migration within a physical environment. The primary aim of scaffolds in tissue engineering is to mimic the structural and functional properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the target tissue. The construction of scaffolds that accurately mimic the architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a challenging task, primarily due to the intricate structural nature and complex composition of the ECM. The technique of decellularization has gained significant attention in the field of tissue regeneration because of its ability to produce natural scaffolds by removing cellular and genetic components from the extracellular matrix (ECM) while preserving its structural integrity. The present study aims to investigate the various decellularization techniques employed for the purpose of isolating the extracellular matrix (ECM) from its native tissue. Additionally, a comprehensive comparison of these methods will be presented, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. The primary objective of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the anatomical and functional features of the native liver, as well as the prevalence and impact of liver diseases. Additionally, this study aims to identify the limitations and difficulties associated with existing therapeutic methods for liver diseases. Furthermore, the study explores the potential of tissue engineering techniques in addressing these challenges and enhancing liver performance. By investigating these aspects, this research field aims to contribute to the advancement of liver disease treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Allu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University College of Engineering (UCE), Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India; (I.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Ajay Kumar Sahi
- School of Medicine, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;
| | - Meghana Koppadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University College of Engineering (UCE), Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India; (I.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Shravanya Gundu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University College of Engineering (UCE), Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India; (I.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jurija Gagarina 11, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, Nowy Świat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
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26
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Carpentier N, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, Devisscher L, Van Vlierberghe H, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Gelatin-Based Hybrid Hydrogel Scaffolds: Toward Physicochemical Liver Mimicry. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4333-4347. [PMID: 35914189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There exists a clear need to develop novel materials that could serve liver tissue engineering purposes. Those materials need to be researched for the development of bioengineered liver tissue as an alternative to donor livers, as well as for materials that could be applied for scaffolds to develop an in vitro model for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) detection . In this paper, the hydrogels oxidized dextran-gelatin (Dexox-Gel) and norbornene-modified dextran-thiolated gelatin (DexNB-GelSH) were developed, and their feasibility toward processing via indirect 3D-printing was investigated with the aim to develop hydrogel scaffolds that physicochemically mimic native liver tissue. Furthermore, their in vitro biocompatibility was assessed using preliminary biological tests using HepG2 cells. Both materials were thoroughly physicochemically characterized and benchmarked to the methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) reference material. Due to inferior properties, Dexox-gel was not further processed into 3D-hydrogel scaffolds. This research revealed that DexNB-GelSH exhibited physicochemical properties that were in excellent agreement with the properties of natural liver tissue in contrast to GelMA. In combination with an equally good biological evaluation of DexNB-GelSH in comparison with GelMA based on an MTS proliferation assay and an albumin quantification assay, DexNB-GelSH can be considered promising in the field of liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - André G Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Dpt Internal Medicine and Pediatrics; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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27
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Su H, Lu B, Li M, Yang X, Qin M, Wu Y. Development of digital light processing-based multi-material bioprinting for fabrication of heterogeneous tissue constructs. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6663-6673. [PMID: 37614165 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01054f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Human tissues and organs have heterogeneous structures with multiple property gradients, which are difficult to restore by single-material bioprinting technology. The advances in multi-material bioprinting technologies have shown great promise in replicating tissue-engineered constructs with one or more functional gradients. In this study, a multi-material 3D printing system based on digital light processing (DLP) was developed, which could efficiently complete multi-material bioprinting tasks. An appropriate concentration of an ultraviolet absorber was selected to improve the printability of channels, and meanwhile, curing parameters were optimized to improve the printing accuracy. The regulation of the mechanical properties of 3D printed constructs was also explored, which offered guidance on the printing of constructs with mechanical anisotropy. In addition, a cell-laden tracheal construct was bioprinted with a biomimetic heterogeneous structure and mechanical gradient, which could support superior cell viability during a 7-day culture. This study showed that the DLP-based process has the capability of building constructs with complex structures and multiple materials, exhibiting the potential to be used in the biofabrication of heterogeneous and functionally-graded tissues and organs for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Bingxian Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Minghao Qin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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28
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Li W, Liu Z, Tang F, Jiang H, Zhou Z, Hao X, Zhang JM. Application of 3D Bioprinting in Liver Diseases. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1648. [PMID: 37630184 PMCID: PMC10457767 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases are the primary reason for morbidity and mortality in the world. Owing to a shortage of organ donors and postoperative immune rejection, patients routinely suffer from liver failure. Unlike 2D cell models, animal models, and organoids, 3D bioprinting can be successfully employed to print living tissues and organs that contain blood vessels, bone, and kidney, heart, and liver tissues and so on. 3D bioprinting is mainly classified into four types: inkjet 3D bioprinting, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB), and vat photopolymerization. Bioinks for 3D bioprinting are composed of hydrogels and cells. For liver 3D bioprinting, hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) and liver nonparenchymal cells (hepatic stellate cells, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells) are commonly used. Compared to conventional scaffold-based approaches, marked by limited functionality and complexity, 3D bioprinting can achieve accurate cell settlement, a high resolution, and more efficient usage of biomaterials, better mimicking the complex microstructures of native tissues. This method will make contributions to disease modeling, drug discovery, and even regenerative medicine. However, the limitations and challenges of this method cannot be ignored. Limitation include the requirement of diverse fabrication technologies, observation of drug dynamic response under perfusion culture, the resolution to reproduce complex hepatic microenvironment, and so on. Despite this, 3D bioprinting is still a promising and innovative biofabrication strategy for the creation of artificial multi-cellular tissues/organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Department of Radiology, Yancheng Third People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Zhaoyue Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Fengwei Tang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Nanjing Hangdian Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiuqing Hao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jia Ming Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China
- Nanjing Hangdian Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China
- Yangtze River Delta Intelligent Manufacturing Innovation Center, Nanjing 210014, China
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29
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Kim MK, Jeong W, Kang HW. Liver dECM-Gelatin Composite Bioink for Precise 3D Printing of Highly Functional Liver Tissues. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:417. [PMID: 37623662 PMCID: PMC10455418 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent studies, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have gained significant attention for their excellent compatibility with hepatocytes. However, their low printability limits the fabrication of highly functional liver tissue. In this study, a new liver dECM-gelatin composite bioink (dECM gBioink) was developed to overcome this limitation. The dECM gBioink was prepared by incorporating a viscous gelatin mixture into the liver dECM material. The novel dECM gBioink showed 2.44 and 10.71 times higher bioprinting resolution and compressive modulus, respectively, than a traditional dECM bioink. In addition, the new bioink enabled stable stacking with 20 or more layers, whereas a structure printed with the traditional dECM bioink collapsed. Moreover, the proposed dECM gBioink exhibited excellent hepatocyte and endothelial cell compatibility. At last, the liver lobule mimetic structure was successfully fabricated with a precisely patterned endothelial cell cord-like pattern and primary hepatocytes using the dECM gBioink. The fabricated lobule structure exhibited excellent hepatic functionalities and dose-dependent responses to hepatotoxic drugs. These results demonstrated that the gelatin mixture can significantly improve the printability and mechanical properties of the liver dECM materials while maintaining good cytocompatibility. This novel liver dECM gBioink with enhanced 3D printability and resolution can be used as an advanced tool for engineering highly functional liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyun-Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST 50, UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; (M.K.K.); (W.J.)
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30
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Tabatabaei Rezaei N, Kumar H, Liu H, Lee SS, Park SS, Kim K. Recent Advances in Organ-on-Chips Integrated with Bioprinting Technologies for Drug Screening. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203172. [PMID: 36971091 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the demand for more reliable drug screening devices has made scientists and researchers develop novel potential approaches to offer an alternative to animal studies. Organ-on-chips are newly emerged platforms for drug screening and disease metabolism investigation. These microfluidic devices attempt to recapitulate the physiological and biological properties of different organs and tissues using human-derived cells. Recently, the synergistic combination of additive manufacturing and microfluidics has shown a promising impact on improving a wide array of biological models. In this review, different methods are classified using bioprinting to achieve the relevant biomimetic models in organ-on-chips, boosting the efficiency of these devices to produce more reliable data for drug investigations. In addition to the tissue models, the influence of additive manufacturing on microfluidic chip fabrication is discussed, and their biomedical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Tabatabaei Rezaei
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hitendra Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hongqun Liu
- Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Simon S Park
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keekyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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31
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Maji S, Lee M, Lee J, Lee J, Lee H. Development of lumen-based perfusable 3D liver in vitro model using single-step bioprinting with composite bioinks. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100723. [PMID: 37502830 PMCID: PMC10368928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic sinusoids are uniquely organized structures that help maintain a spectrum of hepatic functions. Although several in vitro liver models have been developed to replicate liver sinusoids, most of these platforms require complex, multi-step fabrication methods making it difficult to achieve truly three-dimensional (3D) channel geometries. In this study, a single-step bioprinting technique was demonstrated to simultaneously print a chip platform and develop a perfusable vascularized liver sinusoid in vitro model. The integrated system uses a co-axial-based bioprinting approach to develop a liver sinusoid-like model that consists of a sacrificial core compartment containing a perfusable pre-vascular structure and an alginate-collagen-based shell compartment containing hepatocytes. The lumen-based perfusable 3D liver sinusoid-on-a-chip (LSOC-P) demonstrated significantly better hepatocyte viability, proliferation, and liver-specific gene and protein expression compared to a 3D hepatocyte-based core/shell model with static media and the standard hepatocyte-based 2D sandwich culture system. A drug toxicity evaluation of hepatotoxins highlighted the comparatively higher sensitivity of the LSOC system with a close estimation of the therapeutic range of safe drug concentrations for humans. In conclusion, the current findings indicate that the combinatorial single-step co-axial bioprinting technique is a promising fabrication approach for the development of a perfusable LSOC platform for drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Maji
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyoung Lee
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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32
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Juraski AC, Sharma S, Sparanese S, da Silva VA, Wong J, Laksman Z, Flannigan R, Rohani L, Willerth SM. 3D bioprinting for organ and organoid models and disease modeling. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1043-1059. [PMID: 37431937 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2234280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3D printing, a versatile additive manufacturing technique, has diverse applications ranging from transportation, rapid prototyping, clean energy, and medical devices. AREAS COVERED The authors focus on how 3D printing technology can enhance the drug discovery process through automating tissue production that enables high-throughput screening of potential drug candidates. They also discuss how the 3D bioprinting process works and what considerations to address when using this technology to generate cell laden constructs for drug screening as well as the outputs from such assays necessary for determining the efficacy of potential drug candidates. They focus on how bioprinting how has been used to generate cardiac, neural, and testis tissue models, focusing on bio-printed 3D organoids. EXPERT OPINION The next generation of 3D bioprinted organ model holds great promises for the field of medicine. In terms of drug discovery, the incorporation of smart cell culture systems and biosensors into 3D bioprinted models could provide highly detailed and functional organ models for drug screening. By addressing current challenges of vascularization, electrophysiological control, and scalability, researchers can obtain more reliable and accurate data for drug development, reducing the risk of drug failures during clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Juraski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonali Sharma
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sydney Sparanese
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Victor A da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada
| | - Julie Wong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Zachary Laksman
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan Flannigan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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33
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Merotto E, Pavan PG, Piccoli M. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Naturally Derived Hydrogels for the Production of Biomimetic Living Tissues: Benefits and Challenges. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1742. [PMID: 37371837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is the process of manipulating cell-laden bioinks to fabricate living structures. Three-dimensional bioprinting techniques have brought considerable innovation in biomedicine, especially in the field of tissue engineering, allowing the production of 3D organ and tissue models for in vivo transplantation purposes or for in-depth and precise in vitro analyses. Naturally derived hydrogels, especially those obtained from the decellularization of biological tissues, are promising bioinks for 3D printing purposes, as they present the best biocompatibility characteristics. Despite this, many natural hydrogels do not possess the necessary mechanical properties to allow a simple and immediate application in the 3D printing process. In this review, we focus on the bioactive and mechanical characteristics that natural hydrogels may possess to allow efficient production of organs and tissues for biomedical applications, emphasizing the reinforcement techniques to improve their biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Merotto
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Statu Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6a, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Piero G Pavan
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Statu Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6a, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Statu Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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34
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Fang W, Yang M, Liu M, Jin Y, Wang Y, Yang R, Wang Y, Zhang K, Fu Q. Review on Additives in Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting of Regenerative Medicine: From Mechanism to Methodology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1700. [PMID: 37376148 PMCID: PMC10302687 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of biological tissues in medicine is challenging, and 3D bioprinting offers an innovative way to create functional multicellular tissues. One common way in bioprinting is bioink, which is one type of the cell-loaded hydrogel. For clinical application, however, the bioprinting still suffers from satisfactory performance, e.g., in vascularization, effective antibacterial, immunomodulation, and regulation of collagen deposition. Many studies incorporated different bioactive materials into the 3D-printed scaffolds to optimize the bioprinting. Here, we reviewed a variety of additives added to the 3D bioprinting hydrogel. The underlying mechanisms and methodology for biological regeneration are important and will provide a useful basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kaile Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; (W.F.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; (W.F.); (M.Y.)
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35
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Yeleswarapu S, Dash A, Chameettachal S, Pati F. 3D bioprinting of tissue constructs employing dual crosslinking of decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 152:213494. [PMID: 37307772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinted tissues are currently being utilized for drug and cosmetic screening mostly, but the long-term goal is to achieve human scale functional tissues and organs for transplantation. Hence, recapitulating the multiscale architecture, 3D structures, and complexity of native tissues is the key to produce bioengineered tissues/organs. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based biomaterials are widely being used as bioinks for 3D bioprinting for tissue engineering applications. Their potential to provide excellent biocompatibility for the cells drove researchers to use them extensively. However, the decellularization process involves many detergents and enzymes which may contribute to their loss of mechanical properties. Moreover, thermal gelation of dECM-based hydrogels is typically slow which affects the shape fidelity, printability, and physical properties while printing complex structures with 3D printing. But, thermally gelled dECM hydrogels provide excellent cell viability and functionality. To overcome this, a novel dual crosslinking of unmodified dECM has been proposed in this study to render shape fidelity and enhance cell viability and functionality. The dECM-based bioink can be initially polymerized superficially on exposure to light to achieve immediate stability and can attain further stability upon thermal gelation. This dual crosslinking mechanism can maintain the microenvironment of the structure, hence allowing the printing of stable flexible structures. Optimized concentrations of novel photo crosslinkers have been determined and printing of a few complex-shaped anatomical structures has been demonstrated. This approach of fabricating complex scaffolds employing dual crosslinking can be used for the bioprinting of different complex tissue structures with tissue-specific dECM based bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriya Yeleswarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Abhishek Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Shibu Chameettachal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India.
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36
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Sun L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Yang H, Mao Y. 3D bioprinted liver tissue and disease models: Current advances and future perspectives. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 152:213499. [PMID: 37295133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology for fabricating complex tissue constructs with biomimetic biological functions and stable mechanical properties. In this review, the characteristics of different bioprinting technologies and materials are compared, and development in strategies for bioprinting normal and diseased hepatic tissue are summarized. In particular, features of bioprinting and other bio-fabrication strategies, such as organoids and spheroids are compared to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of 3D printing technology. Directions and suggestions, such as vascularization and primary human hepatocyte culture, are provided for the future development of 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejia Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China; Department of General Surgery, The First affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinhan Wang
- Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & PUMC, Dongcheng, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuquan Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & PUMC, Dongcheng, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China.
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37
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Zhe M, Wu X, Yu P, Xu J, Liu M, Yang G, Xiang Z, Xing F, Ritz U. Recent Advances in Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-Based Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3197. [PMID: 37110034 PMCID: PMC10143913 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been widely utilized as a novel manufacturing technique by more and more researchers to construct various tissue substitutes with complex architectures and geometries. Different biomaterials, including natural and synthetic materials, have been manufactured into bioinks for tissue regeneration using 3D bioprinting. Among the natural biomaterials derived from various natural tissues or organs, the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has a complex internal structure and a variety of bioactive factors that provide mechanistic, biophysical, and biochemical signals for tissue regeneration and remodeling. In recent years, more and more researchers have been developing the dECM as a novel bioink for the construction of tissue substitutes. Compared with other bioinks, the various ECM components in dECM-based bioink can regulate cellular functions, modulate the tissue regeneration process, and adjust tissue remodeling. Therefore, we conducted this review to discuss the current status of and perspectives on dECM-based bioinks for bioprinting in tissue engineering. In addition, the various bioprinting techniques and decellularization methods were also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhe
- Animal Experiment Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peiyun Yu
- LIMES Institute, Department of Molecular Brain Physiology and Behavior, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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38
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Wu Y, Su H, Li M, Xing H. Digital light processing-based multi-material bioprinting: Processes, applications, and perspectives. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:527-542. [PMID: 36436142 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology based on digital light processing (DLP) has developed rapidly and shown application prospects in several fields such as pneumatic robotics, flexible electronics, and tissue engineering. In particular, DLP-based multi-material printing has been capable of constructing heterogeneous 3D structures with characteristic gradients. DLP 3D printing technology has a wide range of applications in the field of bioprinting due to its high precision and mild printing conditions, including functionalized artificial tissues, medical models, and bioreactors. This paper focuses on the development of DLP-based multi-material 3D printing technology and its applications in the field of bioprinting, followed by giving an outlook on future efforts on overcoming the challenges and obstacles of this promising technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huayang Xing
- Hangzhou AimingMed Technologies, Hangzhou, China
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39
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Mirdamadi ES, Khosrowpour Z, Jafari D, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Solati-Hashjin M. 3D-printed PLA/Gel hybrid in liver tissue engineering: Effects of architecture on biological functions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:836-851. [PMID: 36479982 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the vital organs in the body, and the gold standard of treatment for liver function impairment is liver transplantation, which poses many challenges. The specific three-dimensional (3D) structure of liver, which significantly impacts the growth and function of its cells, has made biofabrication with the 3D printing of scaffolds suitable for this approach. In this study, to investigate the effect of scaffold geometry on the performance of HepG2 cells, poly-lactic acid (PLA) polymer was used as the input of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing machine. Samples with simple square and bioinspired hexagonal cross-sectional designs were printed. One percent and 2% of gelatin coating were applied to the 3D printed PLA to improve the wettability and surface properties of the scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy pictures were used to analyze the structural properties of PLA-Gel hybrid scaffolds, energy dispersive spectroscopy to investigate the presence of gelatin, water contact angle measurement for wettability, and weight loss for degradation. In vitro tests were performed by culturing HepG2 cells on the scaffold to evaluate the cell adhesion, viability, cytotoxicity, and specific liver functions. Then, high-precision scaffolds were printed and the presence of gelatin was detected. Also, the effect of geometry on cell function was confirmed in viability, adhesion, and functional tests. The albumin and urea production of the Hexagonal PLA scaffold was about 1.22 ± 0.02-fold higher than the square design in 3 days. This study will hopefully advance our understanding of liver tissue engineering toward a promising perspective for liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Sadat Mirdamadi
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zahra Khosrowpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davod Jafari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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40
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Carpentier N, Urbani L, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. The native liver as inspiration to create superior in vitro hepatic models. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1091-1115. [PMID: 36594602 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the major reasons of drug withdrawal during the different phases of drug development. The later in the drug development a drug is discovered to be toxic, the higher the economical as well as the ethical impact will be. In vitro models for early detection of drug liver toxicity are under constant development, however to date a superior model of the liver is still lacking. Ideally, a highly reliable model should be established to maintain the different hepatic cell functionalities to the greatest extent possible, during a period of time long enough to allow for tracking of the toxicity of compounds. In the case of DILI, toxicity can appear even after months of exposure. To reach this goal, an in vitro model should be developed that mimics the in vivo liver environment, function and response to external stimuli. The different approaches for the development of liver models currently used in the field of tissue engineering will be described in this review. Combining different technologies, leading to optimal materials, cells and 3D-constructs will ultimately lead to an ideal superior model that fully recapitulates the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luca Urbani
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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41
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Loukelis K, Helal ZA, Mikos AG, Chatzinikolaidou M. Nanocomposite Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering Applications. Gels 2023; 9:103. [PMID: 36826273 PMCID: PMC9956920 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting aims to provide new avenues for regenerating damaged human tissues through the controlled printing of live cells and biocompatible materials that can function therapeutically. Polymeric hydrogels are commonly investigated ink materials for 3D and 4D bioprinting applications, as they can contain intrinsic properties relative to those of the native tissue extracellular matrix and can be printed to produce scaffolds of hierarchical organization. The incorporation of nanoscale material additives, such as nanoparticles, to the bulk of inks, has allowed for significant tunability of the mechanical, biological, structural, and physicochemical material properties during and after printing. The modulatory and biological effects of nanoparticles as bioink additives can derive from their shape, size, surface chemistry, concentration, and/or material source, making many configurations of nanoparticle additives of high interest to be thoroughly investigated for the improved design of bioactive tissue engineering constructs. This paper aims to review the incorporation of nanoparticles, as well as other nanoscale additive materials, to printable bioinks for tissue engineering applications, specifically bone, cartilage, dental, and cardiovascular tissues. An overview of the various bioinks and their classifications will be discussed with emphasis on cellular and mechanical material interactions, as well the various bioink formulation methodologies for 3D and 4D bioprinting techniques. The current advances and limitations within the field will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Loukelis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Zina A. Helal
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FO.R.T.H), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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42
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Kort-Mascort J, Flores-Torres S, Peza-Chavez O, Jang JH, Pardo LA, Tran SD, Kinsella J. Decellularized ECM hydrogels: prior use considerations, applications, and opportunities in tissue engineering and biofabrication. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:400-431. [PMID: 36484344 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue development, wound healing, pathogenesis, regeneration, and homeostasis rely upon coordinated and dynamic spatial and temporal remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. ECM reorganization and normal physiological tissue function, require the establishment and maintenance of biological, chemical, and mechanical feedback mechanisms directed by cell-matrix interactions. To replicate the physical and biological environment provided by the ECM in vivo, methods have been developed to decellularize and solubilize tissues which yield organ and tissue-specific bioactive hydrogels. While these biomaterials retain several important traits of the native ECM, the decellularizing process, and subsequent sterilization, and solubilization result in fragmented, cleaved, or partially denatured macromolecules. The final product has decreased viscosity, moduli, and yield strength, when compared to the source tissue, limiting the compatibility of isolated decellularized ECM (dECM) hydrogels with fabrication methods such as extrusion bioprinting. This review describes the physical and bioactive characteristics of dECM hydrogels and their role as biomaterials for biofabrication. In this work, critical variables when selecting the appropriate tissue source and extraction methods are identified. Common manual and automated fabrication techniques compatible with dECM hydrogels are described and compared. Fabrication and post-manufacturing challenges presented by the dECM hydrogels decreased mechanical and structural stability are discussed as well as circumvention strategies. We further highlight and provide examples of the use of dECM hydrogels in tissue engineering and their role in fabricating complex in vitro 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Peza-Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Joyce H Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Kinsella
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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43
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Shepherd EL, Northall E, Papakyriacou P, Safranska K, Sorensen KK, Lalor PF. Decellularization of the Human Liver to Generate Native Extracellular Matrix for Use in Automated Functional Assays with Stellate Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:233-244. [PMID: 37247064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
With the incidence of liver disease on the rise globally, increasing numbers of patients are presenting with advanced hepatic fibrosis and significant mortality risk. The demand far outstrips possible transplantation capacities, and thus there is an intense drive to develop new pharmacological therapies that stall or reverse liver scarring. Recent late-stage failures of lead compounds have highlighted the challenges of resolving fibrosis, which has developed and stabilized over many years and varies in nature and composition from individual to individual. Hence, preclinical tools are being developed in both the hepatology and tissue engineering communities to elucidate the nature, composition, and cellular interactions of the hepatic extracellular niche in health and disease. In this protocol, we describe strategies for decellularizing cirrhotic and healthy human liver specimens and show how these can be used in simple functional assays to detect the impact on stellate cell function. Our simple, small-scale approach is translatable to diverse lab settings and generates cell-free materials which could be used for a variety of in vitro analyses as well as a scaffold for repopulating with key hepatic cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ellie Northall
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pantelitsa Papakyriacou
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karolina Safranska
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway., Tromso, Norway
| | - Karen K Sorensen
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway., Tromso, Norway
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Dadhich P, Kumar P, Roy A, Bitar KN. Advances in 3D Printing Technology for Tissue Engineering. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Kim H, Jang JH, Han W, Hwang HJ, Jang J, Kim JY, Cho DW. Extracellular matrix-based sticky sealants for scar-free corneal tissue reconstruction. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121941. [PMID: 36495802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine requires both tissue restoration and ease of compliance for clinical application. Considering this, sticky tissue sealants have been shown to have great potentials over surgical suturing and wound treatment. However, tissue sealants currently used pose challenges such as uncontrollable adhesion formation, mechanical mismatch, and lack of tissue restoration. A new sticky sealant based on gelatinized cornea-derived extracellular matrix (GelCodE) with a visible light-activating system is firstly being introduced in this study. De novo tissue regeneration relies on the matrisome in charge of tissue-organization and development within GelCodE while visible light-based photopolymerization with ruthenium/sodium persulfate rapidly induces covalent bonds with the adjacent tissues. The ease of not only in vivo application, biocompatibility, and biointegration, but also exceptional de novo tissue formation is demonstrated in this study. Interestingly, newly regenerated tissues were shown to have normal tissue-like matrices with little scar formation. Hence, this work presents a promising strategy to meet clinical demands for scar-free tissue recovery with superior ease of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Han
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence IT Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, POSTECH, 37673, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, POSTECH, 37673, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Young Kim
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea; KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Fritschen A, Acedo Mestre M, Scholpp S, Blaeser A. Influence of the physico-chemical bioink composition on the printability and cell biological properties in 3D-bioprinting of a liver tumor cell line. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1093101. [PMID: 36911195 PMCID: PMC9996333 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1093101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of a suitable matrix material is crucial for the development of functional, biomimetic tissue and organ models. When these tissue models are fabricated with 3D-bioprinting technology, the requirements do not only include the biological functionality and physico-chemical properties, but also the printability. In our work, we therefore present a detailed study of seven different bioinks with the focus on a functional liver carcinoma model. Agarose, gelatin, collagen and their blends were selected as materials based on their benefits for 3D cell culture and Drop-on-Demand (DoD) bioprinting. The formulations were characterized for their mechanical (G' of 10-350 Pa) and rheological (viscosity 2-200 Pa*s) properties as well as albumin diffusivity (8-50 μm2/s). The cellular behavior was exemplarily shown for HepG2 cells by monitoring viability, proliferation and morphology over 14 days, while the printability on a microvalve DoD printer was evaluated by drop volume monitoring in flight (100-250 nl), camera imaging of the wetting behavior and microscopy of the effective drop diameter (700 µm and more). We did not observe negative effects on cell viability or proliferation, which is due to the very low shear stresses inside the nozzle (200-500 Pa). With our method, we could identify the strengths and weaknesses of each material, resulting in a material portfolio. By specifically selecting certain materials or blends, cell migration and possible interaction with other cells can be directed as indicated by the results of our cellular experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fritschen
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mariana Acedo Mestre
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scholpp
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
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Wang B, Qinglai T, Yang Q, Li M, Zeng S, Yang X, Xiao Z, Tong X, Lei L, Li S. Functional acellular matrix for tissue repair. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100530. [PMID: 36601535 PMCID: PMC9806685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of their low immunogenicity, biomimetic internal environment, tissue- and organ-like physicochemical properties, and functionalization potential, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) materials attract considerable attention and are widely used in tissue engineering. This review describes the composition of extracellular matrices and their role in stem-cell differentiation, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of existing decellularization techniques, and presents methods for the functionalization and characterization of decellularized scaffolds. In addition, we discuss progress in the use of dECMs for cartilage, skin, nerve, and muscle repair and the transplantation or regeneration of different whole organs (e.g., kidneys, liver, uterus, lungs, and heart), summarize the shortcomings of using dECMs for tissue and organ repair after refunctionalization, and examine the corresponding future prospects. Thus, the present review helps to further systematize the application of functionalized dECMs in tissue/organ transplantation and keep researchers up to date on recent progress in dECM usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Tang Qinglai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shiying Zeng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Zian Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xinying Tong
- Department of Hemodialysis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Yang Z, Liu X, Cribbin EM, Kim AM, Li JJ, Yong KT. Liver-on-a-chip: Considerations, advances, and beyond. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:061502. [PMID: 36389273 PMCID: PMC9646254 DOI: 10.1063/5.0106855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body with largest mass of glandular tissue. Modeling the liver has been challenging due to its variety of major functions, including processing nutrients and vitamins, detoxification, and regulating body metabolism. The intrinsic shortfalls of conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods for studying pharmacokinetics in parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) have contributed to suboptimal outcomes in clinical trials and drug development. This prompts the development of highly automated, biomimetic liver-on-a-chip (LOC) devices to simulate native liver structure and function, with the aid of recent progress in microfluidics. LOC offers a cost-effective and accurate model for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity studies. This review provides a critical update on recent developments in designing LOCs and fabrication strategies. We highlight biomimetic design approaches for LOCs, including mimicking liver structure and function, and their diverse applications in areas such as drug screening, toxicity assessment, and real-time biosensing. We capture the newest ideas in the field to advance the field of LOCs and address current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elise M. Cribbin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Alice M. Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Dong H, Li Z, Bian S, Song G, Song W, Zhang M, Xie H, Zheng S, Yang X, Li T, Song P. Culture of patient-derived multicellular clusters in suspended hydrogel capsules for pre-clinical personalized drug screening. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:164-177. [PMID: 35387168 PMCID: PMC8961426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A personalized medication regimen provides precise treatment for an individual and can be guided by pre-clinical drug screening. The economical and high-efficiency simulation of the liver tumor microenvironment (TME) in a drug-screening model has high value yet challenging to accomplish. Herein, we propose a simulation of the liver TME with suspended alginate-gelatin hydrogel capsules encapsulating patient-derived liver tumor multicellular clusters, and the culture of patient-derived tumor organoids(PDTOs) for personalized pre-clinical drug screening. The hydrogel capsule offers a 3D matrix environment with mechanical and biological properties similar to those of the liver in vivo. As a result, 18 of the 28 patient-derived multicellular clusters were successfully cultured as PDTOs. These PDTOs, along with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) of non-cellular components, preserve stromal cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs). They also maintain stable expression of molecular markers and tumor heterogeneity similar to those of the original liver tumors. Drugs, including cabazitaxel, oxaliplatin, and sorafenib, were tested in PDTOs. The sensitivity of PDTOs to these drugs differs between individuals. The sensitivity of one PDTO to oxaliplatin was validated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biochemical tests after oxaliplatin clinical treatment of the corresponding patient. Therefore, this approach is promising for economical, accurate, and high-throughput drug screening for personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Dong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zequn Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Suchen Bian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Guangyuan Song
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wenfeng Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Mingqi Zhang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xuxu Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Tiefeng Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Penghong Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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Jin B, Liu Y, Du S, Sang X, Yang H, Mao Y. Current trends and research topics regarding liver 3D bioprinting: A bibliometric analysis research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1047524. [PMID: 36518541 PMCID: PMC9742412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1047524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Over recent years, 3D bioprinting has changed dramatically. The articles related to liver 3D bioprinting have not been quantitatively analyzed. In this article, we screen all articles related to liver 3D bioprinting until January 2022 and analyzed them using bibliometric citation analysis to characterize the current trends in liver 3D bioprinting. Methods: The articles were identified and analyzed from the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection database. Results: Until 1 January 2022, 71 articles focusing on liver 3D bioprinting were identified. There was an increase in the number of articles in 2015. Most articles came from the USA (n = 27), followed by South Korea (n = 22), China (n = 16), and Japan (n = 5). The printing technology of liver 3D printing was the most studied topic (n = 29). Biofabrication published the highest number of papers (n = 16) with 1,524 total citations. Conclusion: Based on bibliometric analysis of the articles until January 2022, a comprehensive analysis of the liver 3D bioprinting articles highlighted the current trends and research topics of this field. The data should provide clinicians and researchers insight into future directions relative to the liver 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shunda Du
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
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