1
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Karapanou MI, Malliotaki D, Stratakis M. Au nanoparticle-catalyzed double hydrosilylation of nitriles by diethylsilane. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5346-5352. [PMID: 38861320 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
We present the first example of Au-catalyzed reduction of nitriles into primary amines. In contrast to monohydrosilanes which are completely unreactive, diethylsilane (a dihydrosilane) is capable of reducing aryl or alkyl nitriles into primary amines under catalysis by Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2, via a smooth double hydrosilylation pathway. The produced labile N-disilylamines are readily deprotected by HCl in Et2O to form the hydrochloric salts of the corresponding amines in very good to excellent yields. The catalyst is recyclable and reusable at least in 5 consecutive runs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitra Malliotaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Manolis Stratakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
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2
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Zheng LS, Wang SM, Jiang W, Wang LL, Yang LP. Ether Naphthotube Host-Guest Complexes and [2]Rotaxanes with Dications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401079. [PMID: 38563628 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The interactions between ether naphthotube and a series of dication guests in organic solution were investigated. It was found that ether naphthotube formed stable host-guest complexes selectively with these guests in a 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio with association constants ranging from 102 to 106 M-1, which were confirmed by 1H-NMR spectra and ITC experiments. The host-guest interactions are driven by enthalpy change as the entropic factors are unfavorable. Positive correlations between ΔH and ΔS have been observed in the host-guest complexes. Furthermore, the para-substitution of the guests can significantly affect the binding affinities through a combination of field/inductive and resonance effects by following a linear free energy relationship. Based on the host-guest complexes composed of ether naphthotube and organic cations, two interlocked [2]rotaxanes were prepared by cationization reaction and Huisgen cycloaddition between the cations and the stopper components. The ether naphthotube-based host-guest complexes are useful for creating sophisticated interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Song-Meng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Liu-Pan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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3
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Huang S, Li X, Cai Y, Feng W, Yuan L. Construction of Oligorotaxanes with Hydrogen-Bonded Aramide Macrocycles through Threaded Host-Guest Complexation. Chemistry 2023:e202303394. [PMID: 38116992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and selective organic synthetic approaches for complex molecules has garnered significant attention due to the need for precise control over molecular structures and functions. Rotaxanes, a type of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), have shown promising applications in various fields including sensing, catalysis, and material science. However, the highly selective synthesis of oligo[n]rotaxanes (mostly n≥3) through controlling host-guest complexation and supramolecular threading assembly process still remains an ongoing challenge. In particular, the utilization of two-dimensional (2D) macrocycles with structural shape-persistency for the synthesis of oligo[n]rotaxanes is rare. In this concept, research on cooperatively threaded host-guest complexation with hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) aramide macrocycles and selective synthetic protocols of oligo[n]rotaxanes has been summarized. The high efficiency and selectivity in synthesis are ascribed to the synergistic interplay of multiple non-covalent bonding interactions such as hydrogen bonding and intermolecular π-π stacking of macrocycles within the unique supramolecular structure of threaded host-guest complexes. This review focuses on the latest progress in the concepts, synthesis, and properties of H-bonded aramide macrocycle-based oligorotaxanes, and presents an in-depth outlook on challenges in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Huang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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4
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Jana G, Mendoza-Cortes JL. Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Optical Properties of Rotaxane: A First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2671-2687. [PMID: 36921095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Through molecular mechanics using the force field along with the quantum dynamical aspect of mechanically interlocked compounds, rotaxanes (defined as macromolecular rings that are threaded on a dumbbell-shaped axle molecule) are investigated with advanced quantum mechanical methods, including the atom-centered density matrix propagation simulation technique, at different temperatures like 300, 500, 700, 900, 2000, and 2500 K for 1.2 ps. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation is carried out. In addition to, we investigate the noncovalent interaction present in the rotaxane compound 2R-D-2PF6 with the help of reduced density gradient, average reduced density gradient, density overlap region indicator, and interaction region indicator as well as Hirshfeld surface analyses. Furthermore, the stability of 2R-D-2PF6 at room temperature and higher temperatures is elucidated by analyzing the thermal fluctuation index through a dynamic process. In order to check the optical behavior of our selected rotaxane compound, an evaluation of the electronic dipole moment, static and frequency-dependent average polarizability, and first- and second-order hyperpolarizability is carried out. The rotaxane compound shows very promising linear and nonlinear optical responses, which indicates its utility as a very good optical material. The calculation of the time-dependent density-functional theory highlights the broad absorption band of rotaxane spanning the UV-visible domain. Therefore, we also unravel that this can tap into solar radiation or harnessing of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourhari Jana
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jose L Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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5
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Tang M, Zhong Z, Ke C. Advanced supramolecular design for direct ink writing of soft materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1614-1649. [PMID: 36779285 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The exciting advancements in 3D-printing of soft materials are changing the landscape of materials development and fabrication. Among various 3D-printers that are designed for soft materials fabrication, the direct ink writing (DIW) system is particularly attractive for chemists and materials scientists due to the mild fabrication conditions, compatibility with a wide range of organic and inorganic materials, and the ease of multi-materials 3D-printing. Inks for DIW need to possess suitable viscoelastic properties to allow for smooth extrusion and be self-supportive after printing, but molecularly facilitating 3D printability to functional materials remains nontrivial. While supramolecular binding motifs have been increasingly used for 3D-printing, these inks are largely optimized empirically for DIW. Hence, this review aims to establish a clear connection between the molecular understanding of the supramolecularly bound motifs and their viscoelastic properties at bulk. Herein, extrudable (but not self-supportive) and 3D-printable (self-supportive) polymeric materials that utilize noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, host-guest inclusion, metal-ligand coordination, micro-crystallization, and van der Waals interaction, have been discussed in detail. In particular, the rheological distinctions between extrudable and 3D-printable inks have been discussed from a supramolecular design perspective. Examples shown in this review also highlight the exciting macroscale functions amplified from the molecular design. Challenges associated with the hierarchical control and characterization of supramolecularly designed DIW inks are also outlined. The perspective of utilizing supramolecular binding motifs in soft materials DIW printing has been discussed. This review serves to connect researchers across disciplines to develop innovative solutions that connect top-down 3D-printing and bottom-up supramolecular design to accelerate the development of 3D-print soft materials for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
| | - Zhuoran Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
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6
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Han H, Seale JSW, Feng L, Qiu Y, Stoddart JF. Sequence‐controlled synthesis of rotaxanes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - James S. W. Seale
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore Republic of Singapore
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou China
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7
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Fadler RE, Flood AH. Rigidity and Flexibility in Rotaxanes and Their Relatives; On Being Stubborn and Easy-Going. Front Chem 2022; 10:856173. [PMID: 35464214 PMCID: PMC9022846 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.856173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaxanes are an emerging class of molecules composed of two building blocks: macrocycles and threads. Rotaxanes, and their pseudorotaxane and polyrotaxane relatives, serve as prototypes for molecular-level switches and machines and as components in materials like elastic polymers and 3D printing inks. The rigidity and flexibility of these molecules is a characteristic feature of their design. However, the mechanical properties of the assembled rotaxane and its components are rarely examined directly, and the translation of these properties from molecules to bulk materials is understudied. In this Review, we consider the mechanical properties of rotaxanes by making use of concepts borrowed from physical organic chemistry. Rigid molecules have fewer accessible conformations with higher energy barriers while flexible molecules have more accessible conformations and lower energy barriers. The macrocycles and threads become rigidified when threaded together as rotaxanes in which the formation of intermolecular interactions and increased steric contacts collectively reduce the conformational space and raise barriers. Conversely, rotational and translational isomerism in rotaxanes adds novel modes of flexibility. We find that rigidification in rotaxanes is almost universal, but novel degrees of flexibility can be introduced. Both have roles to play in the function of rotaxanes.
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8
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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9
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Seale JSW, Feng Y, Feng L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Polyrotaxanes and the pump paradigm. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8450-8475. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The year 2022 marks the 30th anniversary of the first reports of polyrotaxanes in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. W. Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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10
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Masai H, Oka Y, Terao J. Precision synthesis of linear oligorotaxanes and polyrotaxanes achieving well-defined positions and numbers of cyclic components on the axle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1644-1660. [PMID: 34927653 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interest in macromolecules has increased because of their functional properties, which can be tuned using precise organic synthetic methods. For example, desired functions have been imparted by controlling the nanoscale structures of such macromolecules. In particular, compounds with interlocked structures, including rotaxanes, have attracted attention because of their unique supramolecular structures. In such supramolecular structures, the mobility and freedom of the macrocycles are restricted by an axle and dependent on those of other macrocycles, which imparts unique functions to these threaded structures. Recently, methods for the ultrafine engineering and synthesis, as well as functions, of "defined" rotaxane structures that are not statistically dispersed on the axle (i.e., control over the number and position of cyclic molecules) have been reported. Various synthetic strategies allow access to such well-defined linear oligo- and polyrotaxanes, including [1]rotaxanes and [n]rotaxanes (mostly n > 3). These state-of-the-art synthetic methods have resulted in unique functions of these oligo-and polyrotaxane materials. Herein, we review the effective synthetic protocols and functions of precisely constructed one-dimensional oligomers and polymers bearing defined threaded structures, and discuss the latest reports and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Oka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Chan SM, Tang FK, Lam CY, Kwan CS, Hau SCK, Leung KCF. π-Stacking Stopper-Macrocycle Stabilized Dynamically Interlocked [2]Rotaxanes. Molecules 2021; 26:4704. [PMID: 34361858 PMCID: PMC8347712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules is valuable due to their unique topologies. With π-stacking intercomponent interaction, e.g., phenanthroline and anthracene, novel [2]rotaxanes have been synthesized by dynamic imine clipping reaction. Their X-ray crystal structures indicate the π-stackings between the anthracene moiety (stopper) on the thread and the (hetero)aromatic rings at the macrocycle of the rotaxanes. Moreover, the length of glycol chains affects the extra π-stacking intercomponent interactions between the phenyl groups and the dimethoxy phenyl groups on the thread. Dynamic combinatorial library has shown at best 84% distribution of anthracene-threaded phenanthroline-based rotaxane, coinciding with the crystallography in that the additional π-stacking intercomponent interactions could increase the thermodynamic stability and selectivity of the rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Ming Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Fung-Kit Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Ching-Yau Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Sam C. K. Hau
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
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12
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Cai K, Zhang L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Radical-pairing-induced molecular assembly and motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:447-465. [PMID: 37118435 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radical-pairing interactions between conjugated organic π-radicals are relative newcomers to the inventory of molecular recognition motifs explored in supramolecular chemistry. The unique electronic, magnetic, optical and redox-responsive properties of the conjugated π-radicals render molecules designed with radical-pairing interactions useful for applications in various areas of chemistry and materials science. In particular, the ability to control formation of radical cationic or anionic species, by redox stimulation, provides a flexible trigger for directed assembly and controlled molecular motions, as well as a convenient means of inputting energy to fuel non-equilibrium processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of different examples of radical-pairing-based recognition processes and of their emerging use in (1) supramolecular assembly, (2) templation of mechanically interlocked molecules, (3) stimuli-controlled molecular switches and, by incorporation of kinetic asymmetry in the design, (4) the creation of unidirectional molecular transporters based on pumping cassettes powered by fuelled switching of radical-pairing interactions. We conclude the discussion with an outlook on future directions for the field.
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13
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Hoyas Pérez N, Lewis JEM. Synthetic strategies towards mechanically interlocked oligomers and polymers. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6757-6780. [PMID: 32840554 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01583k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules have fascinated chemists for decades. Initially a tantalising synthetic challenge, interlocked molecules have continued to capture the imagination for their aesthetics and, increasingly, for their potential as molecular machines and use in materials applications. Whilst preliminary statistical attempts to prepare these molecules were exceedingly inefficient, a raft of template-directed strategies have now been realised, providing a vast toolbox from which chemists can access interlocked structures in excellent yields. For many envisaged applications it is desirable to move away from small, discrete interlocked molecules and turn to oligomers and polymers instead, either due to the need for multiple mechanical bonds within the desired material, or to exploit an extended scaffold for the organisation and arrangement of individual mechanically interlocked units. In this tutorial-style review we outline the synthetic strategies that have been employed for the synthesis of mechanically interlocked oligomers and polymers, including oligo-/polymerisation of (pseudo)interlocked precursors, metal-organic self-assembly, the use of orthogonal template motifs, iterative approaches and grafting onto polymer backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hoyas Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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14
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Sakata Y, Ogura T, Akine S. Efficient formation of [3]pseudorotaxane based on cooperative complexation of dibenzo-24-crown-8 with diphenylviologen axle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8735-8738. [PMID: 32558868 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03131c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel cooperative [3]pseudorotaxane system consisting of dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) and diphenylviologen axle has been developed. The two-step formation of the [3]pseudorotaxane occurred in a positive-cooperative manner. The corresponding [3]rotaxane was successfully obtained from just a stoichiometric mixture of each component by end-capping without dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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15
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Qiu Y, Song B, Pezzato C, Shen D, Liu W, Zhang L, Feng Y, Guo QH, Cai K, Li W, Chen H, Nguyen MT, Shi Y, Cheng C, Astumian RD, Li X, Stoddart JF. A precise polyrotaxane synthesizer. Science 2020; 368:1247-1253. [PMID: 32527831 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules are likely candidates for the design and synthesis of artificial molecular machines. Although polyrotaxanes have already found niche applications in exotic materials with specialized mechanical properties, efficient synthetic protocols to produce them with precise numbers of rings encircling their polymer dumbbells are still lacking. We report the assembly line-like emergence of poly[n]rotaxanes with increasingly higher energies by harnessing artificial molecular pumps to deliver rings in pairs by cyclical redox-driven processes. This programmable strategy leads to the precise incorporation of two, four, six, eight, and 10 rings carrying 8+, 16+, 24+, 32+, and 40+ charges, respectively, onto hexacationic polymer dumbbells. This strategy depends precisely on the number of redox cycles applied chemically or electrochemically, in both stepwise and one-pot manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dengke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Weixingyue Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Minh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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16
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Xu X, Winterwerber P, Ng D, Wu Y. DNA-Programmed Chemical Synthesis of Polymers and Inorganic Nanomaterials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:31. [PMID: 32146596 PMCID: PMC7060966 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-0292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology, based on sequence-specific DNA recognition, could allow programmed self-assembly of sophisticated nanostructures with molecular precision. Extension of this technique to the preparation of broader types of nanomaterials would significantly improve nanofabrication technique to lower nanometer scale and even achieve single molecule operation. Using such exquisite DNA nanostructures as templates, chemical synthesis of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials could also be programmed with unprecedented accuracy and flexibility. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and assembly of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials using DNA nanostructures as templates, and discusses the current challenges and future outlook of DNA templated nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Pia Winterwerber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Wang Q, Zhong Y, Miller DP, Lu X, Tang Q, Lu ZL, Zurek E, Liu R, Gong B. Self-Assembly and Molecular Recognition in Water: Tubular Stacking and Guest-Templated Discrete Assembly of Water-Soluble, Shape-Persistent Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2915-2924. [PMID: 31895977 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry in aqueous media is an area with great fundamental and practical significance. To examine the role of multiple noncovalent interactions in controlled assembling and binding behavior in water, the self-association of five water-soluble hexakis(m-phenylene ethynylene) (m-PE) macrocycles, along with the molecular recognition behavior of the resultant assemblies, is investigated with UV-vis, fluorescence, CD, and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and computational studies. In contrast to their different extents of self-aggregation in organic solvents, all five macrocycles remain aggregated in water at concentrations down to the micromolar (μM) range. CD spectroscopy reveals that 1-F6 and 1-H6, two macrocycles carrying chiral side chains and capable of H-bonded self-association, assemble into tubular stacks. The tubular stacks serve as supramolecular hosts in water, as exemplified by the interaction of macrocycles 1-H6 and 2-H6 and guests G1 through G4, each having a rod-like oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene) (p-PE) segment flanked by two hydrophilic chains. Fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed the formation of kinetically stable, discrete assemblies upon mixing 2-H6 and a guest. The binding stoichiometry, determined with fluorescence, 1H NMR, and ESI-MS, reveals that the discrete assemblies are novel pseudorotaxanes, each containing a pair of identical guest molecules encased by a tubular stack. The two guest molecules define the number of macrocyclic molecules that comprise the host, which curbs the "infinite" stack growth, resulting in a tubular stack with a cylindrical pore tailoring the length of the p-PE segment of the bound guests. Each complex is stabilized by the action of multiple noncovalent forces including aromatic stacking, side-chain H-bonding, and van der Waals interactions. Thus, the interplay of multiple noncovalent forces aligns the molecules of macrocycles 1 and 2 into tubular stacks with cylindrical inner pores that, upon binding rod-like guests, lead to tight, discrete, and well-ordered tubular assemblies that are unprecedented in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Wang
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Yulong Zhong
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Chemistry , Hofstra University , Hempstead , New York 11549 , United States
| | - Xiaoxing Lu
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Quan Tang
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
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18
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Hanozin E, Morsa D, De Pauw E. Two-Parameter Power Formalism for Structural Screening of Ion Mobility Trends: Applied Study on Artificial Molecular Switches. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8043-8052. [PMID: 31449411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature provides increasing samples of structural studies relying on ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry in view of characterizing gas-phase conformation and energetics properties of biomolecular ions. A typical framework consists in experimentally monitoring the collisional cross sections for various experimental conditions and using them as references to select appropriate candidate structures issued from theoretical modeling. Although it has proved successful for structural assignment, this process is resource costly and lengthy, namely due to intricacies in the selection of appropriate input geometries. In the present work, we propose simplified methodologies dedicated to the systematic screening of ion mobility data acquired on systems built from repetitive subunits and detail their application to challenging artificial molecular switch systems. Capitalizing on coarse-grained design, we first demonstrate how the assimilation of subunits into adequately assembled building-blocks can be used for fast assignments of a system topology. Further focusing on topology-specific differential ion mobility trends, we show that the building-block assemblies can be fused into single fully convex solid figure models, i.e., sphere and cylinder, whose projected areas follow a two-parameter power formalism A × nB. We show that the fitting parameters A and B were assigned as structural descriptors respectively associated with the dimensions of each constitutive subunit, i.e., size parameter, and with their assembled tridimensional arrangement, i.e., shape parameter. The present work provides a ready-to-use method for the screening of IM-MS data sets that is expected to facilitate the eventual design of input structures whenever advanced modeling calculations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit , University of Liège , 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit , University of Liège , 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit , University of Liège , 4000 Liège , Belgium
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19
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A [13]rotaxane assembled via a palladium molecular capsule. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3720. [PMID: 31420545 PMCID: PMC6697691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules that are the size of small proteins are difficult to make. The most frequently examined route is via self-assembly, and one particular approach involves molecular nanocapsules, where ligands are designed that will enforce the formation of specific polyhedra of metals within the core of the structure. Here we show that this approach can be combined with mechanically interlocking molecules to produce nanocapsules that are decorated on their exterior. This could be a general route to very large molecules, and is exemplified here by the synthesis and structural characterization of a [13]rotaxane, containing 150 metal centres. Small angle X-ray scattering combined with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the compound is intact in solution. Mechanically interlocked molecules and molecular cages are two important themes in supramolecular chemistry. Here, the authors combine these concepts to construct a giant [13]rotaxane built around a palladium capsule, one of the most complex metallosupramolecular assemblies yet.
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20
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Li B, He T, Shen X, Tang D, Yin S. Fluorescent supramolecular polymers with aggregation induced emission properties. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments in AIE fluorescent supramolecular polymeric materials based on different types of intermolecular noncovalent interactions, and their wide ranging applications as chemical sensors, organic electronic materials, bio-imaging agents and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Tian He
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Xi Shen
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Danting Tang
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Shouchun Yin
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
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21
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Schröder HV, Mekic A, Hupatz H, Sobottka S, Witte F, Urner LH, Gaedke M, Pagel K, Sarkar B, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Switchable synchronisation of pirouetting motions in a redox-active [3]rotaxane. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21425-21433. [PMID: 30427015 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05534c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the crown/ammonium [3]rotaxane R2 is reported which allows a switchable synchronisation of wheel pirouetting motions. The rotaxane is composed of a dumbbell-shaped axle molecule with two mechanically interlocked macrocycles which are decorated with a redox-active tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments reveal that rotaxane R2 can be reversibly switched between four stable oxidation states (R2, R2˙+, R22(˙+), and R24+). The oxidations enable non-covalent, cofacial interactions between the TTF units in each state-including a stabilised mixed-valence (TTF2)˙+ and a radical-cation (TTF˙+)2 dimer interaction-which dictate a syn (R2, R2˙+, and R22(˙+)) or anti (R24+) ground state co-conformation of the wheels in the rotaxane. Furthermore, the strength of these wheel-wheel interactions varies with the oxidation state, and thus electrochemical switching allows a controllable synchronisation of the wheels' pirouetting motions. DFT calculations explore the potential energy surface of the counter-rotation of the two interacting wheels in all oxidation states. The controlled coupling of pirouetting motions in rotaxanes can lead to novel molecular gearing systems which transmit rotational motion by switchable non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Bols PS, Anderson HL. Shadow Mask Templates for Site-Selective Metal Exchange in Magnesium Porphyrin Nanorings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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23
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Bols PS, Anderson HL. Shadow Mask Templates for Site-Selective Metal Exchange in Magnesium Porphyrin Nanorings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7874-7877. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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24
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Han X, Liu G, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes using an imine clipping reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10331-10351. [PMID: 27714207 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly provide a valuable chance to understand the complicated topological structures on a molecular level. Two types of classical mechanically interlocked molecules, rotaxanes and catenanes, possess non-covalent mechanical bonds and have attracted more attention not only in supramolecular chemistry but also in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology and bioscience. In the past decades, the template-directed clipping reaction based on imine chemistry has become one of the most efficient methods for the construction of functionalized rotaxanes and catenanes. In this review, we outlined the main progress of rotaxanes and catenanes using the template-directed clipping approach of imine chemistry. The review contains the novel topological structures of rotaxanes and catenanes, functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Guotao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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25
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Fujino T, Naitoh H, Miyagawa S, Kimura M, Kawasaki T, Yoshida K, Inoue H, Takagawa H, Tokunaga Y. Formation of [2]- and [3]Rotaxanes through Bridging under Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control. Org Lett 2018; 20:369-372. [PMID: 29283267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a doubly stranded [3]rotaxane has been developed through bridging of a pseudo[3]rotaxane featuring two axle components. Reversible azine formation was effective as the bridging reaction. Kinetic and thermodynamic conditions provided the [2]- and [3]rotaxanes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Fujino
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotake Naitoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science , Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yoshida
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukui Prefectural Police Headquarters , Ohte, Fukui 910-8515, Japan
| | - Hajime Inoue
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukui Prefectural Police Headquarters , Ohte, Fukui 910-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takagawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukui Prefectural Police Headquarters , Ohte, Fukui 910-8515, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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26
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Abstract
An emissive supramolecular polymer was constructed by the self-assembly between a TPE quaternary ammonium salt and a cucurbit[5]uril analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Haojie Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Qiaochun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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27
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Hanozin E, Mignolet B, Morsa D, Sluysmans D, Duwez AS, Stoddart JF, Remacle F, De Pauw E. Where Ion Mobility and Molecular Dynamics Meet To Unravel the (Un)Folding Mechanisms of an Oligorotaxane Molecular Switch. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10253-10263. [PMID: 28881131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
At the interface between foldamers and mechanically interlocked molecules, oligorotaxanes exhibit a spring-like folded secondary structure with remarkable mechanical and physicochemical properties. Among these properties, the ability of oligorotaxanes to act as molecular switches through controlled modulations of their spatial extension over (un)folding dynamics is of particular interest. The present study aims to assess and further characterize this remarkable feature in the gas phase using mass spectrometry tools. In this context, we focused on the [4]5NPR+12 oligorotaxane molecule complexed with PF6- counterion and probed its co-conformational states as a function of the in-source-generated charge states. Data were interpreted in light of electronic secondary structure computations at the PM6 and DFT levels. Our results highlight two major co-conformational groups associated either with folded compact structures, notably stabilized by intramolecular π-π interactions and predominant for low charge states or with fully stretched structures resulting from significant Coulombic repulsions at high charge states. Between, the oligorotaxane adopts intermediate folded co-conformations, suggesting a stepwise unfolding pathway under increasing repulsive Coulombic constraints. The reversibility of this superstructural transition was next interrogated under electron-driven (nondissociative electron transfer) and heat-driven (collision-induced unfolding) activation stimuli. The outcomes support the feasibility to either unfold or (partially) refold the oligorotaxane foldamer on purpose in the gas phase. Our results show that the balance between the stabilizing π-π interactions and the versatile Coulomb interactions dictates the elongation state of the foldamer in the gas phase and emphasizes the adequacy of mass spectrometry tools for the superstructural characterization of desolvated prototypical artificial molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Mechanostereochemistry Group, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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28
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Yamazaki Y, Mutoh Y, Saito S. Synthesis of Interlocked Compounds by Utilizing Bond-forming Reactions Mediated by Macrocyclic Phenanthroline-Cu Complexes. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601
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29
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Han X, Li Z, Xu Z, Zhao Z, Liu SH, Yin J. Construction of Crown Ether-Stoppering [3]Rotaxanes Based on N
-Hetero Crown Ether Host. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University; Luoyang Henan 471022 China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei 430081 China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
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30
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Gan Q, Wang X, Kauffmann B, Rosu F, Ferrand Y, Huc I. Translation of rod-like template sequences into homochiral assemblies of stacked helical oligomers. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:447-452. [PMID: 28288116 PMCID: PMC5420310 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
At the molecular level, translation refers to the production of a new entity according to a template that has a different chemical composition. In this way, chemical information may be translated from one molecule to another. The process is useful to synthesize structures and thus functions that might be difficult to create otherwise, and it reaches exquisite levels of efficiency in biological systems, as illustrated by protein expression from mRNA templates or by the assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus capsid protein according to the length of its RNA. In synthetic systems, examples of template-directed syntheses are numerous, but general and versatile schemes in which a non-natural sequence actually encodes the information necessary to produce a different sequence are few and far from being optimized. Here we show a high-fidelity enzyme-free translation of long rod-like alkylcarbamate oligomers into well-defined sequences of stacked helical aromatic oligoamides. The features present in the rods, which include the number and distance between carbamate functions and stereogenic centres, template the self-assembly of complementary stacks of helices that each have a defined right (P) or left (M) handedness, length and single or double helicity. This process enables the production of very large (>20 kDa) abiotic artificial folded architectures (foldamers) that may, for example, serve as scaffolds to organize appended functional features at positions in space defined with atomic precision across nanometric distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, CBMN – UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Xiang Wang
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, CBMN – UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, IECB – UMS3033 – US001, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Rosu
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, IECB – UMS3033 – US001, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, CBMN – UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, CBMN – UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to I.H. ()
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31
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Hirokane S, Takashima S, Abe H, Inouye M. Helix-Rotaxane Hybrid Systems: Rotaxane-Stabilized, Saccharide-Induced Chiral Ethynylpyridine Helices by a Thermodynamic Process. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hirokane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Sugitani 2630 930-0194 Toyama Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Sugitani 2630 930-0194 Toyama Japan
| | - Hajime Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Sugitani 2630 930-0194 Toyama Japan
| | - Masahiko Inouye
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Sugitani 2630 930-0194 Toyama Japan
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32
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Cao ZQ, Wang YC, Zou AH, London G, Zhang Q, Gao C, Qu DH. Reversible switching of a supramolecular morphology driven by an amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8683-8686. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A supra-amphiphilic [2]rotaxane-based switch could self-assemble into spherical vesicles in aqueous solution and transform into worm-like micelles in a basic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Qi Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yi-Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ai-Hua Zou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Gábor London
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chuan Gao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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33
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Lewis JEM, Winn J, Cera L, Goldup SM. Iterative Synthesis of Oligo[n]rotaxanes in Excellent Yield. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16329-16336. [PMID: 27700073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present an operationally simple iterative coupling strategy for the synthesis of oligomeric homo- and hetero[n]rotaxanes with precise control over the position of each macrocycle. The exceptional yield of the AT-CuAAC reaction, combined with optimized conditions that allow the rapid synthesis of the target oligomers, opens the door to the study of precision-engineered oligomeric interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Joby Winn
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Luca Cera
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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34
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Yamada Y, Kato T, Tanaka K. Assembly of Multi-Phthalocyanines on a Porphyrin Template by Fourfold Rotaxane Formation. Chemistry 2016; 22:12371-80. [PMID: 27417388 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A stacked assembly composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines was prepared through fourfold rotaxane formation. Two phthalocyanine molecules, bearing four 24-crown-8 units, were assembled onto a porphyrin template incorporating four sidechains with two dialkylammonium ions each through pseudorotaxane formation between crown ether units and ammonium ions. The Staudinger phosphite reaction, as the stoppering reaction, resulted in the formation of the stacked heterotrimer composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines connected through a fourfold rotaxane structure. UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the heterotrimer indicated that there is a significant electronic interaction between the two phthalocyanine units due to the close stacking. The electrochemical oxidation process of the stacked heterotrimer was studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of a dinuclear Cu(II) complex, in which two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were assembled on a metal-free porphyrin template, revealed that two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were located within the stacking distance, which resulted in an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two S=1/2 spins in the ground state of the Cu(2+) ions in the heterotrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.
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35
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Nowosinski K, Warnke S, Pagel K, Komáromy D, Jiang W, Schalley CA. Photooxygenation and gas-phase reactivity of multiply threaded pseudorotaxanes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:269-281. [PMID: 27041657 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solution-phase photooxygenation of multiply threaded crown/ammonium pseudorotaxanes containing anthracene spacers is monitored by electrospray ionization Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. The oxygenated pseudorotaxanes are mass-selected and fragmented by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and/or collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments and and their behavior compared to that of the non-oxygenated precursors. [4+2]Cycloreversion reactions lead to the loss of O2, when no other reaction channel with competitive energy demand is available. Thus, the release of molecular oxygen can serve as a reference reaction for the energy demand of other fragmentation reactions such as the dissociation of the crown/ammonium binding motifs. The photooxygenation induces curvature into the initially planar anthracene and thus significantly changes the geometry of the divalent, anthracene-spacered wheel. This is reflected in ion-mobility data. Coulomb repulsion in multiply charged pseudorotaxanes assists the oxygen loss as the re-planarization of the anthracene increases the distance between the two charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Nowosinski
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Warnke
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Molecular Physics, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Molecular Physics, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dávid Komáromy
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTC), No.1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Hou X, Ke C, Fraser Stoddart J. Cooperative capture synthesis: yet another playground for copper-free click chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3766-80. [PMID: 27030885 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry describes a family of modular, efficient, versatile and reliable reactions which have acquired a pivotal role as one of the most useful synthetic tools with a potentially broad range of applications. While copper(i)-catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition is the most widely adopted click reaction in the family, the fact that it is cytotoxic restricts its practice in certain situations, e.g., bioconjugation. Consequently, researchers have been exploring the development of copper-free click reactions, the most popular example so far being strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions. An early example of copper-free click reactions that is rarely mentioned in the literature is the cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CB-AAC). Despite the unique ability of CB-AAC to generate mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) - in particular, rotaxanes - its slow reaction rate and narrow substrate acceptance limit its scope. In this Tutorial Review, we describe our efforts of late in developing the fundamental principles and practical applications of a new copper-free click reaction - namely, cooperative capture synthesis, whereby introducing a cyclodextrin (CD) as an accelerator in CB-AAC, hydrogen bonding networks are formed between the rims of CD and CB6 in a manner that is positively cooperative, giving rise to a high level of pre-organisation during efficient and quick rotaxane formation. For example, [4]rotaxanes can be prepared nearly quantitatively within a minute in water. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that CB-AAC can accommodate a wider substrate tolerance by introducing pillararenes as promoters. To date, we have put cooperative capture synthesis into practice by (i) preparing polyrotaxanes containing up to 200 rings in nearly quantitative yields, (ii) trapping conformational isomers of polymacrocycles as rings in rotaxanes, (iii) demonstrating solid-state fluorescence and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) processes by fixing the fluorophores in a rotaxane and (iv) establishing the principle of supramolecular encryption in the preparation of dynamically and reversibly tunable fluorescent security inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisen Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Subha Mahadevi
- Centre for Molecular Modelling, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India 500607
| | - G. Narahari Sastry
- Centre for Molecular Modelling, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India 500607
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38
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Ahmed S, Singha N, Pramanik B, Mondal JH, Das D. Redox controlled reversible transformation of a supramolecular alternating copolymer to a radical cation containing homo-polymer. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viologen-tryptophan ternary complexation inside CB[8] is used to prepare a supramolecular polymer which show redox controlled transformation from homo polymer to hetero polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahnawaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Kamrup
- India
| | - Nilotpal Singha
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Kamrup
- India
| | - Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Kamrup
- India
| | | | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Kamrup
- India
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39
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Xing LB, Wang XJ, Zhang JL, Zhou Z, Zhuo S. Tetraphenylethene-containing supramolecular hyperbranched polymers: aggregation-induced emission by supramolecular polymerization in aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular hyperbranched polymers have been constructed, by using host-enhanced π–π interactions between CB[8] and a TPE derivative, with aggregation-induced emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P.R. China
| | - Jing-Li Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Shuping Zhuo
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
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40
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Yao X, Wang X, Jiang T, Ma X, Tian H. Bis-p-Sulfonatocalix[4]arene-Based Supramolecular Amphiphiles with an Emergent Lower Critical Solution Temperature Behavior in Aqueous Solution and Hydrogel. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13647-13654. [PMID: 26639514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An unexpected lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phenomenon is observed in a bis-p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene-based supramolecular amphiphile system, and the mechanism of this intriguing phenomenon is studied. The unusual macroscopic thermoresponsive behavior is based on the switch of the system from water-soluble assemblies to insoluble netlike cross-linked nanoparticles under temperature stimulus, which is regulated by multiple weak interactions, including hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, π-π stacking, and host-guest recognition. By using the LCST solution as the dispersion medium, a hydrogel with LCST behavior can be fabricated. This work contributes toward better understanding about calixarene-induced aggregation (CIA) and thermoresponsive self-assembled systems. It will also help to enrich the designing of complexed supramolecular amphiphile systems and develop their potential applications in hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Yao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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41
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Hayashi R, Mutoh Y, Kasama T, Saito S. Synthesis of [3]Rotaxanes by the Combination of Copper-Mediated Coupling Reaction and Metal-Template Approach. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7536-46. [PMID: 26161508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[3]Rotaxanes with two axle components and one ring component were synthesized by the combination of a coupling reaction using a transition-metal catalyst and a metal-template approach. Thus, [2]rotaxanes were prepared by the oxidative dimerization of alkyne promoted by macrocyclic phenanthroline-CuI complexes. The [2]rotaxane was reacted with a Cu(I) salt and an acyclic ligand to generate a tetrahedral Cu(I) complex. Metal-free [3]rotaxane was isolated by the end-capping reaction of the acyclic ligand, followed by the removal of Cu(I) ion. The stability of the tetrahedral Cu(I) complexes depended on the size of both the ring component and the acyclic ligand, which was correlated with the yield of the corresponding [3]rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuto Hayashi
- †Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- †Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- ‡Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- †Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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42
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A cucurbit[8]uril recognized rigid supramolecular polymer with photo-stimulated responsiveness. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Wilson EA, Vermeulen NA, McGonigal PR, Avestro AJ, Sarjeant AA, Stern CL, Stoddart JF. Formation of a hetero[3]rotaxane by a dynamic component-swapping strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:9665-8. [PMID: 25019588 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03612c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalysed scrambling of the mechanically interlocked components between two different homo[3]rotaxanes, constituted of dumbbells containing two secondary dialkylammonium ion recognition sites encircled by two [24]crown-8 rings, each containing a couple of imine bonds, affords a statistical mixture of a hetero[3]rotaxane along with the two homo[3]rotaxanes, indicating that neither selectivity nor cooperativity is operating during the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
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44
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Liu S, Kondratuk DV, Rousseaux SAL, Gil-Ramírez G, O'Sullivan MC, Cremers J, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Caterpillar track complexes in template-directed synthesis and correlated molecular motion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5355-9. [PMID: 25683453 PMCID: PMC4471551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Small alterations to the structure of a star-shaped template totally change its mode of operation. The hexapyridyl template directs the conversion of a porphyrin dimer to the cyclic hexamer, but deleting one pyridine site changes the product to the cyclic decamer, while deleting two binding sites changes the product to the cyclic octamer. This surprising switch in selectivity is explained by the formation of 2:1 caterpillar track complexes, in which two template wheels bind inside the nanoring. Caterpillar track complexes can also be prepared by binding the hexapyridyl template inside the 8- and 10-porphyrin nanorings. NMR exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) experiments show that these complexes exhibit correlated motion, in which the conrotatory rotation of the two template wheels is coupled to rotation of the nanoring track. In the case of the 10-porphyrin system, the correlated motion can be locked by binding palladium(II) dichloride between the two templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Melanie C O'Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Jonathan Cremers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
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45
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Liu S, Kondratuk DV, Rousseaux SAL, Gil‐Ramírez G, O'Sullivan MC, Cremers J, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Caterpillar Track Complexes in Template-Directed Synthesis and Correlated Molecular Motion. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 127:5445-5449. [PMID: 27546919 PMCID: PMC4974918 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small alterations to the structure of a star-shaped template totally change its mode of operation. The hexapyridyl template directs the conversion of a porphyrin dimer to the cyclic hexamer, but deleting one pyridine site changes the product to the cyclic decamer, while deleting two binding sites changes the product to the cyclic octamer. This surprising switch in selectivity is explained by the formation of 2:1 caterpillar track complexes, in which two template wheels bind inside the nanoring. Caterpillar track complexes can also be prepared by binding the hexapyridyl template inside the 8- and 10-porphyrin nanorings. NMR exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) experiments show that these complexes exhibit correlated motion, in which the conrotatory rotation of the two template wheels is coupled to rotation of the nanoring track. In the case of the 10-porphyrin system, the correlated motion can be locked by binding palladium(II) dichloride between the two templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Dmitry V. Kondratuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Guzmán Gil‐Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Melanie C. O'Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Jonathan Cremers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Tim D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
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46
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Xue M, Yang Y, Chi X, Yan X, Huang F. Development of Pseudorotaxanes and Rotaxanes: From Synthesis to Stimuli-Responsive Motions to Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7398-501. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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47
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Xiong S, Zhang X, Meng LB, Jiang J, Lin C, Wang L. Novel pseudo[2]rotaxanes constructed by the self-assembly of dibenzyl tetramethylene bis-carbamate derivatives and per-ethylated pillar[5]arene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6504-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel pseudo[2]rotaxanes based on per-ethylated pillar[5]arene and neutral guests G1/G7 were successfully constructed. Particularly, the pseudo[2]rotaxane constructed from per-ethylated pillar[5]arene and G7 showed photoresponsive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Lu-Bo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Juli Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Chen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Leyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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48
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Husain A, Oliver CL. Novel mixed 1D–2D lanthanide coordination polymers based on p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and 4,4′-bipyridine-N,N′-dioxide where p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene acts as a guest. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00153f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel mixed 1D–2D coordination polymers based on 2D [Ln(4,4′-bpdo)2(NO3)2(H2O)2]+n sheets and 1D [Ln2(4,4′-bpdo)2(C4AS)(NO3)(H2O)9]n chains (Ln = Sm for 1 and Ln = Nd for 2) sustained by π⋯π interactions and lattice water facilitated hydrogen bonds have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Husain
- Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Clive L. Oliver
- Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch, South Africa
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49
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Liu G, Wu D, Liang J, Han X, Liu SH, Yin J. Tetraphenylethene modified [n]rotaxanes: synthesis, characterization and aggregation-induced emission behavior. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4090-100. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel [n]rotaxanes based on a tetraphenylethene (TPE) backbone were constructed by a template-directed clipping approach and their structures were well-characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Jinhua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
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50
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Sun J, Frasconi M, Liu Z, Barnes JC, Wang Y, Chen D, Stern CL, Fraser Stoddart J. Formation of ring-in-ring complexes between crown ethers and rigid TVBox8+. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1432-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An octacationic tetraviologen-based cyclophane—so called TVBox8+—can form a ring-in-ring complex with bis-1,5-dinaphtho[50]crown-14, which represents a key intermediate for constructing molecular Borromean rings in a stepwise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | | | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
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