1
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Neumann MS, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO. Insight from Electrochemical Analysis in the Radical Cation State of a Monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene-Based [2]Rotaxane. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402377. [PMID: 39007521 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules are a class of compounds used for controlling directional movement when barriers can be raised and lowered using external stimuli. Applied voltages can turn on redox states to alter electrostatic barriers but their use for directing motion requires knowledge of their impact on the kinetics. Herein, we make the first measurements on the movement of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) across the radical-cation state of monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) in a [2]rotaxane using variable scan-rate electrochemistry. The [2]rotaxane is designed in a way that directs CBPQT4+ to a high-energy co-conformation upon oxidation of MPTTF to either the radical cation (MPTTF⋅+) or the dication (MPTTF2+). 1H NMR spectroscopic investigations carried out in acetonitrile at 298 K showed direct interconversion to the thermodynamically more stable ground-state co-conformation with CBPQT4+ moving across the oxidized MPTTF2+ electrostatic barrier. The electrochemical studies revealed that interconversion takes place by movement of CBPQT4+ across both the MPTTF•+ (19.3 kcal mol-1) and MPTTF2+ (18.7 kcal mol-1) barriers. The outcome of our studies shows that MPTTF has three accessible redox states that can be used to kinetically control the movement of the ring component in mechanically interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias S Neumann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, 5230, Denmark
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, 5230, Denmark
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2
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Lee CK, Gangadharappa C, Fahrenbach AC, Kim DJ. Harnessing Radicals: Advances in Self-Assembly and Molecular Machinery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408271. [PMID: 39177115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Radicals, with their unpaired electrons, exhibit unique chemical and physical properties that have long intrigued chemists. Despite early skepticism about their stability, the discovery of persistent radicals has opened new possibilities for molecular interactions. This review examines the mechanisms and applications of radically driven self-assembly, focusing on key motifs such as naphthalene diimides, tetrathiafulvalenes, and viologens, which serve as models for radical assembly. The potential of radical interactions in the development of artificial molecular machines (AMMs) are also discussed. These AMMs, powered by radical-radical interactions, represent significant advancements in non-equilibrium chemistry, mimicking the functionalities of biological systems. From molecular switches to ratchets and pumps, the versatility and unique properties of radically powered AMMs are highlighted. Additionally, the applications of radical assembly in materials science are explored, particularly in creating smart materials with redox-responsive properties. The review concludes by comparing AMMs to biological molecular machines, offering insights into future directions. This overview underscores the impact of radical chemistry on molecular assembly and its promising applications in both synthetic and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert C Fahrenbach
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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3
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Jensen SK, Neumann MS, Frederiksen R, Skavenborg ML, Larsen MC, Wessel SE, Jeppesen JO. Mechanistic studies of isomeric [2]rotaxanes consisting of two different tetrathiafulvalene units reveal that the movement of cyclobis(paraquat- p-phenylene) can be controlled. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12366-12378. [PMID: 37969595 PMCID: PMC10631196 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04408d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the movement in artificial molecular machines is a key challenge that needs to be solved before their full potential can be harnessed. In this study, two isomeric tri-stable [2]rotaxanes 1·4PF6 and 2·4PF6 incorporating both a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and a monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) unit in the dumbbell component have been synthesised to measure the energy barriers when the tetracationic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring moves across either a TTF2+ or an MPTTF2+ dication. By strategically exchanging one of the thiomethyl barriers on either the TTF unit or the MPTTF unit with the bulkier thioethyl group, the movement of the CBPQT4+ ring in 14+ and 24+ can be controlled to take place in only one direction upon tetra-oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the switching mechanism and it was found that upon tetra-oxidation of 14+ and 24+, the CBPQT4+ ring moves first to a position where it is located between the TTF2+ and MPTTF2+ dications producing high-energy co-conformations which slowly interconvert into thermodynamically more stable co-conformations. The kinetics of the movement occurring in the tetra-oxidised [2]rotaxanes 18+ and 28+ were studied at different temperatures allowing the free energy of the transition state, when CBPQT4+ moves across TTF2+ (21.5 kcal mol-1) and MPTTF2+ (20.3 kcal mol-1) at 298 K, to be determined. These results demonstrate for the first time that the combination of a TTF and an MPTTF unit can be used to induce directional movement of the CBPQT4+ ring in molecular machines with a 90% efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie K Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Mathias S Neumann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Rikke Frederiksen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Mathias L Skavenborg
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Mads C Larsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Stinne E Wessel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
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4
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Neumann MS, Smith AF, Jensen SK, Frederiksen R, Skavenborg ML, Jeppesen JO. Evaluating the energy landscape of an out-of-equilibrium bistable [2]rotaxane containing monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6335-6338. [PMID: 37067575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00360d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The unique redox properties of monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene can be used to induce directional movement in interlocked molecules. In this study, the kinetics for the directional movement of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) across the dioxidised monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene in a [2]rotaxane is quantified by time-resolved 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias S Neumann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Amanda F Smith
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Sofie K Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Frederiksen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Mathias L Skavenborg
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Wang W, Wu W, Su P. Radical Pairing Interactions and Donor-Acceptor Interactions in Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) Inclusion Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:2057. [PMID: 36903306 PMCID: PMC10004262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular interactions in mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) is challenging because they can be either donor-acceptor interactions or radical pairing interactions, depending on the charge states and multiplicities in the different components of the MIMs. In this work, for the first time, the interactions between cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (abbreviated as CBPQTn+ (n = 0-4)) and a series of recognition units (RUs) were investigated using the energy decomposition analysis approach (EDA). These RUs include bipyridinium radical cation (BIPY•+), naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) radical anion (NDI•-), their oxidized states (BIPY2+ and NDI), neutral electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and neutral bis-dithiazolyl radical (BTA•). The results of generalized Kohn-Sham energy decomposition analysis (GKS-EDA) reveal that for the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, correlation/dispersion terms always have large contributions, while electrostatic and desolvation terms are sensitive to the variation in charge states in CBPQTn+ and RU. For all the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, desolvation terms always tend to overcome the repulsive electrostatic interactions between the CBPQT cation and RU cation. Electrostatic interaction is important when RU has the negative charge. Moreover, the different physical origins of donor-acceptor interactions and radical pairing interactions are compared and discussed. Compared to donor-acceptor interactions, in radical pairing interactions, the polarization term is always small, while the correlation/dispersion term is important. With regard to donor-acceptor interactions, in some cases, polarization terms could be quite large due to the electron transfer between the CBPQT ring and RU, which responds to the large geometrical relaxation of the whole systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peifeng Su
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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7
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Chen X, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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8
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Chen XY, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25454-25462. [PMID: 34342116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complexation between a viologen radical cation (V.+ ) and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) diradical dication (CBPQT2(.+) ) has been investigated and utilized extensively in the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and artificial molecular machines (AMMs). The selective recognition of a pair of V.+ using radical-pairing interactions, however, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the efficient encapsulation of two methyl viologen radical cations (MV.+ ) in a size-matched bisradical dicationic host - namely, cyclobis(paraquat-2,6-naphthalene)2(.+) , i.e., CBPQN2(.+) . Central to this dual recognition process was the choice of 2,6-bismethylenenaphthalene linkers for incorporation into the bisradical dicationic host. They provide the space between the two bipyridinium radical cations in CBPQN2(.+) suitable for binding two MV.+ with relatively short (3.05-3.25 Å) radical-pairing distances. The size-matched bisradical dicationic host was found to exhibit highly selective and cooperative association with the two MV.+ in MeCN at room temperature. The formation of the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex - namely, [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) - in MeCN was confirmed by VT 1 H NMR, as well as by EPR spectroscopy. The solid-state superstructure of [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) reveals an uneven distribution of the binding distances (3.05, 3.24, 3.05 Å) between the three different V.+ , suggesting that localization of the radical-pairing interactions has a strong influence on the packing of the two MV.+ inside the bisradical dicationic host. Our findings constitute a rare example of binding two radical guests with high affinity and cooperativity using host-guest radical-pairing interactions. Moreover, they open up possibilities of harnessing the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex as a new, orthogonal and redox-switchable recognition motif for the construction of MIMs and AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
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Cai K, Zhang L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Radical-pairing-induced molecular assembly and motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:447-465. [PMID: 37118435 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radical-pairing interactions between conjugated organic π-radicals are relative newcomers to the inventory of molecular recognition motifs explored in supramolecular chemistry. The unique electronic, magnetic, optical and redox-responsive properties of the conjugated π-radicals render molecules designed with radical-pairing interactions useful for applications in various areas of chemistry and materials science. In particular, the ability to control formation of radical cationic or anionic species, by redox stimulation, provides a flexible trigger for directed assembly and controlled molecular motions, as well as a convenient means of inputting energy to fuel non-equilibrium processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of different examples of radical-pairing-based recognition processes and of their emerging use in (1) supramolecular assembly, (2) templation of mechanically interlocked molecules, (3) stimuli-controlled molecular switches and, by incorporation of kinetic asymmetry in the design, (4) the creation of unidirectional molecular transporters based on pumping cassettes powered by fuelled switching of radical-pairing interactions. We conclude the discussion with an outlook on future directions for the field.
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Hu K, Qiu P, Zeng L, Hu S, Mei L, An S, Huang Z, Kong X, Lan J, Yu J, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Gibson JK, Chai Z, Bu Y, Shi W. Solar‐Driven Nitrogen Fixation Catalyzed by Stable Radical‐Containing MOFs: Improved Efficiency Induced by a Structural Transformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20666-20671. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kong‐Qiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Peng‐Xiang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC) Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET) School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China
| | - Li‐Wen Zeng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shu‐Xian Hu
- Department of Physics University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shu‐Wen An
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhi‐Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiang‐He Kong
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian‐Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ji‐Pan Yu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhi‐Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Zhong‐Fei Xu
- Department of Physics University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Zhi‐Fang Chai
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Yun‐Fei Bu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC) Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET) School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China
| | - Wei‐Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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11
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Hu K, Qiu P, Zeng L, Hu S, Mei L, An S, Huang Z, Kong X, Lan J, Yu J, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Gibson JK, Chai Z, Bu Y, Shi W. Solar‐Driven Nitrogen Fixation Catalyzed by Stable Radical‐Containing MOFs: Improved Efficiency Induced by a Structural Transformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kong‐Qiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Peng‐Xiang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC) Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET) School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China
| | - Li‐Wen Zeng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shu‐Xian Hu
- Department of Physics University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shu‐Wen An
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhi‐Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiang‐He Kong
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian‐Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ji‐Pan Yu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhi‐Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Zhong‐Fei Xu
- Department of Physics University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Zhi‐Fang Chai
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Yun‐Fei Bu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC) Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET) School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China
| | - Wei‐Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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13
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Jensen M, Kristensen R, Andersen SS, Bendixen D, Jeppesen JO. Probing the Electrostatic Barrier of Tetrathiafulvalene Dications using a Tetra-stable Donor-Acceptor [2]Rotaxane. Chemistry 2020; 26:6165-6175. [PMID: 32049376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-stable donor-acceptor [2]rotaxane 1⋅4PF6 has been synthesized. The dumbbell component is comprised of an oxyphenylene (OP), a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), a monopyrrolo-TTF (MPTTF), and a hydroquinone (HQ) unit, which can act as recognition sites (stations) for the tetra-cationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+ ). The TTF and the MPTTF stations are located in the middle of the dumbbell component and are connected by a triethylene glycol (TEG) chain in such a way that the pyrrole moiety of the MPTTF station points toward the TTF station, while the TTF and MPTTF stations are flanked by the OP and HQ stations on their left hand side and right hand side, respectively. The [2]rotaxane was characterized in solution by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The spectroscopic data revealed that the majority (77 %) of the tetra-stable [2]rotaxane 14+ exist as the translational isomer 1⋅MPTTF4+ in which the CBPQT4+ ring encircles the MPTTF station. The electrochemical studies showed that CBPQT4+ in 1⋅MPTTF4+ undergoes ring translation as result of electrostatic repulsion from the oxidized MPTTF unit. Following tetra-oxidation of 1⋅MPTTF4+ , a high-energy state of 18+ was obtained (i.e., 1⋅TEG8+ ) in which the CBPQT4+ ring was located on the TEG linker connecting the di-oxidized TTF2+ and MPTTF2+ units. 1 H NMR spectroscopy carried out in CD3 CN at 298 K on a chemically oxidized sample of 1⋅MPTTF4+ revealed that the metastable state 1⋅TEG8+ is only short-lived with a lifetime of a few minutes and it was found that 70 % of the positively charged CBPQT4+ ring moved from 1⋅TEG8+ to the HQ station, while 30 % moved to the much weaker OP station. These results clearly demonstrate that the CBPQT4+ ring can cross both an MPTTF2+ and a TTF2+ electrostatic barrier and that the free energy of activation required to cross MPTTF2+ is ca. 0.5 kcal mol-1 smaller as compared to TTF2+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kristensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Dan Bendixen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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14
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Fu X, Han H, Zhang D, Yu H, He Q, Zhao D. A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diradical with pH-responsive magnetic properties. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5565-5571. [PMID: 32874500 PMCID: PMC7441688 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By integrating azulene with a quinoid moiety, a novel non-alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecule BCHF1 exhibiting manifold zwitterionic, quinoidal and diradical behaviors is designed and synthesized. Its zwitterionic feature is evidenced by the changes shown by the 1H-NMR and absorption spectra when the molecule undergoes reversible protonation and deprotonation reactions at varied pH. The diradical facet, manifesting a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE S-T), is characterized with a paramagnetic resonance signal detected by the EPR spectroscopy at room temperature. As the diradical properties are not observed in the protonated form, BCHF1+H+ , a pH-controlled reversible magnetic switching behavior is illustrated by monitoring the on and off cycles of EPR signals upon successively adding bases and acids to a solution or exposing a thin film of BCHF1+H+ to base vapor followed by acid vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Han Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Han Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Qilin He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
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15
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Papadakis R. Mono- and Di-Quaternized 4,4'-Bipyridine Derivatives as Key Building Blocks for Medium- and Environment-Responsive Compounds and Materials. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010001. [PMID: 31861256 PMCID: PMC6982771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mono- and di-quaternized 4,4'-bipyridine derivatives constitute a family of heterocyclic compounds, which in recent years have been employed in numerous applications. These applications correspond to various disciplines of research and technology. In their majority, two key features of these 4,4'-bipyridine-based derivatives are exploited: their redox activity and their electrochromic aptitude. Contemporary materials and compounds encompassing these skeletons as building blocks are often characterized as multifunctional, as their presence often gives rise to interesting phenomena, e.g., various types of chromism. This research trend is acknowledged, and, in this review article, recent examples of multifunctional chromic materials/compounds of this class are presented. Emphasis is placed on solvent-/medium- and environment-responsive 4,4'-bipyridine derivatives. Two important classes of 4,4'-bipyridine-based products with solvatochromic and/or environment-responsive character are reviewed: viologens (i.e., N,N'-disubstituted derivatives) and monoquats (i.e., monosubstituted 4,4'-bipyridine derivatives). The multifunctional nature of these derivatives is analyzed and structure-property relations are discussed in connection to the role of these derivatives in various novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Papadakis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, 15780 Athens, Greece; ; Tel.: +46-728-368-595
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Exploring and Exploiting the Symmetry-Breaking Effect of Cyclodextrins in Mechanomolecules. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cone-shaped molecular rings that have been widely employed in supramolecular/host–guest chemistry because of their low cost, high biocompatibility, stability, wide availability in multiple sizes, and their promiscuity for binding a range of molecular guests in water. Consequently, CD-based host–guest complexes are often employed as templates for the synthesis of mechanically bonded molecules (mechanomolecules) such as catenanes, rotaxanes, and polyrotaxanes in particular. The conical shape and cyclodirectionality of the CD “bead” gives rise to a symmetry-breaking effect when it is threaded onto a molecular “string”; even symmetrical guests are rendered asymmetric by the presence of an encircling CD host. This review focuses on the stereochemical implications of this symmetry-breaking effect in mechanomolecules, including orientational isomerism, mechanically planar chirality, and topological chirality, as well as how they support applications in regioselective and stereoselective chemical synthesis, the design of molecular machine prototypes, and the development of advanced materials.
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17
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Cetin MM, Beldjoudi Y, Roy I, Anamimoghadam O, Bae YJ, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Stern CL, Philp D, Alsubaie FM, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Combining Intra- and Intermolecular Charge Transfer with Polycationic Cyclophanes To Design 2D Tessellations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18727-18739. [PMID: 31580664 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fehaid M. Alsubaie
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nanosystems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Institute of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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18
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Milić JV, Schneeberger T, Zalibera M, Diederich F, Boudon C, Ruhlmann L. Spectro-electrochemical toolbox for monitoring and controlling quinone-mediated redox-driven molecular gripping. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Madasamy K, Velayutham D, Kathiresan M. Facile Construction of a Supramolecular Organic Framework Using Naphthyl Viologen Guests and CB[8] Host via Charge-Transfer Complexation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8528-8538. [PMID: 31459943 PMCID: PMC6649259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of guest-host systems comprising naphthyl-viologen-naphthyl (Np-Vio-Np) and viologen-naphthyl-viologen (Vio-Np-Vio) guest molecules and their subsequent supramolecular polymerization in the presence of a CB[8] host in water. In addition, the guest complexation of ethyl-terminated trimeric viologen (ETV) with Np-Vio-Np and CB[8] was investigated. As a result of supramolecular interactions, 2D supramolecular organic frameworks with high internal periodicity were constructed. 1H NMR studies clearly demonstrated the formation of a host-stabilized charge-transfer complex via folding back (Np-Vio-Np and Vio-Np-Vio) in the presence of CB[8]. In the case of ETV + Np-Vio-Np + CB[8], a large polymeric network was formed as indicated by the NMR titrations. UV-vis and fluorescence studies clearly confirm the formation of an inter/intra molecular CT complex upon complexation with cucurbit[8]uril. The size obtained using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method pinpoints the formation of larger supramolecular aggregates in the order of μm through host-guest assembly, which is further complemented by FESEM and TEM. SAXS measurements indicate the formation of a 2D supramolecular polymer/polymer aggregate with long-range order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Madasamy
- Electroorganic
Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR−Central Electrochemical
Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003 TamilNadu, India
| | - David Velayutham
- Electroorganic
Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR−Central Electrochemical
Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003 TamilNadu, India
| | - Murugavel Kathiresan
- Electroorganic
Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR−Central Electrochemical
Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003 TamilNadu, India
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20
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Milić JV, Diederich F. The Quest for Molecular Grippers: Photo‐Electric Control of Molecular Gripping Machinery. Chemistry 2019; 25:8440-8452. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana V. Milić
- Laboratory of Photonics and InterfacesÉcole Polytechnique Fédéralé de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - François Diederich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8010 Zurich Switzerland
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21
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Schröder HV, Witte F, Gaedke M, Sobottka S, Suntrup L, Hupatz H, Valkonen A, Paulus B, Rissanen K, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. An aryl-fused redox-active tetrathiafulvalene with enhanced mixed-valence and radical-cation dimer stabilities. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:2741-2747. [PMID: 29594290 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition of stable organic radicals is a relatively novel, but important structural binding motif in supramolecular chemistry. Here, we report on a redox-switchable veratrole-fused tetrathiafulvalene derivative VTTF which is ideally suited for this purpose and for the incorporation into stimuli-responsive systems. As revealed by electrochemistry, UV/Vis measurements, X-ray analysis, and electrocrystallisation, VTTF can be reversibly oxidised to the corresponding radical-cation or dication which shows optoelectronic and structural propterties similar to tetrathiafulvalene and tetrakis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalene. However, theoretical calculations, variable temperature EPR, and NIR spectroscopy indicate that the dispersion-driven binding in the mixed-valence dimer (VTTF2)˙+ (KMV = 69 M-1 in CH2Cl2) and the radical-cation dimer (VTTF˙+)2 (KRC = 38 M-1 in CH3CN) is significantly enhanced by the additional veratrole π-surface in comparison to pristine tetrathiafulvalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Correia HD, Chowdhury S, Ramos AP, Guy L, Demets GJ, Bucher C. Dynamic supramolecular polymers built from cucurbit[n]urils and viologens. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Dias Correia
- Escola Técnica Escola técnica estadual Ângelo Cavalheiro, Rua José Correia Filho 750 Serrana Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040‐901 Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Shagor Chowdhury
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie Lyon France
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040‐901 Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Laure Guy
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie Lyon France
| | - Grégoire Jean‐François Demets
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040‐901 Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie Lyon France
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23
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Abdul-Hassan WS, Roux D, Bucher C, Cobo S, Molton F, Saint-Aman E, Royal G. Redox-Triggered Folding of Self-Assembled Coordination Polymers incorporating Viologen Units. Chemistry 2018; 24:12961-12969. [PMID: 29907986 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the study of stimuli-responsive ZnII and FeII coordination polymers (MC34+ or MC24+ with M=Fe2+ or Zn2+ ). These soluble metallopolymers were formed spontaneously by reaction of an organic ligand (C34+ or C24+ ) with one molar equivalent of metal ions. The C34+ and C24+ ligands incorporate two chelating terpyridine groups bridged by a redox responsive hinge featuring two viologen units (viologen=N,N'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) linked either with propyl (C34+ ) or ethyl (C24+ ) chains. The viologen units in the polymer chains were reduced (1 e- per viologen group) either by bulk electrolysis or by visible-light irradiation carried out in the presence of a photosensitizer. The 1 e- reduction of the viologen units in the MC24+ polymers induced a slight decrease in the viscosity of the solutions due to a modification of the overall charge carried by the metallopolymers. In strong contrast, reduction of coordination polymers involving propyl linkers (MC34+ ) led to a remarkable increase (≈+400 %) in observed viscosity. This reversible effect was attributed to a folding of the polymer chains triggered by π-dimerization of the photo-generated viologen cation radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wathiq Sattar Abdul-Hassan
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 38400, Grenoble, France.,University of Thi-Qar, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, 64001, Nassiria, Iraq
| | - Denis Roux
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LRP, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Univ. Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Saioa Cobo
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 38400, Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Molton
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 38400, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Saint-Aman
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 38400, Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Royal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 38400, Grenoble, France
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24
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Lipke MC, Wu Y, Roy I, Wang Y, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Shuttling Rates, Electronic States, and Hysteresis in a Ring-in-Ring Rotaxane. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:362-371. [PMID: 29632882 PMCID: PMC5879476 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The trisradical recognition motif between a 4,4'-bipyridinium radical cation and a cyclo-bis-4,4'-bipyridinium diradical dication has been employed previously in rotaxanes to control their nanomechanical and electronic properties. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a redox-active ring-in-ring [2]rotaxane BBR·8PF6 that employs a tetraradical variant of this recognition motif. A square-shaped bis-4,4'-bipyridinium cyclophane is mechanically interlocked around the dumbbell component of this rotaxane, and the dumbbell itself incorporates a smaller bis-4,4'-bipyridinium cyclophane into its covalently bonded structure. This small cyclophane serves as a significant impediment to the shuttling of the larger ring across the dumbbell component of BBR8+ , whereas reduction to the tetraradical tetracationic state BBR4(+•) results in strong association of the two cyclophanes driven by two radical-pairing interactions. In these respects, BBR·8PF6 exhibits qualitatively similar behavior to its predecessors that interconvert between hexacationic and trisradical tricationic states. The rigid preorganization of two bipyridinium groups within the dumbbell of BBR·8PF6 confers, however, two distinct properties upon this rotaxane: (1) the rate of shuttling is reduced significantly relative to those of its predecessors, resulting in marked electrochemical hysteresis observed by cyclic voltammetry for switching between the BBR8+/BBR4(+•) states, and (2) the formally tetraradical form of the rotaxane, BBR4(+•) , exhibits a diamagnetic ground state, which, as a result of the slow shuttling motions within BBR4(+•) , has a long enough lifetime to be characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Lipke
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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25
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Talotta C, Caruso T, De Rosa M, Gaeta C, Soriente A, Neri P. Threading fluorescent calixarene-wheels with ammonium axles. Supramol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2018.1424852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Talotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Tonino Caruso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Margherita De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Annunziata Soriente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Placido Neri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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26
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27
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Pezzato C, Nguyen MT, Cheng C, Kim DJ, Otley MT, Stoddart JF. An efficient artificial molecular pump. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Nishinaga T, Sotome Y. Stable Radical Cations and Their π-Dimers Prepared from Ethylene- and Propylene-3,4-dioxythiophene Co-oligomers: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. J Org Chem 2017. [PMID: 28650158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Co-oligomers composed of two 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units and two or three 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) units, i.e., 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt, were newly synthesized together with the ProDOT trimer 3PMe. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry, the gaps between the first and second oxidation potentials (ΔE1-2) of 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt were found to be larger than that of the previously synthesized ProDOT tetramer 4PHex. These co-oligomers gave the fairly stable radical cations 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ by chemical oxidation with AgSbF6. The disproportionation of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ into neutral and dicationic species, which was observed for 4PHex•+, was inhibited in accord with the larger ΔE1-2. Additionally, the formation of the π-dimers (3PMe)22+, (2E2PEt)22+, and (2E3PE)22+ was clearly observed in dichloromethane solution at low temperatures with UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the π-dimerization enthalpies of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ were greater than that of 3PMe•+, suggesting the formation of fully π-contacted structures. The structures of the π-dimers were optimized at the B97D3 method, and the calculated absorption spectra of the π-dimers obtained using TD-DFT methods were in reasonable agreement with the observed ones, supporting the reliability of the calculated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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29
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Vukotic VN, Zhu K, Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Optical Distinction between "Slow" and "Fast" Translational Motion in Degenerate Molecular Shuttles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6136-6141. [PMID: 28145633 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of six [2]rotaxane molecular shuttles was designed which contain an axle with a benzo-bis(imidazole) core (in either a neutral or dicationic form) and a single 24-membered, crown ether wheel (24C6, B24C6, or DMB24C6), and the shuttling rates of the ring along the axle were determined. The charged versions showed much slower shuttling rates as a result of the increase in noncovalent interactions between the axle and wheel. The [2]rotaxane with a B24C6 wheel shows a difference in fluorescence between the charged and neutral species, while the [2]rotaxane with a DMB24C6 wheel exhibits a difference in color between the charged and neutral compounds. These changes in optical properties can be attributed to the structural differences in the co-conformations of the [2]rotaxane as they adapt to the changes in acid/base chemistry. This allowed the relative rate of the translational motion of a molecular shuttle to be determined by observation of a simple optical probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nicholas Vukotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P.R. China
| | - Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Stephen J Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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30
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Vukotic VN, Zhu K, Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Optical Distinction between “Slow” and “Fast” Translational Motion in Degenerate Molecular Shuttles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Nicholas Vukotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
| | - Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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31
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Salcedo R, Monroy O, Ruiz-Espinoza A, Fomina L. Simulation of [2]rotaxane and [2]catenane compounds containing fullerene fragments. Influence of the fullerene moiety. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Kristensen R, Andersen SS, Olsen G, Jeppesen JO. Probing the Role of Glycol Chain Lengths in π-Donor–Acceptor [2]Pseudorotaxanes Based on Monopyrrolo-Tetrathiafulvalene and Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). J Org Chem 2017; 82:1371-1379. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kristensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sissel S. Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Olsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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33
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Gangopadhyay M, Maity A, Dey A, Das A. [2]Pseudorotaxane Formation with FRET Based Luminescence Response: Demonstration of Boolean Operations through Self-Sorting on Solid Surface. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8977-8987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Gangopadhyay
- Organic
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi
Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Arunava Maity
- Organic
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi
Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Ananta Dey
- Organic
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi
Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Organic
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi
Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar,Gujarat 364002, India
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34
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Fernando IR, Frasconi M, Wu Y, Liu WG, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Sliding-Ring Catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10214-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isurika R. Fernando
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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35
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Milić J, Zalibera M, Pochorovski I, Trapp N, Nomrowski J, Neshchadin D, Ruhlmann L, Boudon C, Wenger OS, Savitsky A, Lubitz W, Gescheidt G, Diederich F. Paramagnetic Molecular Grippers: The Elements of Six-State Redox Switches. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2470-2477. [PMID: 27300355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of semiquinone-based resorcin[4]arene cavitands expands the toolbox of switchable molecular grippers by introducing the first paramagnetic representatives. The semiquinone (SQ) states were generated electrochemically, chemically, and photochemically. We analyzed their electronic, conformational, and binding properties by cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectroelectrochemistry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and transient absorption spectroscopy, in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The utility of UV/vis spectroelectrochemistry and EPR spectroscopy in evaluating the conformational features of resorcin[4]arene cavitands is demonstrated. Guest binding properties were found to be enhanced in the SQ state as compared to the quinone (Q) or the hydroquinone (HQ) states of the cavitands. Thus, these paramagnetic SQ intermediates open the way to six-state redox switches provided by two conformations (open and closed) in three redox states (Q, SQ, and HQ) possessing distinct binding ability. The switchable magnetic properties of these molecular grippers and their responsiveness to electrical stimuli has the potential for development of efficient molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Milić
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Pochorovski
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Nomrowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9/Z2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire d'Électrochimie et Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Boudon
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire d'Électrochimie et Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9/Z2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Everhart SC, Jayasundara UK, Kim H, Procúpez-Schtirbu R, Stanbery WA, Mishler CH, Frost BJ, Cline JI, Bell TW. Synthesis and Photoisomerization of Substituted Dibenzofulvene Molecular Rotors. Chemistry 2016; 22:11291-302. [PMID: 27363530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, spectral and structural characterization, and photoisomerization of a family of 2-substituted dibenzofulvene molecular actuators based on (2,2,2-triphenylethylidene)fluorene (TEF) are reported. The 2-substituted species investigated are nitro (NTEF), cyano (CTEF), and iodo (ITEF). X-ray structures of these three compounds and three intermediates were determined to assign alkene configuration and investigate the effects of the 2-substituents on steric gearing. The addition-elimination reaction of Z-9 with trityl anion to form Z-10 proceeded with complete retention of configuration. Rates of photoisomerization were measured at irradiation wavelengths between 266-355 nm in acetonitrile/dioxane solutions at room temperature. Photoisomerization quantum yields (φ) were calculated by means of a mathematical model that accounts for a certain degree of photodecomposition in the cases of CTEF and ITEF. Quantum yields vary significantly with substituent, having maximum values of φ=0.26 for NTEF, 0.39 for CTEF, and 0.50 for ITEF. NTEF is photochemically robust and has a large quantum yield for photoisomerization in the near-UV, making it a particularly promising drive rotor moiety for light-powered molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Everhart
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Udaya K Jayasundara
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - HyunJong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Rolando Procúpez-Schtirbu
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA.,Coordinador Sección Química General, Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Wayne A Stanbery
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Clay H Mishler
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Brian J Frost
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Joseph I Cline
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Thomas W Bell
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA.
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37
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Cheng C, Cheng T, Xiao H, Krzyaniak MD, Wang Y, McGonigal PR, Frasconi M, Barnes JC, Fahrenbach AC, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Influence of Constitution and Charge on Radical Pairing Interactions in Tris-radical Tricationic Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8288-300. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tao Cheng
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hai Xiao
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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38
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Wang Y, Frasconi M, Liu WG, Sun J, Wu Y, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Goddard WA, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Oligorotaxane Radicals under Orders. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:89-98. [PMID: 27163033 PMCID: PMC4827492 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for creating foldameric oligorotaxanes composed of only positively charged components is reported. Threadlike components-namely oligoviologens-in which different numbers of 4,4'-bipyridinium (BIPY(2+)) subunits are linked by p-xylylene bridges, are shown to be capable of being threaded by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) rings following the introduction of radical-pairing interactions under reducing conditions. UV/vis/NIR spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations suggest that the reduced oligopseudorotaxanes fold into highly ordered secondary structures as a result of the formation of BIPY(•+) radical cation pairs. Furthermore, by installing bulky stoppers at each end of the oligopseudorotaxanes by means of Cu-free alkyne-azide cycloadditions, their analogous oligorotaxanes, which retain the same stoichiometries as their progenitors, can be prepared. Solution-state studies of the oligorotaxanes indicate that their mechanically interlocked structures lead to the enforced interactions between the dumbbell and ring components, allowing them to fold (contract) in their reduced states and unfold (expand) in their fully oxidized states as a result of Coulombic repulsions. This electrochemically controlled reversible folding and unfolding process, during which the oligorotaxanes experience length contractions and expansions, is reminiscent of the mechanisms of actuation associated with muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Junling Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, KSA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, KSA
- University
Research Office, Intel Corporation, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission
College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 United States.
Tel: (+1)-847-491-3793. E-mail:
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39
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Yeniad B, Ryskulova K, Fournier D, Lyskawa J, Cooke G, Woisel P, Hoogenboom R. Complexation of thermoresponsive dialkoxynaphthalene end-functionalized poly(oligoethylene glycol acrylate)s with CBPQT4+in water. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00303f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Huo P, Xue LJ, Li YH, Chen T, Yu L, Zhu QY, Dai J. Effects of alkyl chain length on film morphologies and photocurrent responses of tetrathiafulvalene-bipyridinium charge-transfer salts: a study in terms of structures. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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41
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Zhan TG, Zhou TY, Lin F, Zhang L, Zhou C, Qi QY, Li ZT, Zhao X. Supramolecular radical polymers self-assembled from the stacking of radical cations of rod-like viologen di- and trimers. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00298f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of π-conjugated oligomeric viologens have been synthesized, from which supramolecular radical polymers were constructed through the stacking of their radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Guang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Tian-You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Cen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qiao-Yan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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42
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Wang WK, Xu ZY, Zhang YC, Wang H, Zhang DW, Liu Y, Li ZT. A tristable [2]rotaxane that is doubly gated by foldamer and azobenzene kinetic barriers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7490-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02110g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonded foldamer and azobenzene units have been incorporated into a donor–acceptor-type [2]rotaxane to assemble a doubly gated switching system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Zi-Yue Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yun-Chang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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43
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Viologen embedded polyaromatic hydrocarbons (VPAH2+): synthesis, computational, photophysical, and electrochemical characterizations of 3,8-diazaphenanthrenyl viologens. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Yang YD, Fan CC, Rambo BM, Gong HY, Xu LJ, Xiang JF, Sessler JL. Multicomponent Self-Assembled Metal–Organic [3]Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12966-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Yang
- College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwaidajie 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Cai Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Zhongguanchundajie 59, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Brett M. Rambo
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th
Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwaidajie 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jin Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Zhongguanchundajie 59, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Feng Xiang
- Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguanchunbeiyijie 2, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th
Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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45
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Yamada Y, Hiraga K, Tanaka K. Metal-induced dynamic conformational and fluorescence switch of quinone-appended Zn-porphyrin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have designed and synthesized a novel switching molecule whose fluorescence can be switched via dynamic conformational change between expanded and shrunk states induced by metal complexation and decomplexation. The switching molecule is composed of three kinds of components, namely, a Zn 2+-porphyrin fluorophore, two quinone quenchers, and their linkers containing a 4,4′-bipyridine moiety. UV-vis and fluorescence titration studies revealed that metal complexation of the bipyridine units with Zn 2+ ions induced the dynamic structural change of the molecular shape and simultaneous enhancement of fluorescence of the Zn 2+-porphyrin fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Research Institute of Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hiraga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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46
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Tang F, Cao R, Gong HY. Aromatic plane effect study in pseudorotaxane construction between ‘Texas-sized’ molecular box and carboxylate anions. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Zhang YC, Zhou Y, Li ZT, Zhang DW. Stacking of hydrazone-bridged linear tetrathiafulvalene radical cations. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Gong HY, Tang F, Rambo BM, Cao R, Xiang JF, Sessler JL. Aromatic sulfonate anion-induced pseudorotaxanes: environmentally benign synthesis, selectivity, and structural characterization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1795-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08284b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic sulfonates allow the effective construction of anion-containing pseudorotaxanes from a tetracationic macrocycle known as the “Texas box” in organic media and under organic-free aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University Beijing
- Xinjiekouwaidajie 19
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China Beijing
- Zhongguanchundajie 59
- P. R. China
| | - Brett M. Rambo
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin 105 E
- Austin
- USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China Beijing
- Zhongguanchundajie 59
- P. R. China
| | - Jun-Feng Xiang
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing
- Zhongguanchunbeiyijie 2
- P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing
- Zhongguanchunbeiyijie 2
- P. R. China
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49
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Wang Q, Cheng M, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Jiang J, Wang L, Pan Y. Redox-switchable host–guest systems based on a bisthiotetrathiafulvalene-bridged cryptand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15585-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Witus LS, Hartlieb KJ, Wang Y, Prokofjevs A, Frasconi M, Barnes JC, Dale EJ, Fahrenbach AC, Stoddart JF. Relative contractile motion of the rings in a switchable palindromic [3]rotaxane in aqueous solution driven by radical-pairing interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6089-93. [PMID: 25010832 PMCID: PMC4110165 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01228c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are an essential component for the development of next-generation prosthetic devices, minimally invasive surgical tools, and robotics. This communication describes the design, synthesis, and characterisation of a mechanically interlocked molecule (MIM), capable of switchable and reversible linear molecular motion in aqueous solution that mimics muscular contraction and extension. Compatibility with aqueous solution was achieved in the doubly bistable palindromic [3]rotaxane design by using radical-based molecular recognition as the driving force to induce switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Witus
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
| | - Aleksandrs Prokofjevs
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | - Edward J. Dale
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Department of Molecular Biology , and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , USA
- Earth-Life Science Institute , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
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