1
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Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. Intermediate Intercluster Bond Orders. Electronic Communication in Au 38(SR) 24 Superatomic Molecules. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400183. [PMID: 38831496 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-protected gold clusters remain potential building blocks for envisaged molecular materials. The archetypal Au38(SR)24 cluster can be viewed as a robust template for the fusion of two Au25(SR)18 - cluster units, retaining a bi-icosahedral Au23 core. Via electrochemical properties, the overall charge state can be selectively tuned, enabling the access of 14 valence electron (ve) species featuring a single intercluster bond and nearby charge from -1 to +3, achieving related species bearing 15- to 11-ve with variable intercluster bond orders. Here, we explore the characteristics of intermediate intercluster bond orders in order to provide insights into the plausible electron communication between the constituent building blocks, with Au38(SR)24, as a representative template. Our results denote a small structural variation along -1 to +3 charge states, provided by the core-protecting ligand interaction, which is enhanced towards more oxidized species. The remaining unpaired electron from intermediate intercluster bond orders of 1.5 for Au38(SR)24 1-, 1.5 for Au38(SR)24 1+, and 2.5 for Au38(SR)24 3+, holds delocalized characteristics between the building block units, favoring electron communication for conductive and cooperative cluster aggregates. Such features are relevant for the formation of molecular electronic device applications, favoring the rationalization prior to engaging in explorative synthesis of larger ligand-protected cluster aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile
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2
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Zheng P, Wang S, Zhao H, Li Q, Yang S, Chai J, Zhu M. Observation of a Novel Interligand Chiral Arrangement in Metal Nanoclusters and Its Implication in Resisting Racemization. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2401215. [PMID: 39246192 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Given the scientifically significant importance of studying the chirality of clusters, the challenges of synthesizing chiral clusters are progressively surmounted. However, the racemization of clusters is unavoidable, and it limits the development of their follow-on chiral applications. To address this issue, chiral thiols are synthesized and used for the construction of high-stability optically pure nanoclusters in this work. As a result, a pair of chiral nanoclusters, Au24Cd2(SR)14, is obtained with excellent stability under thermal, acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, and reducing environments. Unexpectedly, it can also maintain its optical activity with the introduction of Cu2+ ions and chiral ligand with opposite configuration. Structural relationship analysis indicates that the excellent stability is mainly dependent on the hierarchical assembly of the nanoclusters, in which the chiral assembly of chiral ligands (a new pattern of chiral arrangement of intramolecular ligands on the surface of clusters) may be a key factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisen Zheng
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Qinzhen Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Jinsong Chai
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
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3
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Li S, Li NN, Dong XY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Chemical Flexibility of Atomically Precise Metal Clusters. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7262-7378. [PMID: 38696258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-protected metal clusters possess hybrid properties that seamlessly combine an inorganic core with an organic ligand shell, imparting them exceptional chemical flexibility and unlocking remarkable application potential in diverse fields. Leveraging chemical flexibility to expand the library of available materials and stimulate the development of new functionalities is becoming an increasingly pressing requirement. This Review focuses on the origin of chemical flexibility from the structural analysis, including intra-cluster bonding, inter-cluster interactions, cluster-environments interactions, metal-to-ligand ratios, and thermodynamic effects. In the introduction, we briefly outline the development of metal clusters and explain the differences and commonalities of M(I)/M(I/0) coinage metal clusters. Additionally, we distinguish the bonding characteristics of metal atoms in the inorganic core, which give rise to their distinct chemical flexibility. Section 2 delves into the structural analysis, bonding categories, and thermodynamic theories related to metal clusters. In the following sections 3 to 7, we primarily elucidate the mechanisms that trigger chemical flexibility, the dynamic processes in transformation, the resultant alterations in structure, and the ensuing modifications in physical-chemical properties. Section 8 presents the notable applications that have emerged from utilizing metal clusters and their assemblies. Finally, in section 9, we discuss future challenges and opportunities within this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na-Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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4
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Zhou Y, Gu W, Wang R, Zhu W, Hu Z, Fei W, Zhuang S, Li J, Deng H, Xia N, He J, Wu Z. Controlled Sequential Doping of Metal Nanocluster. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2226-2233. [PMID: 38251911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise doping of metal nanoclusters provides excellent opportunities not only for subtly tailoring their properties but also for in-depth understanding of composition (structure)-property correlation of metal nanoclusters and has attracted increasing interest partly due to its significance for fundamental research and practical applications. Although single and multiple metal atom doping of metal nanoclusters (NCs) has been achieved, sequential single-to-multiple metal atom doping is still a big challenge and has not yet been reported. Herein, by introducing a second ligand, a novel multistep synthesis method was developed, controlled sequential single-to-multiple metal atom doping was successfully achieved for the first time, and three doped NCs Au25Cd1(p-MBT)17(PPh3)2, Au18Cd2(p-MBT)14(PPh3)2, and [Au19Cd3(p-MBT)18]- (p-MBTH: para-methylbenzenethiol) were obtained, including two novel NCs that were precisely characterized via mass spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and so forth. Furthermore, sequential doping-induced evolutions in the atomic and crystallographic structures and optical and catalytic properties of NCs were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wanmiao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Zhu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Fei
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Shengli Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang B, Xia C, Hu J, Sheng H, Zhu M. Structure control and evolution of atomically precise gold clusters as heterogeneous precatalysts. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1526-1538. [PMID: 38168796 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal clusters have distinct features from single atom and nanoparticle (>1 nm) catalysts, making them effective catalysts for various heterogeneous reactions. Nevertheless, the ambiguity and complexity of the catalyst structure preclude in-depth mechanistic studies. The evolution of metal species during synthesis and reaction processes represents another challenge. One effective solution is to precisely control the structure of the metal cluster, thus offering a well-defined pre-catalyst. The well-defined chemical formula and configurations make atomically precise metal nanoclusters optimal choices. To fabricate an atomically precise metal nanocluster-based heterogeneous catalyst with enhanced performance, careful structural design of both the nanocluster and support material, an effective assembling technique, and a pre-treatment method for these hybrids need to be developed. In this review, we summarize recent advances in in the development of heterogeneous catalysts using atomically precise gold and alloy gold nanoclusters as precursors. We will begin with a brief introduction to the structural properties of atomically precise nanoclusters and structure determination of cluster/support hybrids. We will then introduce heterogeneous catalysts prepared from medium size (tens to hundreds of metal atoms) and low nuclearity nanoclusters. We will illustrate how ligand modification, support-cluster interaction, hybrid fabrication, and heteroatom (Pt, Pd Ag, Cu, Cd, Fe) introduction affect the structural properties and pretreatment/reaction-induced structural evolution of gold nanocluster pre-catalysts. Lastly, we will highlight the synthetic method of NCs@MOF hybrids and their effectiveness in circumventing the adverse cluster structural evolution. These findings are expected to shed light on the structure-activity relationship studies and future catalyst design strategies using atomically precise metal nanocluster pre-catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Chengcheng Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Hongting Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
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6
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Peng SK, Yang H, Luo D, Ning GH, Li D. A Highly NIR Emissive Cu 16 Pd 1 Nanocluster. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2306863. [PMID: 37963848 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The construction of stable copper nanoclusters (Cu-NCs) with near-infrared (NIR) emission that can be used for catalysis is highly desired, yet remains a challenge. Herein, an atomically precise bimetallic Cu/Pd NC with a molecular formula of Cu16 Pd1 L10 (PPh3 )2 (Pz)6 (Pz = 3,5-(CF3 )2 Pyrazolate, L = 4-CH3 OPhC≡C- ), abbreviated as Cu16 Pd1 , is synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of Cu16 Pd1 reveals a Cu10 Pd1 kernel with pseudo-gyroelongated square bipyramid confirmation surrounded by other 6 Cu(I) ions and protected ligands. Interestingly, it exhibits strong NIR emission with the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) among all the Cu NCs/Cu alloys (λem > 800 nm) in the solid-state, and also displays NIR emission in solution. Experimental results and theoretical calculations suggest that the impressive NIR emission is attributed to abundant supramolecular interactions in the solid-state, including intramolecular metal-metal and intermolecular interactions. Of note, the bimetallic Cu16 Pd1 can catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. This work provides a novel method for synthesizing Cu/Pd NCs and reminds that the less studied Cu/Pd NC can serve as outstanding luminescent material, which is seldom noticed in atomically precise nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kao Peng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science and, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science and, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science and, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Hong Ning
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science and, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science and, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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7
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Truttmann V, Loxha A, Banu R, Pittenauer E, Malola S, Matus MF, Wang Y, Ploetz EA, Rupprechter G, Bürgi T, Häkkinen H, Aikens C, Barrabés N. Directing Intrinsic Chirality in Gold Nanoclusters: Preferential Formation of Stable Enantiopure Clusters in High Yield and Experimentally Unveiling the "Super" Chirality of Au 144. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20376-20386. [PMID: 37805942 PMCID: PMC10604085 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Chiral gold nanoclusters offer significant potential for exploring chirality at a fundamental level and for exploiting their applications in sensing and catalysis. However, their widespread use is impeded by low yields in synthesis, tedious separation procedures of their enantiomeric forms, and limited thermal stability. In this study, we investigated the direct synthesis of enantiopure chiral nanoclusters using the chiral ligand 2-MeBuSH in the fabrication of Au25, Au38, and Au144 nanoclusters. Notably, this approach leads to the unexpected formation of intrinsically chiral clusters with high yields for chiral Au38 and Au144 nanoclusters. Experimental evaluation of chiral activity by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy corroborates previous theoretical calculations, highlighting the stronger CD signal exhibited by Au144 compared to Au38 or Au25. Furthermore, the formation of a single enantiomeric form is experimentally confirmed by comparing it with intrinsically chiral Au38(2-PET)24 (2-PET: 2-phenylethanethiol) and is supported theoretically for both Au38 and Au144. Moreover, the prepared chiral clusters show stability against diastereoisomerization, up to temperatures of 80 °C. Thus, our findings not only demonstrate the selective preparation of enantiopure, intrinsically chiral, and highly stable thiolate-protected Au nanoclusters through careful ligand design but also support the predicted "super" chirality in the Au144 cluster, encompassing hierarchical chirality in ligands, staple configuration, and core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Truttmann
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E165, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adea Loxha
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E165, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rareş Banu
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E165, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Pittenauer
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt
9/E164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments
of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - María Francisca Matus
- Departments
of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Ploetz
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
of America
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E165, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments
of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Christine Aikens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
of America
| | - Noelia Barrabés
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E165, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Fujiki Y, Matsuyama T, Kikkawa S, Hirayama J, Takaya H, Nakatani N, Yasuda N, Nitta K, Negishi Y, Yamazoe S. Counteranion-induced structural isomerization of phosphine-protected PdAu 8 and PtAu 8 clusters. Commun Chem 2023; 6:129. [PMID: 37340116 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the geometric structures of metal clusters through structural isomerization allows for tuning of their electronic state. In this study, we successfully synthesized butterfly-motif [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PdAu8-B, B means butterfly-motif) and [PtAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PtAu8-B) by the structural isomerization from crown-motif [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PdAu8-C, C means crown-motif) and [PtAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PtAu8-C), induced by association with anionic polyoxometalate, [Mo6O19]2- (Mo6) respectively, whereas their structural isomerization was suppressed by the use of [NO3]- and [PMo12O40]3- as counter anions. DR-UV-vis-NIR and XAFS analyses and density functional theory calculations revealed that the synthesized [PdAu8(PPh3)8][Mo6O19] (PdAu8-Mo6) and [PtAu8(PPh3)8][Mo6O19] (PtAu8-Mo6) had PdAu8-B and PtAu8-B respectively because PdAu8-Mo6 and PtAu8-Mo6 had bands in optical absorption at the longer wavelength region and different structural parameters characteristic of the butterfly-motif structure obtained by XAFS analysis. Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that PdAu8-B and PtAu8-B were surrounded by six Mo6 with rock salt-type packing, which stabilizes the semi-stable butterfly-motif structure to overcome high activation energy for structural isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujiki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Soichi Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- Department of Life & Health Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senjyusakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 120-0045, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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9
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Liu Z, Tan H, Li B, Hu Z, Jiang DE, Yao Q, Wang L, Xie J. Ligand effect on switching the rate-determining step of water oxidation in atomically precise metal nanoclusters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3374. [PMID: 37291124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ligand effects of atomically precise metal nanoclusters on electrocatalysis kinetics have been rarely revealed. Herein, we employ atomically precise Au25 nanoclusters with different ligands (i.e., para-mercaptobenzoic acid, 6-mercaptohexanoic acid, and homocysteine) as paradigm electrocatalysts to demonstrate oxygen evolution reaction rate-determining step switching through ligand engineering. Au25 nanoclusters capped by para-mercaptobenzoic acid exhibit a better performance with nearly 4 times higher than that of Au25 NCs capped by other two ligands. We deduce that para-mercaptobenzoic acid with a stronger electron-withdrawing ability establishes more partial positive charges on Au(I) (i.e., active sites) for facilitating feasible adsorption of OH- in alkaline media. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and theoretical study indicate a profound electron transfer from Au(I) to para-mercaptobenzoic acid. The Tafel slope and in situ Raman spectroscopy suggest different ligands trigger different rate-determining step for these Au25 nanoclusters. The mechanistic insights reported here can add to the acceptance of atomically precise metal nanoclusters as effective electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Liu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350207, PR China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Hua Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Zehua Hu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350207, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Jianping Xie
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350207, PR China.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
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10
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Horita Y, Ishimi M, Negishi Y. Anion-templated silver nanoclusters: precise synthesis and geometric structure. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2203832. [PMID: 37251258 PMCID: PMC10215029 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2203832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are gaining much attention in nanoscale materials research because they exhibit size-specific physicochemical properties that are not observed in the corresponding bulk metals. Among them, silver (Ag) NCs can be precisely synthesized not only as pure Ag NCs but also as anion-templated Ag NCs. For anion-templated Ag NCs, we can expect the following capabilities: 1) size and shape control by regulating the central anion (anion template); 2) stabilization by adjusting the charge interaction between the central anion and surrounding Ag atoms; and 3) functionalization by selecting the type of central anion. In this review, we summarize the synthesis methods and influences of the central anion on the geometric structure of anion-templated Ag NCs, which include halide ions, chalcogenide ions, oxoanions, polyoxometalate, or hydride/deuteride as the central anion. This summary provides a reference for the current state of anion-templated Ag NCs, which may promote the development of anion-templated Ag NCs with novel geometric structures and physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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11
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Deng G, Lee K, Deng H, Malola S, Bootharaju MS, Häkkinen H, Zheng N, Hyeon T. Alkynyl-Protected Chiral Bimetallic Ag 22 Cu 7 Superatom with Multiple Chirality Origins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217483. [PMID: 36581588 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of chirality in the nanostructured materials is essential for chiroptical and catalytic applications. Here we report a chiral AgCu superatomic cluster, [Ag22 Cu7 (C≡CR)16 (PPh3 )5 Cl6 ](PPh4 ), Ag22 Cu7 , protected by an achiral alkynyl ligand (HC≡CR: 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetylene). Its crystal structure comprises a rare interpenetrating biicosahedral Ag17 Cu2 core, which is stabilized by four different types of motifs: one Cu(C≡CR)2 , four -C≡CR, two chlorides and one helical Ag5 Cu4 (C≡CR)10 (PPh3 )5 Cl4 . Structural analysis reveals that Ag22 Cu7 exhibits multiple chirality origins, including the metal core, the metal-ligand interface and the ligand layer. Furthermore, the circular dichroism spectra of R/S-Ag22 Cu7 are obtained by employing appropriate chiral molecules as optical enrichment agents. DFT calculations show that Ag22 Cu7 is an eight-electron superatom, confirm that the cluster is chirally active, and help to analyze the origins of the circular dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Deng
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangjae Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongwen Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Monti M, Brancolini G, Coccia E, Toffoli D, Fortunelli A, Corni S, Aschi M, Stener M. The Conformational Dynamics of the Ligands Determines the Electronic Circular Dichroism of the Chiral Au 38(SC 2H 4Ph) 24 Cluster. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1941-1948. [PMID: 36787099 PMCID: PMC9940292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effects of the conformational dynamics of 2-PET protective ligands on the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) of the chiral Au38(SC2H4Ph)24 cluster are investigated. We adopt a computational protocol in which ECD spectra are calculated via the first principle polTDDFT approach on a series of conformations extracted from MD simulations by using Essential Dynamics (ED) analysis, and then properly weighted to predict the final spectrum. We find that the experimental spectral features are well reproduced, whereas significant discrepancies arise when the spectrum is calculated using the experimental X-ray structure. This result unambiguously demonstrates the need to account for the conformational effects in the ECD modeling of chiral nanoclusters. The present procedure proved to be able of capturing the essential conformational features of the dynamic Au38(SC2H4Ph)24 system, opening the possibility to model the ECD of soluble chiral nanoclusters in a realistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Monti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università
di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Brancolini
- Istituto
Nanoscienze, CNR-NANO, Center S3, Via G. Campi 213/A, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - E. Coccia
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università
di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Toffoli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università
di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - A. Fortunelli
- CNR-ICCOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Corni
- Istituto
Nanoscienze, CNR-NANO, Center S3, Via G. Campi 213/A, 41100 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Aschi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università
dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, l’Aquila, Italy
| | - M. Stener
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università
di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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13
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Shan H, Shi J, Chen T, Cao Y, Yao Q, An H, Yang Z, Wu Z, Jiang Z, Xie J. Modulating Catalytic Activity and Stability of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters as Peroxidase Mimics via Ligand Engineering. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2368-2377. [PMID: 36723080 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs), composed of a metal core and protecting ligands, show promising potentials as enzyme mimics for producing fuels, pharmaceuticals, and valuable chemicals, etc. Herein, we explore the critical role of ligands in modulating the peroxidase mimic activity and stability of Au NCs. A series of Au15(SR)13 NCs with various thiolate ligands [SR = N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), or 3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid (MMPA)] are utilized as model catalysts. It is found that Au15(NAC)13 shows higher structural stability than Au15(MMPA)13 and Au15(MPA)13 against external stimuli (e.g., pH, oxidants, and temperature) because of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds. More importantly, detailed enzymatic kinetics data show that the catalytic activity of Au15(NAC)13 is about 4.3 and 2.7 times higher than the catalytic activity of Au15(MMPA)13 and Au15(MPA)13, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the Au atoms on the motif of Au NCs should be the active centers, whereas the superior peroxidase mimic activity of Au15(NAC)13 should originate from the emptier orbitals of Au atoms because of the electron-withdrawing effect of acetyl amino group in NAC. This work demonstrates the ligand-engineered electronic structure and functionality of atomically precise metal NCs, which afford molecular and atomic level insights for artificial enzyme design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Shan
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou350207, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117585, Singapore
| | - Jiafu Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10090, China
| | - Tiankai Chen
- School Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Yitao Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117585, Singapore
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou350207, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117585, Singapore
| | - Hua An
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou350207, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117585, Singapore
| | - Zhucheng Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou350207, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117585, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou350207, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin300072, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou350207, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117585, Singapore
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14
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Supercrystal engineering of atomically precise gold nanoparticles promoted by surface dynamics. Nat Chem 2023; 15:230-239. [PMID: 36357788 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The controllable packing of functional nanoparticles (NPs) into crystalline lattices is of interest in the development of NP-based materials. Here we demonstrate that the size, morphology and symmetry of such supercrystals can be tailored by adjusting the surface dynamics of their constituent NPs. In the presence of excess tetraethylammonium cations, atomically precise [Au25(SR)18]- NPs (where SR is a thiolate ligand) can be crystallized into micrometre-sized hexagonal rod-like supercrystals, rather than as face-centred-cubic superlattices otherwise. Experimental characterization supported by theoretical modelling shows that the rod-like crystals consist of polymeric chains in which Au25 NPs are held together by a linear SR-[Au(I)-SR]4 interparticle linker. This linker is formed by conjugation of two dynamically detached SR-[Au(I)-SR]2 protecting motifs from adjacent Au25 particles, and is stabilized by a combination of CH⋯π and ion-pairing interactions between tetraethylammonium cations and SR ligands. The symmetry, morphology and size of the resulting supercrystals can be systematically tuned by changing the concentration and type of the tetraalkylammonium cations.
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15
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Lin Y, Cao Y, Yao Q, Xie J. Revealing the composition-dependent structural evolution fundamentals of bimetallic nanoparticles through an inter-particle alloying reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4598-4607. [PMID: 35656137 PMCID: PMC9020180 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloy nanoparticles represent one of the most important metal materials, finding increasing applications in diverse fields of catalysis, biomedicine, and nano-optics. However, the structural evolution of bimetallic nanoparticles in their full composition spectrum has been rarely explored at the molecular and atomic levels, imparting inherent difficulties to establish a reliable structure-property relationship in practical applications. Here, through an inter-particle reaction between [Au44(SR)26]2- and [Ag44(SR)30]4- nanoparticles or nanoclusters (NCs), which possess the same number of metal atoms, but different atomic packing structures, we reveal the composition-dependent structural evolution of alloy NCs in the alloying process at the molecular and atomic levels. In particular, an inter-cluster reaction can produce three sets of Au x Ag44-x NCs in a wide composition range, and the structure of Au x Ag44-x NCs evolves from Ag-rich [Au x Ag44-x (SR)30]4- (x = 1-12), to evenly mixed [Au x Ag44-x (SR)27]3- (x = 19-24), and finally to Au-rich [Au x Ag44-x (SR)26]2- (x = 40-43) NCs, with the increase of the Au/Ag atomic ratio in the NC composition. In addition, leveraging on real-time electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), we reveal the different inter-cluster reaction mechanisms for the alloying process in the sub-3-nm regime, including partial decomposition-reconstruction and metal exchange reactions. The molecular-level inter-cluster reaction demonstrated in this study provides a fine chemistry to customize the composition and structure of bimetallic NCs in their full alloy composition spectrum, which will greatly increase the acceptance of bimetallic NCs in both basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Lin
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Yitao Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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16
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Wang Y, Bürgi T. Evidence for stereoelectronic effects in ligand exchange reactions on Au 25 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2456-2464. [PMID: 35099491 PMCID: PMC8830761 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07602g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ligand exchange reaction (LER) is an important post-synthesis strategy and has been studied widely. The mechanism of this dynamic process for gold nanoclusters proved to be associative (SN2). Many factors affect the LER of clusters, including stability, solubility, chirality, electronic properties and so on. Some of these factors are not well understood and need further exploration. Here, we use a chiral fluoro-substituted ligand (R)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octafluoro-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-2,2'-dithiol (8F-R-BINAS) to investigate the stereoelectronic and stereospecific effects during LER on achiral Au25 cluster. It is demonstrated that the fluorine-substituted BINAS significantly decreases the LER reactivity both at the molecule and the related cluster level. The stereoelectronic effect is global and can be transmitted to the cluster surface. In contrast, the stereospecific effect is marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. thomas.buergi@unige
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. thomas.buergi@unige
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17
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Yuan JW, Zhang MM, Dong XY, Zang SQ. Master key to coinage metal nanoclusters treasure chest: 38-metal clusters. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1538-1565. [PMID: 35060593 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters with specific chemical compositions have become a popular research topic due to their precise structures, attractive properties, and wide range of applications in various fields. Currently, among more than 100 reported metal nanoclusters with precise formulas, 38-atom coinage metal nanoclusters stand out due to their unique structural diversities, such as face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) arrangements. Among them, the formation of the metal cores includes vertex-sharing, face-fusion, and FCC cubes fusion. Due to their geometrical features, 38-atom coinage metal nanoclusters exhibit attractive properties, making them an ideal model for exploring structure-property relationships. Therefore, 38-atom coinage metal nanoclusters are a universal key to the treasure trove of nanoclusters, which can open almost all fields and are of great research significance. This paper focuses on the structure of 38-atom coinage metal nanoclusters and reviews the preparation and crystallization methods, excellent properties, and practical applications. Finally, future research prospects and development opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wang Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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18
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Deng H, Li X, Yan X, Jin S, Zhu M. Regulation of Surface Structure of [Au9Ag12(SAdm)4(Dppm)6Cl6](SbF6)3 Nanocluster via Alloying. Front Chem 2022; 9:793339. [PMID: 35141202 PMCID: PMC8819595 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.793339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring of specific sites on the nanocluster surface can tailor the properties of nanoclusters at the atomic level, for the in-depth understanding of structure and property relationship. In this work, we explore the regulation of surface structure of [Au9Ag12(SAdm)4(Dppm)6Cl6](SbF6)3 nanocluster via alloying. We successfully obtained the well-determined tri-metal [Au9Ag8@Cu4(SAdm)4(Dppm)6Cl6](SbF6)3 by the reaction of [Au9Ag12(SAdm)4(Dppm)6Cl6](SbF6)3 with the CuI(SAdm) complex precursor. X-ray crystallography identifies that the Cu dopants prioritily replace the position of the silver capped by Dppm ligand in the motif. The Cu doping has affected the optical properties of Au9Ag12 alloy nanocluster. DPV spectra, CD spectra and stability tests suggest that the regulation of surface structure via Cu alloying changes the electronic structure, thereby affecting the electrochemical properties, which provides insight into the regulation of surface structure of [Au9Ag12(SAdm)4(Dppm)6Cl6](SbF6)3via alloying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxun Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Shan Jin, ; Manzhou Zhu,
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Shan Jin, ; Manzhou Zhu,
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19
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Brocha Silalahi RP, Chiu TH, Kao JH, Wu CY, Yin CW, Liu YC, Chen YJ, Saillard JY, Chiang MH, Liu CW. Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Two-Electron Bimetallic Cu-Ag and Cu-Au Nanoclusters via Copper Hydride Precursors. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10799-10807. [PMID: 34236845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structural characteristics, and photophysical properties of luminescent Cu-rich bimetallic superatomic clusters [Au@Cu12(S2CNnPr2)6(C≡CPh)4]+ (1a+), [Au@Cu12{S2P(OR)2}6(C≡CPh)4]+ (2+), (2a+ = iPr; 2b+ = nPr), [Au@Cu12{S2P(C2H4Ph)2}6(C≡CPh)4]+ (2c+), and [Ag@Cu12{S2P(OnPr)2}6(C≡CPh)4]+ (3+) were studied. Compositionally uniform clusters 1+-3+ were isolated from the reaction of dithiolato-stabilized, polyhydrido copper clusters with phenylacetylene in the presence of heterometal salts. By using X-ray diffraction, the structures of 1a+, 2a+, 2b+, and 3+ were able to be determined. ESI-mass spectrometry and elemental analysis confirmed their compositions and purity. The structural characteristics of these clusters are similar with respect to displaying gold (or silver)-centered Cu12 cuboctahedra surrounded by six dithiocarbamate/dithiophosph(in)ate and four alkynyl ligands. The doping of Au and Ag atoms into the polyhydrido copper nanoclusters significantly enhances their PL quantum yields from Ag@Cu12 (0.58%) to Au@Cu12 (55%) at ambient temperature in solution. In addition, the electrochemical properties of the new alloys were investigated by cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhone P Brocha Silalahi
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 974301, R.O.C
| | - Tzu-Hao Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 974301, R.O.C
| | - Jhen-Heng Kao
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 974301, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Yen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 974301, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Wei Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhung District, New Taipei City, Taiwan 24205, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11528, R.O.C
| | - Yuan Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhung District, New Taipei City, Taiwan 24205, R.O.C
| | | | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11528, R.O.C
| | - C W Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 974301, R.O.C
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20
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The beauty of binary phases: A facile strategy for synthesis, processing, functionalization, and application of ultrasmall metal nanoclusters. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Kawawaki T, Ebina A, Hosokawa Y, Ozaki S, Suzuki D, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Thiolate-Protected Metal Nanoclusters: Recent Development in Synthesis, Understanding of Reaction, and Application in Energy and Environmental Field. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005328. [PMID: 33522090 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs), which are composed of about 250 or fewer metal atoms, possess great potential as novel functional materials. Fundamental research on metal NCs gradually started in the 1960s, and since 2000, thiolate (SR)-protected metal NCs have been the main metal NCs actively studied. The precise and systematic isolation of SR-protected metal NCs has been achieved in 2005. Since then, research on SR-protected metal NCs for both basic science and practical application has rapidly expanded. This review describes this recent progress in the field of SR-protected metal NCs in three areas: synthesis, understanding, and application. Specifically, the recent study of alloy NCs and connected structures composed of NCs is highlighted in the "synthesis" section, recent knowledge on the reactivity of NCs in solution is highlighted in the "understanding" section, and the applications of NCs in the energy and environmental field are highlighted in the "application" section. This review provides insight on the current state of research on SR-protected metal NCs and discusses the challenges to be overcome for further development in this field as well as the possibilities that these materials can contribute to solving the problems facing modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ayano Ebina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Hosokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ozaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Daiki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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22
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Deng G, Teo BK, Zheng N. Assembly of Chiral Cluster-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks and the Chirality Memory Effect during their Disassembly. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10214-10220. [PMID: 34181853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many metal clusters are intrinsically chiral but are often synthesized as a racemic mixture. By taking chiral Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(DMF)4 (Ag14) clusters with bulky thiolate ligands as an example, we demonstrate herein an interesting assembly disassembly (ASDS) strategy to obtain the corresponding, optically pure crystals of both homochiral enantiomers, R-Ag14m and S-Ag14m. The ASDS strategy makes use of two bidentate linkers with different chiral configurations, namely, (1R,2R,N1E,N2E)-N1,N2-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (LR) and the corresponding chiral analogue LS. For comparison, we also use the racemic mixture of equimolar of LR and LS (LRS). Three three-dimensional (3D) Ag14-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were characterized by X-ray crystallography to be [Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(LR)2]n (Ag14-LR), [Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(LS)2]n (Ag14-LS), and [Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(LRS)2]n (Ag14-LRS), respectively. As expected, the building blocks in Ag14-LR or Ag14-LS are homochiral R-Ag14 or S-Ag14, respectively. In contrast, Ag14-LRS is achiral and crystallizes with a diamond-like structure containing alternate R-Ag14 and S-Ag14 clusters. During the assembly process, the racemic Ag14 clusters were converted to homochiral building blocks, namely, R-Ag14 for Ag14-LR and S-Ag14 for Ag14-LS. Subsequently, the chiral linkers were removed from the crystals of Ag14-LR and Ag14-LS via hydrolysis with water, and from the disassembled solid material Ag14-DR and Ag14-DS, optically pure enantiomers R-Ag14m and S-Ag14m were obtained. It is hoped that this simple assembly strategy can be used to construct cluster-based chiral assemblage materials and that the subsequent disassembly protocol can be used to obtain optically pure chiral cluster molecules from as-prepared racemic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Boon K Teo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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23
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Wang Y, Bürgi T. Ligand exchange reactions on thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2710-2727. [PMID: 34046556 PMCID: PMC8130898 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As a versatile post-synthesis modification method, ligand exchange reaction exhibits great potential to extend the space of accessible nanoclusters. In this review, we summarized this process for thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters. In order to better understand this reaction we will first provide the necessary background on the synthesis and structure of various gold clusters, such as Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24, and Au102(SR)44. The previous investigations illustrated that ligand exchange is enabled by the chemical properties and flexible gold-sulfur interface of nanoclusters. It is generally believed that ligand exchange follows a SN2-like mechanism, which is supported both by experiments and calculations. More interesting, several studies show that ligand exchange takes place at preferred sites, i.e. thiolate groups -SR, on the ligand shell of nanoclusters. With the help of ligand exchange reactions many functionalities could be imparted to gold nanoclusters including the introduced of chirality to achiral nanoclusters, size transformation and phase transfer of nanoclusters, and the addition of fluorescence or biological labels. Ligand exchange was also used to amplify the enantiomeric excess of an intrinsically chiral cluster. Ligand exchange reaction accelerates the prosperity of the nanocluster field, and also extends the diversity of precise nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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24
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Ito E, Takano S, Nakamura T, Tsukuda T. Controlled Dimerization and Bonding Scheme of Icosahedral M@Au
12
(M=Pd, Pt) Superatoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
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25
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Bao Y, Wu X, Gao H, Zhou M, Chen S, Jin S, Yu H, Zhu M. The geometric and electronic structures of a Ag 13Cu 10(SAdm) 12X 3 nanocluster. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17164-17168. [PMID: 33244527 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03638b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and total structure of a Cu-rich alloy nanocluster protected by twelve adamantanethiolate ligands, i.e., [Ag13Cu10(SAdm)12]X3 (-SAdm = SC10H15, X = counterion), which was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray structure determination and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). X-ray crystallographic analysis indicated that [Ag13Cu10(SAdm)12]X3 consisted of an icosahedral Ag13 core, covered by a cage-like shell of Cu10(SAdm)12. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations on the geometric and electronic structures and KS orbitals and UV-vis spectroscopy were performed on the model [Ag13Cu10(SMe)12]3+ and its monometallic analog [Ag23(SMe)12]3+. This work will deepen the understanding of core-shell Ag-Cu alloy nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Bao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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26
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Ito E, Takano S, Nakamura T, Tsukuda T. Controlled Dimerization and Bonding Scheme of Icosahedral M@Au 12 (M=Pd, Pt) Superatoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:645-649. [PMID: 33006224 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted syntheses of MM'Au36 (PET)24 (M, M'=Pd, Pt; PET=SC2 H4 Ph) were achieved by hydride-mediated fusion reactions between [MAu8 (PPh3 )8 ]2+ and [M'Au24 (PET)18 ]- . Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the products have bi-icosahedral MM'Au21 cores composed of M@Au12 and M'@Au12 superatoms. Although the MM'Au21 superatomic molecules correspond to O2 in terms of the number of valence electrons (12 e), the distances between the icosahedrons were larger than that in the bi-icosahedral Au23 core of Au38 (PET)24 corresponding to F2 and the spin state was singlet. These counterintuitive results were explained by a "bent bonding model" based on tilted (non-orthogonal) bonding interaction between the 1P superatomic orbitals of M@Au12 and M'@Au12 superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
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27
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Kawawaki T, Imai Y, Suzuki D, Kato S, Kobayashi I, Suzuki T, Kaneko R, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Atomically Precise Alloy Nanoclusters. Chemistry 2020; 26:16150-16193. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yukari Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Daiki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Shun Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Ibuki Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Taiyo Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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28
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Li Y, Higaki T, Du X, Jin R. Chirality and Surface Bonding Correlation in Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905488. [PMID: 32181554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature and occurs at all length scales. The development of applications for chiral nanostructures is rising rapidly. With the recent achievements of atomically precise nanochemistry, total structures of ligand-protected Au and other metal nanoclusters (NCs) are successfully obtained, and the origins of chirality are discovered to be associated with different parts of the cluster, including the surface ligands (e.g., swirl patterns), the organic-inorganic interface (e.g., helical stripes), and the kernel. Herein, a unified picture of metal-ligand surface bonding-induced chirality for the nanoclusters is proposed. The different bonding modes of M-X (where M = metal and X = the binding atom of ligand) lead to different surface structures on nanoclusters, which in turn give rise to various characteristic features of chirality. A comparison of Au-thiolate NCs with Au-phosphine ones further reveals the important roles of surface bonding. Compared to the Au-thiolate NCs, the Ag/Cu/Cd-thiolate systems exhibit different coordination modes between the metal and the thiolate. Other than thiolate and phosphine ligands, alkynyls are also briefly discussed. Several methods of obtaining chiroptically active nanoclusters are introduced, such as enantioseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography and enantioselective synthesis. Future perspectives on chiral NCs are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tatsuya Higaki
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiangsha Du
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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29
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Kang X, Li Y, Zhu M, Jin R. Atomically precise alloy nanoclusters: syntheses, structures, and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6443-6514. [PMID: 32760953 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters fill the gap between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles, providing unique opportunities for investigating the quantum effects and precise structure-property correlations at the atomic level. As a versatile strategy, alloying can largely improve the physicochemical performances compared to the corresponding homo-metal nanoclusters, and thus benefit the applications of such nanomaterials. In this review, we highlight the achievements of atomically precise alloy nanoclusters, and summarize the alloying principles and fundamentals, including the synthetic methods, site-preferences for different heteroatoms in the templates, and alloying-induced structure and property changes. First, based on various Au or Ag nanocluster templates, heteroatom doping modes are presented. The templates with electronic shell-closing configurations tend to maintain their structures during doping, while the others may undergo transformation and give rise to alloy nanoclusters with new structures. Second, alloy nanoclusters of specific magic sizes are reviewed. The arrangement of different atoms is related to the symmetry of the structures; that is, different atoms are symmetrically located in the nanoclusters of smaller sizes, and evolve into shell-by-shell structures at larger sizes. Then, we elaborate on the alloying effects in terms of optical, electrochemical, electroluminescent, magnetic and chiral properties, as well as the stability and reactivity via comparisons between the doped nanoclusters and their homo-metal counterparts. For example, central heteroatom-induced photoluminescence enhancement is emphasized. The applications of alloy nanoclusters in catalysis, chemical sensing, bio-labeling, and other fields are further discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on existing issues and future efforts. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and controllable doping modes so as to achieve more alloy nanoclusters with customized compositions, structures, and properties for applications. This review is based on publications available up to February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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30
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Negishi Y, Hashimoto S, Ebina A, Hamada K, Hossain S, Kawawaki T. Atomic-level separation of thiolate-protected metal clusters. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8017-8039. [PMID: 32207494 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00824a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine metal clusters have attracted much attention from the viewpoints of both basic and applied science for many years because of their unique physical/chemical properties and functions, which differ from those of bulk metals. Among these materials, thiolate (SR)-protected gold clusters (Aun(SR)m clusters) have been the most studied metal clusters since 2000 because of their ease of synthesis and handling. However, in the early 2000s, it was not easy to isolate these metal clusters. Therefore, high-resolution separation methods were explored, and several atomic-level separation methods, including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), were successively established. These techniques have made it possible to isolate a series of Aun(SR)m clusters, and much knowledge has been obtained on the correlation between the chemical composition and fundamental properties such as the stability, electronic structure, and physical properties of Aun(SR)m clusters. In addition, these high-resolution separation techniques are now also frequently used to evaluate the distribution of the product and to track the reaction process. In this way, high-resolution separation techniques have played an essential role in the study of Aun(SR)m clusters. However, only a few reviews have focused on this work. This review focuses on PAGE, HPLC, and TLC separation techniques, which offer high resolution and repeatability, and summarizes previous studies on the high-resolution separation of Aun(SR)m and related clusters with the purpose of promoting a better understanding of the features and the utility of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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31
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Muñoz-Castro A. Triple 1D[triple bond, length as m-dash]1D superatomic bonding. Au 22(dppo) 6 as a Π 4- and Δ 2-triply bonded cluster based on Au 11 assembled units. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:1422-1426. [PMID: 31859297 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
δ-Bonds have been intimately related to metal-metal bonds of d-elements since the archetypal d4-d4 [Re2Cl8]2- ion with a σ2π4δ2 bond. Currently, the notion of multiple superatom arrangements as initial steps toward molecular materials within the building-up approach is dominated by P-shell characteristics, as given in the well-described Au25(SR)18 ligand protected cluster. In this work we rationalize the Au22(dppo)6 cluster as a triple-bonded 22-valence electron (ve) supermolecule, featuring a bonding scheme based on 1D + 1D shell combinations, which largely contrasts with the 14-ve Au38(SR)24 with mainly 1P + 1P patterns mimicking a F2 molecule. The resulting Π4Δ2-bonding pattern shows an unprecedented superatomic counterpart of a d-shell based bond inherently related to transition-metal dimers, adding useful key aspects to the understanding of species based on cluster-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago, Chile.
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32
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Zheng K, Fung V, Yuan X, Jiang DE, Xie J. Real Time Monitoring of the Dynamic Intracluster Diffusion of Single Gold Atoms into Silver Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18977-18983. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Victor Fung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - De-en Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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33
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Chakrahari KK, Silalahi RPB, Chiu T, Wang X, Azrou N, Kahlal S, Liu Y, Chiang M, Saillard J, Liu CW. Synthesis of Bimetallic Copper‐Rich Nanoclusters Encapsulating a Linear Palladium Dihydride Unit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4943-4947. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumarvarma Chakrahari
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
- Department of ChemistrySRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 India
| | - Rhone P. Brocha Silalahi
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Tzu‐Hao Chiu
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Neutron Scattering DivisionNeutron Sciences DirectorateOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Nadia Azrou
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR—UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR—UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Yu‐Chiao Liu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11528 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming‐Hsi Chiang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11528 Taiwan R.O.C
| | | | - C. W. Liu
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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34
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Malola S, Häkkinen H. Chiral Inversion of Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoclusters via Core Reconstruction without Breaking a Au-S Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6006-6012. [PMID: 30889350 PMCID: PMC6727375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
On the basis of density functional
theory computations of the well-known
chiral Au38(SR)24 nanocluster and its Pd- and
Ag-doped derivatives, we propose here a mechanism for chiral inversion
that does not require the breaking of a metal–sulfur bond at
the metal–ligand interface but features a collective rotation
of the gold core. The calculated energy barriers for this mechanism
for Au38 and Pd-doped Au38 are in the range
of 1–1.5 eV, significantly lower than barriers involving the
breakage of Au–S bonds (2.5 eV). For Ag-doped Au38, barriers for both mechanisms are similar (1.3–1.5 eV). Inversion
barriers for a larger chiral Au144(SR)60 are
much higher (2.5−2.8 eV). Our computed barriers are in good
agreement with racemization barriers estimated from existing experiments
for bare and doped Au38. These results highlight the sensitivity
of chiral inversion to the size, structure, and metal composition
of the metal core and sensitivity to the detailed structure of the
metal–thiolate interface. Our work also predicts that enantiopure
Au144(SR)60 clusters would be promising materials
for applications requiring high resistance to chiral inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Malola
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center , University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center , University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
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35
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Niihori Y, Yoshida K, Hossain S, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Deepening the Understanding of Thiolate-Protected Metal Clusters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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36
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Chakrahari KK, Silalahi RPB, Chiu T, Wang X, Azrou N, Kahlal S, Liu Y, Chiang M, Saillard J, Liu CW. Synthesis of Bimetallic Copper‐Rich Nanoclusters Encapsulating a Linear Palladium Dihydride Unit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumarvarma Chakrahari
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
- Department of ChemistrySRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 India
| | - Rhone P. Brocha Silalahi
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Tzu‐Hao Chiu
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Neutron Scattering DivisionNeutron Sciences DirectorateOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Nadia Azrou
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR—UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR—UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Yu‐Chiao Liu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11528 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming‐Hsi Chiang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11528 Taiwan R.O.C
| | | | - C. W. Liu
- Department of ChemistryNational Dong Hwa University No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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37
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Muñoz-Castro A. Single, double, and triple intercluster bonds: analyses of M2Au36(SR)24 (M = Au, Pd, Pt) as 14-, 12- and 10-ve superatomic molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7307-7310. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single, double, and triple-bonds can be found in fused superatomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Universidad Autonoma de Chile
- San Miguel
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38
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Toffoli D, Baseggio O, Fronzoni G, Stener M, Fortunelli A, Sementa L. Pd doping, conformational, and charge effects on the dichroic response of a monolayer protected Au38(SR)24 nanocluster. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3585-3596. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TDDFT simulations of the absorption and CD spectra of a Pd2Au36(SC2H4Ph)24 monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) are carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of doping, conformational degrees of freedom of the thiolates’ end-groups, and charge states on its chiro-optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Toffoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Oscar Baseggio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Giovanna Fronzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Mauro Stener
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | | | - Luca Sementa
- CNR-ICCOM & IPCF
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Pisa
- Italy
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39
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Kang X, Zhu M. Tailoring the photoluminescence of atomically precise nanoclusters. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2422-2457. [PMID: 30838373 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00800k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their atomically precise structures and intriguing chemical/physical properties, metal nanoclusters are an emerging class of modular nanomaterials. Photo-luminescence (PL) is one of their most fascinating properties, due to the plethora of promising PL-based applications, such as chemical sensing, bio-imaging, cell labeling, phototherapy, drug delivery, and so on. However, the PL of most current nanoclusters is still unsatisfactory-the PL quantum yield (QY) is relatively low (generally lower than 20%), the emission lifetimes are generally in the nanosecond range, and the emitted color is always red (emission wavelengths of above 630 nm). To address these shortcomings, several strategies have been adopted, and are reviewed herein: capped-ligand engineering, metallic kernel alloying, aggregation-induced emission, self-assembly of nanocluster building blocks into cluster-based networks, and adjustments on external environment factors. We further review promising applications of these fluorescent nanoclusters, with particular focus on their potential to impact the fields of chemical sensing, bio-imaging, and bio-labeling. Finally, scope for improvements and future perspectives of these novel nanomaterials are highlighted as well. Our intended audience is the broader scientific community interested in the fluorescence of metal nanoclusters, and our review hopefully opens up new horizons for these scientists to manipulate PL properties of nanoclusters. This review is based on publications available up to December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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40
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Knoppe S, Vogt P. HPLC of Monolayer-Protected Gold Clusters with Baseline Separation. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1603-1609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pascal Vogt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Atomically precise noble metal (mainly silver and gold) nanoclusters are an emerging category of promising functional materials for future applications in energy, sensing, catalysis, and nanoelectronics. These nanoclusters are protected by ligands such as thiols, phosphines, and hydride and have sizes between those of atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles. In metallurgy, the properties of a pure metal are modified by the addition of other metals, which often offers augmented characteristics, making them more utilizable for real-life applications. In this Account, we discuss how the incorporation of various metal atoms into existing protected nanoclusters tunes their structure and properties. The process of incorporating metals into an existing cluster is known as doping; the product is known as a doped cluster, and the incorporated metal atom is called a dopant/foreign atom. We first present a brief historical overview of protected clusters and the need for doping and explain (with examples) the difference between an "alloy" and a "doped" cluster, which are two frequently confused terms. We then discuss several commonly observed challenges in the synthesis of doped clusters: (i) doping produces a mixture of compositions that prevents the growth of single crystals; (ii) doping with foreign atoms sometimes changes the overall composition and structure of the parent cluster; and (iii) doping beyond a certain number of foreign atoms decomposes the doped cluster. After delineating the challenges, we review a few potential synthetic methods for doped clusters: (i) the co-reduction method, (ii) the galvanic exchange method, (iii) ligand-induced conversion of bimetallic clusters to doped clusters, and (iv) intercluster reactions. As a foreign atom is able to occupy different positions within the structure of the parent cluster, we examine the structural relationship between the parent clusters and their different foreign-atom-doped clusters. We then show how doping enhances the stability, luminescence, and catalytic properties of clusters. The enhancement factor highly depends on the number and nature of the foreign atoms, which can also alter the charge state of the parent cluster. Atomic-level doping of foreign atoms in the parent cluster is confirmed by high-resolution electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The photophysical properties of the doped clusters are investigated using both time-dependent and steady-state luminescence and optical absorption spectroscopies. After presenting an overview of atomic-level doping in metal clusters and demonstrating its importance for enriching the chemistry and photophysics of clusters and extending their applications, we conclude this Account with a brief perspective on the field's future.
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Hossain S, Niihori Y, Nair LV, Kumar B, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Alloy Clusters: Precise Synthesis and Mixing Effects. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3114-3124. [PMID: 30460847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal alloys exhibit functionalities unlike those of single metals. Such alloying has drawn considerable research interest, particularly for nanoscale particles (metal clusters/nanoparticles), from the viewpoint of creating new functional nanomaterials. In gas phase cluster research, generated alloy clusters can be spatially separated with atomic precision in vacuum. Thus, the influences of increases or decreases in each element on the overall electronic structure of the cluster can be elucidated. However, to further understand the related mixing and synergistic effects, alloy clusters need to be produced on a large scale and characterized by various techniques. Because alloy clusters protected by thiolate (SR) can be synthesized by chemical methods and are stable in both solution and the solid state, these clusters are ideal study materials to better understand the mixing and synergistic effects. Moreover, the alloy clusters thus created have potential applications as functional materials. Therefore, since 2008, we have been working on establishing a precise synthesis method for SR-protected alloy clusters and elucidating their mixing and synergistic effects. Early research focused on the precise synthesis of alloy clusters wherein some of the Au in the stable SR-protected gold clusters ([Au25(SR)18]- and [Au38(SR)24]0) is replaced by Pd, Ag, or Cu. These studies have shown that Pd, Ag, or Cu substitute at different metal sites. We also have examined the as-synthesized alloy clusters to clarify the effect of substitution by each element on the physical and chemical properties of the clusters. However, in early studies, the number of substitutions could not be controlled with atomic accuracy for [Au25- xM x(SR)18]- (M = Ag or Cu). Then, in following research, methods have been established to obtain alloy clusters with control over the composition. We have succeeded in developing a method for controlling the number of Ag substitutions with atomic precision and thereby elucidating the effect of Ag substitution on the electronic structure of clusters with atomic precision. Concurrently, we also studied alloy clusters containing multiple heteroelements with different preferential substitution sites. These results revealed that the effects of substitution of each element can be superimposed on the cluster by combining multiple elemental substitutions at different sites. In addition, we successfully developed methods to synthesize alloy clusters with heterometal core. These findings are expected to lead to clear design guidelines for developing new functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1−3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162−8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1−3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162−8601, Japan
| | - Lakshmi V. Nair
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1−3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162−8601, Japan
| | - Bharat Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1−3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162−8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1−3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162−8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1−3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162−8601, Japan
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43
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Yao Q, Yuan X, Chen T, Leong DT, Xie J. Engineering Functional Metal Materials at the Atomic Level. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802751. [PMID: 30118559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With continuous research efforts devoted into synthesis and characterization chemistry of functional nanomaterials in the past decades, the development of metal materials is stepping into a new era, where atom-by-atom customization of property-dictating structural attributes is expected. Herein, the state-of-the-art modulation of functional metal nanomaterials at the atomic level, by size- and structure-controlled synthesis of thiolate-protected metal (e.g., Au and Ag) nanoclusters (NCs), is exemplified. Metal NCs are ultrasmall (<3 nm) particles with hierarchical primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, reminiscent of natural proteins or enzymes. Given the proven dependence of their physicochemical properties on their size and structure, documented synthetic methodologies delivering NCs with atomic-level monodispersity and tailorable size and structural attributes at individual hierarchical levels are categorized and discussed. Such assured atomic-level modulation could confer metal NCs with novel application opportunities in diverse fields, which are also exemplified by their size- and structure-dictated catalytic and biomedical performance. The precise synthesis and application chemistry developed based on the hierarchical structure scheme of metal NCs could increase the acceptance of metal NCs as a new family of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Xun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266042, China
| | - Tiankai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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44
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Chang WT, Sharma S, Liao JH, Kahlal S, Liu YC, Chiang MH, Saillard JY, Liu CW. Heteroatom-Doping Increases Cluster Nuclearity: From an [Ag20
] to an [Au3
Ag18
] Core. Chemistry 2018; 24:14352-14357. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Sachil Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Samia Kahlal
- University of Rennes; CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | | | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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45
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Nasaruddin RR, Chen T, Yan N, Xie J. Roles of thiolate ligands in the synthesis, properties and catalytic application of gold nanoclusters. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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46
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Jiang X, Du B, Huang Y, Zheng J. Ultrasmall Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Breakthroughs and Biomedical Implications. NANO TODAY 2018; 21:106-125. [PMID: 31327979 PMCID: PMC6640873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As a bridge between individual atoms and large plasmonic nanoparticles, ultrasmall (core size <3 nm) noble metal nanoparticles (UNMNPs) have been serving as model for us to fundamentally understand many unique properties of noble metals that can only be observed at an extremely small size scale. With decades'efforts, many significant breakthroughs in the synthesis, characterization and functionalization of UNMNPs have laid down a solid foundation for their future applications in the healthcare. In this review, we aim to tightly correlate these breakthroughs with their biomedical applications and illustrate how to utilize these breakthroughs to address long-standing challenges in the clinical translation of nanomedicines. In the end, we offer our perspective on the remaining challenges and opportunities at the frontier of biomedical-related UNMNPs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Bujie Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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47
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Guo P, Yang B, Zhang L, Zhao L. Temperature dependent chiroptical response of sigmoidal gold clusters: probing the stability of chiral metal clusters. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5614-5622. [PMID: 30061994 PMCID: PMC6048818 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00344k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of chiral metal clusters is of great importance for their practical applications. Herein we select three structurally well-defined gold cluster compounds to probe how structural factors influence the stability of chiral metal clusters upon heating. Through monitoring the variation of CD, UV-vis and NMR spectra at elevated temperatures, the biased chiroptical response of three sigmoidal Au6 clusters is finally ascribed to the synergistic effect of the distinct structural tunability of central diamino ligands, inter-cluster aurophilic interactions and steric hindrance. The rigid skeleton of chiral ligands and the strong metal-metal interaction effectively enhance the stability of asymmetric structural motifs in chiral metal clusters. In addition, some central diamino ligands lead to a destructive decomposition of corresponding chiral clusters in the heating process due to the reduction of Au(i) to Au(0). The relationship between structural characteristics and the stability of chiral clusters addressed in this study will facilitate our understanding on how to achieve stable chiral metal clusters and potentiate their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - Biao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science , CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
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48
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He L, Yuan J, Xia N, Liao L, Liu X, Gan Z, Wang C, Yang J, Wu Z. Kernel Tuning and Nonuniform Influence on Optical and Electrochemical Gaps of Bimetal Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3487-3490. [PMID: 29470909 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fine tuning nanoparticles with atomic precision is exciting and challenging and is critical for tuning the properties, understanding the structure-property correlation and determining the practical applications of nanoparticles. Some ultrasmall thiolated metal nanoparticles (metal nanoclusters) have been shown to be precisely doped, and even the protecting staple metal atom could be precisely reduced. However, the precise addition or reduction of the kernel atom while the other metal atoms in the nanocluster remain the same has not been successful until now, to the best of our knowledge. Here, by carefully selecting the protecting ligand with adequate steric hindrance, we synthesized a novel nanocluster in which the kernel can be regarded as that formed by the addition of two silver atoms to both ends of the Pt@Ag12 icosohedral kernel of the Ag24Pt(SR)18 (SR: thiolate) nanocluster, as revealed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Interestingly, compared with the previously reported Ag24Pt(SR)18 nanocluster, the as-obtained novel bimetal nanocluster exhibits a similar absorption but a different electrochemical gap. One possible explanation for this result is that the kernel tuning does not essentially change the electronic structure, but obviously influences the charge on the Pt@Ag12 kernel, as demonstrated by natural population analysis, thus possibly resulting in the large electrochemical gap difference between the two nanoclusters. This work not only provides a novel strategy to tune metal nanoclusters but also reveals that the kernel change does not necessarily alter the optical and electrochemical gaps in a uniform manner, which has important implications for the structure-property correlation of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , P. R. China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Zibao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , P. R. China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , P. R. China
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49
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Kim M, Tang Q, Narendra Kumar AV, Kwak K, Choi W, Jiang DE, Lee D. Dopant-Dependent Electronic Structures Observed for M 2Au 36(SC 6H 13) 24 Clusters (M = Pt, Pd). J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:982-989. [PMID: 29420895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom doping is a powerful means to tune the optical and electronic properties of gold clusters at the atomic level. We herein report that doping a Au38 cluster with Pt and Pd atoms leads to core-doped [Pt2Au36(SC6H13)24]2- and [Pd2Au36(SC6H13)24]0, respectively. Voltammetric investigations show that these clusters exhibit drastically different electronic structures; whereas the HOMO-LUMO gap of [Pt2Au36(SC6H13)24]2- is found to be 0.95 V, that of [Pd2Au36(SC6H13)24]0 is drastically decreased to 0.26 V, suggesting Jahn-Teller distortion of the 12-electron cluster. Density functional investigations confirm that the HOMO-LUMO gap of the Pd-doped cluster is indeed reduced. Analysis of the optimized geometry for the 12-electron [Pd2Au36(SC6H13)24]0 reveals that the rod-like M2Au21 core becomes more flattened upon Pd-doping. Reversible geometrical interconversion between [Pt2Au36(SC6H13)24]0 and [Pt2Au36(SC6H13)24]2- is clearly demonstrated by manipulating the oxidation state of the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92508, United States
| | | | - Kyuju Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Woojun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92508, United States
| | - Dongil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
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50
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Deng G, Malola S, Yan J, Han Y, Yuan P, Zhao C, Yuan X, Lin S, Tang Z, Teo BK, Häkkinen H, Zheng N. From Symmetry Breaking to Unraveling the Origin of the Chirality of Ligated Au13
Cu2
Nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
| | - Juanzhu Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yingzi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Peng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chaowei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shuichao Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zichao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Boon K. Teo
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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