1
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Wang D, Liu C, Chen J, Zhang Y, Han R, Tang S, Wang N, Hao H, Shao C, Ye H. Lactyllysine Esterification Enables Efficient Lactylprotein Expression via Genetic Code Expansion and Supports Functional Proteomics Studies. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:4614-4625. [PMID: 39316072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Lysine lactylation has recently been discovered and demonstrated to be an essential player in immunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic code expansion (GCE) technique is powerful in uncovering lactylation functions, since it allows site-specific incorporation of lactyllysine (Klac) into proteins of interest (POIs) in living cells. However, the inefficient uptake of Klac into cells, due to its high hydrophilicity, results in limited expression of lactylated POIs. To address this challenge, here we designed esterified Klac derivatives, exemplified by ethylated Klac (KlacOEt), to enhance Klac's lipophilicity and improve its cellular uptake. The expression level of site-specifically lactylated POIs was doubled using KlacOEt in both Escherichia coli and HEK293T cells. Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry analysis verified the significantly increased yield of the precisely lactylated fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A using KlacOEt. Furthermore, in conjunction with the Target Responsive Accessibility Profiling approach, we found that lactylation at ALDOA-K147 altered the protein's conformation, which may explain the lactylation-induced reduction in enzyme activity. Together, we demonstrate that, through enhancing the yield of lactylated proteins with Klac esters via GCE, we are able to site-specifically reveal the effects of lactylation on POIs' interactions, conformations and activities using a suite of functional proteomics and biochemical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenguang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingzhuo Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Han
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Tang
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang No. 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Li M, Li M, Geng H, Chen L, Xu L, Li X, Liu C. Sulfa-Michael Addition on Dehydroalanine: A Versatile Reaction for Protein Modifications. Org Lett 2024; 26:8329-8334. [PMID: 39311466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemical modification of proteins has been widely applied in diagnostic and therapeutic processes. Here, we report a novel bioconjugation between sulfinic acids and amino acid dehydroalanine (Dha) in the context of both small molecules and proteins. This conjugation enables the rapid formation of sulfone linkages in a chemoselective and disulfide-compatible manner under biocompatible conditions with Dha residues chemically installed in proteins and thus provides a robust tool that is simple and has exquisite site selectivity for protein functionalization in a wide range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Mengzhao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongen Geng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Linfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ludan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Chunrong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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3
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Ablat G, Lawton N, Alam R, Haynes BA, Hossain S, Hicks T, Evans SL, Jarvis JA, Nott TJ, Isaacson RL, Müller MM. Kinetic Resolution of Epimeric Proteins Enables Stereoselective Chemical Mutagenesis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22622-22628. [PMID: 39083370 PMCID: PMC11328163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Chemical mutagenesis via dehydroalanine (Dha) is a powerful method to tailor protein structure and function, allowing the site-specific installation of post-translational modifications and non-natural functional groups. Despite the impressive versatility of this method, applications have been limited, as products are formed as epimeric mixtures, whereby the modified amino acid is present as both the desired l-configuration and a roughly equal amount of the undesired d-isomer. Here, we describe a simple remedy for this issue: removal of the d-isomer via proteolysis using a d-stereoselective peptidase, alkaline d-peptidase (AD-P). We demonstrate that AD-P can selectively cleave the d-isomer of epimeric residues within histone H3, GFP, Ddx4, and SGTA, allowing the installation of non-natural amino acids with stereochemical control. Given the breadth of modifications that can be introduced via Dha and the simplicity of our method, we believe that stereoselective chemoenzymatic mutagenesis will find broad utility in protein engineering and chemical biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guljannat Ablat
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Neev Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Ruqaiya Alam
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Bethany A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Sabrina Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Thomas Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Sasha L Evans
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - James A Jarvis
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King's College London, New Hunts House, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Timothy J Nott
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Rivka L Isaacson
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Manuel M Müller
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
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4
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Mori T, Sumida S, Sakata K, Shirakawa S. Efficient synthetic methods for α,β-dehydroamino acids as useful and environmentally benign building blocks in biological and materials science. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4625-4636. [PMID: 38804977 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Both natural and unnatural amino acids, peptides, and proteins are widely recognized as green and sustainable organic chemicals, not only in the field of biological sciences but also in materials science. It has been discovered that artificially designed unnatural peptides and proteins exhibit advanced properties in medical and materials science. In this context, the development of precise chemical modification methods for amino acids and peptides is acknowledged as an important research project in the field of organic synthesis. While a wide variety of modification methods for amino acid residues have been developed to artificially modify peptides and proteins, the representative methods for modifying amino acid residues have traditionally relied on the nucleophilic properties of the functionalities on the residues. In this context, the development of different modification methods using an umpolung-like approach by utilizing the electrophilic nature of amino acid derivatives appears to be very attractive. One of the promising electrophilic amino acid compounds for realizing important modification methods of amino acid derivatives is α,β-dehydroamino acids, which possess an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure. This review article summarizes methods for the preparation of α,β-dehydroamino acids derived from natural and unnatural amino acid derivatives. The utilities of α,β-dehydroamino acid derivatives, including peptides and proteins containing dehydroalanine units, in bioconjugations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Mori
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Sao Sumida
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sakata
- Spiber Inc., 234-1 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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5
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Yap SY, Butcher T, Spears RJ, McMahon C, Thanasi IA, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Chemo- and regio-selective differential modification of native cysteines on an antibody via the use of dehydroalanine forming reagents. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8557-8568. [PMID: 38846383 PMCID: PMC11151841 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein modification has garnered increasing interest over the past few decades and has become an important tool in many aspects of chemical biology. In recent years, much effort has focused on site-selective modification strategies that generate more homogenous bioconjugates, and this is particularly so in the antibody modification space. Modifying native antibodies by targeting solvent-accessible cysteines liberated by interchain disulfide reduction is, perhaps, the predominant strategy for achieving more site-selectivity on an antibody scaffold. This is evidenced by numerous approved antibody therapeutics that have utilised cysteine-directed conjugation reagents and the plethora of methods/strategies focused on antibody cysteine modification. However, all of these methods have a common feature in that after the reduction of native solvent-accessible cystines, the liberated cysteines are all reacted in the same manner. Herein, we report the discovery and application of dehydroalanine forming reagents (including novel reagents) capable of regio- and chemo-selectively modifying these cysteines (differentially) on a clinically relevant antibody fragment and a full antibody. We discovered that these reagents could enable differential reactivity between light chain C-terminal cysteines, heavy chain hinge region cysteines (cysteines with an adjacent proline residue, Cys-Pro), and other heavy chain internal cysteines. This differential reactivity was also showcased on small molecules and on the peptide somatostatin. The application of these dehydroalanine forming reagents was exemplified in the preparation of a dually modified antibody fragment and full antibody. Additionally, we discovered that readily available amide coupling agents can be repurposed as dehydroalanine forming reagents, which could be of interest to the broader field of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Y Yap
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Tobias Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Richard J Spears
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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6
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Yu C, E R, An Y, Guo X, Bao G, Li Y, Xie J, Sun W. Michael Addition Reaction between Dehydroalanines and Phosphites Enabled the Introduction of Phosphonates into Oligopeptides. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38780227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A method for introducing a range of phosphonates into oligopeptides through a Michael addition reaction between dehydroalanine and phosphite is presented. The method offers a mild, cheap, and straightforward approach to peptide phosphorylation that has potential applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. Moreover, the introduction of a phosphonate group into short antibacterial peptides is described to demonstrate its utility, leading to the discovery of phosphonated antibacterial peptides with potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyao E
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yingying An
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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7
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Bertolini M, Mendive-Tapia L, Ghashghaei O, Reese A, Lochenie C, Schoepf AM, Sintes M, Tokarczyk K, Nare Z, Scott AD, Knight SR, Aithal AR, Sachdeva A, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. Nonperturbative Fluorogenic Labeling of Immunophilins Enables the Wash-free Detection of Immunosuppressants. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:969-977. [PMID: 38799658 PMCID: PMC11117681 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Immunosuppressants are clinically approved drugs to treat the potential rejection of transplanted organs and require frequent monitoring due to their narrow therapeutic window. Immunophilins are small proteins that bind immunosuppressants with high affinity, yet there are no examples of fluorogenic immunophilins and their potential application as optical biosensors for immunosuppressive drugs in clinical biosamples. In the present work, we designed novel diazonium BODIPY salts for the site-specific labeling of tyrosine residues in peptides via solid-phase synthesis as well as for late-stage functionalization of whole recombinant proteins. After the optimization of a straightforward one-step labeling procedure for immunophilins PPIA and FKBP12, we demonstrated the application of a fluorogenic analogue of FKBP12 for the selective detection of the immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus, including experiments in urine samples from patients with functioning renal transplants. This chemical methodology opens new avenues to rationally design wash-free immunophilin-based biosensors for rapid therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bertolini
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Ouldouz Ghashghaei
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Abigail Reese
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Charles Lochenie
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Anna M. Schoepf
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Miquel Sintes
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Karolina Tokarczyk
- Concept
Life Sciences Ltd, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K.
| | - Zandile Nare
- Concept
Life Sciences Ltd, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Scott
- Concept
Life Sciences Ltd, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K.
| | - Stephen R. Knight
- Renal
Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, U.K.
| | - Advait R. Aithal
- School of
Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Amit Sachdeva
- School of
Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
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8
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Allen MC, Karplus PA, Mehl RA, Cooley RB. Genetic Encoding of Phosphorylated Amino Acids into Proteins. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6592-6642. [PMID: 38691379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation is a fundamental mechanism for controlling protein function. Despite the critical roles phosphorylated proteins play in physiology and disease, our ability to study individual phospho-proteoforms has been hindered by a lack of versatile methods to efficiently generate homogeneous proteins with site-specific phosphoamino acids or with functional mimics that are resistant to phosphatases. Genetic code expansion (GCE) is emerging as a transformative approach to tackle this challenge, allowing direct incorporation of phosphoamino acids into proteins during translation in response to amber stop codons. This genetic programming of phospho-protein synthesis eliminates the reliance on kinase-based or chemical semisynthesis approaches, making it broadly applicable to diverse phospho-proteoforms. In this comprehensive review, we provide a brief introduction to GCE and trace the development of existing GCE technologies for installing phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphotyrosine, and their mimics, discussing both their advantages as well as their limitations. While some of the technologies are still early in their development, others are already robust enough to greatly expand the range of biologically relevant questions that can be addressed. We highlight new discoveries enabled by these GCE approaches, provide practical considerations for the application of technologies by non-GCE experts, and also identify avenues ripe for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, GCE4All Research Center, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 United States
| | - P Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, GCE4All Research Center, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 United States
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, GCE4All Research Center, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 United States
| | - Richard B Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, GCE4All Research Center, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 United States
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9
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Gunasekera S, Pryyma A, Jung J, Greenwood R, Patrick BO, Perrin DM. Diphenylphosphinylhydroxylamine (DPPH) Affords Late-Stage S-imination to access free-NH Sulfilimines and Sulfoximines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314906. [PMID: 38289976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Sulfilimines, as potential aza-isosteres of sulfoxides, are valued as building blocks, auxiliaries, ligands, bioconjugation handles, and as precursors to versatile S(VI) scaffolds including sulfoximines and sulfondiimines. Here, we report a thioether imination methodology that exploits O-(diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxyl amine (DPPH). Under mild, metal-free, and biomolecule-compatible conditions, DPPH enables late-stage S-imination on peptides, natural products, and a clinically trialled drug, and shows both excellent chemoselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. This methodological report is extended to an efficient and high-yielding one-pot reaction for accessing free-NH sulfoximines with diverse substrates including ones of potential clinical importance. In the presence of a rhodium catalyst, sulfoxides are S-iminated in higher yields to afford free-NH sulfoximines. S-imination was validated on an oxidatively delicate amatoxin to give sulfilimine and sulfoximine congeners. Interestingly, these new sulfilimine and sulfoximine-amatoxins show cytotoxicity. This method is further extended to create sulfilimine and sulfoximine-Fulvestrant and buthionine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanal Gunasekera
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Jimin Jung
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Rebekah Greenwood
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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10
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Gan Q, Fan C. Orthogonal Translation for Site-Specific Installation of Post-translational Modifications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2805-2838. [PMID: 38373737 PMCID: PMC11230630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) endow proteins with new properties to respond to environmental changes or growth needs. With the development of advanced proteomics techniques, hundreds of distinct types of PTMs have been observed in a wide range of proteins from bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. To identify the roles of these PTMs, scientists have applied various approaches. However, high dynamics, low stoichiometry, and crosstalk between PTMs make it almost impossible to obtain homogeneously modified proteins for characterization of the site-specific effect of individual PTM on target proteins. To solve this problem, the genetic code expansion (GCE) strategy has been introduced into the field of PTM studies. Instead of modifying proteins after translation, GCE incorporates modified amino acids into proteins during translation, thus generating site-specifically modified proteins at target positions. In this review, we summarize the development of GCE systems for orthogonal translation for site-specific installation of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Chenguang Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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11
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Hartmann P, Bohdan K, Hommrich M, Juliá F, Vogelsang L, Eirich J, Zangl R, Farès C, Jacobs JB, Mukhopadhyay D, Mengeler JM, Vetere A, Sterling MS, Hinrichs H, Becker S, Morgner N, Schrader W, Finkemeier I, Dietz KJ, Griesinger C, Ritter T. Chemoselective umpolung of thiols to episulfoniums for cysteine bioconjugation. Nat Chem 2024; 16:380-388. [PMID: 38123842 PMCID: PMC10914617 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine conjugation is an important tool in protein research and relies on fast, mild and chemoselective reactions. Cysteinyl thiols can either be modified with prefunctionalized electrophiles, or converted into electrophiles themselves for functionalization with selected nucleophiles in an independent step. Here we report a bioconjugation strategy that uses a vinyl thianthrenium salt to transform cysteine into a highly reactive electrophilic episulfonium intermediate in situ, to enable conjugation with a diverse set of bioorthogonal nucleophiles in a single step. The reactivity profile can connect several nucleophiles to biomolecules through a short and stable ethylene linker, ideal for introduction of infrared labels, post-translational modifications or NMR probes. In the absence of reactive exogenous nucleophiles, nucleophilic amino acids can react with the episulfonium intermediate for native peptide stapling and protein-protein ligation. Ready synthetic access to isotopologues of vinyl thianthrenium salts enables applications in quantitative proteomics. Such diverse applications demonstrate the utility of vinyl-thianthrenium-based bioconjugation as a fast, selective and broadly applicable tool for chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kostiantyn Bohdan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Moritz Hommrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lara Vogelsang
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rene Zangl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christophe Farès
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Heike Hinrichs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Morgner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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12
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Site-selective episulfonium formation on protein surfaces. Nat Chem 2024; 16:312-313. [PMID: 38355828 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
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13
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Lin X, Harel O, Jbara M. Chemical Engineering of Artificial Transcription Factors by Orthogonal Palladium(II)-Mediated S-Arylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317511. [PMID: 38085105 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization strategies are in high demand to prepare well-defined homogeneous proteins for basic research and biomedical applications. In this regard, cysteine-based reactions have enabled a broad set of transformations to produce modified proteins for various applications. However, these approaches were mainly employed to modify a single reactive site with a specific transformation. Achieving site selectivity or multiple transformations, essential for preparing complex biomolecules, remains challenging. Herein we demonstrate the power of combining palladium(II)-mediated C-S bond formation and C-S bond cleavage reactions to selectively edit desired cysteine sites in complex and uniquely modified proteins. We developed an orthogonal palladium(II) strategy for rapid and effective diversification of multiple cysteine sites (3-6 residues) with various transformations. Importantly, we employed our approach to prepare 10 complex analogues, including modified, stapled, and multimeric proteins on a milligram scale. Furthermore, we also synthesized a focused library of stabilized artificial transcription factors that displayed enhanced stability and potent DNA binding activity. Our approach enables rapid and effective protein editing and opens new avenues to engineer new biomolecules for fundamental research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Omer Harel
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Muhammad Jbara
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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14
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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15
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Kim S, Kim S, Kim S, Kim N, Lee SW, Yi H, Lee S, Sim T, Kwon Y, Lee HS. Affinity-Directed Site-Specific Protein Labeling and Its Application to Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306401. [PMID: 38032124 PMCID: PMC10811483 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified proteins have diverse applications; however, conventional chemo-selective methods often yield heterogeneously labeled products. To address this limitation, site-specific protein labeling holds significant potential, driving extensive research in this area. Nevertheless, site-specific modification of native proteins remains challenging owing to the complexity of their functional groups. Therefore, a method for site-selective labeling of intact proteins is aimed to design. In this study, a novel approach to traceless affinity-directed intact protein labeling is established, which leverages small binding proteins and genetic code expansion technology. By applying this method, a site-specific antibody labeling with a drug, which leads to the production of highly effective antibody-drug conjugates specifically targeting breast cancer cell lines is achieved. This approach enables traceless conjugation of intact target proteins, which is a critical advantage in pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, small helical binding proteins can be easily engineered for various target proteins, thereby expanding their potential applications in diverse fields. This innovative approach represents a significant advancement in site-specific modification of native proteins, including antibodies. It also bears immense potential for facilitating the development of therapeutic agents for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooin Kim
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggil Kim
- New Drug Development CenterOsong Medical Innovation Foundation123 Osongsaengmyeong‐ro, Heungdeok‐guCheongjuChungbuk28160Republic of Korea
| | - Sangji Kim
- School of PharmacySungkyunkwan University2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐guSuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Medical ScienceBrain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of Medicine50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Yi
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Seungeun Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Medical ScienceBrain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of Medicine50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Kwon
- School of PharmacySungkyunkwan University2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐guSuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
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16
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Bao G, Wang P, Guo X, Li Y, He Z, Song X, E R, Yu T, Xie J, Sun W. Visible-Light Mediated Deoxygenation of Carboxylic Acid for Late-Stage Peptide Modification Targeting Dehydroalanine. Org Lett 2023; 25:8338-8343. [PMID: 37966281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light mediated deoxygenative radical addition of carboxylic acids to dehydroalanines has been disclosed. The method can be used in β-acyl alanine derivative synthesis, including those chiral and deuterated variants, and late-stage peptide modification with various functional groups, both in the homogeneous phase and on the resin in SPPS. It provides a new tool kit for rapid construction of bioactive peptide analogues, which has been demonstrated by modification of the antimicrobial peptide Feleucin-K3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyao E
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tingli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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17
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Phanumartwiwath A, Kesornpun C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Khongmanee A, Diskul-Na-Ayudthaya P, Ruangjaroon T, Srisomsap C, Kittakoop P, Svasti J, Ruchirawat S. Protein Modification via Nitrile Oxide-Dehydroalanine Cycloaddition: Formation of Isoxazoline Ring on the Protein Backbone. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300268. [PMID: 37199473 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a novel catalyst-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition bioconjugation approach for chemical modification of proteins. The dehydroalanine (Dha)-containing protein reacts with nitrile oxides generated in situ through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in fully aqueous-buffered systems. This leads to the formation of a new isoxazoline ring at a pre-defined site (Dha) of the protein. Furthermore, the 1-pyrene isoxazoline-installed annexin V acts as a fluorescent probe, which successfully labels the outer cellular membranes of human cholangiocarcinoma (HuCCA-1) cells for detection of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuchit Phanumartwiwath
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Kesornpun
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Khongmanee
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Theetat Ruangjaroon
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Chantragan Srisomsap
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
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18
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O WY, Cui JF, Yu Q, Kung KKY, Chung SF, Leung YC, Wong MK. Isoindolium-Based Allenes: Reactivity Studies and Applications in Fluorescence Temperature Sensing and Cysteine Bioconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218038. [PMID: 36670048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of a series of electron-deficient isoindolium-based allenes with sulfhydryl compounds has been studied, leading to the formation of isoindolium-based vinyl sulfides. The vinyl sulfides generated could be readily converted into the corresponding indanones and amines upon heating at 30-70 °C with good yields up to 61 %. The thermal cleavage reaction of vinyl sulfides was further studied for developing temperature-sensitive systems. Notably, a novel FRET-based fluorescent temperature sensor was designed and synthesized for temperature sensing at 50 °C, giving a 6.5-fold blue fluorescence enhancement. Moreover, chemoselective bioconjugation of cysteine-containing peptides with the isoindolium-based allenes for the construction of multifunctional peptide bioconjugates was investigated. Thermal cleavage of isoindoliums on the modified peptides at 35-70 °C gave indanone bioconjugates with up to >99 % conversion. These results indicated the biocompatibility of this novel temperature-sensitive reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa-Yi O
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jian-Fang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Karen Ka-Yan Kung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Sai-Fung Chung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Kin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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19
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Simultaneous capture of ISG15 conjugating and deconjugating enzymes using a semi-synthetic ISG15-Dha probe. Sci China Chem 2023; 66:837-844. [PMID: 36684644 PMCID: PMC9840423 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) protein attached to substrate proteins by ISG15 conjugating enzymes whose dysregulation is implicated in a multitude of disease processes, but the probing of these enzymes remains to be accomplished. Here, we describe the development of a new activity-based probe ISG15-Dha (dehydroalanine) through protein semi-synthesis. In vitro cross-linking and cell lysate proteomic profiling experiments showed that this probe can sequentially capture ISG15 conjugating enzymes including E1 enzyme UBA7, E2 enzyme UBE2L6, E3 enzyme HERC5, the previously known ISG15 deconjugating enzyme (USP18), as well as some other enzymes (USP5 and USP14) which we additionally confirmed to impart deISGylation activity. Collectively, ISG15-Dha provides a new tool that can simultaneously capture ISG15 conjugating and deconjugating enzymes for biochemical or pharmacological studies. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s11426-022-1455-x and is accessible for authorized users.
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20
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Bouteiller P, Lance E, Guérin T, Biré R. Analysis of Total-Forms of Cyanotoxins Microcystins in Biological Matrices: A Methodological Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080550. [PMID: 36006212 PMCID: PMC9416067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptidic toxins produced by many cyanobacteria. Microcystins can be accumulated in various matrices in two forms: a free cellular fraction and a covalently protein-bound form. To detect and quantify the concentration of microcystins, a panel of techniques on various matrices (water, sediments, and animal tissues) is available. The analysis of MCs can concern the free or the total (free plus covalently bound) fractions. Free-form analyses of MCs are the most common and easiest to detect, whereas total-form analyses are much less frequent and more complex to achieve. The objective of this review is to summarize the different methods of extraction and analysis that have been developed for total forms. Four extraction methods were identified: MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid) method, deconjugation at basic pH, ozonolysis, and laser irradiation desorption. The study of the bibliography on the methods of extraction and analysis of the total forms of MCs showed that the reference method for the subject remains the MMPB method even if alternative methods and, in particular, deconjugation at basic pH, showed results encouraging the continuation of the methodological development on different matrices and on naturally-contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bouteiller
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Lance
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- UMR MNHN/CNRS MCAM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Strategy and Programs Department, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ronel Biré
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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21
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Jing Y, Zuo C, Du YX, Mao J, Ding R, Zhang J, Liang LJ, Qu Q. Chemical tools for E3 ubiquitin ligase study. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Harel O, Jbara M. Posttranslational Chemical Mutagenesis Methods to Insert Posttranslational Modifications into Recombinant Proteins. Molecules 2022; 27:4389. [PMID: 35889261 PMCID: PMC9316245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) dramatically expand the functional diversity of the proteome. The precise addition and removal of PTMs appears to modulate protein structure and function and control key regulatory processes in living systems. Deciphering how particular PTMs affect protein activity is a current frontier in biology and medicine. The large number of PTMs which can appear in several distinct positions, states, and combinations makes preparing such complex analogs using conventional biological and chemical tools challenging. Strategies to access homogeneous and precisely modified proteins with desired PTMs at selected sites and in feasible quantities are critical to interpreting their molecular code. Here, we summarize recent advances in posttranslational chemical mutagenesis and late-stage functionalization chemistry to transfer novel PTM mimicry into recombinant proteins with emphasis on novel transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Jbara
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
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23
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Bilbrough T, Piemontese E, Seitz O. Dissecting the role of protein phosphorylation: a chemical biology toolbox. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5691-5730. [PMID: 35726784 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a crucial regulator of protein and cellular function, yet, despite identifying an enormous number of phosphorylation sites, the role of most is still unclear. Each phosphoform, the particular combination of phosphorylations, of a protein has distinct and diverse biological consequences. Aberrant phosphorylation is implicated in the development of many diseases. To investigate their function, access to defined protein phosphoforms is essential. Materials obtained from cells often are complex mixtures. Recombinant methods can provide access to defined phosphoforms if site-specifically acting kinases are known, but the methods fail to provide homogenous material when several amino acid side chains compete for phosphorylation. Chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has provided an invaluable toolbox to enable access to previously unreachable phosphoforms of proteins. In this review, we selected important tools that enable access to homogeneously phosphorylated protein and discuss examples that demonstrate how they can be applied. Firstly, we discuss the synthesis of phosphopeptides and proteins through chemical and enzymatic means and their advantages and limitations. Secondly, we showcase illustrative examples that applied these tools to answer biological questions pertaining to proteins involved in signal transduction, control of transcription, neurodegenerative diseases and aggregation, apoptosis and autophagy, and transmembrane proteins. We discuss the opportunities and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bilbrough
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Emanuele Piemontese
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Guo T, Wang H, Wang C, Tang S, Liu J, Wang X. Nonenzymatic Asparagine Motif Synthesis by Photoredox-Catalyzed Carbamoylation of Dehydroalanine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6852-6859. [PMID: 35536892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins based on the amino acid residue dehydroalanine (Dha) have been widely adopted in molecular biology to expand their structural and functional capabilities. However, the construction of highly important amide C(sp2)-C(sp3) linkages on peptides through cross-coupling remains unexplored. In this article, we describe a photoredox-catalyzed C(sp2) amidation that enables the mutation of Dha to an asparagine (Asn) motif. This amide installation strategy reported herein will guide us to create more additional derivatives of peptides, which may elucidate the mode of action and address an important area of unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Resources & Environment Voc-Tech College, Lanzhou 730021, P. R. China
| | - Shouchu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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25
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Walker J, Hamlish N, Tytla A, Brauer DD, Francis MB, Schepartz A. Redirecting RiPP Biosynthetic Enzymes to Proteins and Backbone-Modified Substrates. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:473-482. [PMID: 35505866 PMCID: PMC9052802 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are peptide-derived natural products with potent antibiotic, antiviral, and anticancer properties. RiPP enzymes known as cyclodehydratases and dehydrogenases work together to catalyze intramolecular, inter-residue condensation and dehydrogenation reactions that install oxazoline/oxazole and thiazoline/thiazole heterocycles within ribosomally produced polypeptide chains. Here, we show that the previously reported enzymes MicD-F and ArtGox accept backbone-modified monomers-including aminobenzoic acid derivatives and beta-amino acids-within leader-free polypeptides, even at positions immediately preceding or following the site of cyclization/dehydrogenation. The products are sequence-defined chemical polymers with multiple, diverse non-α-amino acid subunits. We show further that MicD-F and ArtGox can install heterocyclic backbones within protein loops and linkers without disrupting the native tertiary fold. Calculations reveal the extent to which these heterocycles restrict conformational space; they also eliminate a peptide bond-both features could improve the stability or add function to linker sequences now commonplace in emerging biotherapeutics. This work represents a general strategy to expand the chemical diversity of the proteome beyond and in synergy with what can now be accomplished by expanding the genetic code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
A. Walker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center
for Genetically Encoded Materials, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Noah Hamlish
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center
for Genetically Encoded Materials, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Avery Tytla
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel D. Brauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center
for Genetically Encoded Materials, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center
for Genetically Encoded Materials, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center
for Genetically Encoded Materials, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
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26
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Richard M, Hinnen F, Kuhnast B. Novel [ 18F]-labeled thiol for the labeling of Dha- or maleimide-containing biomolecules. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:7. [PMID: 35384570 PMCID: PMC8986957 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prosthetic approach for the radiolabeling of biologics with fluorine-18 is a robust strategy and has been employed for many years. It requires fast, biocompatible and selective reactions suited to these fragile molecules. Michael addition of a nucleophilic thiol moiety on α,β-unsaturated carbonyl entities is an interesting compromise between simplicity of preparation of the prosthetic reagent and control of the selectivity of the addition. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl entity of the biologic can easily be generated by addition of a maleimide function using adequate heterobifunctional linkers or generated by selective modification of a cysteine residue leading to a dehydroalanine moiety. We report here the design, synthesis and radiosynthesis of a new fluoropyridine-based thiol [18F]FPySH and its conjugation via Michael addition on model dehydroalanine- or maleimide-containing biologics. RESULTS The preparation of cold reference and labeling precursor of [18F]FPySH was achieved and its radiosynthesis was fully automated, enabling production of the thiol prosthetic group with a 7 ± 2.1% radiochemical yield after two steps. The conjugation of [18F]FPySH to two model Dha-containing molecules was then carried out in reducing conditions, yielding the corresponding adducts in 30-45 min reaction time. Furthermore, [18F]FPySH was employed to radiolabel the maleimide-modified c(RGDfK) peptide, affording the radiofluorinated analogue in 15 min. CONCLUSION We have developed an original [18F]-labeled thiol for site-selective conjugation and radiolabeling of Dha or maleimide-containing biomolecules of interest. Labeling of three model compounds was successfully carried out and gave the expected radiofluorinated adducts in less than 45 min, thus compatible with fluorine-18 half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, 91401, Orsay, France.
| | - Françoise Hinnen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, 91401, Orsay, France
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27
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Bahou C, Chudasama V. The use of bromopyridazinedione derivatives in chemical biology. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5879-5890. [PMID: 35373804 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tools that facilitate the chemical modification of peptides and proteins are gaining an increasing amount of interest across many avenues of chemical biology as they enable a plethora of therapeutic, imaging and diagnostic applications. Cysteine residues and disulfide bonds have been highlighted as appealing targets for modification due to the highly homogenous nature of the products that can be formed through their site-selective modification. Amongst the reagents available for the site-selective modification of cysteine(s)/disulfide(s), pyridazinediones (PDs) have played a particularly important and enabling role. In this review, we outline the unique chemical features that make PDs especially well-suited to cysteine/disulfide modification on a wide variety of proteins and peptides, as well as provide context as to the problems solved (and applications enabled) by this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calise Bahou
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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28
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Cobo I, Matheu MI, Castillón S, Davis BG, Boutureira O. Probing Site-Selective Conjugation Chemistries for the Construction of Homogeneous Synthetic Glycodendriproteins. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200020. [PMID: 35322922 PMCID: PMC9322419 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methods that site‐selectively attach multivalent carbohydrate moieties to proteins can be used to generate homogeneous glycodendriproteins as synthetic functional mimics of glycoproteins. Here, we study aspects of the scope and limitations of some common bioconjugation techniques that can give access to well‐defined glycodendriproteins. A diverse reactive platform was designed via use of thiol‐Michael‐type additions, thiol‐ene reactions, and Cu(I)‐mediated azide‐alkyne cycloadditions from recombinant proteins containing the non‐canonical amino acids dehydroalanine, homoallylglycine, homopropargylglycine, and azidohomoalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Cobo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, departament de quimica analitica i quimica organica, SPAIN
| | - M Isabel Matheu
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, departament de quimica analitica i quimica organica, SPAIN
| | - Sergio Castillón
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, departament de quimica analitica i quimica organica, SPAIN
| | | | - Omar Boutureira
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Quimica Analitica i Qu�mica Org�nica, Departament de Qu�mica Anal, C/ Marcel.li Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, SPAIN
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29
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Zhai H, Chen K, Meng Y, Wu Z, Deng R, Bai Y, Zhou J, Quan D. Synthesis and self-assembly of amphiphilic diblock polycarbonates with various pendant hydrophilic groups. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Yang A, Tao H, Szymczak LC, Lin L, Song J, Wang Y, Bai S, Modica J, Huang SY, Mrksich M, Feng X. Efficient Enzymatic Incorporation of Dehydroalanine Based on SAMDI-Assisted Identification of Optimized Tags for OspF/SpvC. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:414-425. [PMID: 35129954 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific modification of proteins has important applications in biological research and drug development. Reactive tags such as azide, alkyne, and tetrazine have been used extensively to achieve the abovementioned goal. However, bulky side-chain "ligation scars" are often left after the labeling and may hinder the biological application of such engineered protein products. Conjugation chemistry via dehydroalanine (Dha) may provide an opportunity for "traceless" ligation because the activated alkene moiety on Dha can then serve as an electrophile to react with radicalophile, thiol/amine nucleophile, and reactive phosphine probe to introduce a minimal linker in the protein post-translational modifications. In this report, we present a mild and highly efficient enzymatic approach to incorporate Dha with phosphothreonine/serine lyases, OspF and SpvC. These lyases originally catalyze an irreversible elimination reaction that converts a doubly phosphorylated substrate with phosphothreonine (pT) or phosphoserine (pS) to dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) or Dha. To generate a simple monophosphorylated tag for these lyases, we conducted a systematic approach to profile the substrate specificity of OspF and SpvC using peptide arrays and self-assembled monolayers for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The optimized tag, [F/Y/W]-pT/pS-[F/Y/W] (where [F/Y/W] indicates an aromatic residue), results in a ∼10-fold enhancement of the overall peptide labeling efficiency via Dha chemistry and enables the first demonstration of protein labeling as well as live cell labeling with a minimal ligation linker via enzyme-mediated incorporation of Dha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Yang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huanyu Tao
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Lindsey C. Szymczak
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Liang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junfeng Song
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Silei Bai
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Justin Modica
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sheng-You Huang
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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31
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Kung KKY, Xu CF, O WY, Yu Q, Chung SF, Tam SY, Leung YC, Wong MK. Functionalized quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents for modification of cysteine-containing peptides and proteins. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6248-6254. [PMID: 35424586 PMCID: PMC8981741 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents were prepared by visible light-mediated gold-catalyzed cis-difunctionalization between quinolinium diazonium salts and electron-deficient alkyne-linked phenylethynyl trimethylsilanes. The electron-deficient alkynyl group of the quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents underwent nucleophilic addition reaction with the sulfhydryl group on cysteine-containing peptides and proteins. The quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents were found to function as highly selective reagents for the modification of cysteine-containing peptides and proteins with good to excellent conversions (up to 99%). Moreover, the modified BCArg mutants bearing cationic quinolizinium compounds 1b, 1d, 1e and 1h exhibit comparable activity in enzymatic and cytotoxicity assays to the unmodified one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ka-Yan Kung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Cai-Fung Xu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Wa-Yi O
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Qiong Yu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Sai-Fung Chung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Suet-Ying Tam
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Man-Kin Wong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
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32
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Tang KC, Maddox SM, Backus KM, Raj M. Tunable heteroaromatic azoline thioethers (HATs) for cysteine profiling. Chem Sci 2022; 13:763-774. [PMID: 35173941 PMCID: PMC8768877 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a new series of hydrolytically stable chemotype heteroaromatic azoline thioethers (HATs) to achieve highly selective, rapid, and efficient covalent labeling of cysteine under physiological conditions. Although the resulting cysteine-azoline conjugate is stable, we highlight traceless decoupling of the conjugate to afford unmodified starting components in response to reducing conditions. We demonstrated that HAT probes reverse the reactivity of nucleophilic cysteine to electrophilic dehydroalanine (Dha) under mild basic conditions. We demonstrated the umpolung capability of HAT probes for the modification of cysteine on peptides and proteins with various nucleophiles. We demonstrated that HAT probes increase the mass sensitivity of the modified peptides and proteins by 100 fold as compared to the classical methods. Finally, we extended the application of HAT probes for specific modification of cysteines in a complex cell lysate mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei C Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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33
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Wang T, Li Z, Zong R, Li J. Studies on Thiol Etching of Gold by Using QCM-D Sensor as the Sacrificial Probe. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100790. [PMID: 34850511 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is still a lack of deep understanding on the reaction kinetics and mechanism of thiol etching of gold. Herein, by using the sensor of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as the sacrificial probe, the etching reaction of gold has been studied by employing cysteamine (CS) as a typical thiol etchant. The etching reaction is verified as diffusion-controlled and shows a half-order reaction kinetics. It is demonstrated that intact thiol and amino on CS are both crucial for its etching ability to gold. Applied potentials can affect the electron transfer and hence can be used to regulate the gold etching. Our results also reveal that only two carbon atoms of the spacer between thiol and amino on CS are very critical to the excellent etching ability. This work exhibits a new route to explore the thiol etching reaction of gold and elucidates the reaction kinetics and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials, Nanchang University, 330031, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials, Nanchang University, 330031, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Runfa Zong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials, Nanchang University, 330031, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Jingzhe Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials, Nanchang University, 330031, Nanchang, P. R. China
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34
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Protein Modifications: From Chemoselective Probes to Novel Biocatalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactions can be performed to covalently modify specific residues in proteins. When applied to native enzymes, these chemical modifications can greatly expand the available set of building blocks for the development of biocatalysts. Nucleophilic canonical amino acid sidechains are the most readily accessible targets for such endeavors. A rich history of attempts to design enhanced or novel enzymes, from various protein scaffolds, has paved the way for a rapidly developing field with growing scientific, industrial, and biomedical applications. A major challenge is to devise reactions that are compatible with native proteins and can selectively modify specific residues. Cysteine, lysine, N-terminus, and carboxylate residues comprise the most widespread naturally occurring targets for enzyme modifications. In this review, chemical methods for selective modification of enzymes will be discussed, alongside with examples of reported applications. We aim to highlight the potential of such strategies to enhance enzyme function and create novel semisynthetic biocatalysts, as well as provide a perspective in a fast-evolving topic.
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35
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Visible-light-mediated catalyst-free synthesis of unnatural α-amino acids and peptide macrocycles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6873. [PMID: 34824205 PMCID: PMC8617070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The visible light induced, photocatalysts or photoabsorbing EDA complexes mediated cleavage of pyridinium C-N bond were reported in the past years. Here, we report an ionic compound promote homolytic cleavage of pyridinium C-N bond by exploiting the photonic energy from visible light. This finding is successfully applied in deaminative hydroalkylation of a series of alkenes including naturally occurring dehydroalanine, which provides an efficient way to prepare β-alkyl substituted unnatural amino acids under mild and photocatalyst-free conditions. Importantly, by using this protocol, the deaminative cyclization of peptide backbone N-terminals is realized. Furthermore, the use of Et3N or PPh3 as reductants and H2O as hydrogen atom source is a practical advantage. We anticipate that our protocol will be useful in peptide synthesis and modern peptide drug discovery.
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36
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Giri P, Pagar AD, Patil MD, Yun H. Chemical modification of enzymes to improve biocatalytic performance. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107868. [PMID: 34774927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improvement in intrinsic enzymatic features is in many instances a prerequisite for the scalable applicability of many industrially important biocatalysts. To this end, various strategies of chemical modification of enzymes are maturing and now considered as a distinct way to improve biocatalytic properties. Traditional chemical modification methods utilize reactivities of amine, carboxylic, thiol and other side chains originating from canonical amino acids. On the other hand, noncanonical amino acid- mediated 'click' (bioorthogoal) chemistry and dehydroalanine (Dha)-mediated modifications have emerged as an alternate and promising ways to modify enzymes for functional enhancement. This review discusses the applications of various chemical modification tools that have been directed towards the improvement of functional properties and/or stability of diverse array of biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Giri
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81, PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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37
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[Precise identification of O-linked β- N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. Se Pu 2021; 39:1182-1190. [PMID: 34677013 PMCID: PMC9404036 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
氧连接氮乙酰葡萄糖胺(O-GlcNAc)是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,它在维持机体正常的生命活动中发挥着重要作用。许多研究证实,O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰稳态的破坏与人类多种疾病的发生相关,大规模富集鉴定O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰蛋白有助于发现新的临床疾病诊断标志物。由于O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰丰度较低,形成的糖苷键不稳定,O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰蛋白/肽段的富集鉴定面临一定挑战。近年来,全乙酰化的非天然糖代谢标记技术被广泛应用于O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰蛋白/肽段的富集鉴定。然而,最新的研究发现,在细胞代谢标记过程中,全乙酰化的非天然单糖会同时标记半胱氨酸的巯基而引入半胱氨酸巯基-叠氮糖人为修饰物。该副反应在一定程度上干扰了O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰蛋白/肽段的富集鉴定。鉴于此,研究发展了一种通过三甲基苯磺酰羟胺(MSH)特异性氧化消除半胱氨酸巯基-叠氮糖人为修饰物的方法,进而显著提高O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰肽段的精准鉴定。该方法建立于温和的磷酸钠缓冲液(50 mmol/L, pH=8)体系,利用过量的MSH,于95 ℃避光振荡反应30 min,可完全消除半胱氨酸巯基-叠氮糖人为修饰物。该方法应用于Hela细胞中,可有效消除叠氮全乙酰化半乳糖胺(Ac4GalNAz)代谢产生的半胱氨酸巯基-叠氮糖人为修饰物,从而成功富集鉴定到157条O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰肽段,归属于130个蛋白质。该方法有效去除了半胱氨酸巯基-叠氮糖人为修饰物对代谢标记结果的干扰,为非天然糖代谢标记技术在糖蛋白组学分析中的应用提供了新的研究策略。
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Zhu F, Powell WC, Jing R, Walczak MA. Organometallic Ala M Reagents for Umpolung Peptide Diversification. CHEM CATALYSIS 2021; 1:870-884. [PMID: 34738092 PMCID: PMC8562471 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Selective modifications of peptides and proteins have emerged as a promising strategy to develop novel mechanistic probes and prepare compounds with translational potentials. Here, we report alanine carbastannatranes AlaSn as a universal synthon in various C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. These reagents are compatible with peptide manipulation techniques and can undergo chemoselective conjugation in minutes when promoted by Pd(0). Despite their increased nucleophilicity and propensity to transfer the alkyl group, C(sp3)-C(sp2) coupling with AlaSn can be accomplished at room temperature under buffered conditions (pH 6.5-8.5). We also show that AlaSn can be easily transformed into several canonical L- and D-amino acids in arylation, acylation, and etherification reactions. Furthermore, AlaSn can partake in macrocyclizations exemplified by the synthesis of medium size cyclic peptides with various topologies. Taken together, metalated alanine AlaSn demonstrates unparalleled scope and represents a new type of umpolung reagents suitable for structure-activity relationship studies and peptide diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. C
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Wyatt C. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ruiheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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Misra R, Rudnick-Glick S, Adler-Abramovich L. From Folding to Assembly: Functional Supramolecular Architectures of Peptides Comprised of Non-Canonical Amino Acids. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100090. [PMID: 34142442 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The engineering of biological molecules is the fundamental concept behind the design of complex materials with desirable functions. Over the last few decades, peptides and proteins have emerged as useful building blocks for well-defined nanostructures with controlled size and dimensions. Short peptides in particular have received much attention due to their inherent biocompatibility, lower synthetic cost, and ease of tunability. In addition to the diverse self-assembling properties of short peptides comprising coded amino acids and their emerging applications in nanotechnology, there is now growing interest in the properties of peptides composed of non-canonical amino acids. Such non-natural oligomers have been shown in recent years to form well-defined secondary structures similar to natural proteins, with the ability to self-assemble to generate a wide variety of nanostructures with excellent biostability. This review describes recent events in the development of supramolecular assemblies of peptides composed completely of non-coded amino acids and their hybrid analogues. Special attention is paid to understanding the supramolecular assemblies at the atomic level and to considering their potential applications in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Misra
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Safra Rudnick-Glick
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Lihi Adler-Abramovich
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Qiao Y, Yu G, Leeuwon SZ, Liu WR. Site-Specific Conversion of Cysteine in a Protein to Dehydroalanine Using 2-Nitro-5-thiocyanatobenzoic Acid. Molecules 2021; 26:2619. [PMID: 33947165 PMCID: PMC8125731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydroalanine exists natively in certain proteins and can also be chemically made from the protein cysteine. As a strong Michael acceptor, dehydroalanine in proteins has been explored to undergo reactions with different thiolate reagents for making close analogues of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including a variety of lysine PTMs. The chemical reagent 2-nitro-5-thiocyanatobenzoic acid (NTCB) selectively modifies cysteine to form S-cyano-cysteine, in which the S-Cβ bond is highly polarized. We explored the labile nature of this bond for triggering E2 elimination to generate dehydroalanine. Our results indicated that when cysteine is at the flexible C-terminal end of a protein, the dehydroalanine formation is highly effective. We produced ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins with a C-terminal dehydroalanine residue with high yields. When cysteine is located at an internal region of a protein, the efficiency of the reaction varies with mainly hydrolysis products observed. Dehydroalanine in proteins such as ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can serve as probes for studying pathways involving ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins and it is also a starting point to generate proteins with many PTM analogues; therefore, we believe that this NTCB-triggered dehydroalanine formation method will find broad applications in studying ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein pathways and the functional annotation of many PTMs in proteins such as histones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Qiao
- The Texas A&M Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.Q.); (G.Y.); (S.Z.L.)
| | - Ge Yu
- The Texas A&M Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.Q.); (G.Y.); (S.Z.L.)
| | - Sunshine Z. Leeuwon
- The Texas A&M Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.Q.); (G.Y.); (S.Z.L.)
| | - Wenshe Ray Liu
- The Texas A&M Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.Q.); (G.Y.); (S.Z.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology and Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Pagar AD, Patil MD, Flood DT, Yoo TH, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis with Chemical Modification and Expanded Amino Acid Alphabet. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6173-6245. [PMID: 33886302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design, have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although numerous advances have been achieved using these ground-breaking methods, the limited chemical diversity of the biopolymers, restricted to the 20 canonical amino acids, hampers creation of novel enzymes that Nature has never made thus far. To address this, much research has been devoted to expanding the protein sequence space via chemical modifications and/or incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This review provides a balanced discussion and critical evaluation of the applications, recent advances, and technical breakthroughs in biocatalysis for three approaches: (i) chemical modification of cAAs, (ii) incorporation of ncAAs, and (iii) chemical modification of incorporated ncAAs. Furthermore, the applications of these approaches and the result on the functional properties and mechanistic study of the enzymes are extensively reviewed. We also discuss the design of artificial enzymes and directed evolution strategies for enzymes with ncAAs incorporated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for biocatalysis using the expanded amino acid alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dillon T Flood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Chemical (neo)glycosylation of biological drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:62-76. [PMID: 33548302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological drugs, specifically proteins and peptides, are a privileged class of medicinal agents and are characterized with high specificity and high potency of therapeutic activity. However, biologics are fragile and require special care during storage, and are often modified to optimize their pharmacokinetics in terms of proteolytic stability and blood residence half-life. In this review, we showcase glycosylation as a method to optimize biologics for storage and application. Specifically, we focus on chemical glycosylation as an approach to modify biological drugs. We present case studies that illustrate the success of this methodology and specifically address the highly important question: does connectivity within the glycoconjugate have to be native or not? We then present the innovative methods of chemical glycosylation of biologics and specifically highlight the emerging and established protecting group-free methodologies of glycosylation. We discuss thermodynamic origins of protein stabilization via glycosylation, and analyze in detail stabilization in terms of proteolytic stability, aggregation upon storage and/or heat treatment. Finally, we present a case study of protein modification using sialic acid-containing glycans to avoid hepatic clearance of biological drugs. This review aims to spur interest in chemical glycosylation as a facile, powerful tool to optimize proteins and peptides as medicinal agents.
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Kordbacheh S, Kasko AM. Peptide and protein engineering by modification of backbone and sidechain functional groups. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Kordbacheh
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Andrea M Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles CA USA
- California Nanosystems Institute Los Angeles CA USA
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Groenevelt JM, Corey DJ, Fehl C. Chemical Synthesis and Biological Applications of O-GlcNAcylated Peptides and Proteins. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1854-1870. [PMID: 33450137 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
All human cells use O-GlcNAc protein modifications (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) to rapidly adapt to changing nutrient and stress conditions through signaling, epigenetic, and proteostasis mechanisms. A key challenge for biologists in defining precise roles for specific O-GlcNAc sites is synthetic access to homogenous isoforms of O-GlcNAc proteins, a result of the non-genetically templated, transient, and heterogeneous nature of O-GlcNAc modifications. Toward a solution, this review details the state of the art of two strategies for O-GlcNAc protein modification: advances in "bottom-up" O-GlcNAc peptide synthesis and direct "top-down" installation of O-GlcNAc on full proteins. We also describe key applications of synthetic O-GlcNAc peptide and protein tools as therapeutics, biophysical structure-function studies, biomarkers, and as disease mechanistic probes to advance translational O-GlcNAc biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Groenevelt
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Daniel J Corey
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Charlie Fehl
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Bao G, Wang P, Li G, Yu C, Li Y, Liu Y, He Z, Zhao T, Rao J, Xie J, Hong L, Sun W, Wang R. 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition between Dehydroalanines and C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines: Application to Late‐Stage Peptide Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Bao
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Changjun Yu
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan He
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Jing Rao
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Sciences Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066 Lanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
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Lindstedt PR, Aprile FA, Sormanni P, Rakoto R, Dobson CM, Bernardes GJL, Vendruscolo M. Systematic Activity Maturation of a Single-Domain Antibody with Non-canonical Amino Acids through Chemical Mutagenesis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:70-77.e5. [PMID: 33217338 PMCID: PMC7837213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Great advances have been made over the last four decades in therapeutic and diagnostic applications of antibodies. The activity maturation of antibody candidates, however, remains a significant challenge. To address this problem, we present a method that enables the systematic enhancement of the activity of a single-domain antibody through the post-translational installation of non-canonical side chains by chemical mutagenesis. We illustrate this approach by performing a structure-activity relationship study beyond the 20 naturally occurring amino acids on a single-domain antibody designed in silico to inhibit the aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide, a process closely linked to Alzheimer's disease. We found that this approach can improve, by five orders of magnitude, the anti-aggregation activity of the starting single-domain antibody, without affecting its stability. These results show that the expansion of the chemical space available to antibodies through chemical mutagenesis can be exploited for the systematic enhancement of the activity of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Lindstedt
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco A Aprile
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK; Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Robertinah Rakoto
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Protugal.
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK.
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Bao G, Wang P, Li G, Yu C, Li Y, Liu Y, He Z, Zhao T, Rao J, Xie J, Hong L, Sun W, Wang R. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition between Dehydroalanines and C,N-Cyclic Azomethine Imines: Application to Late-Stage Peptide Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5331-5338. [PMID: 33179384 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A non-catalytic, mild, and easy-to-handle protecting group switched 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) between bi- or mono-N-protected Dha and C,N-cyclic azomethine imines, which afford various quaternary amino acids with diverse scaffolds, is disclosed. Specifically, normal-electron-demand 1,3-DC reaction occurs between bi-N-protected Dha and C,N-cyclic azomethine imines, while inverse-electron-demand 1,3-DC reaction occurs between mono-N-protected Dha and C,N-cyclic azomethine imines. Above all, the reactions can be carried out between peptides with Dha residues at the position of interest and C,N-cyclic azomethine imines, both in homogeneous phase and on resins in SPPS. It provides a new toolkit for late-stage peptide modification, labeling, and peptide-drug conjugation. To shed light on the high regioselectivity of the reaction, DFT calculations were carried out, which were qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Changjun Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan He
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
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Boto A, González CC, Hernández D, Romero-Estudillo I, Saavedra CJ. Site-selective modification of peptide backbones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exciting developments in the site-selective modification of peptide backbones are allowing an outstanding fine-tuning of peptide conformation, folding ability, and physico-chemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Concepción C. González
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Iván Romero-Estudillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
- Catedrático CONACYT-CIQ-UAEM, Mexico
| | - Carlos J. Saavedra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Programa Agustín de Betancourt, Universidad de la Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
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Griffiths RC, Smith FR, Long JE, Williams HEL, Layfield R, Mitchell NJ. Site-Selective Modification of Peptides and Proteins via Interception of Free-Radical-Mediated Dechalcogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23659-23667. [PMID: 32893423 PMCID: PMC7756370 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of site‐selective chemistry targeting the canonical amino acids enables the controlled installation of desired functionalities into native peptides and proteins. Such techniques facilitate the development of polypeptide conjugates to advance therapeutics, diagnostics, and fundamental science. We report a versatile and selective method to functionalize peptides and proteins through free‐radical‐mediated dechalcogenation. By exploiting phosphine‐induced homolysis of the C−Se and C−S bonds of selenocysteine and cysteine, respectively, we demonstrate the site‐selective installation of groups appended to a persistent radical trap. The reaction is rapid, operationally simple, and chemoselective. The resulting aminooxy linker is stable under a variety of conditions and selectively cleavable in the presence of a low‐oxidation‐state transition metal. We have explored the full scope of this reaction using complex peptide systems and a recombinantly expressed protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys C Griffiths
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Frances R Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jed E Long
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Huw E L Williams
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Mitchell
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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50
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Griffiths RC, Smith FR, Long JE, Williams HEL, Layfield R, Mitchell NJ. Site‐Selective Modification of Peptides and Proteins via Interception of Free‐Radical‐Mediated Dechalcogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys C. Griffiths
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Frances R. Smith
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Jed E. Long
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Huw E. L. Williams
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Nicholas J. Mitchell
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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