1
|
Kannaboina P, Mondal K, Laha JK, Das P. Recent advances in the global ring functionalization of 7-azaindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11749-11762. [PMID: 32935671 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 7-azaindole building block has attracted considerable interest in the field of drug discovery in the current portfolio. Because of their powerful medicinal properties, the development of synthetic, elegant techniques for the functionalization of 7-azaindoles continues to be an active area of research. Advances in metal-catalyzed chemistry have recently supported the successful development of a number of novel and effective methods for functionalization of the 7-azaindole template. This review reports state-of-the-art functionalization chemistry of 7-azaindoles with an aspiration to highlight the global ring functionalization of 7-azaindoles that are potential as pharmacophores for various therapeutic targets. Other relevant reviews focused on 7-azaindole synthesis, properties and applications have also been reported. However, none of these reviews have been dedicated to the results achieved in the field of metal-catalyzed cross-coupling/C-H bond functionalized reactions. So we wish to discuss and summarize the advances made since 2011 in this field toward 7-azaindole functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kannaboina
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krishna A, Sarveswari S. One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐6‐(1,2‐dihydro‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxoquinolin‐3‐yl)‐4‐arylpyridine‐3‐carbonitriles Catalysed by NbCl
5
and Their In Vitro Antimicrobial Studies. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alla. Krishna
- Department of ChemistryVellore Institute of Technology 632014, Tamilnadu Vellore India
- LGC Promochem private limited Bangalore
| | - S. Sarveswari
- Department of ChemistryVellore Institute of Technology 632014, Tamilnadu Vellore India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun B, Zhang H, Dong Y, Zhao L, Han J, Liu M. Evaluation of the combination mode and features of p38 MAPK inhibitors: construction of different pharmacophore models and molecular docking. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1606426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Dong
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hirata M, Yao T, Fujimura S, Kanai Y, Yoshimoto M, Sato T, Ohmomo Y, Temma T. Development of a p38α-selective radioactive probe for qualitative diagnosis of cancer using SPECT. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:333-343. [PMID: 30953245 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p38α) has drawn attention as a new target molecule for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, and its overexpression and activation have been reported in various types of cancer. In this study, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging probe of p38α was developed to noninvasively image p38α activity for effective qualitative diagnosis of cancer. METHODS Pyrrolepyridine derivatives, m-YTM and p-YTM, were designed and synthesized based on the structure of the p38α-selective inhibitor. Radioactive iodine-labeled m-YTM, [125I]m-YTM, was synthesized because m-YTM greatly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38α upon examining the inhibitory effects of the compounds. After investigating the binding affinity of [125I]m-YTM to the recombinant p38α, a saturation binding experiment using activated p38α and inactive p38α was performed to determine the binding site. Uptake of [125I]m-YTM into various cancer cell lines was investigated, and the pharmacokinetics was evaluated using tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS The inhibitory activity of m-YTM was approximately 13 times higher than that of SB203580, a p38α-selective inhibitor. The binding site of [125I]m-YTM was estimated to be the p38α activating site, similar to that of SB203580, because the [125I]m-YTM bound strongly to both activated p38α and inactive p38α. Various different cancer cells incorporated [125I]m-YTM; however, its accumulation was significantly reduced by treatment with SB203580. Pharmacokinetics study of [125I]m-YTM in B-16 tumor-bearing mice was examined which revealed high accumulation of radioactivity in tumor tissues. The ratios of radioactivity in the B-16 tumor to that in blood were 3.1 and 50 after 1 and 24 h, respectively. The ratio of radioactivity in the tumor to that in blood in the tumor-bearing mice generated using other cancer cell lines was also ≥ 1 at 1 h after the administration of the probe. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that [123I]m-YTM has potential as a p38α imaging probe effective for various cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hirata
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Fujimura
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Kanai
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan.,Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaji Sato
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ohmomo
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Takashi Temma
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kannaboina P, Raina G, Anil Kumar K, Das P. Palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of halo-substituted 7-azaindoles and other heteroarenes using chloroform as a carbon monoxide source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9446-9449. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04339b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of halo-substituted 7-azaindoles and other heterocycles utilizing CHCl3 as the carbonyl source has been developed for the straightforward incorporation of an amide functional group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kannaboina
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
- Jammu 180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Gaurav Raina
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
- Jammu 180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - K. Anil Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
- Jammu 180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
- Jammu 180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singla P, Luxami V, Paul K. Pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine Derivatives: Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of their Calf Thymus DNA Binding Properties. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prinka Singla
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Thapar University; Patiala- 147001 India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Thapar University; Patiala- 147001 India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Thapar University; Patiala- 147001 India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plas A, Martin C, Joubert N, Viaud-Massuard MC. Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of N-Free 2-Chloro-7-azaindole. Org Lett 2015; 17:4710-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Plas
- GICC
UMR 7292 CNRS-Université
de Tours, Equipe 4 Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique,
UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 avenue
Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Camille Martin
- GICC
UMR 7292 CNRS-Université
de Tours, Equipe 4 Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique,
UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 avenue
Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Joubert
- GICC
UMR 7292 CNRS-Université
de Tours, Equipe 4 Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique,
UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 avenue
Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Marie-Claude Viaud-Massuard
- GICC
UMR 7292 CNRS-Université
de Tours, Equipe 4 Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique,
UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 avenue
Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abdelmohsen SA, El-Ossaily YAB. One-pot synthesis of 5-[1-substituted 4-acetyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)]-8-hydroxyquinolines using DABCO as green catalyst. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA green and simple method for the synthesis of the title compounds 4 by the reaction of 5-chloroacetyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (1), pentane-2,4-dione (2), and amines 3 in the presence of a catalytic amount of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane at 60°C is described. The procedure is amenable for the synthesis of other substituted pyrroles. Short reaction time, environmentally friendly procedure, and excellent yields are the main advantages. The structures of products 4a–n were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, and MS spectra.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jose G, Suresha Kumara T, Nagendrappa G, Sowmya H, Jasinski JP, Millikan SP, More SS, Janardhan B, Harish B, Chandrika N. Synthesis, crystal structure, molecular docking and antimicrobial evaluation of new pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Atmakur K, Emmadi NR, Balasubramanian S. Synthesis of Novel Fluorinated 11H-Azaindolo[3,2-c]isoquinolines. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaiah Atmakur
- Organic Chemistry Division-II; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad; 500 007; India
| | - Narender Reddy Emmadi
- Organic Chemistry Division-II; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad; 500 007; India
| | - Sridhar Balasubramanian
- Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad; 500 007; India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Antagonism of the histamine H4 receptor reduces LPS-induced TNF production in vivo. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:599-607. [PMID: 23532396 PMCID: PMC3654183 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Antagonism of the histamine H4 receptor (H4R) has been shown to be anti-inflammatory in a number of preclinical disease models, however the exact mechanisms behind this are still being uncovered. In vitro, the receptor interacts with TLR and impacts inflammatory mediator production from a number of different cell types. Here it is shown that this interaction also occurs in vivo. Materials and methods Wild-type and H4R deficient BALB/c mice received an i.p. injection of LPS in PBS in conjunction with p.o. JNJ 7777120 or JNJ 28307474 (H4R antagonists). Two hours later blood was collected and TNF was measured. Results Two different H4R antagonists inhibited LPS-induced TNF production in mice and this production was also reduced in H4R-deficient mice. The TNF mRNA analysis showed that the major source of the cytokine was the liver and not blood, and that the H4R antagonist only reduced the expression levels in the liver. Depletion or inactivation of macrophages reduced the TNF levels and eliminated the H4R sensitivity. Treatment with an H4R antagonist also reduced LPS-induced liver injury and blocked LPS-enhanced lung inflammation in mice. Conclusion The data support an interaction between H4R and TLR activation in vivo that can drive inflammatory responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00011-013-0612-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hou Z, Suzuki Y, Oishi S, Fujii N, Ohno H. Efficient synthesis of aminomethylated azaindoles and corresponding pyrrole-fused derivatives by copper-catalyzed domino multicomponent coupling and cyclization. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
14
|
Meshram HM, Bangade VM, Reddy BC, Kumar GS, Thakur PB. DABCO Promoted an Efficient and Convenient Synthesis of Pyrrole in Aqueous Medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2012.22024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Abdelrazek FM, Sobhy NA, Metz P, Bazbouz AA. Synthetic studies with 3-Oxo-N-[4-(3-oxo- 3-phenylpropionylamino)-phenyl]-3-phenylpropionamide. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Barbosa MLDC, Fumian MM, Miranda ALPD, Barreiro EJ, Lima LM. Therapeutic approaches for tumor necrosis factor inhibition. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502011000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) consists of an inflammatory cytokine essential for homeostasis and organism defense. Despite its physiological relevance, both increased biosynthesis and release of TNF lead to the exacerbation of inflammatory and oxidative responses, which are related to the pathogenesis of a host of diseases of an inflammatory, autoimmune and/or infectious nature. In this context, effective therapeutic approaches for the modulation of TNF have been the focus of research efforts. Approximately one million individuals worldwide have been treated with biotechnological inhibitors of this cytokine, the so-called anti-TNF biopharmaceuticals. However, given the high risk of infection and the limitations related to cost and administration routes, new therapeutic approaches aimed at biological targets that directly or indirectly modulate the production and/or activation of TNF appear promising alternatives for the discovery of new anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory orally active drugs and are therefore discussed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Lídia Moreira Lima
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shumaila AM, Puranik VG, Kusurkar RS. Synthesis of tetrahydro-5-azaindoles and 5-azaindoles using Pictet–Spengler reaction—appreciable difference in products using different acid catalysts. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Abdelrazek FM, Fadda AA, Mohamed SS. Heterosynthesis Using Nitriles: Novel Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>b</i>]pyridines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2011.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
Merkul E, Klukas F, Dorsch D, Grädler U, Greiner HE, Müller TJJ. Rapid preparation of triazolyl substituted NH-heterocyclic kinase inhibitors via one-pot Sonogashira coupling–TMS-deprotection–CuAAC sequence. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5129-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Mukai C, Shaykoon Ahmed Shaykoon M, Inagaki F. A New Entry for Preparation of 2-Substituted Azaindoles. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-s(s)29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Majumdar K, Samanta S, Chattopadhyay B. A convenient synthesis of pyrrolopyridines and 2-substituted indoles by gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Montalban AG, Boman E, Chang CD, Ceide SC, Dahl R, Dalesandro D, Delaet NGJ, Erb E, Ernst JT, Gibbs A, Kahl J, Kessler L, Lundström J, Miller S, Nakanishi H, Roberts E, Saiah E, Sullivan R, Wang Z, Larson CJ. The design and synthesis of novel alpha-ketoamide-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1772-7. [PMID: 18325768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel series of potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitors through structure-based design which due to their extended molecular architecture bind, in addition to the ATP site, to an allosteric pocket. In vitro ADME and in vivo PK studies show these compounds to have drug-like characteristics which could result in the development of an oral treatment for inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Majumdar K, Mondal S. Regioselective synthesis of substituted pyrrolopyridines based on Pd(II)-mediated cross coupling and base induced heteroannulation. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Ping Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Chinese Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jin‐Xin Wang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Chinese Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fang YQ, Yuen J, Lautens M. A general modular method of azaindole and thienopyrrole synthesis via Pd-catalyzed tandem couplings of gem-dichloroolefins. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5152-60. [PMID: 17559273 DOI: 10.1021/jo070460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed reaction of gem-dichloroolefins and a boronic acid via a tandem intramolecular C-N and intermolecular Suzuki coupling process gave corresponding substituted azaindoles or thienopyrroles. This method is a very modular protocol to synthesize all four isomers of azaindole and two isomers of thienopyrroles in good to excellent yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Fang
- Davenport Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Caldwell JJ, Cheung KM, Collins I. Synthesis of 4-(cyclic dialkylamino)-7-azaindoles by microwave heating of 4-halo-7-azaindoles and cyclic secondary amines. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
27
|
McClure KF, Letavic MA, Kalgutkar AS, Gabel CA, Audoly L, Barberia JT, Braganza JF, Carter D, Carty TJ, Cortina SR, Dombroski MA, Donahue KM, Elliott NC, Gibbons CP, Jordan CK, Kuperman AV, Labasi JM, Laliberte RE, McCoy JM, Naiman BM, Nelson KL, Nguyen HT, Peese KM, Sweeney FJ, Taylor TJ, Trebino CE, Abramov YA, Laird ER, Volberg WA, Zhou J, Bach J, Lombardo F. Structure–activity relationships of triazolopyridine oxazole p38 inhibitors: Identification of candidates for clinical development. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4339-44. [PMID: 16759861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure-activity relationship, in vivo activity, and metabolic profile for a series of triazolopyridine-oxazole based p38 inhibitors are described. The deficiencies of the lead structure in the series, CP-808844, were overcome by changes to the C4 aryl group and the triazole side-chain culminating in the identification of several potential clinical candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim F McClure
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Alfonsi M, Arcadi A, Bianchi G, Marinelli F, Nardini A. Gold-Catalyzed C-3-Alkylation of 7-Azaindoles Through Michael-Type Addition to α,β-Enones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
McClure KF, Abramov YA, Laird ER, Barberia JT, Cai W, Carty TJ, Cortina SR, Danley DE, Dipesa AJ, Donahue KM, Dombroski MA, Elliott NC, Gabel CA, Han S, Hynes TR, Lemotte PK, Mansour MN, Marr ES, Letavic MA, Pandit J, Ripin DB, Sweeney FJ, Tan D, Tao Y. Theoretical and Experimental Design of Atypical Kinase Inhibitors: Application to p38 MAP Kinase. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5728-37. [PMID: 16134941 DOI: 10.1021/jm050346q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mimics of the benzimidazolone nucleus found in inhibitors of p38 kinase are proposed, and their theoretical potential as bioisosteres is described. A set of calculated descriptors relevant to the anticipated binding interaction for the fragments 1-methyl-1H-benzotriazole 5, 3-methyl-benzo[d]isoxazole 3, and 3-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine 4, pyridine 1, and 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one 2 are reported. The design considerations and synthesis of p38 inhibitors based on these H-bond acceptor fragments is detailed. Comparative evaluation of the pyridine-, benzimidazolone-, benzotriazole-, and triazolopyridine-based inhibitors shows the triazoles 20 and 25 to be significantly more potent experimentally than the benzimidazolone after which they were modeled. An X-ray crystal structure of 25 bound to the active site shows that the triazole group serves as the H-bond acceptor but unexpectedly as a dual acceptor, inducing movement of the crossover connection of p38alpha. The computed descriptors for the hydrophobic and pi-pi interaction capacities were the most useful in ranking potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim F McClure
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Dios A, Shih C, López de Uralde B, Sánchez C, del Prado M, Martín Cabrejas LM, Pleite S, Blanco-Urgoiti J, Lorite MJ, Nevill CR, Bonjouklian R, York J, Vieth M, Wang Y, Magnus N, Campbell RM, Anderson BD, McCann DJ, Giera DD, Lee PA, Schultz RM, Li LC, Johnson LM, Wolos JA. Design of potent and selective 2-aminobenzimidazole-based p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors with excellent in vivo efficacy. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2270-3. [PMID: 15801819 DOI: 10.1021/jm048978k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and discovery of a 2-aminobenzimidazole-based series of potent and highly selective p38alphainhibitors. The lead compound 1 had low-nanomolar activity in both ATP competitive enzyme binding and inhibition of TNFalpha release in macrophages. Compound 18 showed excellent pharmacokinetics properties and oral activity in the rat collagen induced arthritis model compared with other p38 reference compounds. A SAR strategy to address CyP3A4 liability is also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso de Dios
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly S.A., Avenida de la Industria, 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
Xiao Z, Varma S, Xiao YD, Tropsha A. Modeling of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors using the Catalyst HypoGen and k-nearest neighbor QSAR methods. J Mol Graph Model 2005; 23:129-38. [PMID: 15363455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 05/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have employed in parallel the Catalyst HypoGen pharmacophore modeling approach and the variable selection k-nearest neighbor quantitative structure-activity relationship (kNN QSAR) method to model a diverse data set of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors. The HypoGen pharmacophore model, developed from a novel automated training set selection protocol, identified chemical functional features that were characteristic of the active compounds and differentiated the active from the inactive inhibitors. The kNN QSAR modeling employed topological descriptors and afforded predictive QSAR models with consistently high values of both leave-one-out cross-validated R2 for the training set and predictive R2 for the test set. The results of both modeling approaches were sensitive to the selection of the training and test sets used for model development and validation. The resulting Catalyst pharmacophore and kNN QSAR models can be used concurrently for rapid virtual screening of chemical databases to identify novel p38 MAP kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Xiao
- The Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The recent successful introduction of the anti-cytokine biologicals Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Anakinra has stimulated the search for anti-cytokine small-molecules. A number of molecular targets have been identified for the development of such small molecular anti-cytokine agents. The focus of this review will be on those inhibitors of cytokine production, which target either p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), or IL-1beta converting enzyme (ICE). P38 MAP kinase occupies a central role in the signaling network responsible for the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and TNF-alpha, and regulates their biosynthesis at both the transcriptional and translational level. TACE and ICE are two proteases required for the processing of proTNF-alpha and proIL-1beta, respectively into their mature, proinflammatory form. Since the mid-1990s, a plethora of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase, TACE, and ICE has been characterized in vitro, and individual representatives from all three inhibitor classes have in the meantime been advanced into clinical trials. This review will highlight the correlation between effective inhibition at the molecular target and cellular activity in functional assays of cytokine, particularly TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, production. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) will be discussed regarding activity at the respective enzyme target, but also with regard to properties required for efficient in vitro and in vivo cellular activity (e.g., oral availability, solubility, cell penetration, etc.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Wagner
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wada Y, Nakajima-Yamada T, Yamada K, Tsuchida J, Yasumoto T, Shimozato T, Aoki K, Kimura T, Ushiyama S. R-130823, a novel inhibitor of p38 MAPK, ameliorates hyperalgesia and swelling in arthritis models. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 506:285-95. [PMID: 15627439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We found that a novel compound, R-130823 {2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(1-phenethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole}, had highly selective inhibition against mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha (IC50=22 nM). The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8 was inhibited in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood pretreated by R-130823, with IC50 values of 0.089, 0.066, 0.95 and 0.16 microM, respectively. R-130823 reduced the established hind paw swelling in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, while methotrexate showed no suppression. In the same model, R-130823 ameliorated adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia with rapid onset and long duration comparable to a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. In murine collagen-induced arthritis, R-130823 blocked the progress of arthritis when administered just after the onset of the arthritis. Histological analysis of the knee joints showed that proliferation of fibroblasts and synoviocytes and infiltration of neutrophils were ameliorated. In conclusion, R-130823 is expected to be an efficacious treatment for rheumatoid arthritis by blocking the p38 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Wada
- Biological Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen P, Doweyko AM, Norris D, Gu HH, Spergel SH, Das J, Moquin RV, Lin J, Wityak J, Iwanowicz EJ, McIntyre KW, Shuster DJ, Behnia K, Chong S, de Fex H, Pang S, Pitt S, Shen DR, Thrall S, Stanley P, Kocy OR, Witmer MR, Kanner SB, Schieven GL, Barrish JC. Imidazoquinoxaline Src-Family Kinase p56Lck Inhibitors: SAR, QSAR, and the Discovery of (S)-N-(2-Chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)imidazo- [1,5-a]pyrido[3,2-e]pyrazin-6-amine (BMS-279700) as a Potent and Orally Active Inhibitor with Excellent in Vivo Antiinflammatory Activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4517-29. [PMID: 15317463 DOI: 10.1021/jm030217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel anilino 5-azaimidazoquinoxaline analogues possessing potent in vitro activity against p56Lck and T cell proliferation have been discovered. Subsequent SAR studies led to the identification of compound 4 (BMS-279700) as an orally active lead candidate that blocks the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and TNFalpha) in vivo. In addition, an expanded set of imidazoquinoxalines provided several descriptive QSAR models highlighting the influence of significant steric and electronic features. The H-bonding (Met319) contribution to observed binding affinities within a tightly congeneric series was found to be significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Newton R, Holden N. Inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: potential as anti-inflammatory agents in asthma? BioDrugs 2004; 17:113-29. [PMID: 12641490 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200317020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways, which in patients with mild to moderate symptoms is adequately controlled by either beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists or corticosteroids, or a combination of both. Despite this, there are classes of patients that fail to respond to these treatments. In addition, there is a general trend towards increasing morbidity and mortality due to asthma, which suggests that there is a need for new and improved treatments. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) represent a point of convergence for multiple signalling processes that are activated in inflammation and that impact on a diverse range of events that are important in inflammation. Small molecule pyridinyl imidazole inhibitors of p38 MAPK have proved to be highly effective in reducing various parameters of inflammation, in particular cytokine expression. Like corticosteroids, inhibitors of p38 MAPK appear to be able to repress gene expression at multiple levels, for example, by transcriptional, posttranscriptional and translational repression, and this raises the possibility of a similarly broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory activities. Indeed these molecules have proved to be effective in numerous in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation and septicaemia, which suggests that such compounds may be effective as therapeutic agents against inflammatory disorders. Despite these very promising indications of the possible therapeutic use of p38 MAPK inhibitors, a number of events that are p38-dependent are in fact also beneficial to the resolution or modulation of diseases such as asthma. We conclude that the overall effect of p38 MAPK inhibition would be beneficial in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. However, these drugs may result in a complex phenotype that will require careful evaluation. Currently, a number of second or third generation inhibitors of p38 MAPK are being tested in phase I and phase II clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Newton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
With the many protein sequences coming from the genome sequencing projects, it is unlikely that we will ever have an atomic resolution structure of every relevant protein. With high throughput crystallography, however, we will soon have representative structures for the vast majority of protein families. Thus the drug discovery and design process will rely heavily on protein modeling to address issues such as designing combinatorial libraries for an entire class of targets and engineering genome-wide selectivity over a target class. In this study we assess the value of high throughput docking into homology models. To do this we dock a database of random compounds seeded with known inhibitors into homology models of six different kinases. In five of the six cases the known inhibitors were found to be enriched by factors of 4-5 in the top 5% of the overall scored and ranked compounds. Furthermore, in the same five cases the known inhibitors were found to be enriched by factors of 2-3 in the top 5% of the scored and ranked known kinase inhibitors, thus showing that the homology models can pick up some of the crucial selectivity information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Diller
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., CN5350, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5350, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Laufer SA, Wagner GK, Kotschenreuther DA, Albrecht W. Novel substituted pyridinyl imidazoles as potent anticytokine agents with low activity against hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3230-44. [PMID: 12852754 DOI: 10.1021/jm030766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of polysubstituted pyridin-4-yl imidazole inhibitors of p38 MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase was prepared as small molecular anticytokine agents and drug candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. The contribution of substituents at the pyridinyl and imidazole moiety to selective inhibition of p38 without concomitant cytochrome P450 interaction was evaluated. Placement of a 1-phenylethyl (7e, p38: IC(50) 0.38 microM) or acetyl substituent at the exocyclic nitrogen of several 2-aminopyridine imidazoles led to the identification of potent p38 inhibitors which exceeded the starting lead ML 3375 (p38: IC(50) 0.63 microM) in potency. A preliminary modeling study related the enhanced bioactivity of 7e to a novel interaction between its 1-phenylethylamino side chain and a hydrophobic pocket close to the linker region of p38. The most active p38 inhibitors in this series maintained their efficacy in functional PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and whole blood assays. Moreover, cytochrome P450 interaction, which has been linked to the liver toxicity observed for model p38 inhibitors, was very efficiently reduced through introduction of a tetramethylpiperidine substituent at the 1 position of the imidazole nucleus. Combination of both structural features provided 14c (p38: 0.34 microM, inhibition of CYP1A2 0%, 2C9 2.6%, 2C19 7.6% at 10 microM), which was selected for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Laufer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tobe M, Isobe Y, Tomizawa H, Nagasaki T, Obara F, Hayashi H. Structure-activity relationships of 6-fluoroquinazolines: dual-acting compounds with inhibitory activities toward both TNF-alpha production and T cell proliferation. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:609-16. [PMID: 12538026 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized various 6-fluoro-7-(1-piperazino)quinazolines based on the structure of 1 and evaluated their inhibitory activities toward both TNF-alpha production and T cell proliferation responses. Among these compounds, 7a, having the 3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl moiety at the C(4)-position of the quinazoline ring, showed both inhibitory activities. Furthermore, the oral treatment with 7a exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect in rats with adjuvant arthritis as well as an inhibitory activity toward LPS-induced TNF-alpha production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tobe
- Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Laboratory, Japan Energy Corporation, Toda-shi, 335-8502, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rupert KC, Henry JR, Dodd JH, Wadsworth SA, Cavender DE, Olini GC, Fahmy B, Siekierka JJ. Imidazopyrimidines, potent inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:347-50. [PMID: 12565927 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The MAP kinase p38 is implicated in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. Inhibition of cytokine release may be a useful treatment for inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. A novel series of imidazopyrimidines have been discovered that potently inhibit p38 and suppress the production of TNF-alpha in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Rupert
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 1000 Route 202, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tobe M, Isobe Y, Tomizawa H, Nagasaki T, Obara F, Matsumoto M, Hayashi H. Structure-activity relationships of 6-nitroquinazolines: dual-acting compounds with inhibitory activities toward both TNF-alpha production and T cell proliferation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:1073-80. [PMID: 12192139 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized various 6-nitroquinazolines by modifying the structure of compound 1 and evaluated their inhibitory activities toward both TNF-alpha production and T cell proliferation responses. The presence of the unsubstituted piperazine ring at the C(7)-position was required for both inhibitory activities. In this series of compounds, 5d and 5f, containing the 4-fluorophenyl and 3,4-difluorophenyl moiety, respectively, at the C(4)-position, showed the suppressing effects toward both responses with low cell growth inhibition. Furthermore, the oral administration of these compounds mentioned above at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg also resulted in significant inhibition of TNF-alpha production induced by LPS in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tobe
- Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Laboratory, Japan Energy Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Regan J, Breitfelder S, Cirillo P, Gilmore T, Graham AG, Hickey E, Klaus B, Madwed J, Moriak M, Moss N, Pargellis C, Pav S, Proto A, Swinamer A, Tong L, Torcellini C. Pyrazole urea-based inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase: from lead compound to clinical candidate. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2994-3008. [PMID: 12086485 DOI: 10.1021/jm020057r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on a series of N-pyrazole, N'-aryl ureas and their mode of binding to p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. Importantly, a key binding domain that is distinct from the adenosine 5'-triphoshate (ATP) binding site is exposed when the conserved activation loop, consisting in part of Asp168-Phe169-Gly170, adopts a conformation permitting lipophilic and hydrogen bonding interactions between this class of inhibitors and the protein. We describe the correlation of the structure-activity relationships and crystallographic structures of these inhibitors with p38. In addition, we incorporated another binding pharmacophore that forms a hydrogen bond at the ATP binding site. This modification affords significant improvements in binding, cellular, and in vivo potencies resulting in the selection of 45 (BIRB 796) as a clinical candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Regan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Adams JL, Badger AM, Kumar S, Lee JC. p38 MAP kinase: molecular target for the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 38:1-60. [PMID: 11774793 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Adams
- Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Thurmond RL, Wadsworth SA, Schafer PH, Zivin RA, Siekierka JJ. Kinetics of small molecule inhibitor binding to p38 kinase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5747-54. [PMID: 11722559 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38/p38-alpha/CSBP2/RK) has been implicated in the regulation of many proinflammatory pathways. Because of this, it has received much attention as a potential drug target for controlling diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, endotoxic shock, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, and many others. A number of small molecule inhibitors of this kinase have been described, and in this paper we have used surface plasmon resonance to directly measure and quantitate their binding to p38. Despite the relatively low molecular mass (approximately 400 Da) of these inhibitors, specific binding can be observed. For the two most potent inhibitors studied, SB 203580 and RWJ 67657, dissociation constants, K(d)'s, of 22 and 10 nm, respectively, were obtained. These values closely match the IC(5)0 values observed in a cell-based TNF alpha release assay implying that p38 plays a major role in TNF alpha release. The association and dissociation rates for the binding of these inhibitors to p38 have also been quantitated. SB 203580 and RWJ 67657 have very similar association rates of around 8 x 10(5) m(-1) x s(-1), and the differences in affinity are determined by different dissociation rates. The weaker binding compounds have dissociation rates similar to SB 203580, but the association rates vary by an order of magnitude or more. The direct measurement of compounds binding to p38 may help in understanding the difference between potency and efficacy for these inhibitors. This in turn may yield clues on how to develop better inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Thurmond
- R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Grant ER, Errico MA, Emanuel SL, Benjamin D, McMillian MK, Wadsworth SA, Zivin RA, Zhong Z. Protection against glutamate toxicity through inhibition of the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in neuronally differentiated P19 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:283-96. [PMID: 11434901 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate trigger excitotoxic processes in neurons that lead to cell death. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor over-activation is a key excitotoxic stimulus that leads to increases in intracellular calcium and activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. In the present study, we have demonstrated that 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio]butadiene (U0126), a potent and selective inhibitor of the p44/42 MAP kinase signaling pathway, prevents glutamate-induced death in neuronally differentiated P19 cells. In addition, we show that differentiated, but not undifferentiated, P19 cells expressed zeta1, epsilon1, and epsilon2 subunits of the NMDA receptor. Differentiated P19 cells exhibited specific NMDA receptor binding and intracellular calcium responses to glutamate that were blocked by the selective NMDA receptor antagonist [5R,10S]-[+]-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), but not U0126. Glutamate treatment of differentiated P19 cells triggered a rapid and sustained induction in p42 MAP kinase phosphorylation that was blocked by U0126. Pretreatment of differentiated P19 cells with U0126, but not other classes of protein kinase inhibitors, protected against glutamate-induced cell death. Post-treatment with U0126, even as late as 6 hr after glutamate application, also protected against glutamate toxicity. These results suggest that the p44/42 MAP kinase pathway may be a critical downstream signaling pathway in glutamate receptor-activated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Grant
- Drug Discovery, R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1000 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fijen JW, Zijlstra JG, De Boer P, Spanjersberg R, Tervaert JW, Van Der Werf TS, Ligtenberg JJ, Tulleken JE. Suppression of the clinical and cytokine response to endotoxin by RWJ-67657, a p38 mitogen-activated protein-kinase inhibitor, in healthy human volunteers. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:16-20. [PMID: 11359438 PMCID: PMC1906020 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sepsis resulting in multiorgan failure and death is still a major problem in intensive care medicine, despite extensive attempts to interfere in the supposed underlying mechanism of a deranged immune system. This is not only due to the persistent lacunae in knowledge about the immune system in sepsis but also due to the lack of sufficient instruments for intervention. Inhibitors of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) have been used to study the signalling pathway of the immune response. In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that blocking p38MAPK could mitigate the pro-inflammatory response and improve survival after endotoxaemia. Using an endotoxaemia model in healthy human volunteers we evaluated the attenuation of clinical and cytokine response to endotoxin after inhibition of p38MAPK by an oral dose of RWJ-67657, a pyrindinyl imidazole. We measured the clinical parameters temperature, blood pressure and heart rate. The proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were measured by ELISA at various points during a 24-h period. Drug toxicity was evaluated by routine clinical and laboratory examinations. After a single dose dose of RWJ-67657 the temperature and blood pressure response remained at the basal level. The inhibition of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 response was a dose dependent. With the maximum dosage, reduction in peak serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines was greater than 90%. There was no drug-related toxicity. INTERPRETATION We conclude that inhibition of p38MAPK by RWJ-67657 might be a tool to intervene in the deranged immune response in sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Fijen
- Intensive and Respiratory Care Unit and Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Boehm JC, Bower MJ, Gallagher TF, Kassis S, Johnson SR, Adams JL. Phenoxypyrimidine inhibitors of p38α kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1123-6. [PMID: 11354358 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our work with 1,4,5 substituted imidazole inhibitors of p38alpha, we report a series of 1-(4-piperidinyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-phenoxy-4-pyrimidinyl) imidazoles related to 7. The compounds have IC50's for inhibition of p38alpha ranging from 6.0 to 650nM. Statistical analysis of the p38beta inhibitor potencies shows a correlation of IC50's with the electron donating strength of low molecular weight substituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Boehm
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|