1
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Liu J, Chen M. Stereoselective syntheses of 2-methyl-1,3-diol acetals via Re-catalyzed [1,3]-allylic alcohol transposition. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8103-8108. [PMID: 37538826 PMCID: PMC10395275 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07059f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhenium-catalyzed stereoselective transposition of allylic alcohols is reported. In the presence of 1 mol% of Re2O7, (E)- or (Z)-δ-hydroxymethyl-anti-homoallylic alcohols were converted into the acetals of 2-methyl-1,3-syn-diols with excellent diastereoselectivities. 1,3-syn-Diol acetals can also be synthesized from (E)-δ-hydroxymethyl-syn-homoallylic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University Auburn AL 36849 USA
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2
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Das R, Rauf A, Mitra S, Emran TB, Hossain MJ, Khan Z, Naz S, Ahmad B, Meyyazhagan A, Pushparaj K, Wan CC, Balasubramanian B, Rengasamy KR, Simal-Gandara J. Therapeutic potential of marine macrolides: An overview from 1990 to 2022. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110072. [PMID: 35952775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sea is a vast ecosystem that has remained primarily unexploited and untapped, resulting in numerous organisms. Consequently, marine organisms have piqued the interest of scientists as an abundant source of natural resources with unique structural features and fascinating biological activities. Marine macrolide is a top-class natural product with a heavily oxygenated polyene backbone containing macrocyclic lactone. In the last few decades, significant efforts have been made to isolate and characterize macrolides' chemical and biological properties. Numerous macrolides are extracted from different marine organisms such as marine microorganisms, sponges, zooplankton, molluscs, cnidarians, red algae, tunicates, and bryozoans. Notably, the prominent macrolide sources are fungi, dinoflagellates, and sponges. Marine macrolides have several bioactive characteristics such as antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiviral), anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and neuroprotective activities. In brief, marine organisms are plentiful in naturally occurring macrolides, which can become the source of efficient and effective therapeutics for many diseases. This current review summarizes these exciting and promising novel marine macrolides in biological activities and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, 94640, Pakistan.
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Zidan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh.
| | - Saima Naz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560076, India.
| | - Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chunpeng Craig Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruit &Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruit & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | | | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
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3
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Al-Fadhli AA, Threadgill MD, Mohammed F, Sibley P, Al-Ariqi W, Parveen I. Macrolides from rare actinomycetes: Structures and bioactivities. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106523. [PMID: 35041941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rare actinomycetes are the sources of numerous biologically active secondary metabolites with diverse structures. Among them are macrolides, which have been shown to display several antibiotic activities. In this review, twenty-six groups of macrolides from rare actinomycetes are presented, with their bioactivities and structures of representatives from each group. It has been divided according to the classes of macrolides. The most interesting groups with a wide range of biological activities are ammocidins, bafilomycins, neomaclafungins, rosaramicins, spinosyns, and tiacumicins. Most macrolides are obtained from the genus, Micromonospora, with smaller contributions from genera such as Saccharothrix, Amycolatopsis, Nocardiopsis and Catenulispora. These macrolides display unique cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-trypanosomal, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and anti-herpetic activity. Based on their noticeable bioactivities and diverse structures, macrolides from rare actinomycetes deserve to be investigated further for future applications in medicine. This work highlights the bioactivities and structures of important classes of macrolides from rare actinomycetes, which could be used in medicine in the future or which are already in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Al-Fadhli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen; Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Faez Mohammed
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Faculty of Applied Science-Arhab, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Paul Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wadie Al-Ariqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen
| | - Ifat Parveen
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
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4
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Jiang L, Huang P, Ren B, Song Z, Zhu G, He W, Zhang J, Oyeleye A, Dai H, Zhang L, Liu X. Antibacterial polyene-polyol macrolides and cyclic peptides from the marine-derived Streptomyces sp. MS110128. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4975-4986. [PMID: 34146138 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine microbes provide an important resource to discover new chemical compounds with biological activities beneficial to drug discovery. In our study, two new polyene macrolides, pyranpolyenolides A (1) and B (2), and one new natural cyclic peptide (9), together with two known polyenes (7 and 8) and three known cyclic peptides (10-12), were isolated from a culture of the marine Streptomyces sp. MS110128. In addition, four new polyene macrolides, pyranpolyenolides C-F (3-6), were identified as olefin geometric isomers that were most likely produced by photochemical conversion during the cultivation or isolation procedures. The pyranpolyenolides are 32-membered macrolides endowed with a conjugated tetraene and several pairs of 1,3-dihydroxyl groups. Pyranpolyenolides that contain a hydropyran group have not been previously reported. Four cyclic peptides (9-12) showed significant activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with supporting MIC values ranging from 0.025 to 1.25 μg/mL. These cyclic peptides containing piperazic moieties showed moderate activities with MIC values of 12.5 μg/mL against Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), an attenuated form of the bovine. Additionally, cyclic peptide 12 showed moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. KEY POINTS: • Discovery of new polyenes and cyclic peptides from a marine-derived Actinomycete. • Cyclic peptides containing piperazic moieties exhibited good antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhijun Song
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenni He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ayokunmi Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Huanqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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5
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Zhang H, Zou J, Yan X, Chen J, Cao X, Wu J, Liu Y, Wang T. Marine-Derived Macrolides 1990-2020: An Overview of Chemical and Biological Diversity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:180. [PMID: 33806230 PMCID: PMC8066444 DOI: 10.3390/md19040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a significant family of natural products with diverse structures and bioactivities. Considerable effort has been made in recent decades to isolate additional macrolides and characterize their chemical and bioactive properties. The majority of macrolides are obtained from marine organisms, including sponges, marine microorganisms and zooplankton, cnidarians, mollusks, red algae, bryozoans, and tunicates. Sponges, fungi and dinoflagellates are the main producers of macrolides. Marine macrolides possess a wide range of bioactive properties including cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimitotic, antiviral, and other activities. Cytotoxicity is their most significant property, highlighting that marine macrolides still encompass many potential antitumor drug leads. This extensive review details the chemical and biological diversity of 505 macrolides derived from marine organisms which have been reported from 1990 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tingting Wang
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.C.); (X.C.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
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6
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7
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Nazari A, Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V. Oxazolidinones as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric aldol reaction applied to natural products total synthesis. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Hubert P, Seibel E, Beemelmanns C, Campagne J, Figueiredo RM. Stereoselective Construction of (
E,Z
)‐1,3‐Dienes and Its Application in Natural Product Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hubert
- ICGM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Elena Seibel
- Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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9
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Cowled MS, Vuong D, Crombie A, Lacey E, Karuso P, Piggott AM. The chemical gymnastics of enterocin: evidence for stereodivergence in Nature. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5879-5890. [PMID: 32672321 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01099e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Stereodivergence in Nature encapsulates both enzymatic (biosynthetic) and non-enzymatic (chemical) diversification of natural product scaffolds arising from a single biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we report a fascinating example of stereodivergence for the bacterial polyketide enterocin, which we observed to undergo a series of facile skeletal rearrangements in solution, leading to four distinct isomeric structures. The final distribution of the four isomers was found to be highly sensitive to the conditions used, including solvent, temperature and pH. In this study, we have investigated the kinetics of these isomeric conversions, and using a combination of DFT and thermochemical calculations, were able to establish a mechanism detailing a concerted rearrangement and an unusual "gymnastic" sequence of pseudo-chair-boat conformational interconversions. In addition to these kinetic and mechanistic studies, we also performed a semisynthetic study aimed at stabilising the enterocin scaffold. In total, seven analogues of enterocin were synthesised and investigated for their stability and in vitro activity against a panel of bacteria, fungi, plants and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Cowled
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd, Smithfield, NSW 2164, Australia
| | - Andrew Crombie
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd, Smithfield, NSW 2164, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia. and Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd, Smithfield, NSW 2164, Australia
| | - Peter Karuso
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Andrew M Piggott
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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10
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Wang C, Lu Y, Cao S. Antimicrobial compounds from marine actinomycetes. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:677-704. [PMID: 32691395 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine actinomycetes were the main origin of marine natural products in the past 40 years. This review was to present the sources, structures and antimicrobial activities of 313 new natural products from marine actinomycetes reported from 1976 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, China
| | - Yuanyu Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, China
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
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11
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Capon RJ. Extracting value: mechanistic insights into the formation of natural product artifacts – case studies in marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:55-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of valuing natural product handling artifacts, to open a new window into, and provide a unique perspective of, bioactive chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Capon
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
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12
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Niu S, Xie CL, Xia JM, Liu QM, Peng G, Liu GM, Yang XW. Botryotins A–H, Tetracyclic Diterpenoids Representing Three Carbon Skeletons from a Deep-Sea-Derived Botryotinia fuckeliana. Org Lett 2019; 22:580-583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Mei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Mei Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guizhen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Marine Macrolides with Antibacterial and/or Antifungal Activity. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040241. [PMID: 31018512 PMCID: PMC6520931 DOI: 10.3390/md17040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the increasing resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is a serious problem. Marine organisms are the source of thousands of substances, which also have antibacterial and antifungal effects. Among them, marine macrolides are significant. In this review, the antibacterial and/or antifungal activities of 34 groups of marine macrolides are presented. Exemplary groups are chalcomycins, curvulides, halichondramides, lobophorins, macrolactins, modiolides, scytophycins, spongistatins, or zearalanones. In the paper, 74 antibiotics or their analog sets, among which 29 with antifungal activity, 25 that are antibacterial, and 20 that are both antifungal and antibacterial are summarized. Also, 36 macrolides or their sets are produced by bacteria, 18 by fungi, ten by sponges, seven by algae, two by porifera, and one by nudibranch. Moreover, the chemical structures of representatives from each of the 34 groups of these antibiotics are presented. To summarize, marine organisms are rich in natural macrolides. Some of these may be used in the future in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Marine macrolides can also be potential drugs applicable against pathogens resistant to currently known antibiotics.
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14
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Zhang YF, Yang ZD, Yang X, Yang LJ, Yao XJ, Shu ZM. Two new compounds, Talaromycin A and B, isolated from an endophytic fungus, Talaromyces aurantiacus. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2802-2808. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1593163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou , PR China
| | - Zhong-Duo Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou , PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , PR China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou , PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , PR China
| | - Zong-Mei Shu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou , PR China
- The Provincial Education Key Laboratory of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Tibetan Medicine, School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou , PR China
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15
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Davies-Bolorunduro OF, Adeleye IA, Akinleye MO, Wang PG. Anticancer potential of metabolic compounds from marine actinomycetes isolated from Lagos Lagoon sediment. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:201-208. [PMID: 31297298 PMCID: PMC6598170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-two actinomycetes strains were isolated from sediment samples from 12 different sites at Lagos Lagoon and identified using standard physiological and biochemical procedures as well as 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Secondary metabolites were extracted from the strains and their anticancer activity on the K562 (Human acute myelocytic leukemia), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), AGS (Human gastric), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and HL-60 (Human acute promyelocytic leukemia) cell lines was determined. The metabolic extracts exhibited cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 0.030 mg/mL to 4.4 mg/mL. The Streptomyces bingchenggensis ULS14 extract was cytotoxic against all the cell lines tested. The bioactivity-guided extraction and purification of the metabolic extracts from this strain yielded two purified anticancer compounds: ULDF4 and ULDF5. The structures of the extracted compounds were determined using spectroscopic analyses, including electrospray ionization mass spectrophotometer and nuclear magnetic resonance (1 Dimensional and 2 Dimensional), and were shown to be structurally similar to staurosporine and kigamicin. The IC50 of ULDF4 and ULDF5 against the HeLa cell line was 0.034 μg/mL and 0.075 μg/mL, respectively. This study is the first to reveal the anticancer potential of actinomycetes from Lagos Lagoon, which could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olabisi Flora Davies-Bolorunduro
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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16
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Berlinck RGS, Monteiro AF, Bertonha AF, Bernardi DI, Gubiani JR, Slivinski J, Michaliski LF, Tonon LAC, Venancio VA, Freire VF. Approaches for the isolation and identification of hydrophilic, light-sensitive, volatile and minor natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:981-1004. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble, volatile, minor and photosensitive natural products are yet poorly known, and this review discusses the literature reporting the isolation strategies for some of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afif F. Monteiro
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Ariane F. Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Darlon I. Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Juliano Slivinski
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Victor A. Venancio
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Freire
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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17
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Promising anticancer activity of batumin: a natural polyene antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas batumici. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2187-2199. [PMID: 30081676 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the computer-predicted anticancer activity of antibiotic batumin. MATERIALS & METHODS Cytotoxicity assays, cell morphology microscopy and cell cycle progression were studied in cancer and nontumorigenic cell lines. An in vivo experiment on Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL)-transplanted mice was conducted to evaluate potential antimetastatic. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Cytotoxicity against melanoma and lung carcinoma cells (IC50 ≈ 5 μg/ml) was detected. Hypercondensed chromatin and apoptotic body formation in batumin-treated cells suggested the induction of apoptosis supported also by an observed increase in the quantity of cells occupying the sub-G1 cell cycle phase. Twofold reduction in the number and volume of lung metastases in Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL)-bearing batumin-treated mice was demonstrated. Highly specific cytotoxicity of batumin against cancer cell lines potentiates further studies.
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Yang YH, Yang DS, Li GH, Liu R, Huang XW, Zhang KQ, Zhao PJ. New secondary metabolites from an engineering mutant of endophytic Streptomyces sp. CS. Fitoterapia 2018; 130:17-25. [PMID: 30076887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In previous work, a series of bioactive natural products had been isolated from the plant endophytic Streptomyces sp. CS, which was isolated from Maytenus hookeri. To mine new active metabolites, we describe introducing an alien carbamoyltransferase (asm21) gene into the strain CS by conjugal transfer. As a result, three recombinatorial mutants named CS/asm21-1, CS/asm21-2 and CS/asm21-4 were successfully constructed. Three mutants and wild type CS were cultured on solid medium, and the extracts were detected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The LC-MS profiles showed several unknown peaks that were present in the spectra of extracts of the CS/asm21-4 cultured on oatmeal solid medium. Then, three new naphthomycins O-Q (1-3), a new macrolide hookerolide (4) as well as nine known compounds were obtained from the solid cultured medium. Their structures were identified by spectra data. These new compounds showed moderate antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-He Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Da-Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Guo-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
| | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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Wińska K, Grabarczyk M, Mączka W, Żarowska B, Maciejewska G, Anioł M. Antimicrobial activity of new bicyclic lactones with three or four methyl groups obtained both synthetically and biosynthetically. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Covering: 2015. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2016, 33, 382-431This review covers the literature published in 2015 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 1220 citations (792 for the period January to December 2015) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1340 in 429 papers for 2015), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Murray H G Munro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Rare Polyene-polyol Macrolides from Mangrove-derived Streptomyces sp. ZQ4BG. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1703. [PMID: 28490799 PMCID: PMC5431850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive natural products from mangrove-derived actinomycetes are important sources for discovery of drug lead compounds. In this study, an extract prepared from culture of an actinomycete Streptomyces sp. ZQ4BG isolated from mangrove soils was found to have activity in inhibiting proliferation of glioma cells. Large culture of this mangrove actinomycete in Gause’s liquid medium resulted in isolation of seven novel polyene-polyol macrolides, named as flavofungins III–IX (3–9), together with known flavofungins I (1) and II (2) and spectinabilin (10). Structures of these isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive NMR analyses and HRESIMS data. The stereochemical assignments were achieved by a combination of NOE information, universal NMR database, and chemical reactions including preparation of acetonide derivatives and Mosher esters. Flavofungins IV–VIII (4–8) are rare 32-membered polyene-polyol macrolides with a tetrahydrofuran ring, while flavofungin IX (9) represents the first example of this type of macrolide with a unique oxepane ring. Flavofungins I (1) and II (2) and spectinabilin (10) showed anti-glioma and antifungal activities.
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Streptomyces artemisiae MCCB 248 isolated from Arctic fjord sediments has unique PKS and NRPS biosynthetic genes and produces potential new anticancer natural products. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:32. [PMID: 28401470 PMCID: PMC5388659 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
After screening marine actinomycetes isolated from sediment samples collected from the Arctic fjord Kongsfjorden for potential anticancer activity, an isolate identified as Streptomyces artemisiae MCCB 248 exhibited promising results against the NCI-H460 human lung cancer cell line. H460 cells treated with the ethyl acetate extract of strain MCCB 248 and stained with Hoechst 33342 showed clear signs of apoptosis, including shrinkage of the cell nucleus, DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. Further to this treated cells showed indications of early apoptotic cell death, including a significant proportion of Annexin V positive staining and evidence of DNA damage as observed in the TUNEL assay. Amplified PKS 1 and NRPS genes involved in secondary metabolite production showed only 82% similarity to known biosynthetic genes of Streptomyces, indicating the likely production of a novel secondary metabolite in this extract. Additionally, chemical dereplication efforts using LC–MS/MS molecular networking suggested the presence of a series of undescribed tetraene polyols. Taken together, these results revealed that this Arctic S. artemisiae strain MCCB 248 is a promising candidate for natural products drug discovery and genome mining for potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C. Dias
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, C.P. 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Emilio C. de Lucca
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, C.P. 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Synthesis and Biotransformation of Bicyclic Unsaturated Lactones with Three or Four Methyl Groups. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010147. [PMID: 28106750 PMCID: PMC6155629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain new unsaturated lactones by chemical synthesis and their microbial transformations using fungal strains. Some of these strains were able to transform unsaturated lactones into different hydroxy or epoxy derivatives. Strains of Syncephalastrum racemosum and Absidia cylindrospora gave products with a hydroxy group introduced into a tertiary carbon, while the Penicillium vermiculatum strain hydroxylated primary carbons. The Syncephalastrum racemosum strain hydroxylated both substrates in an allylic position. Using the Absidia cylindrospora and Penicillium vermiculatum strains led to the obtained epoxylactones. The structures of all lactones were established on the basis of spectroscopic data.
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Chen L, Lai YM, Yang YL, Zhao X. Genome mining reveals the biosynthetic potential of the marine-derived strain Streptomyces marokkonensis M10. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2016; 1:56-65. [PMID: 29062928 PMCID: PMC5640592 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine streptomycetes are rich sources of natural products with novel structures and interesting biological activities, and genome mining of marine streptomycetes facilitates rapid discovery of their useful products. In this study, a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. M10 was revealed to share a 99.02% 16S rDNA sequence identity with that of Streptomyces marokkonensis Ap1T, and was thus named S. marokkonensis M10. To further evaluate its biosynthetic potential, the 7,207,169 bps of S. marokkonensis M10 genome was sequenced. Genomic sequence analysis for potential secondary metabolite-associated gene clusters led to the identification of at least three polyketide synthases (PKSs), six non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), one hybrid NRPS-PKS, two lantibiotic and five terpene biosynthetic gene clusters. One type I PKS gene cluster was revealed to share high nucleotide similarity with the candicidin/FR008 gene cluster, indicating the capacity of this microorganism to produce polyene macrolides. This assumption was further verified by isolation of two polyene family compounds PF1 and PF2, which have the characteristic UV adsorption at 269, 278, 290 nm (PF1) and 363, 386 and 408 nm (PF2), respectively. S. marokkonensis M10 is therefore a new source of polyene metabolites. Further studies on S. marokkonensis M10 will provide more insights into natural product biosynthesis potential of related streptomycetes. This is also the first report to describe the genome sequence of S. marokkonensis-related strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ying-Mi Lai
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xinqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Tel.: +86 21 34206673; fax: +86 21 34208028.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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Caffrey P, De Poire E, Sheehan J, Sweeney P. Polyene macrolide biosynthesis in streptomycetes and related bacteria: recent advances from genome sequencing and experimental studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3893-908. [PMID: 27023916 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The polyene macrolide group includes important antifungal drugs, to which resistance does not arise readily. Chemical and biological methods have been used in attempts to make polyene antibiotics with fewer toxic side effects. Genome sequencing of producer organisms is contributing to this endeavour, by providing access to new compounds and by enabling yield improvement for polyene analogues obtained by engineered biosynthesis. This recent work is also enhancing bioinformatic methods for deducing the structures of cryptic natural products from their biosynthetic enzymes. The stereostructure of candicidin D has recently been determined by NMR spectroscopy. Genes for the corresponding polyketide synthase have been uncovered in several different genomes. Analysis of this new information strengthens the view that protein sequence motifs can be used to predict double bond geometry in many polyketides.Chemical studies have shown that improved polyenes can be obtained by modifying the mycosamine sugar that is common to most of these compounds. Glycoengineered analogues might be produced by biosynthetic methods, but polyene glycosyltransferases show little tolerance for donors other than GDP-α-D-mycosamine. Genome sequencing has revealed extending glycosyltransferases that add a second sugar to the mycosamine of some polyenes. NppY of Pseudonocardia autotrophica uses UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine as donor whereas PegA from Actinoplanes caeruleus uses GDP-α-D-mannose. These two enzymes show 51 % sequence identity and are also closely related to mycosaminyltransferases. These findings will assist attempts to construct glycosyltransferases that transfer alternative UDP- or (d)TDP-linked sugars to polyene macrolactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Caffrey
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Eimear De Poire
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James Sheehan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Sweeney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Dias LC, de Lucca EC. Total Synthesis of the Oxopolyene Macrolide (−)-Marinisporolide C. Org Lett 2015; 17:6278-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C. Dias
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Emílio C. de Lucca
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Farrell M, Melillo B, Smith AB. Type II Anion Relay Chemistry: Exploiting Bifunctional Weinreb Amide Linchpins for the One-Pot Synthesis of Differentiated 1,3-Diketones, Pyrans, and Spiroketals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:232-5. [PMID: 26586577 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and validation of new highly effective bifunctional linchpins for type II anion relay chemistry (ARC) has been achieved. The mechanistically novel negative-charge migration that comprises the Brook rearrangement is now initiated by a stabilized tetrahedral intermediate, which is generated by nucleophilic addition to a Weinreb amide, rather than by a simple oxyanion that is generated from an epoxide. As a result, the linchpin preserves the carbonyl functionality in the ARC adducts, thus permitting access to functionally complex systems in a single flask without the need for further chemical manipulations. This tactic was validated with the one-pot preparation of monoprotected 1,3-diketones as well as pyran and spiroketal scaffolds, depending on the choice of nucleophile, electrophile, and work-up conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA).
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Farrell M, Melillo B, Smith AB. Type II Anion Relay Chemistry: Exploiting Bifunctional Weinreb Amide Linchpins for the One-Pot Synthesis of Differentiated 1,3-Diketones, Pyrans, and Spiroketals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li K, Chung-Davidson YW, Bussy U, Li W. Recent advances and applications of experimental technologies in marine natural product research. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2694-713. [PMID: 25939037 PMCID: PMC4446601 DOI: 10.3390/md13052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine natural products are a rich source of novel and biologically active compounds. The number of identified marine natural compounds has grown 20% over the last five years from 2009 to 2013. Several challenges, including sample collection and structure elucidation, have limited the development of this research field. Nonetheless, new approaches, such as sampling strategies for organisms from extreme ocean environments, nanoscale NMR and computational chemistry for structural determination, are now available to overcome the barriers. In this review, we highlight the experimental technology innovations in the field of marine natural products, which in our view will lead to the development of many new drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Genome sequence and genome mining of a marine-derived antifungal bacterium Streptomyces sp. M10. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2763-72. [PMID: 25687447 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A marine-derived actinobacteria Streptomyces sp. M10 was identified as a prolific antifungal compounds producer and shared a 99.02 % 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence similarity with that of Streptomyces marokkonensis Ap1(T), which can produce polyene macrolides. To further evaluate its biosynthetic potential, the 7,207,169 bp Streptomyces sp. M10 linear chromosome was sequenced and mined for identifiable secondary metabolite-associated gene clusters. A total of 20 secondary metabolite-associated gene clusters were deduced, including three polyketide synthases (PKSs), four non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), four hybrid NRPS-PKSs, three NRPS-independent siderophores, and two lantibiotic and four terpene biosynthetic gene clusters. One of the type I PKS gene cluster, pks1, shared a 85 % nucleotide similarity with candicidin/FR008 gene cluster, indicating the capacity of this organism to produce polyene macrolides. This assumption was verified by a scale-up culturing of Streptomyces sp. M10 on A1 agar plates, which lead to the isolation of two polyene families PF1 and PF2, with characteristic UV adsorption at 269, 278, and 290 nm (PF1) and 363, 386, and 408 nm (PF2), respectively. Compound 9-04 was further purified from PF1, and its chemical structure was partially elucidated to be a typical polyene macrolide by NMR and UV spectrum. This study affirmatively identified Streptomyces sp. M10 as a source of polyene metabolites and highlighted genome mining of interested organism as a powerful tool for natural product discovery.
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Che Q, Li T, Liu X, Yao T, Li J, Gu Q, Li D, Li W, Zhu T. Genome scanning inspired isolation of reedsmycins A–F, polyene-polyol macrolides from Streptomyces sp. CHQ-64. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome scanning of the reed rhizosphere soil-derived Streptomyces sp. CHQ-64 revealed a partial gene cluster, putatively encoding a polyene-polyol compound. Inspired by this, six new polyene-polyol macrolides, reedsmycins A–F (1–6), were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Che
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Tingting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Jing Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Wenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
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Antibacterial activity of Pseudonocardia sp. JB05, a rare salty soil actinomycete against Staphylococcus aureus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:182945. [PMID: 25202705 PMCID: PMC4150441 DOI: 10.1155/2014/182945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes many harmful and life-threatening diseases. Some strains of this bacterium are resistant to available antibiotics. This study was designed to evaluate the ability of indigenous actinomycetes to produce antibacterial compounds against S. aureus and characterize the structure of the resultant antibacterial compounds. Therefore, a slightly modified agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of actinomycete isolates against the test microorganisms. The bacterial extracts with antibacterial activity were fractionated by silica gel and G-25 sephadex column chromatography. Also, the active fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Finally, the partial structure of the resultant antibacterial compound was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. One of the isolates, which had a broad spectrum and high antibacterial activity, was designated as Pseudonocardia sp. JB05, based on the results of biochemical and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentration for this bacterium was 40 AU mL−1 against S. aureus. The antibacterial activity of this bacterium was stable after autoclaving, 10% SDS, boiling, and proteinase K. Thin layer chromatography, using anthrone reagent, showed the presence of carbohydrates in the purified antibacterial compound. Finally, FT-IR spectrum of the active compound illustrated hydroxyl groups, hydrocarbon skeleton, and double bond of polygenic compounds in its structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the efficient antibacterial activity by a local strain of Pseudonocardia. The results presented in this work, although at the initial stage in bioactive product characterization, will possibly contribute toward the Pseudonocardia scale-up for the production and identification of the antibacterial compounds.
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Madden KS, Mosa FA, Whiting A. Non-isoprenoid polyene natural products – structures and synthetic strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7877-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01337a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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New spirotetronate antibiotics, lobophorins H and I, from a South China Sea-derived Streptomyces sp. 12A35. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3891-901. [PMID: 24132178 PMCID: PMC3826141 DOI: 10.3390/md11103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Strain 12A35 was isolated from a deep-sea sediment collected from the South China Sea and showed promising antibacterial activities. It was identified as Streptomyces sp. by the 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Bioassay-guided fractionation using HP20 adsorption, flash chromatography over silica gel and octadecylsilyl (ODS) and semi-preparative HPLC, led to the isolation and purification of five metabolites from the fermentation culture of 12A35. Two new spirotetronate antibiotics, lobophorins H (1) and I (2), along with three known analogues, O-β-kijanosyl-(1→17)-kijanolide (3), lobophorins B (4) and F (5) were characterized by 1D, 2D-NMR and MS data. These compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activities against Bacillus subtilis. Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited moderate activities against Staphylococcus aureus. In particular, the new compound lobophorin H (1) showed similar antibacterial activities against B. subtilis CMCC63501 to ampicillin.
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New Spirotetronate Antibiotics, Lobophorins H and I, from a South China Sea-Derived Streptomyces sp. 12A35. Mar Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/md11103891 pmid: 24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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38
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Subramani R, Aalbersberg W. Culturable rare Actinomycetes: diversity, isolation and marine natural product discovery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9291-321. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Sun P, Xu DX, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Li TJ, Schulz B, Zhang W. Structure, Absolute Configuration, and Conformational Study of 12-Membered Macrolides from the Fungus Dendrodochium sp. Associated with the Sea Cucumber Holothuria nobilis Selenka. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7030-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400861j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Research Center
for Marine Drugs
and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai
200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Xiao Xu
- Research Center
for Marine Drugs
and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai
200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of
Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 20, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of
Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 20, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tie-Jun Li
- Research Center
for Marine Drugs
and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai
200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Barbara Schulz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße
7, 31806 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Research Center
for Marine Drugs
and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai
200433, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Pseudonocardia antitumoralis sp. nov., a deoxynyboquinone-producing actinomycete isolated from a deep-sea sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:893-899. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.037135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An aerobic actinomycete, designated SCSIO 01299T, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment collected from the northern South China Sea at a depth of 3258 m. The isolate was found to be a natural producer of the synthesized antitumour agent deoxynyboquinone and its three new derivatives, pseudonocardians A, B and C. A blast search based on almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SCSIO 01299T had high sequence similarities with members of the genus
Pseudonocardia
. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic tree revealed that strain SCSIO 01299T was a member of the genus
Pseudonocardia
. Phenotypic analysis, chemotaxonomy and DNA–DNA relatedness could readily distinguish the isolate from established members in this genus. It was concluded that strain SCSIO 01299T represents a novel species, for which the name Pseudonocardia antitumoralis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCSIO 01299T ( = DSM 45322T = CCTCC M 2011255T).
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41
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Spiculisporic acids B–D, three new γ-butenolide derivatives from a sea urchin-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. HDf2. Molecules 2012; 17:13175-82. [PMID: 23128094 PMCID: PMC6268229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new γ-butenolide derivatives 1–3, named spiculisporic acids B–D, were isolated from the culture of Aspergillus sp. HDf2, a marine-derived fungus that resides in the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina. The structures of 1–3 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including MS and 2D NMR techniques. Their in vitro cytotoxic activities against two cell lines (SGC-7901, human gastric adenocarcinoma and SPC-A-1, human lung adenocarcinoma) and inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 51650 were investigated.
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42
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43
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Seco JM, Quiñoá E, Riguera R. Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Polyfunctional Compounds by NMR Using Chiral Derivatizing Agents. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4603-41. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2003344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Seco
- Department of Organic
Chemistry and Center for Research in Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago
de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E. Quiñoá
- Department of Organic
Chemistry and Center for Research in Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago
de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R. Riguera
- Department of Organic
Chemistry and Center for Research in Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago
de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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44
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Fu P, Liu P, Qu H, Wang Y, Chen D, Wang H, Li J, Zhu W. Α-pyrones and diketopiperazine derivatives from the marine-derived actinomycete Nocardiopsis dassonvillei HR10-5. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2219-2223. [PMID: 21958359 DOI: 10.1021/np200597m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three new α-pyrones, nocapyrones E-G (1-3), and three new diketopiperazine derivatives, nocazines A-C (4-6), together with a new oxazoline compound, nocazoline A (7), were isolated from the marine-derived actinomycete Nocardiopsis dassonvillei HR10-5. The new structures of 1-7 were determined by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray single-crystal diffraction, CD spectra, and modified Mosher and Marfey methods. Compounds 1-3 showed modest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with MIC values of 26, 14, and 12 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, and Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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45
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46
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Stodůlková E, Kuzma M, Hench IB, Cerný J, Králová J, Novák P, Chudíčková M, Savic M, Djokic L, Vasiljevic B, Flieger M. New polyene macrolide family produced by submerged culture of Streptomyces durmitorensis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:717-22. [PMID: 21915134 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new polyene macrolide family, closely related to the pentaene macrolide antibiotic roflamycoin, was isolated from the both fermentation broth and biomass of Streptomyces durmitorensis wild-type strain MS405. The main compound was identified by NMR and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry as 32,33-didehydroroflamycoin (1; DDHR). Additional four structurally related compounds were determined solely by MS analysis. DDHR induces cell death by apoptosis in various cancer cell lines as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation. Striking feature of DDHR is its internal fluorescence allowing visualization of labeled plasma membranes and internal membrane structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stodůlková
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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47
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Nuhant P, Kister J, Lira R, Sorg A, Roush WR. Development of a Double Allylboration Reagent Targeting 1,5-syn-(E)-Diols: Application to the Synthesis of the C(23)-C(40) Fragment of Tetrafibricin. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:6497-6512. [PMID: 21857752 PMCID: PMC3156408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the synthesis of the C(23)-C(40) fragment 2 of tetrafibricin prompted us to develop a new method for the synthesis of 1,5-syn-(E)-diols. Toward this end, the kinetically controlled hydroboration of allenes 6, 33, ent-39, 42 and 45 with the Soderquist borane 25R were studied. Tetrabutylammonium allenyltrifluoroborate 45 gave superior results and was utilized in a double allylboration sequence with two different aldehydes to provide the targeted 1,5-syn-(E)-diols in generally high yields (72-98%), and with high enantioselectivity (>95% e.e.), diastereoselectivity (d.r. >20:1), and (E)/(Z) selectivity (>20:1). This new method was applied to the synthesis of the C(23)-C(40) fragment 2 of tetrafibricin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - William R. Roush
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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48
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Fu P, Wang S, Hong K, Li X, Liu P, Wang Y, Zhu W. Cytotoxic bipyridines from the marine-derived actinomycete Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1751-1756. [PMID: 21770434 DOI: 10.1021/np200258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Five new bipyridine alkaloids (1-5) and a new phenylpyridine alkaloid (6), which we name caerulomycins F-K, along with five known analogues (7-11), were isolated from the marine-derived actinomycete Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6. The structures of 1-6 were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. Compounds 1-10 showed cytotoxicity against the HL-60, K562, KB, and A549 cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 0.26 to 15.7 μM. Compounds 7 and 8 also showed antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, with MIC values of 9.7 to 38.6 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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49
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Kister J, Nuhant P, Lira R, Sorg A, Roush WR. Enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of (E)-1,5-syn-diols: application to the synthesis of the C(23)-C(40) fragment of tetrafibricin. Org Lett 2011; 13:1868-71. [PMID: 21375316 PMCID: PMC3064748 DOI: 10.1021/ol2003836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly stereoselective synthesis of (E)-1,5-syn-diols 6 is described. The kinetically controlled hydroboration of allenyltrifluoroborate 8 with Soderquist borane 2 provides the (Z)-allylic trifluoroborate 9, which undergoes sequential allylboration with two different aldehydes to provide (E)-1,5-syn-diols 6 in 72-98% yields with >95% ee and >20:1 dr. Application of this method to the synthesis of the tetrafibricin C(23)-C(40) fragment 19 is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kister
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | | | - Ricardo Lira
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Achim Sorg
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458
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50
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Choi Y, Jermihov K, Nam SJ, Sturdy M, Maloney K, Qiu X, Chadwick LR, Main M, Chen SN, Mesecar AD, Farnsworth NR, Pauli GF, Fenical W, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, van Breemen RR. Screening natural products for inhibitors of quinone reductase-2 using ultrafiltration LC-MS. Anal Chem 2010; 83:1048-52. [PMID: 21192729 DOI: 10.1021/ac1028424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of quinone reductase-2 (NQO2; QR-2) can have antimalarial activity and antitumor activities or can function as chemoprevention agents by preventing the metabolic activation of toxic quinones such as menadione. To expedite the search for new natural product inhibitors of QR-2, we developed a screening assay based on ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry that is compatible with complex samples such as bacterial or botanical extracts. Human QR-2 was prepared recombinantly, and the known QR-2 inhibitor, resveratrol, was used as a positive control and as a competitive ligand to eliminate false positives. Ultrafiltration LC-MS screening of extracts of marine sediment bacteria resulted in the discovery of tetrangulol methyl ether as an inhibitor of QR-2. When applied to the screening of hop extracts from the botanical, Humulus lupulus L., xanthohumol and xanthohumol D were identified as ligands of QR-2. Inhibition of QR-2 by these ligands was confirmed using a functional enzyme assay. Furthermore, binding of xanthohumol and xanthohumol D to the active site of QR-2 was confirmed using X-ray crystallography. Ultrafiltration LC-MS was shown to be a useful assay for the discovery of inhibitors of QR-2 in complex matrixes such as extracts of bacteria and botanicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Choi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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