1
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Prajapati DG, Mishra A. Reusable semi-IPN polymer networks as long-term antibacterial coatings. Biomater Sci 2024. [PMID: 39248605 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00938j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The current study aimed to develop a reusable antibacterial coating that can be employed for efficient bacterial killing. We synthesized a water-soluble methacrylamide-based copolymer consisting of cationic and hydrophobic groups and coated it onto a glass surface through the formation of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) of aminopropyl triethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde. The coated surface was exposed to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, where the surface exhibited rapid bacterial killing ability within 5-15 min. The substrates displayed a minimal loss of antibacterial activity even after two water rinse cycles. The coatings were able to kill both the bacterial strains even after 5 weeks, suggesting excellent longevity. The surfaces were stable after repeated wiping cycles with 70% IPA using Kim wipes and 5 min sonication in DI water as no bactericidal activity was lost. Thus, a sustainable antibacterial copolymer coating was developed, and it is stable and reusable against bacterial contamination and could be employed as a long-term antibacterial coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak G Prajapati
- Materials Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, 382355-Gujarat, India.
| | - Abhijit Mishra
- Materials Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, 382355-Gujarat, India.
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2
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Darr CM, Hasan J, Mathai CJ, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S, Bok S. Hybrid Polystyrene-Plasmonic Systems as High Binding Density Biosensing Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8603. [PMID: 39201289 PMCID: PMC11354982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensitive, accurate, and early detection of biomarkers is essential for prompt response to medical decisions for saving lives. Some infectious diseases are deadly even in small quantities and require early detection for patients and public health. The scarcity of these biomarkers necessitates signal amplification before diagnosis. Recently, we demonstrated single-molecule-level detection of tuberculosis biomarker, lipoarabinomannan, from patient urine using silver plasmonic gratings with thin plasma-activated alumina. While powerful, biomarker binding density was limited by the surface density of plasma-activated carbonyl groups, that degraded quickly, resulting in immediate use requirement after plasma activation. Therefore, development of stable high density binding surfaces such as high binding polystyrene is essential to improving shelf-life, reducing binding protocol complexity, and expanding to a wider range of applications. However, any layers topping the plasmonic grating must be ultra-thin (<10 nm) for the plasmonic enhancement of adjacent signals. Furthermore, fabricating thin polystyrene layers over alumina is nontrivial because of poor adhesion between polystyrene and alumina. Herein, we present the development of a stable, ultra-thin polystyrene layer on the gratings, which demonstrated 63.8 times brighter fluorescence compared to commercial polystyrene wellplates. Spike protein was examined for COVID-19 demonstrating the single-molecule counting capability of the hybrid polystyrene-plasmonic gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Darr
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Juiena Hasan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Cherian Joseph Mathai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Keshab Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Shubhra Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sangho Bok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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3
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Ivaldi C, Ospina Guarin VM, Antonioli D, Zuccheri G, Sparnacci K, Gianotti V, Perego M, Chiarcos R, Laus M. Polystyrene Brush Evolution by Grafting to Reaction on Deglazed and Not-Deglazed Silicon Substrates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400288. [PMID: 39012272 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Two model substrates for the grafting to reaction are considered: not-deglazed silicon, whose surface is coated by a thin oxide layer with reactive silanol groups on its surface; and deglazed silicon, where the oxide layer is removed by treatment with hydrofluoric acid. The reactive polymers are hydroxy-terminated polystyrenes with molecular weights ranging from 3.9 to 13.9 kg mol⁻1. The grafting to reaction is carried out at different temperatures and for different periods of time on the two different substrates. The thickness and the thermal stability of the resulting brushes are evaluated. Furthermore, the grafting of a highly dispersed system is simulated by blending two polymers with different molecular weights. Although the brush thickness growth is found to be faster on deglazed silicon, the preferential grafting of short chains occurs with equal chain selection propensity on both substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ivaldi
- Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition (DISSTE), University of Eastern Piedmont, P.zza S. Eusebio 5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy
| | - Viviana Maria Ospina Guarin
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, V. le T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, V. le T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Zuccheri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Health Sciences & Technologies, University of Bologna, V. San Donato 19/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Katia Sparnacci
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, V. le T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition (DISSTE), University of Eastern Piedmont, P.zza S. Eusebio 5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate-Brianza, 20864, Italy
| | - Riccardo Chiarcos
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, V. le T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, V. le T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
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4
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Chiarcos R, Perego M, Laus M. Polymer Brushes by Grafting to Reaction in Melt: New Insights into the Mechanism. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR‐IMM Unit of Agrate Brianza Via C. Olivetti 2 Agrate Brianza 20864 Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
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5
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Nothling MD, Bailey CG, Fillbrook LL, Wang G, Gao Y, McCamey DR, Monfared M, Wong S, Beves JE, Stenzel MH. Polymer Grafting to Polydopamine Free Radicals for Universal Surface Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6992-7000. [PMID: 35404602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modifying surfaces using free radical polymerization (FRP) offers a means to incorporate the diverse physicochemical properties of vinyl polymers onto new materials. Here, we harness the universal surface attachment of polydopamine (PDA) to "prime" a range of different surfaces for free radical polymer attachment, including glass, cotton, paper, sponge, and stainless steel. We show that the intrinsic free radical species present in PDA can serve as an anchor point for subsequent attachment of propagating vinyl polymer macroradicals through radical-radical coupling. Leveraging a straightforward, twofold soak-wash protocol, FRP over the PDA-functionalized surfaces results in covalent polymer attachment on both porous and nonporous substrates, imparting new properties to the functionalized materials, including enhanced hydrophobicity, fluorescence, or temperature responsiveness. Our strategy is then extended to covalently incorporate PDA nanoparticles into organo-/hydrogels via radical cross-linking, yielding tunable PDA-polymer composite networks. The propensity of PDA free radicals to quench FRP is studied using in situ 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing a surface area-dependent macroradical scavenging mechanism that underpins PDA-polymer conjugation. By combining the arbitrary surface attachment of PDA with the broad physicochemical properties of vinyl polymers, our strategy provides a straightforward route for imparting unlimited new functionality to practically any surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Nothling
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher G Bailey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lucy L Fillbrook
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Guannan Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yijie Gao
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Dane R McCamey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Marzieh Monfared
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sandy Wong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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6
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Kang YH, Lee S, Choi Y, Seong WK, Han KH, Kim JH, Kim HM, Hong S, Lee SH, Ruoff RS, Kim KB, Kim SO. Large-Area Uniform 1-nm-Level Amorphous Carbon Layers from 3D Conformal Polymer Brushes. A "Next-Generation" Cu Diffusion Barrier? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110454. [PMID: 35085406 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A reliable method for preparing a conformal amorphous carbon (a-C) layer with a thickness of 1-nm-level, is tested as a possible Cu diffusion barrier layer for next-generation ultrahigh-density semiconductor device miniaturization. A polystyrene brush of uniform thickness is grafted onto 4-inch SiO2 /Si wafer substrates with "self-limiting" chemistry favoring such a uniform layer. UV crosslinking and subsequent carbonization transforms this polymer film into an ultrathin a-C layer without pinholes or hillocks. The uniform coating of nonplanar regions or surfaces is also possible. The Cu diffusion "blocking ability" is evaluated by time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) tests using a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structure. A 0.82 nm-thick a-C barrier gives TDDB lifetimes 3.3× longer than that obtained using the conventional 1.0 nm-thick TaNx diffusion barrier. In addition, this exceptionally uniform ultrathin polymer and a-C film layers hold promise for selective ion permeable membranes, electrically and thermally insulating films in electronics, slits of angstrom-scale thickness, and, when appropriately functionalized, as a robust ultrathin coating with many other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ho Kang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sangbong Lee
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kyung Seong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Gyeonggi, 13509, Korea
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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7
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Mutlutürk E, Caykara T. Grafting parameters and surface free energy components of photosensitive poly(methacrylated spiropyran) brushes. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2033124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esma Mutlutürk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Polatlı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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New methods in polymer brush synthesis: Non-vinyl-based semiflexible and rigid-rod polymer brushes. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Antonioli D, Chiarcos R, Gianotti V, Terragno M, Laus M, Munaò G, Milano G, De Nicola A, Perego M. Inside the brush: partition by molecular weight in grafting to reactions from melt. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A substantial partition by molecular weight takes place during the grafting to reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- CNR-IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Margherita Terragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, via G. Paolo II 134, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR-IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
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10
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Synthesis of hyaluronated poly(exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride) brushes via a combination of surface-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization and thiol-ene click reaction. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Hukum KO, Yildirim E, Evci M, Caykara T. Grafting density of oligo-bottle-brushes on silicon surface: effect of mole fraction of RAFT agent-functionalized alkenes in mixed self-assembled monolayers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2020.1724802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Ozkan Hukum
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ertan Yildirim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Evci
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Navarro LA, Shah TP, Zauscher S. Grafting To of Bottlebrush Polymers: Conformation and Kinetics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4745-4756. [PMID: 32105081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Specifically adsorbed bottlebrush coatings are found in nature as brush-like glycoproteins that decorate biointerfaces and provide antifouling, lubrication, or wear-protection. Although various synthetic strategies have been developed to mimic glycoprotein structure and function, the use of these mimics is still limited because of the current lack of understanding of their adsorption behavior and surface conformation. In this paper, we examine the adsorption behavior of PEG-based, biotinylated bottlebrushes with different backbone and bristle lengths to streptavidin model surfaces in phosphate-buffered saline. By using quartz crystal microbalance, localized surface plasmon resonance, and atomic force microscopy, we learn how bottlebrush dimensions impact their adsorption kinetics, surface conformation, mechanical properties, and antifouling properties. Our bottlebrushes qualitatively mirror the adsorption behavior of linear polymers and exhibit three kinetic regimes of adsorption: (I) a transport-limited regime, (II) a pause, and (III) a penetration-limited regime. Furthermore, we find that the bristle length more dramatically affects brush properties than the backbone length. Generally, larger bottlebrush dimensions lead to reduced molar adsorption, retarded kinetics, weaker antifouling, and softer brush coatings. Longer bristles also lead to less mass adsorption, while the opposite trend is observed for increasing backbone length. In summary, our findings aid the rational design of new bottlebrush coatings by elucidating how their dimensions impact adsorption, surface conformation, and the properties of the final coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Navarro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tejank P Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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13
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Brush-modified materials: Control of molecular architecture, assembly behavior, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Zheng HT, Bui HL, Chakroborty S, Wang Y, Huang CJ. Pegylated Metal-Phenolic Networks for Antimicrobial and Antifouling Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8829-8839. [PMID: 31177783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) have recently attracted great interest in material chemistry and biomaterials because of their biocompatible, versatile, and multifunctional properties. In this paper, we describe a facile method for preparation of a designable antifouling, antimicrobial, and substrate-independent coating assembled from the coordination of metal ions and catecholic groups. Hydrophilic and catecholic polymers were synthesized by copolymerization of dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) and poly(ethylene glycol)methyl methacrylate (PEGMA) to afford p(PEGMA- co-DMA). To investigate the assembly and formation of MPN films, two different metal ions, that is, ferrous (FeII) and ferric (FeIII) ions, to react with p(PEGMA- co-DMA) were compared. The binding constants between iron ions and p(PEGMA- co-DMA) have been investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). Measurements with atomic force microscopy, contact angle goniometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were carried out to quantitatively analyze the surface morphology, wettability, and interfacial elemental compositions of coatings, respectively. Moreover, ellipsometric measurements were performed to obtain the film thickness and grafting density. In addition, the pH-responsive property of the MPN films was investigated at different pH values, showing fast disassembly of the networks at low pH. The antifouling properties of the obtained coatings were analyzed by exposing them to bacteria of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts under observation of fluorescence microscopy and cell imaging analysis. The findings suggest that the MPN from complexation of p(PEGMA- co-DMA) and metal ions provides excellent antifouling, pH-responsive, and biocompatible properties on a wide range of substrates. Furthermore, the released iron ions can effectively suppress the growth of bacteria. Accordingly, the new coating architecture offers a universal feature to control surface properties and functionalization for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , PR China
- Wenzhou Institute , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325001 , PR China
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology , Chung Yuan Christian University , Chungli, Taoyuan 32023 , Taiwan
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15
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Zhang S, Liu W, Dong Y, Wei T, Wu Z, Chen H. Design, Synthesis, and Application of a Difunctional Y-Shaped Surface-Tethered Photoinitiator. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3470-3478. [PMID: 30727730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mixed homopolymer brushes have unique interfacial properties that can be exploited for both fundamental studies and applications in technology. Herein, the synthesis of a new catechol-based biomimetic Y-shaped binary photoinitiator (Y-photoinitiator) and its applications for surface modification with polymer brushes through both "grafting to" and "grafting from" strategies are reported. The "leg" of the Y consists of a catechol group as surface anchoring moiety. The arms are photoinitiator moieties that can be "addressed" independent of each other by radiation of different wavelengths. Using ultraviolet and visible light successively, each arm of the Y-photoinitiator was activated, thereby allowing the synthesis of Y-shaped block copolymer brushes with dissimilar polymer chains. The suitability of the Y-photoinitiator for surface modification was first investigated using N-vinylpyrrolidone and styrene as the model monomers for successive UV-photoiniferter-mediated polymerization and visible-light-induced polymerization, respectively. Switching of the wetting properties of the Y-shaped block copolymer brush poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone)- block-poly(styrene) (PVP- b-PS)-grafted surfaces by contact with different solvents was also investigated. To further exploit this novel Y-photoinitiator for the preparation of functional interfaces, Y-shaped block copolymer brushes poly(1-(2-methacryloyloxyhexyl)-3-methylimidazolium bromide)- block-poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone- co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PIL(Br)- b-P(NVP- co-GMA)) were also prepared and subsequently functionalized with the cell-adhesive arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides by reaction with the glycidyl groups (PILPNG-RGD). The PILPNG-RGD grafted surfaces showed excellent cell-adhesive, bacteriostatic, and bactericidal properties. Thus, it can be concluded that further exploitation of this novel Y-photoinitiator for graft polymerization should allow the preparation of a wide range of functional interfaces with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Wenying Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Yishi Dong
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Wei
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Wu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
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16
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Michalek L, Mundsinger K, Barner-Kowollik C, Barner L. The long and the short of polymer grafting. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer chains are grafted depending on their size onto solid interfaces, leading to a distortion of the surface grafted size distribution. We herein predict and quanitify this distortion effect, which has critical consequences for functional polymer interface design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000
| | - Kai Mundsinger
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000
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17
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Photo-control of poly(N-[4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]acrylamide) brushes on graphene oxide coated silicon surface. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Bhavsar RS, Mitra T, Adams DJ, Cooper AI, Budd PM. Ultrahigh-permeance PIM-1 based thin film nanocomposite membranes on PAN supports for CO2 separation. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Michalek L, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C. Polymer on Top: Current Limits and Future Perspectives of Quantitatively Evaluating Surface Grafting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706321. [PMID: 29512237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined polymer strands covalently tethered onto solid substrates determine the properties of the resulting functional interface. Herein, the current approaches to determine quantitative grafting densities are assessed. Based on a brief introduction into the key theories describing polymer brush regimes, a user's guide is provided to estimating maximum chain coverage and-importantly-examine the most frequently employed approaches for determining grafting densities, i.e., dry thickness measurements, gravimetric assessment, and swelling experiments. An estimation of the reliability of these determination methods is provided via carefully evaluating their assumptions and assessing the stability of the underpinning equations. A practical access guide for comparatively and quantitatively evaluating the reliability of a given approach is thus provided, enabling the field to critically judge experimentally determined grafting densities and to avoid the reporting of grafting densities that fall outside the physically realistic parameter space. The assessment is concluded with a perspective on the development of advanced approaches for determination of grafting density, in particular, on single-chain methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Perego M, Seguini G, Arduca E, Nomellini A, Sparnacci K, Antonioli D, Gianotti V, Laus M. Control of Doping Level in Semiconductors via Self-Limited Grafting of Phosphorus End-Terminated Polymers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:178-186. [PMID: 29202227 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An effective bottom-up technology for precisely controlling the amount of dopant atoms tethered on silicon substrates is presented. Polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution and end-terminated with a P-containing moiety were synthesized with different molar mass. The polymers were spin coated and subsequently end-grafted onto nondeglazed silicon substrates. P atoms were bonded to the surface during the grafting reaction, and their surface density was set by the polymer molar mass, according to the self-limiting nature of the "grafting to" reaction. Polymeric material was removed by O2 plasma hashing without affecting the tethered P-containing moieties on the surface. Repeated cycles of polymer grafting followed by plasma hashing led to a cumulative increase, at constant steps, in the dose of P atoms grafted to the silicon surface. P injection in the silicon substrate was promoted and precisely controlled by high-temperature thermal treatments. Sheet resistance measurements demonstrated effective doping of silicon substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Perego
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR , Via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Seguini
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR , Via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
| | - Elisa Arduca
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR , Via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano , Via G. Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Nomellini
- Università degli Studi di Milano , Via G. Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Katia Sparnacci
- Università del Piemonte Orientale ''A. Avogadro'' , Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Università del Piemonte Orientale ''A. Avogadro'' , Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Università del Piemonte Orientale ''A. Avogadro'' , Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Università del Piemonte Orientale ''A. Avogadro'' , Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121 Alessandria, Italy
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21
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Lee JK, Akgun B, Jiang Z, Narayanan S, Foster MD. Altering surface fluctuations by blending tethered and untethered chains. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8264-8270. [PMID: 29071320 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01616f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
"Partially tethering" a thin film of a polymer melt by covalently attaching to the substrate a fraction of the chains in an unentangled melt dramatically increases the relaxation time of the surface height fluctuations. This phenomenon is observed even when the film thickness, h, is 20 times the unperturbed chain radius, Rg,tethered, of the tethered chains, indicating that partial tethering is more influential than any physical attraction with the substrate. Furthermore, a partially tethered layer of a low average molecular weight of 5k showed much slower surface fluctuations than did a reference layer of pure untethered chains of much greater molecular weight (48k), so the partial tethering effect is stronger than the effects of entanglement and increase in glass transition temperature, Tg, with molecular weight. Partial tethering offers a means of tailoring these fluctuations which influence wetting, adhesion, and tribology of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lee
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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22
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Yildirim E, Caykara T. Ibuprofen-imprinted ultrathin poly[N
-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] films. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Gazi University; 06500 Besevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Gazi University; 06500 Besevler Ankara Turkey
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23
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24
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Kursun TT, Cimen D, Caykara T. Glycopolymer brushes with specific protein recognition property. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilek Cimen
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Gazi University; 06500 Besevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Gazi University; 06500 Besevler Ankara Turkey
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25
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Smith MJ, Malak ST, Jung J, Yoon YJ, Lin CH, Kim S, Lee KM, Ma R, White TJ, Bunning TJ, Lin Z, Tsukruk VV. Robust, Uniform, and Highly Emissive Quantum Dot-Polymer Films and Patterns Using Thiol-Ene Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:17435-17448. [PMID: 28441503 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a facile and versatile method for generating low scattering cross-linked quantum dot (QD)-polymer composite films and patterned highly emissive structures with ultrahigh QD loading, minimal phase separation, and tunable mechanical properties. Uniform QD-polymer films are fabricated using thiol-ene chemistry, in which cross-linked polymer networks are rapidly produced in ambient conditions via fast UV polymerization in bulk to suppress QD aggregation. UV-controlled thiol-ene chemistry limits phase separation through producing highly QD loaded cross-linked composites with loadings above majority of those reported in the literature (<1%) and approaching 30%. As the QD loading is increased, the thiol and ene conversion decreases, resulting in nanocomposites with widely variable and tailorable mechanical properties as a function of UV irradiation time with an elastic modulus decreasing to 1 GPa being characteristic of reinforced elastomeric materials, in contrast to usually observed stiff and brittle materials under these loading conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the thiol-ene chemistry is compatible with soft-imprint lithography, making it possible to pattern highly loaded QD films while preserving the optical properties essential for high gain and low optical loss devices. The versatility of thiol-ene chemistry to produce high-dense QD-polymer films potentially makes it an important technique for polymer-based elastomeric optical metamaterials, where efficient light propagation is critical, like peculiar waveguides, sensors, and optical gain films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Smith
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Sidney T Malak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jaehan Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University , Sejong 339-701, South Korea
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chun Hao Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sunghan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Air Force Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ruilong Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Timothy J White
- Air Force Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Air Force Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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26
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Aydinoglu F, Yamada H, Dey RK, Cui B. Grafted Polystyrene Monolayer Brush as Both Negative and Positive Tone Electron Beam Resist. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4981-4985. [PMID: 28459586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although spin coating is the most widely used electron-beam resist coating technique in nanolithography, it cannot typically be applied for nonflat or irregular surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that monolayer polystyrene brush can be grafted on substrates and used as both positive and negative electron-beam resist, which can be applied for such unconventional surfaces. Polystyrene is a popular negative resist when using solvent developer but solvent cannot be used for grafted polystyrene brush that is firmly bonded to the substrate. Instead, we employed two unconventional development methods to lead polystyrene brush to positive or negative tone behavior. Negative tone was achieved by thermal development at 300 °C because exposed thus cross-linked polystyrene brush is more thermally stable against vaporization than unexposed linear one. Surprisingly, positive tone behavior occurred when the brush was grafted onto an aluminum (Al) layer and the film stack was developed using diluted hydrofluoric acid (HF) that etched the underlying Al layer. By transferring the patterns into the silicon (Si) substrates using the thin Al layer as a sacrificial hard mask for dry etch, well-defined structures in Si were obtained in two different electron-beam resist tones as well as in nonflat surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Aydinoglu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hirotaka Yamada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ripon K Dey
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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27
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Anti-adhesive antimicrobial peptide coating prevents catheter associated infection in a mouse urinary infection model. Biomaterials 2017; 116:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Laradji AM, McNitt CD, Yadavalli NS, Popik VV, Minko S. Robust, Solvent-Free, Catalyst-Free Click Chemistry for the Generation of Highly Stable Densely Grafted Poly(ethylene glycol) Polymer Brushes by the Grafting To Method and Their Properties. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amine M. Laradji
- Nanostructured Materials Lab and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Christopher D. McNitt
- Nanostructured Materials Lab and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Nataraja S. Yadavalli
- Nanostructured Materials Lab and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Popik
- Nanostructured Materials Lab and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sergiy Minko
- Nanostructured Materials Lab and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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29
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Poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide)-Based Coatings to Modulate Electroosmotic Flow and Capillary Surface Properties for Protein Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27473485 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most powerful techniques for the separation of biomolecules. However, the separation efficiency of proteins in CE is often compromised by their tendency to interact with the silanol groups on the surface of the inner capillary and by an uncontrolled electroosmotic flow. Herein, we report on the use of novel hydrophilic polymeric coatings that can modulate the properties of the capillary walls. The novelty of these poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-based copolymers relies on the simultaneous presence of chemically reactive groups (N-acryloyloxysuccinimide and glycidyl methacrylate) and silane groups in the backbone, which results in highly stable films due to the covalent reaction between the polymer and the glass silanols. A careful optimization of monomer concentration confers anti-fouling properties to the polymer coatings, and thus allows for highly efficient acidic and alkaline protein separations. Furthermore, the presence of these monomers makes it possible to modulate the electroosmotic flow from negligible to reduced values, depending on the desired application.
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30
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Zhang L, Marsiglio JA, Lan T, Torkelson JM. Dramatic Tunability of the Glass Transition Temperature and Fragility of Low Molecular Weight Polystyrene by Initiator Fragments Located at Chain Ends. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John A. Marsiglio
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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31
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Yildirim E, Cimen D, Zengin A, Caykara T. Synthesis of poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) brushes by interface-mediated RAFT polymerization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) [poly(HPMA)] brush with a moderate density polymer brush (0.52 chains per nm2) was synthesized by an interface-mediated RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Dilek Cimen
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Adem Zengin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Yuzuncu Yil University
- Van
- Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
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32
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Hu C, Tian F, Zheng Y, Tan CSY, West KR, Scherman OA. Cucurbit[8]uril directed stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymer brushes for dynamic surface engineering. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5303-5310. [PMID: 28717504 PMCID: PMC5504464 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ modification of surfaces with thin layers of polymers is of growing interest as adjustment of surface properties can be made on demand. We present herein a supramolecular 'grafting to' polymer brush via the recognition of surface-bound cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) rotaxanes towards end-functionalised polyethylene glycol (PEG). This dynamic supramolecular method represents advantages over traditional approaches, which employ covalent bond formation in the 'grafting to' process. Brush properties can be easily modified post-preparation by exchanging the polymers with small molecules in a controlled, reversible manner. Including both redox- and light-responsive guests in a single rotaxane entity, the CB[8]-mediated preparation of the polymer brush offers unique opportunities to switch the brush composition efficiently. While the PEG brushes are well hydrated in a good solvent (water) and stretch away from the surface, they collapse in a poor solvent (toluene), leading to the formation of a dense layer on the surface. This collapsed conformation protects the heteroternary complexes of CB[8]-rotaxane from dissociation and maintains the attachment of polymers on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hu
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1223 331508
| | - Feng Tian
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1223 331508
| | - Yu Zheng
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1223 331508
| | - Cindy Soo Yun Tan
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1223 331508
| | - Kevin R West
- BP Oil UK Ltd , Whitchurch Hill , Pangbourne, Reading , Berkshire RG8 7QR , UK
| | - Oren A Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1223 331508
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33
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Melzak KA, Yu K, Bo D, Kizhakkedathu JN, Toca-Herrera JL. Chain Length and Grafting Density Dependent Enhancement in the Hydrolysis of Ester-Linked Polymer Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6463-6470. [PMID: 26010390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) brushes with different grafting density and chain length were grown from an ester group-containing initiator using surface-initiated polymerization. Hydrolysis of the PDMA chains from the surface was monitored by measuring thickness of the polymer layer by ellipsometry and extension length by atomic force microscopy. It was found that the initial rate of cleavage of one end-tethered PDMA chains was dependent on the grafting density and chain length; the hydrolysis rate was faster for high grafting density brushes and brushes with higher molecular weights. Additionally, the rate of cleavage of polymer chains during a given experiment changed by up to 1 order of magnitude as the reaction progressed, with a distinct transition to a lower rate as the grafting density decreased. Also, polymer chains undergo selective cleavage, with longer chains in a polydisperse brush being preferentially cleaved at one stage of the hydrolysis reaction. We suggest that the enhanced initial hydrolysis rates seen at high grafting densities and high chain lengths are due to mechanical activation of the ester bond connecting the polymer chains to the surface in association with high lateral pressure within the brush. These results have implications for the preparation of polymers brushes, their stability under harsh conditions, and the analysis of polymer brushes from partial hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Melzak
- †Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - José L Toca-Herrera
- †Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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34
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Zengin A, Tamer U, Caykara T. A new plasmonic device made of gold nanoparticles and temperature responsive polymer brush on a silicon substrate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 448:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Murugan P, Krishnamurthy M, Jaisankar SN, Samanta D, Mandal AB. Controlled decoration of the surface with macromolecules: polymerization on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3212-43. [PMID: 25839067 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer functionalized surfaces are important components of various sensors, solar cells and molecular electronic devices. In this context, the use of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation and subsequent reactions on the surface have attracted a lot of interest due to its stability, reliability and excellent control over orientation of functional groups. The chemical reactions to be employed on a SAM must ensure an effective functional group conversion while the reaction conditions must be mild enough to retain the structural integrity. This synthetic constraint has no universal solution; specific strategies such as "graft from", "graft to", "graft through" or "direct" immobilization approaches are employed depending on the nature of the substrate, polymer and its area of applications. We have reviewed current developments in the methodology of immobilization of a polymer in the first part of the article. Special emphasis has been given to the merits and demerits of certain methods. Another issue concerns the utility - demonstrated or perceived - of conjugated or non-conjugated macromolecules anchored on a functionally decorated SAM in the areas of material science and biotechnology. In the last part of the review article, we looked at the collective research efforts towards SAM-based polymer devices and identified major pointers of progress (236 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murugan
- Polymer Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
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36
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Cimen D, Yildirim E, Caykara T. Synthesis of dual-functional poly(6-azidohexylmethacrylate) brushes by a RAFT agent carrying carboxylic acid end groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Cimen
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Gazi University; 06500 Besevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Ertan Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Gazi University; 06500 Besevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Gazi University; 06500 Besevler Ankara Turkey
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37
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Synthesis of polyelectrolyte brushes on spherical magnetic polymer particles. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Iqbal D, Rechmann J, Sarfraz A, Altin A, Genchev G, Erbe A. Synthesis of ultrathin poly(methyl methacrylate) model coatings bound via organosilanes to zinc and investigation of their delamination kinetics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18112-18121. [PMID: 25232896 DOI: 10.1021/am504992r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymer coatings are widely used to protect metals from corrosion. Coating adhesion to the base material is critical for good protection, but coatings may fail because of cathodic delamination. Most of the experimental studies on cathodic delamination use polymers to study the corrosion behavior under conditions where the interfacial chemistry at the metal(oxide)/polymer interface is not well-defined. Here, ultrathin linear and cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] coatings that are covalently bound to oxide-covered zinc via a silane linker have been prepared. For preparation, zinc was functionalized with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTS), yielding a vinyl monomer-covered surface. These samples were subjected to thermally initiated free radical polymerization in the presence of methyl methacrylate (MMA) to yield surface-bound ultrathin PMMA films of 10-20 nm thickness, bound to the surface via Zn-O-Si bonds. A similar preparation was also carried out in the presence of different amounts of the cross-linkers ethylene glycol diacrylate and hexanediol diacrylate. Functionalized and polymer-coated zinc samples were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), ellipsometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Coating stability toward cathodic delamination has been evaluated by scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) experiments. In all cases, the covalently linked coatings show lower delamination rates of 0.02-0.2 mm h(-1) than coatings attached to the surface without covalent bonds (rates ∼10 mm h(-1)). Samples with a higher fraction of cross-linker delaminate slower, with rates down to 0.03-0.04 mm h(-1), compared to ∼0.3 mm h(-1) without cross-linker. Samples with longer hydrophobic alkyl chains also delaminate slower, with the lowest observed delamination rate of 0.028 mm h(-1) using hexanediol diacrylate. For the coatings studied here, delamination kinetics is not diffusion limited, but the rate is controlled by a chemical reaction. Several possibilities for the nature of this reaction are discussed; radical side reactions of the oxygen reduction are the most likely path of deadhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Iqbal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sun M, Deng J, Tang Z, Wu J, Li D, Chen H, Gao C. A correlation study of protein adsorption and cell behaviors on substrates with different densities of PEG chains. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Bojko A, Andreatta G, Montagne F, Renaud P, Pugin R. Fabrication of thermo-responsive nano-valve by grafting-to in melt of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) onto nanoporous silicon nitride membranes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yu K, Lai BFL, Foley JH, Krisinger MJ, Conway EM, Kizhakkedathu JN. Modulation of complement activation and amplification on nanoparticle surfaces by glycopolymer conformation and chemistry. ACS NANO 2014; 8:7687-7703. [PMID: 25106451 DOI: 10.1021/nn504186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an integral part of a host's innate immunity, and its activation is highly dependent on the chemistry and structure of a "foreign" target surface. We determined that the conformational state of glycopolymer chains, defined by the grafting density (chains/nm(2)), on the nanoparticle (NP) surface acts as a "molecular switch" for complement activation and amplification, and the protein corona on the NP surface dictates this process. A grafting density threshold was determined, below which minimal complement activation was observed and above which substantial complement activation was detected. The glycopolymer-grafted NPs activated complement via the alternative pathway. The chemical structure of pendent sugar units on the grafted polymer was also an important determinant for complement activation. NPs grafted with glucose-containing polymer activated complement at a lower grafting density compared to NPs grafted with galactose-containing polymer. Analysis of complement activation products C3a and SC5b-9 followed a similar pattern. Complement activation on the NP surface was independent of particle size or concentration for a given conformational state of grafted polymer. To gain insight into a putative surface-dependent mechanism of complement activation, we determined the nature of adsorbed protein corona on various NPs through quantitative mass spectrometry. Elevated levels of two pro-complement proteins, factors B and C3, present on the NP surface grafted with glycopolymer chains at high grafting density compared to low grafting density surface, may be responsible for its complement activity. Galactose polymer modified NPs adsorbed more of the negative regulator of complement, factor H, than the glucose surface, providing an explanation for its lower level of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Zammarelli N, Luksin M, Raschke H, Hergenröder R, Weberskirch R. "Grafting-from" polymerization of PMMA from stainless steel surfaces by a RAFT-mediated polymerization process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12834-12843. [PMID: 24053195 DOI: 10.1021/la402870p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of grafted PMMA homopolymer films is reported using a surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-RAFT) polymerization from a RAFT-agent immobilized on a silanized stainless steel surface. Therefore, stainless steel surfaces were hydroxylated with piranha solution followed by silanization with 3-aminopropylsilane (APS). The pendant primary amino groups of the cross-linked polysiloxane layer were reacted with 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl]pentanoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester to produce a surface with covalently immobilized RAFT agents. PMMA homopolymers of different molecular weights between 13 060 and 45 000 g/mol were then prepared by a surface-initiated RAFT polymerization. Molecular weight (MW) and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined from sacrificial polymerization in solution. The different steps of stainless steel surface modification and the ultrathin films were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), static, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and ellipsometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Zammarelli
- Department for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Cao Z, Tsoufis T, Svaldo-Lanero T, Duwez AS, Rudolf P, Loos K. The Dynamics of Complex Formation between Amylose Brushes on Gold and Fatty Acids by QCM-D. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3713-22. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4010904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theodoros Tsoufis
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Duwez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liège, B6a Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Demirci S, Kinali-Demirci S, Caykara T. A new selenium-based RAFT agent for surface-initiated RAFT polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jalili K, Abbasi F, Milchev A. Surface Microdynamics Phase Transition and Internal Structure of High-Density, Ultrathin PHEMA-b-PNIPAM Diblock Copolymer Brushes on Silicone Rubber. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4003962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Jalili
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F. Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A. Milchev
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Demirci S, Kinali-Demirci S, Caykara T. Stimuli-responsive diblock copolymer brushes via combination of “click chemistry” and living radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Demirci
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Amasya University; Amasya 05100 Turkey
| | - Selin Kinali-Demirci
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Gazi University; Ankara 06500 Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Gazi University; Ankara 06500 Turkey
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Demirci S, Kinali-Demirci S, Caykara T. Novel pH-responsive mixed-charge copolymer brushes based on carboxylic acid and quaternary amine monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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48
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Zhou B, Tong ZZ, Huang J, Xu JT, Fan ZQ. Isothermal crystallization kinetics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) with high grafting degrees. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Modified polyglycidol based nanolayers of switchable philicity and their interactions with skin cells. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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50
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Homo- and mixed polymer brushes prepared by surface-grafting of asymmetric non-sticky/sticky diblock copolymers and their stimuli–responsive behaviors. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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