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Wang Z, Dai Y, Zhou X, Liu Z, Liu W, Huang L, Yuan M, Cui S, He X. Fabrication of flexible AuNPs@ polyimide heating chips for in situ explosives SERS sensing in nature samples. Talanta 2023; 258:124460. [PMID: 36958100 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, highly sensitive flexible AuNPs@ polyimide SERS heating chips (APHC) were fabricated for in situ collecting and detecting TNT. Large-scale AuNPs arrays were synthesized by liquid-liquid interface self-assembly and transferred to polyimide heating film as SERS substrates. 4-ATP and AgNPs functionalized on APHC were used as capture means and signal amplifiers, combining with TNT to form the AuNPs-TNT-AgNPs "sandwich" structure. This flexible APHC chip showed high sensitivity as enhancement factor was 5.5×105, and good repeatability and stability (RSD<10%). It was applied to detect TNT solutions with a low concentration of 10-9 M, and showed a good linear response in the range from 10-5 to 10-9 M (R2 = 0.986). In addition, the detection method also had good selectivity and no response to various TNT analogs. More important, combing with the thermal enrichment strategy, TNT dispersed in environmental samples such as soil, fruit and clothing would be enriched as vapor then collected and detected by APHC. This APHC device shows great potential for in situ sensing platforms, due to its sensitivity, high efficiency, and excellent portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - ZhongPing Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Longjin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Meiyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xuan He
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China.
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Drago NP, Choi EJ, Shin J, Kim DH, Penner RM. A Nanojunction pH Sensor within a Nanowire. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12167-12175. [PMID: 36001648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
pH sensors that are nanoscopic in all three dimensions are fabricated within a single gold nanowire. Fabrication involves the formation of a nanogap within the nanowire via electromigration, followed by electropolymerization of pH-responsive poly(aniline) (PANI) that fills the nanogap forming the nanojunction. All fabrication steps are performed using wet chemical methods that do not require a clean room. The measured electrical impedance of the PANI nanojunction is correlated with pH from 2.0 to 9.0 with a response time of 30 s. Larger, micrometer-scale PANI junctions exhibit a slower response. The measured pH is weakly influenced by the salt concentration of the contacting aqueous solution. An impedance measurement at two frequencies (300 kHz and 1.0 Hz) enables estimation of the salt concentration and correction of the measured pH value, preserving the accuracy of the pH measurement across the entire calibration curve for salt concentrations up to 1.0 M. The result is a nanoscopic pH sensor with pH sensing performance approaching that of a conventional, macroscopic pH glass-membrane electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Drago
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Eric J Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jihoon Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Electrochemical determination of nitroaromatic explosives using glassy carbon/multi walled carbon nanotube/polyethyleneimine electrode coated with gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2022; 238:122990. [PMID: 34857323 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The on site/in field detection of explosives has become a rising priority for homeland security and counter-terrorism measures. This work presents the sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives using glassy carbon/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyethyleneimine (GC/MWCNTs/PEI) electrode coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). MWCNTs and PEI could be well dispersed in ethanol/water solution, giving rise to a thin and homogeneous film on GCE. The GC/MWCNTs/PEI electrode was electrochemically modified with AuNPs and used for the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) detection of nitroaromatics. The enhanced detection sensitivities were achieved through π-π and charge-transfer (CT) interactions between the electron-deficient nitroaromatic explosives and donor amine groups in PEI to which gold nanoparticles were linked, providing increased analyte affinity toward the modified GCE. Calibration curves of current intensity versus concentration were linear in the range of 0.05-8 mg L-1 for TNT, 0.2-4 mg L-1 for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 1-20 mg L-1 for 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 0.25-10 mg L-1 for picric acid (PA), and 0.05-4 mg L-1 for 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine (tetryl) with detection limits (LOD) of 15 μg L-1, 45 μg L-1, 135 μg L-1, 30 μg L-1, and 12 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of nitroaromatics in synthetic explosive mixtures and military composite explosives (comp B and octol). The electrochemical method was not affected by possible interferents of electroactive camouflage materials and common soil ions. Method validation was performed against the reference LC-MS method on TNT and PA-contaminated clay soil samples separately.
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Fluorescence quenching based detection of nitroaromatics using luminescent triphenylamine carboxylic acids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19324. [PMID: 34588466 PMCID: PMC8481287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of nitroaromatics employing greener techniques has been one of the most active research fields in chemistry. A series of triphenylamine (TPA) functionalized carboxylic acids were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques including single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The interaction of carboxylic acid-decorated TPAs with nitroaromatic compounds was photophysically explored using absorption and emission spectroscopy. Stern–Volmer plot accounts for the appreciable quenching constant of the TPA-acids. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to study the new compounds' frontier molecular orbital energy levels and the possible interactions with picrate anion and revealed an unusual charge transfer interaction between acids and picrate anion. The contact mode detection shows the TPA-acids can be used as dip-strip sensors for picric acid detection.
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Szekeres KJ, Ujvári M, Vesztergom S, Láng GG. Voltammetric and electrochemical impedance analysis of poly(bisphenol A) supported poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) layers deposited on gold – the effects of thickness distribution, overoxidation and non-stationarity. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Poddar AK, Patel SS, Patel HD. Synthesis, characterization and applications of conductive polymers: A brief review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddharth S. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
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8
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Moon CW, Park JE, Park M, Kim Y, Narasimha K, Hyun JK, Park SJ. Responsive Thin-Film Interference Colors from Polaronic Conjugated Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1555-1561. [PMID: 33369432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colors responsive to the chemical environment can form the basis for simple and highly accessible diagnostic tools. Herein, the charge modulation of conjugated polymers is demonstrated as a new mechanism for chemically responsive structural colors based on thin-film interference. A liquid-liquid interfacial self-assembly is employed to create a conjugated block copolymer film that is flexible, transferable, and highly homogeneous in thickness over a large area. Gold (Au) complexes are introduced in the self-assembly process for in situ oxidation of conjugated polymers into a hole-polaronic state that renders the polymer film responsive to the chemical environment. When transferred onto a reflective substrate, the film shows thickness-dependent tunable reflective colors due to the optical interference. Furthermore, it experiences drastic changes in its dielectric behavior upon switching of the polaronic state, thereby enabling large modulations to the interferometric colors. Such responsive thin-film colors, in turn, can be used as a simple and intuitive multicolor readout for the recognition of reductive vapors including biological decomposition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheon Woo Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Karnati Narasimha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome Kartham Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Pálmai M, Kim EB, Schnee VP, Snee PT. Charge carrier pairing can impart efficient reduction efficiency to core/shell quantum dots: applications for chemical sensing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23052-23060. [PMID: 33179684 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are bright fluorophores that have significant utility for imaging and sensing applications. Core QDs are often employed in chemosensing via redox processes that modulates their fluorescence in the presence of an analyte. However, such particles lack robust surface passivation and generally contain a sizable portion of nonfluorescent QDs, which is detrimental to the detection limit. We investigated an approach to "turn on" non-fluorescent core QDs by lightly overcoating them with a thin shell of a higher bandgap semiconductor. The shell augments the population of sensing chromophores and increases the emission lifetime; however, it simultaneously mollifies redox processes that are responsible for analyte sensitivity to begin with. This balancing act was successfully applied to enhance the sensitivity of CdZnS/ZnS QDs towards 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Unexpectedly, it was found that CdZnS/ZnS QDs with very thick shells retained substantial sensitivity to TNT. This observation may be due to close coupling of the reduced substrate with the QD hole that is enabled by the near-degeneracy of holes in the core CdZnS and ZnS shell. The ability of core/shell QDs to retain substantial reducing power may have implications for other applications that can benefit from the enhanced stability of robust core/shell nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Pálmai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA.
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Forzani ES, He H, Hihath J, Lindsay S, Penner RM, Wang S, Xu B. Moving Electrons Purposefully through Single Molecules and Nanostructures: A Tribute to the Science of Professor Nongjian Tao (1963-2020). ACS NANO 2020; 14:12291-12312. [PMID: 32940998 PMCID: PMC7718722 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry intersected nanoscience 25 years ago when it became possible to control the flow of electrons through single molecules and nanostructures. Many surprises and a wealth of understanding were generated by these experiments. Professor Nongjian Tao was among the pioneering scientists who created the methods and technologies for advancing this new frontier. Achieving a deeper understanding of charge transport in molecules and low-dimensional materials was the first priority of his experiments, but he also succeeded in discovering applications in chemical sensing and biosensing for these novel nanoscopic systems. In parallel with this work, the investigation of a range of phenomena using novel optical microscopic methods was a passion of his and his students. This article is a review and an appreciation of some of his many contributions with a view to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Forzani
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Huixin He
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bingqian Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Chen Z, Zhou J, Tang H, Liu Y, Shen Y, Yin X, Zheng J, Zhang H, Wu J, Shi X, Chen Y, Fu Y, Duan H. Ultrahigh-Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors with Giant Mass-Loading Effects on Electrodes. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1657-1664. [PMID: 32390428 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are widely used for physical, chemical, and biological sensing applications, and their sensing mechanisms are generally based on frequency changes due to mass-loading effects at the acoustic wave propagation area between two interdigitated transducers (IDTs). In this paper, a new sensing mechanism has been proposed based on a significantly enhanced mass-loading effect generated directly on Au IDT electrodes, which enables significantly enhanced sensitivity, compared with that of conventional SAW devices. The fabricated ultrahigh-frequency SAW devices show a significant mass-loading effect on the electrodes. When the Au-electrode thickness increased from 12 to 25 nm, the Rayleigh mode resonant frequency decreased from 7.77 to 5.93 GHz, while that of the higher longitudinal leaky SAW decreased from 11.87 to 9.83 GHz. The corresponding mass sensitivity of 7309 MHz·mm2·μg-1 (Rayleigh mode) is ∼8.9 × 1011 times larger than that of a conventional quartz crystal balance (with a frequency of 5 MHz) and ∼1000 times higher than that of conventional SAW devices (with a frequency of 978 MHz). Trinitrotoluene concentration as low as 4.4 × 10-9 M (mol·L-1) can be detected using the fabricated SAW sensor, proving its giant mass-loading effect and ultrahigh sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Hao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Yin
- National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Jiangpo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Hongshuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xianglong Shi
- Beijing Aerospace Micro-electronics Technology Co., Beijing 100854, P.R. China
| | - Yiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
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Kim WG, Zueger C, Kim C, Wong W, Devaraj V, Yoo HW, Hwang S, Oh JW, Lee SW. Experimental and numerical evaluation of a genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage with high sensitivity and selectivity for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:5666-5670. [PMID: 30973549 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective and sensitive detection of desired targets is very critical in sensor design. Here, we report a genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage-based sensor system evaluated by quantum mechanics (QM) calculations. Phage display is a facile way to develop the desired peptide sequences, but the resulting sequences can be imperfect peptides for binding of target molecules. A TNT binding peptide (WHW) carrying phage was self-assembled to fabricate thin films and tested for the sensitive and selective surface plasmon resonance-based detection of TNT molecules at the 500 femtomole level. SPR studies performed with the WHW peptide and control peptides (WAW, WHA, AHW) were well-matched with those of the QM calculations. Our combined method between phage engineering and QM calculation will significantly enhance our ability to design selective and sensitive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Geun Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
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Zhang Y, Cai Y, Dong F, Bian L, Li H, Wang J, Du J, Qi X, He Y. Chemically modified mesoporous wood: a versatile sensor for visual colorimetric detection of trinitrotoluene in water, air, and soil by smartphone camera. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:8063-8071. [PMID: 31768592 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in detection of the level of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive due to its importance in public security and environmental protection fields. The conventional chemical sensors do not simultaneously realize simple, rapid, sensitive, selective, and direct detection of TNT in different medium without sample pretreatment. Here we present a modified wood-based chemical sensor for visual colorimetric detection of TNT in water, air, and soil. The natural wood undergoes a delignified process, which is further functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). When TNT solutions are introduced, the wood-based sensor shows a colorimetric transition from light yellow to brown for naked-eye readout because of the generation of Meisenheimer complex between APTES and TNT. The photographs are collected by smartphone camera, and the RGB components are extracted to calculate the adjusted intensity for qualitative detection of TNT. This visual colorimetric sensor for TNT solution displays a linearity in the range of 0.01-5 mM with a limit of detection of 3 μM. In addition, by taking advantage of its inherent mesostructure, the wood-based sensor can be employed for visual detection of TNT vapor as well. Furthermore, it is also able to directly detect TNT in wet soil samples based on capillary action, in which TNT carried by water transports upward along the wood microchannel, triggering the generation of Meisenheimer complex. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yanhua Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Faqin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Materials Characterization & Preparation Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jiayan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Xiufang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
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Research Progress of M13 Bacteriophage-Based Biosensors. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101448. [PMID: 31614669 PMCID: PMC6835900 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, new virus-based sensor systems that operate on M13 bacteriophage infrastructure have attracted considerable attention. These systems can detect a range of chemicals with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Filaments consistent with M13 bacteriophages can be ordered by highly established forms of self-assembly. This allows M13 bacteriophages to build a homogeneous distribution and infiltrate the network structure of nanostructures under mild conditions. Phage display, involving the genetic engineering of M13 bacteriophages, is another strong feature of the M13 bacteriophage as a functional building block. The numerous genetic modification possibilities of M13 bacteriophages are clearly the key features, and far more applications are envisaged. This paper reviews the recent progress in the application of the M13 bacteriophage self-assembly structures through to sensor systems and discusses future M13 bacteriophage technology.
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Lee J, Silvester DS. Electrochemical Detection of Explosive Compounds in an Ionic Liquid in Mixed Environments: Influence of Oxygen, Moisture, and Other Nitroaromatics on the Sensing Response. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
From a security point of view, detecting and quantifying explosives in mixed environments is required to identify potentially concealed explosives. Electrochemistry offers a viable method to detect nitroaromatic explosive compounds owing to the presence of easily reducible nitro groups that give rise to a current signal. However, their reduction potentials can overlap with interfering species, making it difficult to distinguish particular compounds. We have therefore examined the effect of oxygen, moisture, and other nitroaromatic species on the cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry of nitroaromatic compounds of a range of mixed environments, focussing on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) as model analytes, and using the hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) [P14,6,6,6][NTf2] as the solvent. Oxygen (0–20% vol.) minimally affected the current of the first reduction peak of TNT in [P14,6,6,6][NTf2], but significantly affects the current for DNT. The impact of water (0 to 86% relative humidity), however, was much more dramatic – even in the hydrophobic RTIL, water significantly affected the currents of the analyte peaks for TNT and DNT, and gave rise to additional reduction features, further contributing to the current. Additionally, the voltammetry of other related di- and tri-nitro compounds (2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and musk xylene) was also studied to understand how different substituents on the aromatic ring may affect the reduction potentials. A 50:50 mixture of TNT and DNT revealed that both analytes could be separately identified and quantified using square wave voltammetry. Overall, this information is useful in determining the effect of other species on the current signals of electrochemical explosive sensors, and reveals that it may be necessary to dry the aprotic RTIL electrolyte when used in humid environments.
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Xu Y, Lin WJ, Gliege M, Gunckel R, Zhao Z, Yu H, Dai LL. A Dual Ionic Liquid-Based Low-Temperature Electrolyte System. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:12077-12086. [PMID: 30422658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) show a promising future as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. In particular, IL-based electrolytes bring operations at extreme temperatures to realization that conventional electrolytes fail to accomplish. Although IL electrolytes demonstrate considerable progress in high-temperature applications, their breakthroughs in devices operating at low temperatures are still very limited due to undesirable phase transitions and unsatisfying transport properties. In this study, we present an approach where, by tuning molecular interactions in the system, the designed electrolyte of an IL-based mixture can reach a lower operating temperature with improved transport properties. We have discovered that the incorporation of the IL, ethylammonium nitrate ([EA][N]), can contribute to reforming the molecular interactions within the system, which effectively resolve the crystallization accompanied with the excess of water and retain a low glass transition temperature. The reported liquid electrolyte systems based on a mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([BMIM][I]), [EA][N], water, and lithium iodide exhibit a glass transition temperature below -105 °C. Furthermore, the optimized electrolyte system shows significant viscosity reduction and ionic conductivity enhancement from 25 to -75 °C. The influence is also noticeable on the increased ionicity, which made the developed electrolyte comparable with other good ILs under the Walden rule. The electrochemical stability of the electrolyte system is revealed by a steady and reproducible profile of iodide/triiodide redox reactions at room temperature over a proper potential window via cyclic voltammetry. The results from this work not only provide a potential solution to applications of the iodide/triiodide redox couple-based electrochemical devices at low temperatures but also show a practical approach to obtain tailored properties of a mixture system via modifying molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , Hong Kong
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17
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Zhao M, Wu J, Su B. Silica-Nanochannel-Based Interferometric Sensor for Selective Detection of Polar and Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10780-10785. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meijiao Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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18
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Synthesis and electrochemical sensing application of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Alizadeh N, Ghoorchian A. Hybrid Optoelectrochemical Sensor for Superselective Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Based on Electrochemical Reduced Meisenheimer Complex. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10360-10368. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naader Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 14115-175
| | - Arash Ghoorchian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 14115-175
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20
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Kumar D, Jha P, Chouksey A, Tandon RP, Chaudhury PK, Rawat JS. Flexible single walled nanotube based chemical sensor for 2,4-dinitrotoluene sensing. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE: MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS 2018; 29:6200-6205. [DOI: 10.1007/s10854-018-8595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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21
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Yu HA, DeTata DA, Lewis SW, Silvester DS. Recent developments in the electrochemical detection of explosives: Towards field-deployable devices for forensic science. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Lupan O, Schütt F, Postica V, Smazna D, Mishra YK, Adelung R. Sensing performances of pure and hybridized carbon nanotubes-ZnO nanowire networks: A detailed study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14715. [PMID: 29116099 PMCID: PMC5677033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the influence of carbon nanotube (CNT) hybridization on ultraviolet (UV) and gas sensing properties of individual and networked ZnO nanowires (NWs) is investigated in detail. The CNT concentration was varied to achieve optimal conditions for the hybrid with improved sensing properties. In case of CNT decorated ZnO nanonetworks, the influence of relative humidity (RH) and applied bias voltage on the UV sensing properties was thoroughly studied. By rising the CNT content to about 2.0 wt% (with respect to the entire ZnO network) the UV sensing response is considerably increased from 150 to 7300 (about 50 times). With respect to gas sensing, the ZnO-CNT networks demonstrate an excellent selectivity as well as a high gas response to NH3 vapor. A response of 430 to 50 ppm at room temperature was obtained, with an estimated detection limit of about 0.4 ppm. Based on those results, several devices consisting of individual ZnO NWs covered with CNTs were fabricated using a FIB/SEM system. The highest sensing performance was obtained for the finest NW with diameter (D) of 100 nm, with a response of about 4 to 10 ppm NH3 vapor at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany. .,Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vasile Postica
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Daria Smazna
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany.
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23
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Yu HA, Lee J, Lewis SW, Silvester DS. Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Using a Miniaturized, Disposable Electrochemical Sensor with an Ionic Liquid Gel-Polymer Electrolyte Film. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4729-4736. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Yu
- Curtin
Institute of Functional
Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Junqiao Lee
- Curtin
Institute of Functional
Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Simon W. Lewis
- Curtin
Institute of Functional
Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Debbie S. Silvester
- Curtin
Institute of Functional
Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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24
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Avaz S, Roy RB, Mokkapati VRSS, Bozkurt A, Pandit S, Mijakovic I, Menceloglu YZ. Graphene based nanosensor for aqueous phase detection of nitroaromatics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03860g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatics sensor composed of monolayer graphene and molecularly imprinted chitosan thin film was fabricated and responded selectively against imprinted nitrotriazolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Avaz
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
| | - R. B. Roy
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
| | - V. R. S. S. Mokkapati
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology
- Goteborg
- Sweden
| | - A. Bozkurt
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology
- Goteborg
- Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology
- Goteborg
- Sweden
| | - Y. Z. Menceloglu
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence
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25
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Yang Y, Cornwell LB, Ibañez FJ, Zamborini FP. Chemiresistor Arrays Prepared by Simple and Fast Vapor‐Phase Thiol Place‐Exchange Functionalization of Gold Monolayer‐Protected Cluster Films. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Louisville Louisville KY 40292 USA
| | - Laura B. Cornwell
- Department of Chemistry University of Louisville Louisville KY 40292 USA
| | - Francisco J. Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CONICET) Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16 1900 La Plata Argentina
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26
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Buryakov IA, Buryakov TI, Matsayev VT. Electrical, electrochemical, and thermometric sensors for the detection of explosives. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Ruan S, Chen Y, Zhang P, Pan X, Fang C, Qin A, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H, Tang BZ, Tang Y, Ruan Y. Online remote monitoring of explosives by optical fibres. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An AIE-active polytriazole coated fibre tip sensor was developed to detect picric acid with its detection limit down to 100 ppb. The fibre sensor shows high reusability and is promising for remote sensing of explosive.
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28
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Malik AH, Hussain S, Kalita A, Iyer PK. Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for the Amplified Detection of Nitro-explosive Picric Acid on Multiple Platforms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26968-76. [PMID: 26580229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneously formed conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) or polymer dots displayed remarkable fluorescence response toward nitroexplosive-picric acid (PA) in multiple environments including 100% aqueous media, solid support using portable paper strips and vapor phase detection via two terminal device. This new cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly(3,3'-((2-phenyl-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium)bromide) (PFMI) was synthesized by Suzuki coupling polymerization followed by post functionalization method without employing any hectic purification technique. Highest quenching constant value (K(sv)) of 1.12 × 10(8) M(-1) and a very low detection limit of 30.9 pM/7.07 ppt were obtained exclusively for PA in 100% aqueous environment which is rare and unique for any CPE/CPNs. Contact mode detection of PA was also performed using simple, cost-effective and portable fluorescent paper strips for achieving on-site detection. Furthermore, the two terminal sensor device fabricated with nanoparticles of PFMI (PFMI-NPs) provides an exceptional and unprecedented platform for the vapor mode detection of PA under ambient conditions. The mechanism for the ultrasensitivity of PFMI-NPs probe to detect PA is attributed to the "molecular-wire effect", electrostatic interaction, photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and possible resonance energy transfer (RET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Hussain Malik
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati-781039. India
| | - Sameer Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati-781039. India
| | - Anamika Kalita
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati-781039. India
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati-781039. India
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29
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Silvester DS, Aldous L. Electrochemical Detection Using Ionic Liquids. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are relatively new additions to the field of electrochemical sensing. Despite that, they have had a significant impact, and several major areas are covered herein. This includes the application of ionic liquids in the quantification of heavy metals, explosives, and chemical warfare agents, and in biosensors and bioanalysis. Also highlighted are the significant advantages ionic liquids inherently have with regards to gas sensors and carbon paste electrodes, by virtue of their non-volatility, inherent conductivity, and diversity of structure and function. Finally, their incorporation with carbon nanomaterials to form various gels, pastes, films, and printed electrodes is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S. Silvester
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University Perth, WA Australia
| | - Leigh Aldous
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Australia Sydney, NSW Australia
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30
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Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Tekdemir Y, Erçağ E, Apak R. Electrochemical sensor for nitroaromatic type energetic materials using gold nanoparticles/poly(o-phenylenediamine–aniline) film modified glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 2015; 139:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Rehman A, Zeng X. Methods and approaches of utilizing ionic liquids as gas sensing materials. RSC Adv 2015; 5:58371-58392. [PMID: 29142738 PMCID: PMC5683717 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas monitoring is of increasing significance for a broad range of applications in the fields of environmental and civil infrastructures, climate and energy, health and safety, industry and commerce. Even though there are many gas detection devices and systems available, the increasing needs for better detection technologies that not only satisfy the high analytical standards but also meet additional device requirements (e.g., being robust to survive under field conditions, low cost, small, smart, more mobile), demand continuous efforts in developing new methods and approaches for gas detection. Ionic Liquids (ILs) have attracted a tremendous interest as potential sensing materials for the gas sensor development. Being composed entirely of ions and with a broad structural and functional diversity, i.e., bifunctional (organic/inorganic), biphasic (solid/liquid) and dual-property (solvent/electrolyte), they have the complementing attributes and the required variability to allow a systematic design process across many sensing components to enhance sensing capability especially for miniaturized sensor system implementation. The emphasis of this review is to describe molecular design and control of IL interface materials to provide selective and reproducible response and to synergistically integrate IL sensing materials with low cost and low power electrochemical, piezoelectric/QCM and optical transducers to address many gas detection challenges (e.g., sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, speed, stability, cost, sensor miniaturization, and robustness). We further show examples to justify the importance of understanding the mechanisms and principles of physicochemical and electrochemical reactions in ILs and then link those concepts to developing new sensing methods and approaches. By doing this, we hope to stimulate further research towards the fundamental understanding of the sensing mechanisms and new sensor system development and integration, using simple sensing designs and flexible sensor structures both in terms of scientific operation and user interface that can be miniaturized and interfaced with modern wireless monitoring technologies to achieve specifications heretofore unavailable on current markets for the next generation of gas sensor applications.
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32
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Zhang Y, Xu M, Bunes BR, Wu N, Gross DE, Moore JS, Zang L. Oligomer-coated carbon nanotube chemiresistive sensors for selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7471-7475. [PMID: 25823968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-performance chemiresistive sensors were made using a porous thin film of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated with a carbazolylethynylene (Tg-Car) oligomer for trace vapor detection of nitroaromatic explosives. The sensors detect low concentrations of 4-nitrotoluene (NT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapors at ppb to ppt levels. The sensors also show high selectivity to NT from other common organic reagents at significantly higher vapor concentrations. Furthermore, by using Tg-Car/CNT sensors and uncoated CNT sensors in parallel, differential sensing of NT, TNT, and DNT vapors was achieved. This work provides a methodology to create selective CNT-based sensors and sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Zhang
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Benjamin R Bunes
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Na Wu
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Dustin E Gross
- ‡Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- ‡Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ling Zang
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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33
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Senthamizhan A, Uyar T. Electrospun Fluorescent Nanofibers for Explosive Detection. ELECTROSPINNING FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SENSORS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14406-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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34
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Casey MC, Cliffel DE. Surface adsorption and electrochemical reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene on vanadium dioxide. Anal Chem 2014; 87:334-7. [PMID: 25494649 DOI: 10.1021/ac503753g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was investigated using films of vanadium dioxide. Three distinct reduction peaks were observed in the potential range of -0.50 to -0.90 V (vs an Ag/AgCl reference electrode), corresponding to the electrochemical reduction of the three nitro-groups on the TNT molecule. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry was performed to achieve detection down to 1 μg/L (4.4 nM), revealing a linear response to TNT concentration. These results are the first describing the use of VO2 films as an electrochemical sensor and open new avenues for further electrochemical research using this unique material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Casey
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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35
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Wang J, Jin W, Zhang X, Hu C, Luo Q, Lin Y, Hu S. Rapid in Situ Detection of Ultratrace 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Solids by a Sandwiched Paper-like Electrochemical Sensor. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8383-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501973x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory
of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengguo Hu
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory
of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qingying Luo
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shengshui Hu
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory
of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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36
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Chen Y, Huang Y, Guo D, Chen C, Wang Q, Fu Y. A chiral sensor for recognition of DOPA enantiomers based on immobilization of β-cyclodextrin onto the carbon nanotube-ionic liquid nanocomposite. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Dinda D, Gupta A, Shaw BK, Sadhu S, Saha SK. Highly selective detection of trinitrophenol by luminescent functionalized reduced graphene oxide through FRET mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10722-10728. [PMID: 24934337 DOI: 10.1021/am5025676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Among different nitro compounds, trinitrophenol (TNP) is the most common constituent to prepare powerful explosives all over the world. A few works on the detection of nitro explosives have already been reported in the past few years; however, selectivity is still in its infant stage. As all the nitroexplosives are highly electron deficient in nature, it is very difficult to separate one from a mixture of different nitro compounds by the usual photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. In the present work, we have used a bright luminescent, 2,6-diamino pyridine functionalized graphene oxide (DAP-RGO) for selective detection of TNP in the presence of other nitro compounds. The major advantage of using this material over other reported materials is not only to achieve very high fluorescence quenching of ∼96% but also superior selectivity >80% in the detection of TNP in aqueous medium via both fluorescence resonance energy transfer and PET mechanisms. Density functional theory calculations also suggest the occurrence of an effective proton transfer mechanism from TNP to DAP-RGO, resulting in this tremendous fluorescence quenching compared to other nitro compounds. We believe this graphene based composite will emerge a new class of materials that could be potentially useful for selective detection, even for trace amounts of nitro explosives in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Dinda
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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38
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Xu M, Han JM, Wang C, Yang X, Pei J, Zang L. Fluorescence ratiometric sensor for trace vapor detection of hydrogen peroxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:8708-14. [PMID: 24801730 DOI: 10.1021/am501502v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Trace vapor detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) represents a practical approach to nondestructive detection of peroxide-based explosives, including liquid mixtures of H2O2 and fuels and energetic peroxide derivatives, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP), diacetone diperoxide (DADP), and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD). Development of a simple chemical sensor system that responds to H2O2 vapor with high reliability and sufficient sensitivity (reactivity) remains a challenge. We report a fluorescence ratiometric sensor molecule, diethyl 2,5-bis((((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)carbonyl)amino)terephthalate (DAT-B), for H2O2 that can be fabricated into an expedient, reliable, and sensitive sensor system suitable for trace vapor detection of H2O2. DAT-B is fluorescent in the blue region, with an emission maximum at 500 nm in the solid state. Upon reaction with H2O2, DAT-B is converted to an electronic "push-pull" structure, diethyl 2,5-diaminoterephthalate (DAT-N), which has an emission peak at a longer wavelength centered at 574 nm. Such H2O2-mediated oxidation of aryl boronates can be accelerated through the addition of an organic base such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH), resulting in a response time of less than 0.5 s under 1 ppm of H2O2 vapor. The strong overlap between the absorption band of DAT-N and the emission band of DAT-B enables efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), thus allowing further enhancement of the sensing efficiency of H2O2 vapor. The detection limit of a drop-cast DAT-B/TBAH film was projected to be 7.7 ppb. By combining high sensitivity and selectivity, the reported sensor system may find broad application in vapor detection of peroxide-based explosives and relevant chemical reagents through its fabrication into easy-to-use, cost-effective kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Shemesh A, Blank T, Meltzman S, Stolyarova S, Edrei R, Borzin E, Nemirovsky Y, Eichen Y. Plasticization of a polymer layer harnessed to a silicon microcantilever as a highly sensitive and selective means to detect nitroaromatic derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shemesh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Tanya Blank
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Shai Meltzman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Sara Stolyarova
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Rachel Edrei
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Elena Borzin
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Yael Nemirovsky
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Yoav Eichen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200008 Israel
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Pablos JL, Trigo-López M, Serna F, García FC, García JM. Solid polymer substrates and smart fibres for the selective visual detection of TNT both in vapour and in aqueous media. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual detection of the explosive TNT with sensory polymer films and coated fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús L. Pablos
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Miriam Trigo-López
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Felipe Serna
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Félix C. García
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José M. García
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
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Mercury assisted fluorescent supramolecular assembly of hexaphenylbenzene derivative for femtogram detection of picric acid. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 793:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Current Trends in Sensors Based on Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2013; 3:524-549. [PMID: 28348348 PMCID: PMC5304658 DOI: 10.3390/nano3030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers represent an important class of functional organic materials for next-generation electronic and optical devices. Advances in nanotechnology allow for the fabrication of various conducting polymer nanomaterials through synthesis methods such as solid-phase template synthesis, molecular template synthesis, and template-free synthesis. Nanostructured conducting polymers featuring high surface area, small dimensions, and unique physical properties have been widely used to build various sensor devices. Many remarkable examples have been reported over the past decade. The enhanced sensitivity of conducting polymer nanomaterials toward various chemical/biological species and external stimuli has made them ideal candidates for incorporation into the design of sensors. However, the selectivity and stability still leave room for improvement.
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Chatterjee S, Castro M, Feller JF. An e-nose made of carbon nanotube based quantum resistive sensors for the detection of eighteen polar/nonpolar VOC biomarkers of lung cancer. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4563-4575. [PMID: 32261199 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A room temperature operating electronic nose (e-nose) has been developed by the assembly of conductive polymer nanocomposite (CPC) quantum resistive sensors (QRS). The fabrication of QRS by spray layer by layer (sLbL) of CPC solutions allowed us to obtain transducers with reproducible initial properties that could be easily tailored by adjusting either the number of sprayed layers and/or the solution composition. The selectivity of QRS was varied by changing the chemical nature of the polymer matrix in which carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dispersed in solution, i.e., poly(carbonate) (PC), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(styrene) (PS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The e-nose was then successfully used to detect several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) selected among lung cancer biomarkers: a first set of seven polar vapours (water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, propanol, isopropanol, and 2-butanone), and another set of eleven less and nonpolar vapours (chloroform, toluene, benzene, styrene, cyclohexane, o-xylene, n-propane, n-decane, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, isoprene, and 1-hexene). The discrimination ability of the e-nose evaluated after a 3D principal component analysis (PCA) pattern recognition treatment was proved to be very good. Moreover, the quantitativity of the transducers' chemo-resistive responses was well fitted with the Langmuir-Henry-Clustering (LHC) model for both acetone and toluene vapours in a wide range of concentrations. The QRS developed in this study appear to be very good candidates to design low cost e-noses for the anticipated diagnosis of lung cancer by VOC analysis in breath, with ppm level sensitivity (tested down to 2.5 parts per million), short response time (a couple of seconds), low consumption, and a large signal to noise ratio (SNR ≥ 10).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chatterjee
- Smart Plastics Group, European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMATB-UBS, Lorient, France.
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Wang W, Feng Z, Jiang W, Zhan J. Electrospun porous CuO–Ag nanofibers for quantitative sensitive SERS detection. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Pesavento M, D’Agostino G, Alberti G, Biesuz R, Merli D. Voltammetric platform for detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene based on a molecularly imprinted polymer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Li X, Wang Y, Yang X, Chen J, Fu H, Cheng T, Wang Y. Conducting polymers in environmental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Scaffold-like 3D networks fabricated via the organogelation of β-diketone-boron for fluorescent sensing organic amine vapors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Ma Y, Li H, Peng S, Wang L. Highly selective and sensitive fluorescent paper sensor for nitroaromatic explosive detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8415-21. [PMID: 22946839 DOI: 10.1021/ac302138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), especially using a facile paper sensor, is in high demand for homeland security and public safety. Although many strategies have been successfully developed for the detection of TNT, it is not easy to differentiate the influence from TNP. Also, few methods were demonstrated for the selective detection of TNP. In this work, via a facile and versatile method, 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq(3))-based bluish green fluorescent composite nanospheres were successfully synthesized through self-assembly under vigorous stirring and ultrasonic treatment. These polymer-coated nanocomposites are not only water-stable but also highly luminescent. Based on the dramatic and selective fluorescence quenching of the nanocomposites via adding TNP into the aqueous solution, a sensitive and robust platform was developed for visual detection of TNP in the mixture of nitroaromatics including TNT, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and nitrobenzene (NB). Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of TNP in the range of 0.05-7.0 μg/mL with the 3σ limit of detection of 32.3 ng/mL. By handwriting or finger printing with TNP solution as ink on the filter paper soaked with the fluorescent nanocomposites, the bluish green fluorescence was instantly and dramatically quenched and the dark patterns were left on the paper. Therefore, a convenient and rapid paper sensor for TNP-selective detection was fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Lin D, Liu H, Qian K, Zhou X, Yang L, Liu J. Ultrasensitive optical detection of trinitrotoluene by ethylenediamine-capped gold nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 744:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Wang D, Sun H, Chen A, Jang SH, Jen AKY, Szep A. Chemiresistive response of silicon nanowires to trace vapor of nitro explosives. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:2628-2632. [PMID: 22434015 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are observed to behave as chemically modulated resistors and exhibit sensitive and fast electrical responses to vapors of common nitro explosives and their degradation by-products. The nanowires were prepared with a top-down nano-fabrication process on a silicon-on-insulator wafer. The surface of the silicon nanowires was modified by plasma treatments. Both hydrogen and oxygen plasma treatments can significantly improve the responses, and oxygen plasma changes the majority carrier from p- to n-type on the surface of silicon nanowire thin films. The sensitivity is found to increase when the cross-section of the nanowires decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danling Wang
- Applied Physics Laboratory & Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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