1
|
Fujiwara Y, Ito S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Gas-Phase Structures of [Au 21(SR) 14] - and [Au 17(SR) 10] - with Eight Electrons: Can They Support an Icosahedral Au 13 Core? J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3119-3125. [PMID: 38626761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
A prototypical thiolate (RS)-protected gold cluster [Au25(SR)18]- has high stability due to specific geometric and electronic structures: an icosahedral (Ih) Au13 core with a closed electronic shell containing eight electrons is completely protected by six units of Au2(SR)3. Nevertheless, collisional excitation of [Au25(SR)18]- in a vacuum induces the sequential release of Au4(SR)4 to form [Au21(SR)14]- and [Au17(SR)10]- both containing eight electrons. To answer a naive question of whether these fragments bear an Ih Au13(8e) core, the geometrical structures of [Au21(SC3H7)14]- and [Au17(SC3H7)10]- in the gas phase were examined by the combination of anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculation of simplified models of [Au21(SCH3)14]- and [Au17(SCH3)10]-. We concluded that [Au21(SC3H7)14]- retains a slightly distorted Ih Au13(8e) core, while [Au17(SC3H7)10]- has an amorphous Au13 core composed of triangular Au3, tetrahedral Au4, and prolate Au7 units. DFT calculations on putative species [Au19(SCH3)12]- and [Au18(SCH3)11]- suggested that the Ih Au13(8e) core undergoes dramatic structural deformation due to mechanical stress from μ2 ligation of only one RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shun Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiao Y, Zou J, Fei W, Fan W, You Q, Zhao Y, Li MB, Wu Z. Building Block Metal Nanocluster-Based Growth in 1D Direction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305556. [PMID: 37849043 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters with precisely modulated structures at the nanoscale give us the opportunity to synthesize and investigate 1D nanomaterials at the atomic level. Herein, it realizes selective 1D growth of building block nanocluster "Au13 Cd2 " into three structurally different nanoclusters: "hand-in-hand" (Au13 Cd2 )2 O, "head-to-head" Au25 , and "shoulder-to-shoulder" Au33 . Detailed studies further reveals the growth mechanism and the growth-related tunable properties. This work provides new hints for the predictable structural transformation of nanoclusters and atomically precise construction of 1D nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qiao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jiafeng Zou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wenwen Fei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wentao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Qing You
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wijesinghe KH, Hood C, Mattern D, Angel LA, Dass A. Ion mobility-tandem mass spectrometry of bulky tert-butyl thiol ligated gold nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4998. [PMID: 38263883 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized in the 1-3 nm range have a specific number of gold core atoms and outer protecting ligands. They have become one of the "hot topics" in recent decades because of their interesting physical and chemical properties. The characterization of their structures is usually achieved by crystal X-ray diffraction although the structures of some AuNPs remain unknown because they have not been successfully crystallized. An alternative method for studying the structure of AuNPs is electrospray ionization-ion mobility-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-IM-MSMS). This research evaluated how effectively ESI-IM-MSMS using the commercially available Waters Synapt XS instrument yielded useful structural information from two AuNPs; Au23 (S-tBu)16 and Au30 (S-tBu)18 . The study used the maximum range of available collision energies along with ion mobility separation to measure the energy-dependence of the product ions and their drift times which is a measure of their spatial size. For Au23 (S-tBu)16 , the dissociation gave the masses of the outer protecting monomeric [RS-Au-SR] and trimeric [SR-Au-SR-Au-SR-Au-SR] staples where R = tBu, and complete dissociation of the outer layer Au and tBu groups to reveal the Au15 S8 core. For Au30 (S-tBu)18 , the dissociation products was primarily through the loss of the partial ligands S-tBu and tBu from the outer protecting layer and the loss of single Au4 (S-tBu)4 unit. These results showed the that ESI-IM-MSMS analysis of the smaller Au23 (S-tBu)16 gave information on all it major structural components whereas for Au30 (S-tBu)18 , the overall structural information was limited to the ligands of the outer layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani H Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Christopher Hood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Daniell Mattern
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Laurence A Angel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
| | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao J, Ziarati A, Rosspeintner A, Wang Y, Bürgi T. Engineering ligand chemistry on Au 25 nanoclusters: from unique ligand addition to precisely controllable ligand exchange. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7665-7674. [PMID: 37476726 PMCID: PMC10355100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Au25 nanoclusters (NCs) protected by 18 thiol-ligands (Au25SR18, SR is a thiolate ligand) are the prototype of atomically precise thiolate-protected gold NCs. Studies concerning the alteration of the number of surface ligands for a given Au25SR18 NC are scarce. Herein we report the conversion of hydrophobic Au25PET18 (PET = 2-phenylethylthiolate) NCs to Au25SR19 [Au25PET18(metal complex)1] induced by ligand exchange reactions (LERs) with thiolated terpyridine-metal complexes (metal complex, metal = Ru, Fe, Co, Ni) under mild conditions (room temperature and low amounts of incoming ligands). Interestingly, we found that the ligand addition reaction on Au25PET18 NCs is metal dependent. Ru and Co complexes preferentially lead to the formation of Au25SR19 whereas Fe and Ni complexes favor ligand exchange reactions. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS) was used to determine the molecular formula of Au25SR19 NCs. The photophysical properties of Au25PET18(Ru complex)1 are distinctly different from Au25PET18. The absorption spectrum is drastically changed upon addition of the extra ligand and the photoluminescence quantum yield of Au25PET18(Ru complex)1 is 14 times and 3 times higher than that of pristine Au25PET18 and Au25PET17(Ru complex)1, respectively. Interestingly, only one surface ligand (PET) could be substituted by the metal complex when neutral Au25PET18 was used for ligand exchange whereas two ligands could be exchanged when starting with negatively charged Au25PET18. This charge dependence provides a strategy to precisely control the number of exchanged ligands at the surface of NCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhao
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Abolfazl Ziarati
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor 2800 MI USA
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roy J, Mondal B, Vishwakarma G, Vasanthi Sridharan N, Krishnamurthi P, Pradeep T. Dissociative reactions of [Au 25(SR) 18] - at copper oxide nanoparticles and formation of aggregated nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8225-8234. [PMID: 37070851 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactions between nanoclusters (NCs) have been studied widely in the recent past, but such processes between NCs and metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs), belonging to two different size ranges, have not been explored earlier. For the first time, we demonstrate the spontaneous reactions between an atomically precise NC, [Au25(PET)18]- (PET = 2-phenylethanethiolate), and polydispersed copper oxide nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm under ambient conditions. These interparticle reactions result in the formation of alloy NCs and copper-doped NC fragments, which assemble to form nanospheres at the end of the reaction. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS), transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), electron tomography, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies were performed to understand the structures formed. The results from our study show that interparticle reactions can be extended to a range of chemical systems, leading to diverse alloy NCs and self-assembled colloidal superstructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayoti Roy
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Gaurav Vishwakarma
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Nishanthi Vasanthi Sridharan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Pattabiraman Krishnamurthi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- International Centre for Clean Water, 2nd Floor, B-Block, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumaranchira Ramankutty K, Buergi T. Analytical separation techniques: toward achieving atomic precision in nanomaterials science. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16415-16426. [PMID: 36326280 PMCID: PMC9671142 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The size- and shape-dependence of the properties are the most characteristic features of nanoscale matter. In many types of nanomaterials, there is a size regime wherein every atom counts. In order to fully realize the idea of 'maneuvering things atom by atom' envisioned by Richard Feynman, synthesis and separation of nanoscale matter with atomic precision are essential. It is therefore not surprising that analytical separation techniques have contributed tremendously toward understanding the size- as well as shape-dependent properties of nanomaterials. Fascinating properties of nanomaterials would not have been explored without the use of these techniques. Here we discuss the pivotal role of analytical separation techniques in the progress of nanomaterials science. We begin with a brief overview of some of the key analytical separation techniques that are of tremendous importance in nanomaterials research. Then we describe how each of these techniques has contributed to the advancements in nanomaterials science taking some of the nanosystems as examples. We discuss the limitations and challenges of these techniques and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Buergi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plath LD, Abroshan H, Zeng C, Kim HJ, Jin R, Bier ME. Mass Spectrometry of Au 10(4- tert-butylbenzenethiolate) 10 Nanoclusters Using Superconducting Tunnel Junction Cryodetection Reveals Distinct Metastable Fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:521-529. [PMID: 35147432 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryodetection mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the Au10(TBBT)10 (TBBT = 4-tert-butylbenzenethiolate) catenane nanocluster. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) process generates distinct fragments that can be arranged into two distinct regimes: (i) in-source fragmentation, which occurs rapidly in a relatively short (<170 ns) time frame, and (ii) metastable fragmentation, which occurs postacceleration during a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysis over a longer time frame (>170 ns-250 μs). Using MALDI-TOF MS with superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) cryodetection, distinct metastable nanocluster fragments were resolved at lower energies deposited into the detector. The results also demonstrated that STJ cryodetection MS can be used to acquire multiple (>10), simultaneous tandem mass spectra in a single experiment. Simulated fragmentation of the Au10 nanocluster using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) revealed the different fragmentation processes and confirmed the MS results. Using both the empirical MS data and AIMD calculations, fragmentation pathways are proposed for Au10(TBBT)10, which terminate with two small, stable ringed species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hadi Abroshan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Basu S, Paul A, Antoine R. Controlling the Chemistry of Nanoclusters: From Atomic Precision to Controlled Assembly. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:62. [PMID: 35010012 PMCID: PMC8746821 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters have gained prominence in nanomaterials sciences, owing to their atomic precision, structural regularity, and unique chemical composition. Additionally, the ligands stabilizing the clusters provide great opportunities for linking the clusters in higher order dimensions, eventually leading to the formation of a repertoire of nanoarchitectures. This makes the chemistry of atomic clusters worth exploring. In this mini review, we aim to focus on the chemistry of nanoclusters. Firstly, we summarize the important strategies developed so far for the synthesis of atomic clusters. For each synthetic strategy, we highlight the chemistry governing the formation of nanoclusters. Next, we discuss the key techniques in the purification and separation of nanoclusters, as the chemical purity of clusters is deemed important for their further chemical processing. Thereafter which we provide an account of the chemical reactions of nanoclusters. Then, we summarize the chemical routes to the spatial organization of atomic clusters, highlighting the importance of assembly formation from an application point of view. Finally, we raise some fundamentally important questions with regard to the chemistry of atomic clusters, which, if addressed, may broaden the scope of research pertaining to atomic clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srestha Basu
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Anumita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Gas-phase studies of chemically synthesized Au and Ag clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:140901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0041812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520,
Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ligare MR, Morrison KA, Hewitt MA, Reveles JU, Govind N, Hernandez H, Baker ES, Clowers BH, Laskin J, Johnson GE. Ion Mobility Spectrometry Characterization of the Intermediate Hydrogen-Containing Gold Cluster Au 7(PPh 3) 7H 52. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2502-2508. [PMID: 33667097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We employ ion mobility spectrometry and density functional theory to determine the structure of Au7(PPh3)7H52+ (PPh3 = triphenylphosphine), which was recently identified by high mass resolution mass spectrometry. Experimental ion-neutral collision cross sections represent the momentum transfer between the ionic clusters and gas molecules averaged over the relative thermal velocities of the colliding pair, thereby providing structural insights. Theoretical calculations indicate the geometry of Au7(PPh3)7H52+ is similar to Au7(PPh3)7+, with three hydrogen atoms bridging two gold atoms and two hydrogen atoms forming single Au-H bonds. Collision-induced dissociation products observed during IMS experiments reveal that smaller hydrogen-containing clusters may be produced through fragmentation of Au7(PPh3)7H52+. Our findings indicate that hydrogen-containing species like Au7(PPh3)7H52+ act as intermediates in the formation of larger phosphine ligated gold clusters. These results advance the understanding and ability to control the mechanisms of size-selective cluster formation, which is necessary for scalable synthesis of clusters with tailored properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall R Ligare
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kelsey A Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Michael A Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112, United States
| | - J Ulises Reveles
- Advanced Career Education (ACE) Center at Highland Springs, Highland Springs, Virginia 23075, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Heriberto Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kalenius E, Malola S, Matus MF, Kazan R, Bürgi T, Häkkinen H. Experimental Confirmation of a Topological Isomer of the Ubiquitous Au 25(SR) 18 Cluster in the Gas Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1273-1277. [PMID: 33444006 PMCID: PMC8023650 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High-resolution electrospray ionization
ion mobility mass spectrometry
has revealed a gas-phase isomer of the ubiquitous, extremely well-studied
Au25(SR)18 cluster both in anionic and cationic
form. The relative abundance of the isomeric structures can be controlled
by in-source activation. The measured collision cross section of the
new isomer agrees extremely well with a recent theoretical prediction
(MatusM. F.; et al. Chem. Commun.2020, 56, 8087) corresponding to a Au25(SR)18– isomer that is energetically close and topologically connected to
the known ground-state structure via a simple rotation of the gold
core without breaking any Au–S bonds. The results imply that
the structural dynamics leading to isomerization of thiolate-protected
gold clusters may play an important role in their gas-phase reactions
and that isomerization could be controlled by external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Kalenius
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - María Francisca Matus
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Rania Kazan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Joshi K, Krishnamurty S, Dar MA. Surface functionalization: an efficient alternative for promoting the catalytic activity of closed shell gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23351-23359. [PMID: 33043944 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization through adsorption of ligands or non-metal atoms is considered to be an interesting and viable approach for tuning the physicochemical properties of gold clusters. Highly stable and magic numbered electronic configurations of thiolate protected gold clusters such as Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24etc. with intriguing properties are the direct manifestation of the rich chemistry of the Au-S interface. The present investigation discerns the CO oxidation activity of structurally well characterized sulphur functionalized gold cluster anions AumS4-, m = 6-10. To establish an in-depth understanding, their activities are analyzed and compared with the corresponding pristine gold clusters. It is seen that sulphur functionalization irrespective of a closed or open shell nature leads to a significant decrease in the O2 adsorption energies on the anionic gold clusters. However, in sharp contrast to O2 adsorption, surface functionalization gives rise to multifarious catalytic behavior in AumS4- clusters with catalytic activity ranging from low (for Au6S4-, Au8S4-) to moderate (for Au9S4-, Au10S4-) to very high (for Au7S4-) for CO oxidation. It is interesting to note that the closed shell Au7S4- and Au9S4- clusters with poor O2 adsorption show remarkably low activation barriers and enhanced catalytic activity as compared to the open shell AumS4- clusters with an odd number of electrons. In particular, in the case of Au7S4- the lowest activation energy barriers of 0.01 and 0.21 eV are obtained, making the CO oxidation reaction facile. Moreover, ab initio molecular dynamics are performed to confirm the enhanced catalytic behaviour of Au7S4- and its dynamical stability during the desorption of CO2 molecule from its surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krati Joshi
- Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 006, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang TQ, Peng B, Shan BQ, Zong YX, Jiang JG, Wu P, Zhang K. Origin of the Photoluminescence of Metal Nanoclusters: From Metal-Centered Emission to Ligand-Centered Emission. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020261. [PMID: 32033058 PMCID: PMC7075164 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, metal nanoclusters (MNCs) emerged as a new class of luminescent materials and have attracted tremendous interest in the area of luminescence-related applications due to their excellent luminous properties (good photostability, large Stokes shift) and inherent good biocompatibility. However, the origin of photoluminescence (PL) of MNCs is still not fully understood, which has limited their practical application. In this mini-review, focusing on the origin of the photoemission emission of MNCs, we simply review the evolution of luminescent mechanism models of MNCs, from the pure metal-centered quantum confinement mechanics to ligand-centered p band intermediate state (PBIS) model via a transitional ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT or LMMCT) mechanism as a compromise model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peng Wu
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (K.Z.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matus MF, Malola S, Kinder Bonilla E, Barngrover BM, Aikens CM, Häkkinen H. A topological isomer of the Au 25(SR) 18- nanocluster. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8087-8090. [PMID: 32543631 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03334k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Energetically low-lying structural isomers of the much-studied thiolate-protected gold cluster Au25(SR)18- are discovered from extensive (80 ns) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the reactive molecular force field ReaxFF and confirmed by density functional theory (DFT). A particularly interesting isomer is found, which is topologically connected to the known crystal structure by a low-barrier collective rotation of the icosahedral Au13 core. The isomerization takes place without breaking of any Au-S bonds. The predicted isomer is essentially iso-energetic with the known Au25(SR)18- structure, but has a distinctly different optical spectrum. It has a significantly larger collision cross-section as compared to that of the known structure, which suggests it could be detectable in gas phase ion-mobility mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Francisca Matus
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | - Brian M Barngrover
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA and Department of Chemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krishnadas KR, Natarajan G, Baksi A, Ghosh A, Khatun E, Pradeep T. Metal-Ligand Interface in the Chemical Reactions of Ligand-Protected Noble Metal Clusters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11243-11254. [PMID: 30521344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the role of the metal-ligand (M-L) interfaces in the chemistry of ligand-protected, atomically precise noble metal clusters, a new and expanding family of nanosystems, in solution as well as in the gas phase. A few possible mechanisms by which the structure and dynamics of M-L interfaces could trigger intercluster exchange reactions are presented first. How interparticle chemistry can be a potential mechanism of Ostwald ripening, a well-known particle coarsening process, is also discussed. The reaction of Ag59(2,5-DCBT)32 (DCBT = dichlorobenzenethiol) with 2,4-DCBT leading to the formation of Ag44(2,4-DCBT)30 is presented, demonstrating the influence of the ligand structure in ligand-induced chemical transformations of clusters. We also discuss the structural isomerism of clusters such as Ag44(SR)30 (-SR = alkyl/aryl thiolate) in the gas phase wherein the occurrence of isomerism is attributed to the structural rearrangements in the M-L bonding network. Interfacial bonding between Au25(SR)18 clusters leading to the formation of cluster dimers and trimers is also discussed. Finally, we show that the desorption of phosphine and hydride ligands on a silver cluster, [Ag18(TPP)10H16]2+ (TPP = triphenylphosphine) in the gas phase, leads to the formation of a naked silver cluster of precise nuclearity, such as Ag17+. We demonstrate that the nature of the M-L interfaces, i.e., the oxidation state of metal atoms, structure of the ligand, M-L bonding network, and so forth, plays a key role in the chemical reactivity of clusters. The structure, dynamics, and chemical reactivity of nanosystems in general are to be explored together to obtain new insights into their emerging science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumaranchira Ramankutty Krishnadas
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Ganapati Natarajan
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Atanu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Esma Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen T, Yao Q, Nasaruddin RR, Xie J. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Powerful Platform for Noble‐Metal Nanocluster Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11967-11977. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Ricca Rahman Nasaruddin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen T, Yao Q, Nasaruddin RR, Xie J. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Powerful Platform for Noble‐Metal Nanocluster Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Ricca Rahman Nasaruddin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Comby-Zerbino C, Perić M, Bertorelle F, Chirot F, Dugourd P, Bonačić-Koutecký V, Antoine R. Catenane Structures of Homoleptic Thioglycolic Acid-Protected Gold Nanoclusters Evidenced by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and DFT Calculations. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030457. [PMID: 30893867 PMCID: PMC6474107 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thiolate-protected metal nanoclusters have highly size- and structure-dependent physicochemical properties and are a promising class of nanomaterials. As a consequence, for the rationalization of their synthesis and for the design of new clusters with tailored properties, a precise characterization of their composition and structure at the atomic level is required. We report a combined ion mobility-mass spectrometry approach with density functional theory (DFT) calculations for determination of the structural and optical properties of ultra-small gold nanoclusters protected by thioglycolic acid (TGA) as ligand molecules, Au10(TGA)10. Collision cross-section (CCS) measurements are reported for two charge states. DFT optimized geometrical structures are used to compute CCSs. The comparison of the experimentally- and theoretically-determined CCSs allows concluding that such nanoclusters have catenane structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clothilde Comby-Zerbino
- Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Univ Lyon, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Martina Perić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, Poljička cesta 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Univ Lyon, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques UMR 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Univ Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Univ Lyon, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, Poljička cesta 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Univ Lyon, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Niihori Y, Yoshida K, Hossain S, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Deepening the Understanding of Thiolate-Protected Metal Clusters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hirata K, Tomihara R, Kim K, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Characterization of chemically modified gold and silver clusters in gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17463-17474. [PMID: 31363731 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02622c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise Au and Ag clusters protected by organic ligands can be viewed as chemically modified Au/Ag superatoms and have attracted interest as promising building units of functional materials and ideal platforms for studying the size-dependent evolution of structures and properties. Their structures, stability, and physicochemical properties have been characterized in solution and solid (or crystalline) phases by various methods conventionally used in materials science. However, novel and complementary information on their intrinsic stability and structures can be obtained by applying a variety of gas-phase methods, including mass spectrometry, ion mobility mass spectrometry, collision- or surface-induced dissociation mass spectrometry, photoelectron spectroscopy, and photodissociation mass spectrometry, to the chemically modified Au/Ag superatoms isolated in the gas phase. This perspective describes our recent efforts in the gas-phase studies on chemically synthesized Au/Ag superatoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Woods AG, Sokolowska I, Ngounou Wetie AG, Channaveerappa D, Dupree EJ, Jayathirtha M, Aslebagh R, Wormwood KL, Darie CC. Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics-Based Investigation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:1-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
Baksi A, Chakraborty P, Nag A, Ghosh D, Bhat S, Pradeep T. Monolayer-Protected Noble-Metal Clusters as Potential Standards for Negative-Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11351-11357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Baksi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Abhijit Nag
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Debasmita Ghosh
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Shridevi Bhat
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jash M, Reber AC, Ghosh A, Sarkar D, Bodiuzzaman M, Basuri P, Baksi A, Khanna SN, Pradeep T. Preparation of gas phase naked silver cluster cations outside a mass spectrometer from ligand protected clusters in solution. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15714-15722. [PMID: 30094450 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase clusters of noble metals prepared by laser desorption from the bulk have been investigated extensively in a vacuum using mass spectrometry. However, such clusters have not been known to exist under ambient conditions to date. In our previous work, we have shown that in-source fragmentation of ligands can be achieved starting from hydride and phosphine co-protected silver clusters leading to naked silver clusters inside a mass spectrometer. In a recent series of experiments, we have found that systematic desorption of ligands of the monolayer protected atomically precise silver cluster can also occur in the atmospheric gas phase. Here, we present the results, wherein the [Ag18H16(TPP)10]2+ (TPP = triphenylphosphine) cluster results in the formation of the naked cluster, Ag17+ along with Ag18H+ without mass selection, outside the mass spectrometer, in air. These cationic naked metal clusters are prepared by passing electrosprayed ligand protected clusters through a heated tube, in the gas phase. Reactions with oxygen suggest Ag17+ to be more reactive than Ag18H+, in agreement with their electronic structures. The more common thiolate protected clusters produce fragments of metal thiolates under identical processing conditions and no naked clusters were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Jash
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tomihara R, Hirata K, Yamamoto H, Takano S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Collision-Induced Dissociation of Undecagold Clusters Protected by Mixed Ligands [Au 11(PPh 3) 8X 2] + (X = Cl, C≡CPh). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6237-6242. [PMID: 31458806 PMCID: PMC6644577 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We herein investigated collision-induced dissociation (CID) processes of undecagold clusters protected by mixed ligands [Au11(PPh3)8X2]+ (X = Cl, C≡CPh) using mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. The results showed that the CID produced fragment ions [Au x (PPh3) y X z ]+ with a formal electron count of eight via sequential loss of PPh3 ligands and AuX(PPh3) units in a competitive manner, indicating that the CID channels are governed by the electronic stability of the fragments. Interestingly, the branching fraction of the loss of the AuX(PPh3) units was significantly smaller for X = C≡CPh than that for X = Cl. We ascribed the effect of X on the branching fractions of dissociations of PPh3 and AuX(PPh3) to the steric difference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Tomihara
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hirata
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Katla SK, Zhang J, Castro E, Bernal RA, Li X. Atomically Precise Au 25(SG) 18 Nanoclusters: Rapid Single-Step Synthesis and Application in Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:75-82. [PMID: 29231708 PMCID: PMC6157023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable recent advances on Au25(SR)18 nanoclusters have led to significant applications in catalysis, sensing, and magnetism. However, the existing synthetic routes are complicated, particularly for the water-soluble Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters. Here, we report a single-step concentration and temperature-controlled method for rapid synthesis of the Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters in as little as 2 h without the need for low-temperature reaction or even stirring. A systematic time-based investigation was carried out to study the effects of volume, concentration, and temperature on the synthesis of these nanoclusters. Further, we discovered for the first time that the Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters exhibit excellent photothermal activities in achieving 100% cell death for MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at a power of 10 W/cm2 using an 808 nm laser source, demonstrating applications toward photothermal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishna Katla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Edison Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Bernal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - XiuJun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United Statess
- Corresponding Author:.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghosh A, Bodiuzzaman M, Nag A, Jash M, Baksi A, Pradeep T. Sequential Dihydrogen Desorption from Hydride-Protected Atomically Precise Silver Clusters and the Formation of Naked Clusters in the Gas Phase. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11145-11151. [PMID: 29039910 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of naked cluster ions of silver of specific nuclearities, uncontaminated by other cluster ions, derived from monolayer-protected clusters. The hydride and phosphine co-protected cluster, [Ag18(TPP)10H16]2+ (TPP, triphenylphosphine), upon activation produces the naked cluster ion, Ag17+, exclusively. The number of metal atoms present in the naked cluster is almost the same as that in the parent material. Two more naked cluster ions, Ag21+ and Ag19+, were also formed starting from two other protected clusters, [Ag25(DPPE)8H22]3+ and [Ag22(DPPE)8H19]3+, respectively (DPPE, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane). By systematic fragmentation, naked clusters of varying nuclei are produced from Ag17+ to Ag1+ selectively, with systematic absence of Ag10+, Ag6+, and Ag4+. A seemingly odd number of cluster ions are preferred due to the stability of the closed electronic shells. Sequential desorption of dihydrogen occurs from the cluster ion, Ag17H14+, during the formation of Agn+. A comparison of the pathways in the formation of similar naked cluster ions starting from two differently ligated clusters has been presented. This approach developed bridges the usually distinct fields of gas-phase metal cluster chemistry and solution-phase metal cluster chemistry. We hope that our findings will enrich nanoscience and nanotechnology beyond the field of clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Mohammad Bodiuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Abhijit Nag
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Madhuri Jash
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schwanen V, Remacle F. Photoinduced Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Charge Migration in Small Gold Clusters Passivated by a Chromophoric Ligand. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5672-5681. [PMID: 28805392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Because the development of attopulses, charge migration induced by short optical pulses has been extensively investigated. We report a computational purely electronic dynamical study of ultrafast few femtoseconds (fs) charge transfer and charge migration in realistic passivated stoichiometric Au11 and Au20 gold nanoclusters functionalized by a bipyridine ligand. We show that a net significant amount of electronic charge (0.1 to 0.4 |e| where |e| is the electron charge) is permanently transferred from the bipyridine chromophore to the gold cluster during the short 5-6 fs UV-vis strong pulse. This electron transfer to the metallic core is induced by the optical excitation of electronic states with a partial charge transfer character involving the chromophore before the onset of nuclei motion. In addition, the photoexcitation by the strong fs pulse builds a nonequilibrium electronic density that beats between the chromophore and the metallic core around the average of the transferred value. Modular systems made of a donor chromophore that can be photoexcited in the UV-vis range coupled to an efficient acceptor that could trap the charge are of interest for applications to nanodevices. Our study provides understanding on the very early, purely electronic dynamics built by the fs optical excitation and the initial charge separation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Schwanen
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, UR MOLSYS, University of Liège , B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Francoise Remacle
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, UR MOLSYS, University of Liège , B4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Chakraborty I, Pradeep T. Atomically Precise Clusters of Noble Metals: Emerging Link between Atoms and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2017; 117:8208-8271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1305] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indranath Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rambukwella M, Burrage S, Neubrander M, Baseggio O, Aprà E, Stener M, Fortunelli A, Dass A. Au 38(SPh) 24: Au 38 Protected with Aromatic Thiolate Ligands. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1530-1537. [PMID: 28323431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Au38(SR)24 is one of the most extensively investigated gold nanomolecules along with Au25(SR)18 and Au144(SR)60. However, so far it has only been prepared using aliphatic-like ligands, where R = -SC6H13, -SC12H25 and -SCH2CH2Ph. Au38(SCH2CH2Ph)24 when reacted with HSPh undergoes core-size conversion to Au36(SPh)24, and existing literature suggests that Au38(SPh)24 cannot be synthesized. Here, contrary to prevailing knowledge, we demonstrate that Au38(SPh)24 can be prepared if the ligand exchanged conditions are optimized, under delicate conditions, without any formation of Au36(SPh)24. Conclusive evidence is presented in the form of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS) characterization, and optical spectra of Au38(SPh)24 in a solid glass form showing distinct differences from that of Au38(S-aliphatic)24. Theoretical analysis confirms experimental assignment of the optical spectrum and shows that the stability of Au38(SPh)24 is not negligible with respect to that of its aliphatic analogous, and contains a significant component of ligand-ligand attractive interactions. Thus, while Au38(SPh)24 is stable at RT, it converts to Au36(SPh)24 either on prolonged etching (longer than 2 hours) at RT or when etched at 80 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Rambukwella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Shayna Burrage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Marie Neubrander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Oscar Baseggio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste , Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Edoardo Aprà
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mauro Stener
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste , Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | | | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Black DM, Crittenden CM, Brodbelt JS, Whetten RL. Ultraviolet Photodissociation of Selected Gold Clusters: Ultraefficient Unstapling and Ligand Stripping of Au 25(pMBA) 18 and Au 36(pMBA) 24. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1283-1289. [PMID: 28234006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the first results of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry of trapped monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) ions generated by electrospray ionization. Gold clusters Au25(pMBA)18 and Au36(pMBA)24 (pMBA = para-mercaptobenzoic acid) were analyzed in both the positive and negative modes. Whereas activation methods including collisional- and electron-based methods produced relatively few fragment ions, even a single ultraviolet pulse (at λ = 193 nm) caused extensive fragmentation of the positively charged clusters. Upon photoactivation using a low number of laser pulses, the staple motifs of both clusters were cleaved and stripped of the protecting ligand portions without removal of any contained gold atoms. This striking process involved Au-S and C-S bond cleavages via a pathway made possible by 6.4 eV photon absorption. Monomer evaporation (neutral gold atom loss) occurred upon exposure to multiple pulses, resulting in a size series of bare gold-cluster ions. All tandem mass spectrometric methods produced the singly charged ring tetramer ion, [Au4(pMBA)4 + Na]+, for each cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Black
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | | | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Robert L Whetten
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ligare MR, Baker ES, Laskin J, Johnson GE. Ligand induced structural isomerism in phosphine coordinated gold clusters revealed by ion mobility mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:7389-7392. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02251d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structural isomerism in ligated gold clusters is revealed using electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall R. Ligare
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Biological Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Johnson GE, Laskin J. Understanding ligand effects in gold clusters using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:3573-89. [PMID: 27221357 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent research on the influence of phosphine ligands on the size, stability, and reactivity of gold clusters synthesized in solution. Sub-nanometer clusters exhibit size- and composition-dependent properties that are unique from those of larger nanoparticles. The highly tunable properties of clusters and their high surface-to-volume ratio make them promising candidates for a variety of technological applications. However, because "each-atom-counts" toward defining cluster properties it is critically important to develop robust synthesis methods to efficiently prepare clusters of predetermined size. For decades phosphines have been known to direct the size-selected synthesis of gold clusters. Despite the preparation of numerous species it is still not understood how different functional groups at phosphine centers affect the size and properties of gold clusters. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) it is possible to characterize the effect of ligand substitution on the distribution of clusters formed in solution at defined reaction conditions. In addition, ligand exchange reactions on preformed clusters may be monitored using ESI-MS. Collision induced dissociation (CID) may also be employed to obtain qualitative insight into the fragmentation of mixed ligand clusters and the relative binding energies of differently substituted phosphines. Quantitative ligand binding energies and cluster stability may be determined employing surface induced dissociation (SID) in a custom-built Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR-MS). Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) based modeling of the SID data allows dissociation energies and entropy values to be extracted. The charge reduction and reactivity of atomically precise gold clusters, including partially ligated species generated in the gas-phase by in source CID, on well-defined surfaces may be explored using ion soft landing (SL) in a custom-built instrument combined with in situ time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Jointly, this multipronged experimental approach allows characterization of the full spectrum of relevant phenomena including cluster synthesis, ligand exchange, thermochemistry, surface immobilization, and reactivity. The fundamental insights obtained from this work will facilitate the directed synthesis of gold clusters with predetermined size and properties for specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Surman A, Robbins PJ, Ujma J, Zheng Q, Barran PE, Cronin L. Sizing and Discovery of Nanosized Polyoxometalate Clusters by Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3824-30. [PMID: 26906879 PMCID: PMC5033399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is a powerful technique for structural characterization, e.g., sizing and conformation, particularly when combined with quantitative modeling and comparison to theoretical values. Traveling wave IM-MS (TW-IM-MS) has recently become commercially available to nonspecialist groups and has been exploited in the structural study of large biomolecules, however reliable calibrants for large anions have not been available. Polyoxometalate (POM) species-nanoscale inorganic anions-share many of the facets of large biomolecules, however, the full potential of IM-MS in their study has yet to be realized due to a lack of suitable calibration data or validated theoretical models. Herein we address these limitations by reporting DT-IM (drift tube) data for a set of POM clusters {M12} Keggin 1, {M18} Dawson 2, and two {M7} Anderson derivatives 3 and 4 which demonstrate their use as a TW-IM-MS calibrant set to facilitate characterization of very large (ca. 1-4 nm) anionic species. The data was also used to assess the validity of standard techniques to model the collision cross sections of large inorganic anions using the nanoscale family of compounds based upon the {Se2W29} unit including the trimer, {Se8W86O299} A, tetramer, {Se8W116O408} B, and hexamer {Se12W174O612} C, including their relative sizing in solution. Furthermore, using this data set, we demonstrated how IM-MS can be used to conveniently characterize and identify the synthesis of two new, i.e., previously unreported POM species, {P8W116}, unknown D, and {Te8W116}, unknown E, which are not amenable to analysis by other means with the approximate formulation of [H34W118X8M2O416](44-), where X = P and M = Co for D and X = Te and M = Mn for E. This work establishes a new type of inorganic calibrant for IM-MS allowing sizing, structural analysis, and discovery of molecular nanostructures directly from solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. Surman
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Robbins
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Ujma
- Michael
Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, The Manchester
Institute for Biotechnology, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Zheng
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Michael
Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, The Manchester
Institute for Biotechnology, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita. E. Barran
- Michael
Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, The Manchester
Institute for Biotechnology, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Cronin
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Baksi A, Harvey SR, Natarajan G, Wysocki VH, Pradeep T. Possible isomers in ligand protected Ag11cluster ions identified by ion mobility mass spectrometry and fragmented by surface induced dissociation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3805-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09119e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric glutathione protected silver clusters have been detected using ion mobility mass spectrometry. This cluster has been fragmented by conventional collision induced dissociation and newly introduced surface induced dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Baksi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS)
- and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai - 600 036
| | - Sophie R. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
- School of Chemistry
| | - Ganapati Natarajan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS)
- and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai - 600 036
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS)
- and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai - 600 036
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Baksi A, Chakraborty P, Bhat S, Natarajan G, Pradeep T. [Au25(SR)18]22−: a noble metal cluster dimer in the gas phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8397-400. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric and trimeric Au25(SR)18 have been detected experimentally by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and separated by ion mobility (IM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Shridevi Bhat
- Department of Chemistry
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Ganapati Natarajan
- Department of Chemistry
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Krishnadas KR, Ghosh A, Baksi A, Chakraborty I, Natarajan G, Pradeep T. Intercluster Reactions between Au25(SR)18 and Ag44(SR)30. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 138:140-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. R. Krishnadas
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Atanu Ghosh
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Ananya Baksi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Indranath Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Ganapati Natarajan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for analysis of ultrasmall palladium nanoparticles. Talanta 2015; 131:632-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
39
|
Black DM, Bhattarai N, Whetten RL, Bach SBH. Collision-induced dissociation of monolayer protected clusters Au144 and Au130 in an electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10679-87. [PMID: 25317476 DOI: 10.1021/jp508059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of larger gold clusters are poorly known because generation of the intact parent species for mass spectrometric analysis remains quite challenging. Herein we report in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) results for the monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) Au144(SR)60 and Au130(SR)50, where R- = PhCH2CH2-, in a Bruker micrOTOF time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A sample mixture of the two clusters was introduced into the mass spectrometer by positive mode electrospray ionization. Standard source conditions were used to acquire a reference mass spectrum, exhibiting negligible fragmentation, and then the capillary-skimmer potential difference was increased to induce in-source CID within this low-pressure region (∼4 mbar). Remarkably, distinctive fragmentation patterns are observed for each MPC[3+] parent ion. An assignment of all the major dissociation products (ions and neutrals) is deduced and interpreted by using the distinguishing characteristics in the standard structure-models for the respective MPCs. Also, we propose a ring-forming elimination mechanism to explain R-H neutral loss, as separate from the channels leading to RS-SR or (AuSR)4 neutrals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nimmala PR, Knoppe S, Jupally VR, Delcamp JH, Aikens CM, Dass A. Au36(SPh)24 Nanomolecules: X-ray Crystal Structure, Optical Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, and Theoretical Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14157-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506508x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Reddy Nimmala
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Stefan Knoppe
- Molecular
Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vijay Reddy Jupally
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jared H. Delcamp
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Christine M. Aikens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Amala Dass
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Le Guevel X, Tagit O, Rodríguez CE, Trouillet V, Pernia Leal M, Hildebrandt N. Ligand effect on the size, valence state and red/near infrared photoluminescence of bidentate thiol gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:8091-8099. [PMID: 24916121 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) stabilized by a zwitterion ligand (Zw) at different Au : Zw ratios are demonstrated. Au NCs exhibit photoluminescence (PL) emission which is tunable from the near infrared (805 nm) to the red spectral window (640 nm) and strongly influenced by the ligand shell size. Optical and chemical investigations suggest the presence of gold polymeric species and large nanoclusters for a molar ratio of Au : Zw = 1 : 1. For 1 : 5 < Au : Zw < 1 : 1, Zw induces etching of the large clusters and the formation of a monolayer of the bidentate ligands on the Au NCs (cluster size ∼7 to 10 kDa) accompanied by red PL emission at λ = 710 nm. A second organic layer starts to form for larger Zw fractions (Au : Zw < 1 : 5) as a result of electrostatic and covalent interactions of the zwitterion leading to an enhancement and a blue-shift of the PL emission. The effect of temperature and pH on the optical properties of gold clusters is strongly dependent on the ligand shell and demonstrates the importance of defining gold nanoclusters as supramolecular assemblies with a complex environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Le Guevel
- Therapeutic Nanosystem, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yan B, Yesilbag Tonga G, Hou S, Fedick PW, Yeh YC, Alfonso FS, Mizuhara T, Vachet RW, Rotello VM. Mass spectrometric detection of nanoparticle host-guest interactions in cells. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6710-4. [PMID: 24873526 PMCID: PMC4082387 DOI: 10.1021/ac501682y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Synthetic host–guest chemistry
is a versatile tool for biomedical
applications. Characterization and detection of host–guest
complexes in biological systems, however, is challenging due to the
complexity of the biological milieu. Here, we describe and apply a
mass spectrometric method to monitor the association and dissociation
of nanoparticle (NP)-based host–guest interactions that integrates
NP-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and matrix assisted
laser desoption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. This LDI/MALDI
approach reveals how NP surface functionality affects host–guest
interactions in cells, information difficult to achieve using other
techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kumara C, Dass A. Au329(SR)84 Nanomolecules: Compositional Assignment of the 76.3 kDa Plasmonic Faradaurates. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4227-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403851s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka Kumara
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amala Dass
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mathew A, Natarajan G, Lehtovaara L, Häkkinen H, Kumar RM, Subramanian V, Jaleel A, Pradeep T. Supramolecular functionalization and concomitant enhancement in properties of Au(25) clusters. ACS NANO 2014; 8:139-52. [PMID: 24313537 DOI: 10.1021/nn406219x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a versatile approach for tuning the surface functionality of an atomically precise 25 atom gold cluster using specific host-guest interactions between β-cyclodextrin (CD) and the ligand anchored on the cluster. The supramolecular interaction between the Au25 cluster protected by 4-(t-butyl)benzyl mercaptan, labeled Au25SBB18, and CD yielding Au25SBB18∩CDn (n = 1, 2, 3, and 4) has been probed experimentally using various spectroscopic techniques and was further analyzed by density functional theory calculations and molecular modeling. The viability of our method in modifying the properties of differently functionalized Au25 clusters is demonstrated. Besides modifying their optoelectronic properties, the CD moieties present on the cluster surface provide enhanced stability and optical responses which are crucial in view of the potential applications of these systems. Here, the CD molecules act as an umbrella which protects the fragile cluster core from the direct interaction with many destabilizing agents such as metal ions, ligands, and so on. Apart from the inherent biocompatibility of the CD-protected Au clusters, additional capabilities acquired by the supramolecular functionalization make such modified clusters preferred materials for applications, including those in biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammu Mathew
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kothalawala N, West JL, Dass A. Size-dependent molecule-like to plasmonic transition in water-soluble glutathione stabilized gold nanomolecules. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:683-687. [PMID: 24270979 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03657j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A size-dependent transition from molecule-like to plasmonic behaviour is demonstrated in the case of water soluble Au:SG nanomolecules. This was achieved using PAGE separation of smaller and larger nanomolecules, resulting in an unprecedented 26 bands, in a wide-range from 10's to 1000's of Au-atoms. PAGE separation of larger plasmonic nanomolecules is demonstrated for the first time. High resolution ESI-MS, with isotopic resolution, of smaller nanoparticles is reported, including the first time report of Au43(SG)26. This report will aid in the fundamental understanding of size-dependent properties of nanomolecules. The synthetic procedure employs a green approach with non-toxic chemicals and processes. The water solubility, non-toxicity and biocompatibility will lead to applications in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan Kothalawala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 352 Coulter Hall, University, 38677 Mississippi, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li Y, Guo K, Su H, Li X, Feng X, Wang Z, Zhang W, Zhu S, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng SZD, Zhang WB. Tuning “thiol-ene” reactions toward controlled symmetry breaking in polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile method toward polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based nano-building blocks with controlled symmetry breaking was reported by using thiol-ene chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Sunsheng Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Baksi A, Pradeep T. Noble metal alloy clusters in the gas phase derived from protein templates: unusual recognition of palladium by gold. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12245-12254. [PMID: 24146135 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04257j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization of a mixture of gold and palladium adducts of the protein lysozyme (Lyz) produces naked alloy clusters of the type Au24Pd(+) in the gas phase. While a lysozyme-Au adduct forms Au18(+), Au25(+), Au38(+) and Au102(+) ions in the gas phase, lysozyme-Pd alone does not form any analogous cluster. Addition of various transition metal ions (Ag(+), Pt(2+), Pd(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Ni(2+) and Cr(3+)) in the adducts contributes to drastic changes in the mass spectrum, but only palladium forms alloys in the gas phase. Besides alloy formation, palladium enhances the formation of specific single component clusters such as Au38(+). While other metal ions like Cu(2+) help forming Au25(+) selectively, Fe(2+) catalyzes the formation of Au25(+) over all other clusters. Gas phase cluster formation occurs from protein adducts where Au is in the 1+ state while Pd is in the 2+ state. The creation of alloys in the gas phase is not affected whether a physical mixture of Au and Pd adducts or a Au and Pd co-adduct is used as the precursor. The formation of Au cores and AuPd alloy cores of the kind comparable to monolayer protected clusters implies that naked clusters themselves may be nucleated in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Baksi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu C, Lin S, Pei Y, Zeng XC. Semiring Chemistry of Au25(SR)18: Fragmentation Pathway and Catalytic Active site. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18067-79. [DOI: 10.1021/ja404957t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry
and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province, P. R. China 411105
| | - Sisi Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry
and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province, P. R. China 411105
| | - Yong Pei
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry
and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province, P. R. China 411105
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Truillet C, Lux F, Tillement O, Dugourd P, Antoine R. Coupling of HPLC with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Studying the Aging of Ultrasmall Multifunctional Gadolinium-Based Silica Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10440-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402429p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Truillet
- Institut
Lumière Matière,
UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - François Lux
- Institut
Lumière Matière,
UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Institut
Lumière Matière,
UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut
Lumière Matière,
UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut
Lumière Matière,
UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Brunelli NA, Neidholdt EL, Giapis KP, Flagan RC, Beauchamp JL. Continuous flow ion mobility separation with mass spectrometric detection using a nano-radial differential mobility analyzer at low flow rates. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4335-41. [PMID: 23544674 DOI: 10.1021/ac3032417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a hybrid mass-mobility instrument in which a continuous-flow ion mobility classifier is used as a front-end separation device for mass spectrometric analysis of ions generated with an electrospray ionization source. Using nitrogen as a carrier gas, the resolving power of the nano-radial differential mobility analyzer (nRDMA) for nanometer-sized ions is 5-7 for tetraalkylammonium ions. Data are presented demonstrating the ability of the system to resolve the different aggregation and charge states of tetraalkylammonium ions and protonated peptides using a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer to analyze the mobility-classified ions. Specifically, data are presented for the two charge states of the decapeptide Gramicidin S. A key feature of the new instrument is the ability to continuously transmit ions with specific mobilities to the mass spectrometer for manipulation and analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Brunelli
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|