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Matsuyama T, Osaka N, Yamaguchi M, Kanamaru N, Wada K, Kawakita A, Murata K, Sugimoto K, Okamoto K. Evaluation of Phototoxicity of Short-Wavelength Laser Light Utilizing PCNA Accumulation. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:646. [PMID: 38793219 PMCID: PMC11124252 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinal pigment degeneration caused by excessive exposure to short-wavelength visible light have become significant concerns. With the aim of quantitatively evaluating the toxicity of short-wavelength light, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) accumulation at the irradiation site was investigated using live cell imaging techniques to irradiate individual living cells with short-wavelength laser light. By examining the dependency of PCNA accumulation on the irradiation site within the cells and their cell cycle, it was observed that PCNA accumulation occurred only when the cell nucleus of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle was irradiated. We investigated the accumulation of PCNA at the laser irradiation site using laser light at wavelengths of 405 nm and 375 nm, with intensities ranging from 0.5 μW to 9.0 μW. The results confirmed an increase in PCNA accumulation with increasing intensity, and a higher accumulation was observed with laser light irradiation at a wavelength of 375 nm compared to 405 nm. By comparing the PCNA accumulation and 24 h cell viability, we demonstrated the feasibility of quantitatively assessing laser light toxicity through the measurement of PCNA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noboru Osaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikiya Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ai Kawakita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Murata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
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Sun J, Zhang W, Wei ZZ, Song X, Jian L, Jiang F, Wang S, Li H, Zhang Y, Tuo H. Mesenchymal stromal cell biotherapy for Parkinson's disease premotor symptoms. Chin Neurosurg J 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 37833807 PMCID: PMC10571301 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-023-00338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with motor deficits due to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and with the non-motor/premotor symptoms (NMS) such as anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, depression, hyposmia, and sleep disorders. NMS is presented in at least one-fifth of the patients with PD. With the histological information being investigated, stem cells are shown to provide neurotrophic supports and cellular replacement in the damaging brain areas under PD conditions. Pathological change of progressive PD includes degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. The current stem cell beneficial effect addresses dopamine boost for the striatal neurons and gliovascular mechanisms as competing for validated PD drug targets. In addition, there are clinical interventions for improving the patient's NMS and targeting their autonomic dysfunction, dementia, mood disorders, or sleep problems. In our and many others' research using brain injury models, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells demonstrate an additional and unique ability to alleviate depressive-like behaviors, independent of an accelerated motor recovery. Intranasal delivery of the stem cells is discussed for it is extensively tested in rodent animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we attempt to discuss the repairing potentials of transplanted cells into parkinsonism pathological regions of motor deficits and focus on preventive and treatment effects. From new approaches in the PD biological therapy, it is believed that it can as well benefit patients against PD-NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Sun
- Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Liu Jian
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Casstar, Zhongguancun No.1 Global Key & Core Technology (AI) Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuanglin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Airport Hospital of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Airport Hospital of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Houzhen Tuo
- Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China.
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3
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Winer L, Motiei L, Margulies D. Fluorescent Investigation of Proteins Using DNA-Synthetic Ligand Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1509-1522. [PMID: 37556353 PMCID: PMC10515487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The unfathomable role that fluorescence detection plays in the life sciences has prompted the development of countless fluorescent labels, sensors, and analytical techniques that can be used to detect and image proteins or investigate their properties. Motivated by the demand for simple-to-produce, modular, and versatile fluorescent tools to study proteins, many research groups have harnessed the advantages of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) for scaffolding such probes. Tight control over the valency and position of protein binders and fluorescent dyes decorating the polynucleotide chain and the ability to predict molecular architectures through self-assembly, inherent solubility, and stability are, in a nutshell, the important properties of DNA probes. This paper reviews the progress in developing DNA-based, fluorescent sensors or labels that navigate toward their protein targets through small-molecule (SM) or peptide ligands. By describing the design, operating principles, and applications of such systems, we aim to highlight the versatility and modularity of this approach and the ability to use ODN-SM or ODN-peptide conjugates for various applications such as protein modification, labeling, and imaging, as well as for biomarker detection, protein surface characterization, and the investigation of multivalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Winer
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Leila Motiei
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Margulies
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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4
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Estrada M, Navarrete C, Møller S, Procentese A, Martínez JL. Utilization of salt-rich by-products from the dairy industry as feedstock for recombinant protein production by Debaryomyces hansenii. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 16:404-417. [PMID: 36420701 PMCID: PMC9871522 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The dairy industry processes vast amounts of milk and generates high amounts of secondary by-products, which are still rich in nutrients (high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels) but contain high concentrations of salt. The current European legislation only allows disposing of these effluents directly into the waterways with previous treatment, which is laborious and expensive. Therefore, as much as possible, these by-products are reutilized as animal feed material and, if not applicable, used as fertilizers adding phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, and other nutrients to the soil. Finding biological alternatives to revalue dairy by-products is of crucial interest in order to improve the utilization of dry dairy matter and reduce the environmental impact of every litre of milk produced. Debaryomyces hansenii is a halotolerant non-conventional yeast with high potential for this purpose. It presents some beneficial traits - capacity to metabolize a variety of sugars, tolerance to high osmotic environments, resistance to extreme temperatures and pHs - that make this yeast a well-suited option to grow using complex feedstock, such as industrial waste, instead of the traditional commercial media. In this work, we study for the first time D. hansenii's ability to grow and produce a recombinant protein (YFP) from dairy saline whey by-products. Cultivations at different scales (1.5, 100 and 500 ml) were performed without neither sterilizing the medium nor using pure water. Our results conclude that D. hansenii is able to perform well and produce YFP in the aforementioned salty substrate. Interestingly, it is able to outcompete other microorganisms present in the waste without altering its cell performance or protein production capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Estrada
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Clara Navarrete
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Sønke Møller
- SBU Food, Arla Food Ingredients Group P/SViby JDenmark
| | - Alessandra Procentese
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark,Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of SalernoSalernoItaly
| | - José L. Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
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5
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Putt KS, Du Y, Fu H, Zhang ZY. High-throughput screening strategies for space-based radiation countermeasure discovery. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:88-104. [PMID: 36336374 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As humanity begins to venture further into space, approaches to better protect astronauts from the hazards found in space need to be developed. One particular hazard of concern is the complex radiation that is ever present in deep space. Currently, it is unlikely enough spacecraft shielding could be launched that would provide adequate protection to astronauts during long-duration missions such as a journey to Mars and back. In an effort to identify other means of protection, prophylactic radioprotective drugs have been proposed as a potential means to reduce the biological damage caused by this radiation. Unfortunately, few radioprotectors have been approved by the FDA for usage and for those that have been developed, they protect normal cells/tissues from acute, high levels of radiation exposure such as that from oncology radiation treatments. To date, essentially no radioprotectors have been developed that specifically counteract the effects of chronic low-dose rate space radiation. This review highlights how high-throughput screening (HTS) methodologies could be implemented to identify such a radioprotective agent. Several potential target, pathway, and phenotypic assays are discussed along with potential challenges towards screening for radioprotectors. Utilizing HTS strategies such as the ones proposed here have the potential to identify new chemical scaffolds that can be developed into efficacious radioprotectors that are specifically designed to protect astronauts during deep space journeys. The overarching goal of this review is to elicit broader interest in applying drug discovery techniques, specifically HTS towards the identification of radiation countermeasures designed to be efficacious towards the biological insults likely to be encountered by astronauts on long duration voyages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA.
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6
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Li S, Wen Z, Ghalandari B, Zhou T, Warden AR, Zhang T, Dai P, Yu Y, Guo W, Liu M, Xie H, Ding X. Single-Cell Immunoblotting based on a Photoclick Hydrogel Enables High-Throughput Screening and Accurate Profiling of Exogenous Gene Expression. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101108. [PMID: 33899289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate profiling of exogenous gene expression in host cells is crucial for studying gene function in cellular and molecular biology, but still faces the challenge of incomplete co-expression of reporter genes and target genes. Here, a single-cell transfection analysis chip (scTAC) is presented, which is based on the in situ microchip immunoblotting method, for rapid and accurate analysis of exogenous gene expression in thousands of individual host cells. scTAC not only can assign information of exogenous gene activity to specific transfected cells, but enables the acquisition of continuous protein expression even in low co-expression scenarios. It is demonstrated that scTAC can reveal the relationship of expression level between reporter genes and target genes, which is helpful for evaluating transient transfection strategy efficiency. The advantages of this method for the study of fusion protein expression and downstream protein expression in signaling pathway in rare cells are shown. Empirically, an EGFP-TSPAN8 fusion plasmid is transfected into MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the expressions of two cancer stemness biomarkers (ALDHA1 and SOX2) are analyzed. The scTAC method clearly reveals an interesting phenomenon that transfected adherent MCF-7 cells exhibit some stem cell characteristics, but they do not have stem cell appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ze Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Behafarid Ghalandari
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Antony R Warden
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Youyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wenke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Mofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
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7
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Zhang K, Sun Y, Wu S, Zhou M, Zhang X, Zhou R, Zhang T, Gao Y, Chen T, Chen Y, Yao X, Watanabe Y, Tian M, Zhang H. Systematic imaging in medicine: a comprehensive review. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:1736-1758. [PMID: 33210241 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Systematic imaging can be broadly defined as the systematic identification and characterization of biological processes at multiple scales and levels. In contrast to "classical" diagnostic imaging, systematic imaging emphasizes on detecting the overall abnormalities including molecular, functional, and structural alterations occurring during disease course in a systematic manner, rather than just one aspect in a partial manner. Concomitant efforts including improvement of imaging instruments, development of novel imaging agents, and advancement of artificial intelligence are warranted for achievement of systematic imaging. It is undeniable that scientists and radiologists will play a predominant role in directing this burgeoning field. This article introduces several recent developments in imaging modalities and nanoparticles-based imaging agents, and discusses how systematic imaging can be achieved. In the near future, systematic imaging which combines multiple imaging modalities with multimodal imaging agents will pave a new avenue for comprehensive characterization of diseases, successful achievement of image-guided therapy, precise evaluation of therapeutic effects, and rapid development of novel pharmaceuticals, with the final goal of improving human health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanxue Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,The College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Mamontova AV, Shakhov AM, Grigoryev AP, Lukyanov KA, Bogdanov AM. Increasing the Fluorescence Brightness of Superphotostable EGFP Mutant by Introducing Mutations That Block Chromophore Protonation. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Prunet N, Duncan K. Imaging flowers: a guide to current microscopy and tomography techniques to study flower development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2898-2909. [PMID: 32383442 PMCID: PMC7260710 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Developmental biology relies heavily on our ability to generate three-dimensional images of live biological specimens through time, and to map gene expression and hormone response in these specimens as they undergo development. The last two decades have seen an explosion of new bioimaging technologies that have pushed the limits of spatial and temporal resolution and provided biologists with invaluable new tools. However, plant tissues are difficult to image, and no single technology fits all purposes; choosing between many bioimaging techniques is not trivial. Here, we review modern light microscopy and computed projection tomography methods, their capabilities and limitations, and we discuss their current and potential applications to the study of flower development and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith Duncan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Abstract
Most biological molecules are intrinsically non- or weakly-fluorescent, hence requiring labeling with an external fluorophore(s) to be studied via fluorescence-based techniques. However, such labeling could perturb the native property of the system in question. One effective strategy to minimize such undesirable perturbation is to use fluorophores that are simple analogs of natural amino acids. In this chapter, we describe the synthesis and spectroscopic utility of two indole-based fluorophores, 4-cynaotryprophan (4CN-Trp) and 4-cyanoindole-2'-deoxyribonucleoside (4CNI-NS), with a focus on 4CN-Trp. This unnatural amino acid, which is only slightly larger than its natural counterpart, tryptophan (Trp), exhibits unique photophysical properties, making it a versatile fluorophore in biological spectroscopic and imaging applications. Through several specific examples, we highlight its broad utility in the study of various biological problems and processes.
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11
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Soleja N, Manzoor O, Khan I, Ahmad A, Mohsin M. Role of green fluorescent proteins and their variants in development of FRET-based sensors. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Heidari P, Kunawudhi A, Martinez-Quintanilla J, Szretter A, Shah K, Mahmood U. Somatostatin receptor type 2 as a radiotheranostic PET reporter gene for oncologic interventions. Theranostics 2018; 8:3380-3391. [PMID: 29930736 PMCID: PMC6010996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter gene systems can serve as therapy targets. However, the therapeutic use of reporters has been limited by the challenges of transgene delivery to a majority of cancer cells. This study specifically assesses the efficacy of targeting human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (hSSTR2) with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) when a small subpopulation of cells bears the transgene. Methods: The hSSTR2 transgene was delivered to A549 and Panc-1tumors using the lentiviral vector, LV-hSSTR2-IRES-GFP or murine mesenchymal stem cells (mMSC)s using a retroviral vector. SSTR2 expression was assessed using Western blot and correlated to GFP fluorescence and 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake. Wild type (WT), transduced (TD), and mixed population A549 or Panc-1 xenografts were implanted in nude mice. Separate groups with A549WT and Panc-1WT tumors received intratumoral injection of SSTR2-expressing mMSCs. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with 90Y-DOTATOC or saline and evaluated with 68Ga-DOTATOC PET before and after treatment. Results: Cell studies showed a strong correlation between 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake and SSTR2 expression in A549 (p < 0.004) and Panc-1 cells (p < 0.01). 68Ga-DOTATOC PET SUVmean was 8- and 5-fold higher in TD compared to WT A549 and Panc-1 tumors, respectively (p < 0.001). After 90Y-DOTATOC treatment, 100% TD and mixed population TD xenografts showed growth cessation while the WT xenografts did not. A549WT and Panc-1WT tumors with SSTR2-expressing mMSCs treated with 90Y-DOTATOC showed significantly lower tumor volumes compared to controls (p < 0.05). 68Ga-DOTATOC PET SUVmean of treated TD tumors monotonically declined and was significantly lower than that of non-treated xenografts. Conclusions: We showed that SSTR2 delivery to a small population of cells in tumor in conjunction with PRRT is effective in tumor growth cessation. The availability of various transgene delivery methods for hSSTR2 and radiotherpaeutic somatostatin analogs highlights the direct translational potential of this paradigm in the treatment of various cancers.
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13
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Slavcev RA, Sum CH, St Jean J, Huh H, Nafissi N. Specific Systems for Evaluation. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 110:99-123. [PMID: 30536228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78259-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent-based visualization techniques have long been used to monitor biological activity. This chapter explores the delivery of reporter genes as a means to assay and track activity in biological systems. Bioluminescence is the production of light due to biochemical processes. By encoding genes for bioluminescence, biological processes can be visualized based on gene expression. This chapter also discusses the primary applications of bioluminescence as seen through bioluminescent imaging techniques, flow cytometry, and PCR-based methods of gene detection. These techniques are described in terms of researching gene expression, cancer therapy, and protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi Hong Sum
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jesse St Jean
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Haein Huh
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nafissi
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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14
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Fukunaga K, Watanabe T, Novitasari D, Ohashi H, Abe R, Hohsaka T. Antigen-responsive fluorescent antibody probes generated by selective N-terminal modification of IgGs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12734-12737. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07827k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent antibody probes showing antigen-dependent fluorescence responses were developed by N-terminal-selective reductive alkylation of IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukunaga
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Ishikawa 923-1292
- Japan
| | - Takayoshi Watanabe
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Ishikawa 923-1292
- Japan
| | - Dian Novitasari
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Ishikawa 923-1292
- Japan
| | | | - Ryoji Abe
- Ushio Incorporated
- Yokohama 225-0004
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Hohsaka
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Ishikawa 923-1292
- Japan
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15
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Faccio G, Salentinig S. Enzyme-Triggered Dissociation of a FRET-Based Protein Biosensor Monitored by Synchrotron SAXS. Biophys J 2017; 113:1731-1737. [PMID: 29045867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein biosensors are widely used for the monitoring of metabolite concentration and enzymatic activities inside living cells and in in vitro applications. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a serine protease of relevance in inflammatory diseases whose activity can lead to pathological conditions if unregulated. This study focuses on the structural characterization of a biosensor for NE activity based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The cleavage by NE results in dissociation of the FRET fluorescent protein pair and alteration of the fluorescent emission spectrum. We have used small angle x-ray scattering at a high intensity synchrotron source, combined with model-free analysis of the scattering data, to demonstrate the structure of the biosensor and the effect of its exposure to NE on size and shape. These investigations, together with biochemical studies, established the nanostructure-activity relationship that may contribute to the detailed understanding of the FRET-based biosensor and guide the rational design of new biosensor constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Faccio
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Department "Materials Meet Life", Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Department "Materials Meet Life", Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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16
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de Jonge J, Hofius D, Hennig L. Salicylic acid interferes with GFP fluorescence in vivo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1689-1696. [PMID: 28369601 PMCID: PMC5441896 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins have become essential tools for cell biologists. They are routinely used by plant biologists for protein and promoter fusions to infer protein localization, tissue-specific expression and protein abundance. When studying the effects of biotic stress on chromatin, we unexpectedly observed a decrease in GFP signal intensity upon salicylic acid (SA) treatment in Arabidopsis lines expressing histone H1-GFP fusions. This GFP signal decrease was dependent on SA concentration. The effect was not specific to the linker histone H1-GFP fusion but was also observed for the nucleosomal histone H2A-GFP fusion. This result prompted us to investigate a collection of fusion proteins, which included different promoters, subcellular localizations and fluorophores. In all cases, fluorescence signals declined strongly or disappeared after SA application. No changes were detected in GFP-fusion protein abundance when fluorescence signals were lost indicating that SA does not interfere with protein stability but GFP fluorescence. In vitro experiments showed that SA caused GFP fluorescence reduction only in vivo but not in vitro, suggesting that SA requires cellular components to cause fluorescence reduction. Together, we conclude that SA can interfere with the fluorescence of various GFP-derived reporter constructs in vivo. Assays that measure relocation or turnover of GFP-tagged proteins upon SA treatment should therefore be evaluated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer de Jonge
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Longitudinal imaging of the ageing mouse. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:93-116. [PMID: 27530773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several non-invasive imaging techniques are used to investigate the effect of pathologies and treatments over time in mouse models. Each preclinical in vivo technique provides longitudinal and quantitative measurements of changes in tissues and organs, which are fundamental for the evaluation of alterations in phenotype due to pathologies, interventions and treatments. However, it is still unclear how these imaging modalities can be used to study ageing with mice models. Almost all age related pathologies in mice such as osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, thrombi, dementia, to name a few, can be imaged in vivo by at least one longitudinal imaging modality. These measurements are the basis for quantification of treatment effects in the development phase of a novel treatment prior to its clinical testing. Furthermore, the non-invasive nature of such investigations allows the assessment of different tissue and organ phenotypes in the same animal and over time, providing the opportunity to study the dysfunction of multiple tissues associated with the ageing process. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the applications of the most commonly used in vivo imaging modalities used in mouse studies: micro-computed-tomography, preclinical magnetic-resonance-imaging, preclinical positron-emission-tomography, preclinical single photon emission computed tomography, ultrasound, intravital microscopy, and whole body optical imaging.
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18
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Luo W, Wu M, Li S, Xu Y, Ye Z, Wei L, Chen B, Xu QH, Xiao L. Nanoprecipitation of Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer onto the Surface of Plasmonic Nanoparticle for Fluorescence/Dark-Field Dual-Modality Single Particle Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6827-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Luo
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai Univeristy, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Dynamic Optical Microscopic Imaging Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ming Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yueling Xu
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai Univeristy, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhongju Ye
- Dynamic Optical Microscopic Imaging Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Dynamic Optical Microscopic Imaging Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Dynamic Optical Microscopic Imaging Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qing-Hua Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lehui Xiao
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai Univeristy, Tianjin, 300071, China
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19
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Ilovitsh T, Zalevsky Z. Temporal flickering of contrast agents for enhanced optical imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:439-448. [PMID: 26371615 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The temporal flickering of contrast agents that labels a biological sample is a unique modality for cellular imaging with single molecule sensitivity. It improves the signal-to-noise ratio statistics associated with the noisy in vivo environment and has promising applications in single particle tracking and super-resolution microscopy techniques. The flickering can be triggered either statistically through the mechanism of temporal fluctuations of the emitter or through external modulation. The enriching toolbox of contrast agents that are feasible for biomedical imaging for the flickering methods will be discussed, with emphasis on the emerging field of flickering gold nanoparticles and the lock-in detection mechanism. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:439-448. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1375 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Ilovitsh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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20
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Spira D, Bantleon R, Wolburg H, Schick F, Groezinger G, Wiskirchen J, Wiesinger B. Labeling Human Melanoma Cells With SPIO: In Vitro Observations. Mol Imaging 2016; 15:15/0/1536012115624915. [PMID: 27030399 PMCID: PMC5469517 DOI: 10.1177/1536012115624915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To use the superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) contrast agent Resovist (±transfection agent) to label human melanoma cells and determine its effects on cellular viability, microstructure, iron quantity, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detectability. Materials and Methods: Human SK-Mel28 melanoma cells were incubated with Resovist (±liposomal transfection agent DOSPER). The cellular iron content was measured, and labeled cells were examined at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. The intracellular and extracellular distributions of the contrast agent were assessed by light and electron microscopy. Results: The incubation of melanoma cells with SPIO does not interfere with cell viability or proliferation. The iron is located both intracellularly and extracellularly as iron clusters associated with the exterior of the cell membrane. Despite thorough washing, the extracellular SPIO remained associated with the cell membrane. The liposomal transfection agent does not change the maximum achievable cellular iron content but promotes a faster iron uptake. The MRI detectability persists for at least 7 days. Conclusion: The transfection agent DOSPER facilitates the efficient labeling of human metastatic melanoma cells with Resovist. Our findings raise the possibility that other Resovist-labeled cells may collect associated extracellular nanoparticles. The SPIO may be available to other iron-handling cells and not completely compartmentalized during the labeling procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spira
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - Rüdiger Bantleon
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Groezinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakub Wiskirchen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Franziskus Hospital Bielefeld, Kiskerstraße 26, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wiesinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Ilovitsh T, Ilovitsh A, Weiss A, Meir R, Zalevsky Z. Three dimensional imaging of gold-nanoparticles tagged samples using phase retrieval with two focus planes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15473. [PMID: 26498517 PMCID: PMC4620448 DOI: 10.1038/srep15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical sectioning microscopy can provide highly detailed three dimensional (3D) images of biological samples. However, it requires acquisition of many images per volume, and is therefore time consuming, and may not be suitable for live cell 3D imaging. We propose the use of the modified Gerchberg-Saxton phase retrieval algorithm to enable full 3D imaging of gold-particle tagged samples using only two images. The reconstructed field is free space propagated to all other focus planes using post processing, and the 2D z-stack is merged to create a 3D image of the sample with high fidelity. Because we propose to apply the phase retrieving on nano particles, the regular ambiguities typical to the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, are eliminated. The proposed concept is presented and validated both on simulated data as well as experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Ilovitsh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- The Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Asaf Ilovitsh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- The Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aryeh Weiss
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- The Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Rinat Meir
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- The Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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22
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Remmers EF, Ombrello MJ, Siegel RM. Principles and techniques in molecular biology. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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23
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Sinha C, Arora K, Moon CS, Yarlagadda S, Woodrooffe K, Naren AP. Förster resonance energy transfer - an approach to visualize the spatiotemporal regulation of macromolecular complex formation and compartmentalized cell signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3067-72. [PMID: 25086255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling messengers and effector proteins provide an orchestrated molecular machinery to relay extracellular signals to the inside of cells and thereby facilitate distinct cellular behaviors. Formations of intracellular macromolecular complexes and segregation of signaling cascades dynamically regulate the flow of a biological process. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide an overview of the development and application of FRET technology in monitoring cyclic nucleotide-dependent signalings and protein complexes associated with these signalings in real time and space with brief mention of other important signaling messengers and effector proteins involved in compartmentalized signaling. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The preciseness, rapidity and specificity of cellular responses indicate restricted alterations of signaling messengers, particularly in subcellular compartments rather than globally. Not only the physical confinement and selective depletion, but also the intra- and inter-molecular interactions of signaling effectors modulate the direction of signal transduction in a compartmentalized fashion. To understand the finer details of various intracellular signaling cascades and crosstalk between proteins and other effectors, it is important to visualize these processes in live cells. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has been established as a useful tool to do this, even with its inherent limitations. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE FRET technology remains as an effective tool for unraveling the complex organization and distribution of various endogenous signaling proteins, as well as the spatiotemporal dynamics of second messengers inside a single cell to distinguish the heterogeneity of cell signaling under normal physiological conditions and during pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Sinha
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 426 Nash Research Building, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chang Suk Moon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sunitha Yarlagadda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Koryse Woodrooffe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 426 Nash Research Building, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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24
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Dai W, Hahn J, Kang J. Reconstruction of transcription factor profiles from fluorescent protein reporter systems via dynamic optimization and Tikhonov regularization. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180
| | - Juergen Hahn
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180
| | - Jia Kang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843
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25
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Strein C, Alleaume AM, Rothbauer U, Hentze MW, Castello A. A versatile assay for RNA-binding proteins in living cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:721-731. [PMID: 24664470 PMCID: PMC3988573 DOI: 10.1261/rna.043562.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) control RNA fate from synthesis to decay. Since their cellular expression levels frequently do not reflect their in vivo activity, methods are needed to assess the steady state RNA-binding activity of RBPs as well as their responses to stimuli. While electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA) have been used for such determinations, their results serve at best as proxies for the RBP activities in living cells. Here, we describe a quantitative dual fluorescence method to analyze protein-mRNA interactions in vivo. Known or candidate RBPs are fused to fluorescent proteins (eGFP, YFP), expressed in cells, cross-linked in vivo to RNA by ultraviolet light irradiation, and immunoprecipitated, after lysis, with a single chain antibody fragment directed against eGFP (GFP-binding protein, GBP). Polyadenylated RNA-binding activity of fusion proteins is assessed by hybridization with an oligo(DT) probe coupled with a red fluorophore. Since UV light is directly applied to living cells, the assay can be used to monitor dynamic changes in RNA-binding activities in response to biological or pharmacological stimuli. Notably, immunoprecipitation and hybridization can also be performed with commercially available GBP-coupled 96-well plates (GFP-multiTrap), allowing highly parallel RNA-binding measurements in a single experiment. Therefore, this method creates the possibility to conduct in vivo high-throughput RNA-binding assays. We believe that this fast and simple radioactivity-free method will find many useful applications in RNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Strein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Natural and Medical Science Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Alfredo Castello
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Paddock SW, Eliceiri KW. Laser scanning confocal microscopy: history, applications, and related optical sectioning techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1075:9-47. [PMID: 24052346 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-847-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Confocal microscopy is an established light microscopical technique for imaging fluorescently labeled specimens with significant three-dimensional structure. Applications of confocal microscopy in the biomedical sciences include the imaging of the spatial distribution of macromolecules in either fixed or living cells, the automated collection of 3D data, the imaging of multiple labeled specimens and the measurement of physiological events in living cells. The laser scanning confocal microscope continues to be chosen for most routine work although a number of instruments have been developed for more specific applications. Significant improvements have been made to all areas of the confocal approach, not only to the instruments themselves, but also to the protocols of specimen preparation, to the analysis, the display, the reproduction, sharing and management of confocal images using bioinformatics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Paddock
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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27
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Du Z, Borlace GN, Brooks RD, Butler RN, Brooks DA, Plush SE. Synthesis and characterisation of folic acid based lanthanide ion probes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Ilovitsh T, Meiri A, Ebeling CG, Menon R, Gerton JM, Jorgensen EM, Zalevsky Z. Improved localization accuracy in stochastic super-resolution fluorescence microscopy by K-factor image deshadowing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 5:244-258. [PMID: 24466491 PMCID: PMC3891336 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Localization of a single fluorescent particle with sub-diffraction-limit accuracy is a key merit in localization microscopy. Existing methods such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) achieve localization accuracies of single emitters that can reach an order of magnitude lower than the conventional resolving capabilities of optical microscopy. However, these techniques require a sparse distribution of simultaneously activated fluorophores in the field of view, resulting in larger time needed for the construction of the full image. In this paper we present the use of a nonlinear image decomposition algorithm termed K-factor, which reduces an image into a nonlinear set of contrast-ordered decompositions whose joint product reassembles the original image. The K-factor technique, when implemented on raw data prior to localization, can improve the localization accuracy of standard existing methods, and also enable the localization of overlapping particles, allowing the use of increased fluorophore activation density, and thereby increased data collection speed. Numerical simulations of fluorescence data with random probe positions, and especially at high densities of activated fluorophores, demonstrate an improvement of up to 85% in the localization precision compared to single fitting techniques. Implementing the proposed concept on experimental data of cellular structures yielded a 37% improvement in resolution for the same super-resolution image acquisition time, and a decrease of 42% in the collection time of super-resolution data with the same resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Ilovitsh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Amihai Meiri
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Carl G. Ebeling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Rajesh Menon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Jordan M. Gerton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Erik M. Jorgensen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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29
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Shubin AV, Lunina NA, Shedova EN, Roshina MP, Demidyuk IV, Vinogradova TV, Kopantsev EP, Chernov IP, Kostrov SV. Evaluation of the toxic effects evoked by the transient expression of protease genes from human pathogens in HEK293 cells. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813090044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Hebisch E, Knebel J, Landsberg J, Frey E, Leisner M. High variation of fluorescence protein maturation times in closely related Escherichia coli strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75991. [PMID: 24155882 PMCID: PMC3796512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are widely used in biochemistry, biology and biophysics. For quantitative analysis of gene expression FPs are often used as marking molecules. Therefore, sufficient knowledge of maturation times and their affecting factors is of high interest. Here, we investigate the maturation process of the FPs GFP and mCherry expressed by the three closely related Escherichia coli strains of the Colicin E2 system, a model system for colicinogenic interaction. One strain, the C strain produces Colicin, a toxin to which the S strain is sensitive, and against which the R strain is resistant. Under the growth conditions used in this study, the S and R strain have similar growth rates, as opposed to the C strain whose growth rate is significantly reduced due to the toxin production. In combination with theoretical modelling we studied the maturation kinetics of the two FPs in these strains and could confirm an exponential and sigmoidal maturation kinetic for GFP and mCherry, respectively. Our subsequent quantitative experimental analysis revealed a high variance in maturation times independent of the strain studied. In addition, we determined strain dependent maturation times and maturation behaviour. Firstly, FPs expressed by the S and R strain mature on similar average time-scales as opposed to FPs expressed by the C strain. Secondly, dependencies of maturation time with growth conditions are most pronounced in the GFP expressing C strain: Doubling the growth rate of this C strain results in an increased maturation time by a factor of 1.4. As maturation times can vary even between closely related strains, our data emphasize the importance of profound knowledge of individual strains' maturation times for accurate interpretation of gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Hebisch
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Knebel
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Janek Landsberg
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Universite Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, Saint Martin d'Heres, France
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Madeleine Leisner
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
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Kominami K, Nakabayashi J, Nagai T, Tsujimura Y, Chiba K, Kimura H, Miyawaki A, Sawasaki T, Yokota H, Manabe N, Sakamaki K. The molecular mechanism of apoptosis upon caspase-8 activation: quantitative experimental validation of a mathematical model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1825-40. [PMID: 22801217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (CASP8) is a cysteine protease that plays a pivotal role in the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death receptors. The kinetics, dynamics, and selectivity with which the pathway transmits apoptotic signals to downstream molecules upon CASP8 activation are not fully understood. We have developed a system for using high-sensitivity FRET-based biosensors to monitor the protease activity of CASP8 and its downstream effector, caspase-3, in living single cells. Using this system, we systematically investigated the caspase cascade by regulating the magnitude of extrinsic signals received by the cell. Furthermore, we determined the molar concentration of five caspases and Bid required for hierarchical transmission of apoptotic signals in a HeLa cell. Based on these quantitative experimental data, we validated a mathematical model suitable for estimation of the kinetics and dynamics of caspases, which predicts the minimal concentration of CASP8 required to act as an initiator. Consequently, we found that less than 1% of the total CASP8 proteins are sufficient to set the apoptotic program in motion if activated. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the precise cascade of CASP8-mediated apoptotic signals through the extrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Kominami
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Niu G, Chen X. Molecular imaging with activatable reporter systems. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:413-23. [PMID: 22539937 PMCID: PMC3337733 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a newly emerged multiple disciplinary field that aims to visualize, characterize and quantitatively measure biological processes at cellular and molecular levels in humans and other living systems. A reporter gene is a piece of DNA encoding reporter protein, which presents as a readily measurable phenotype that can be distinguished easily from the background of endogenous protein. After being transferred into cells of organ systems (transgenes), the reporter gene can be utilized to visualize transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, protein-protein interactions, or trafficking of proteins or cells in living subjects. Herein, we review previous classification of reporter genes and regroup the reporter gene based imaging as basic, inducible and activatable, based on the regulation of reporter gene transcription and post-translational modification of reporter proteins. We then focus on activatable reporters, in which the signal can be activated at the posttranslational level for visualizing protein-protein interactions, protein phosphorylation or tertiary structure changes. The applications of several types of activatable reporters will also be summarized. We conclude that activatable reporter imaging can benefit both basic biomedical research and drug development.
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Bansal L, Chu Y, Laird C, Hahn J. Regularization of inverse problems to determine transcription factor profiles from fluorescent reporter systems. AIChE J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brazda P, Szekeres T, Bravics B, Tóth K, Vámosi G, Nagy L. Live-cell fluorescence correlation spectroscopy dissects the role of coregulator exchange and chromatin binding in retinoic acid receptor mobility. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3631-42. [PMID: 22045737 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.086082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. This ligand-inducible transcription factor binds to DNA as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) in the nucleus. The nucleus is a dynamic compartment and live-cell imaging techniques make it possible to investigate transcription factor action in real-time. We studied the diffusion of EGFP-RAR by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to uncover the molecular interactions determining receptor mobility. In the absence of ligand, we identified two distinct species with different mobilities. The fast component has a diffusion coefficient of D(1)=1.8-6.0 μm(2)/second corresponding to small oligomeric forms, whereas the slow component with D(2)=0.05-0.10 μm(2)/second corresponds to interactions of RAR with the chromatin or other large structures. The RAR ligand-binding-domain fragment also has a slow component, probably as a result of indirect DNA-binding through RXR, with lower affinity than the intact RAR-RXR complex. Importantly, RAR-agonist treatment shifts the equilibrium towards the slow population of the wild-type receptor, but without significantly changing the mobility of either the fast or the slow population. By using a series of mutant forms of the receptor with altered DNA- or coregulator-binding capacity we found that the slow component is probably related to chromatin binding, and that coregulator exchange, specifically the binding of the coactivator complex, is the main determinant contributing to the redistribution of RAR during ligand activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brazda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Egyetem ter 1. Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary
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Remmers EF, Ombrello MJ, Kanno Y, Siegel RM, Kastner DL. Principles and techniques in molecular biology. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Fukumura D, Duda DG, Munn LL, Jain RK. Tumor microvasculature and microenvironment: novel insights through intravital imaging in pre-clinical models. Microcirculation 2010; 17:206-25. [PMID: 20374484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging techniques have provided unprecedented insight into tumor microcirculation and microenvironment. For example, these techniques allowed quantitative evaluations of tumor blood vasculature to uncover its abnormal organization, structure and function (e.g., hyper-permeability, heterogeneous and compromised blood flow). Similarly, imaging of functional lymphatics has documented their absence inside tumors. These abnormalities result in elevated interstitial fluid pressure and hinder the delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors. In addition, they induce a hostile microenvironment characterized by hypoxia and acidosis, as documented by intravital imaging. The abnormal microenvironment further lowers the effectiveness of anti-tumor treatments such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In addition to these mechanistic insights, intravital imaging may also offer new opportunities to improve therapy. For example, tumor angiogenesis results in immature, dysfunctional vessels--primarily caused by an imbalance in production of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors by the tumors. Restoring the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic signaling in tumors can "normalize" tumor vasculature and thus, improve its function, as demonstrated by intravital imaging studies in preclinical models and in cancer patients. Administration of cytotoxic therapy during periods of vascular normalization has the potential to enhance treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Expression of UreB and HspA of Helicobacter pylori in silkworm pupae and identification of its immunogenicity. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:3173-80. [PMID: 20127514 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-9988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For mass production of urease B subunit (UreB) and heat shock protein A subunit (HspA) of Helicobacter pylori with Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) baculovirus expression system (BES) and to determine whether they could be used as an oral vaccine against H. pylori, besides, to determine the time course of expressed recombinant protein and the optimum acquisition time directly through green fluorescence, HspA and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) genes were cloned into vector pFastBacDual to form donor vector pFastBacDual-(EGFP) (HspA), UreB gene was cloned into vector pFastBacDual to form donor vector pFastBacDual-UreB,then they were transformed into E. coli BmDH10Bac to obtain the recombinant Bacmid-(EGFP) (HspA) and Bacmid-UreB respectively. They were used to transfect BmN cells and generated the recombinant baculovirus BmNPV-(EGFP) (HspA) and BmNPV-UreB. Using these recombinant baculovirus BmNPV-(EGFP) (HspA) and BmNPV-UreB inoculated the silkworm pupae, a recombinant HspA and UreB protein were expressed in silkworm pupae, which were around 13 and 62 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis. After oral immunization of mice, serum specific IgG antibodies against HspA and UreB in vaccine group were much higher than that in mock and native silkworm powder control groups. The results indicated that the expressed recombinant HspA and UreB in silkworm pupae would possess good immunogenicity. In addition, when EGFP and HspA proteins were expressed, a direct correlation between the increase in intensity of fluorescence and HspA concentration.
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Schikorski T. Horseradish peroxidase as a reporter gene and as a cell-organelle-specific marker in correlative light-electron microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 657:315-27. [PMID: 20602227 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-783-9_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A modern electron microscopic approach to the investigation of the structural organization of proteins and subcellular structures demands the use of molecular genetic techniques. The successful implementation of genetic techniques is closely tied to a reporter gene such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Although GFP has been widely used for light microscopy, it has many limitations for use in electron microscopy. In the search for a reporter gene for electron microscopy, interest in the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) DNA has recently increased, and several studies already have proven the feasibility of HRP expression in mammalian cells. Here, we describe a protocol that uses a HRP chimera to label the endoplasmic reticulum of HEK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schikorski
- Neuroscience Department, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
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40
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Jensen L, Govind N. Excited States of DNA Base Pairs Using Long-Range Corrected Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9761-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905893v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, Washington 99352
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41
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Day RN, Davidson MW. The fluorescent protein palette: tools for cellular imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2887-921. [PMID: 19771335 DOI: 10.1039/b901966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This critical review provides an overview of the continually expanding family of fluorescent proteins (FPs) that have become essential tools for studies of cell biology and physiology. Here, we describe the characteristics of the genetically encoded fluorescent markers that now span the visible spectrum from deep blue to deep red. We identify some of the novel FPs that have unusual characteristics that make them useful reporters of the dynamic behaviors of proteins inside cells, and describe how many different optical methods can be combined with the FPs to provide quantitative measurements in living systems (227 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Day
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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42
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Niu G, Chen X. From protein–protein interaction to therapy response: Molecular imaging of heat shock proteins. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70:294-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM. Techniques to study nephron function: microscopy and imaging. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:203-9. [PMID: 19145447 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in optics, computer sciences, fluorophores, and molecular techniques allow investigators the opportunity to study dynamic events within the functioning kidney with subcellular resolution. Investigators can now use two-photon microscopy to follow several complex heterogenous processes in organs such as the kidney with high spacial and temporal resolution. Repeat determinations over time within the same animal are possible and minimize animal use and interanimal variability. Furthermore, the ability to obtain volumetric data (3D) makes quantitative 4D (time) analysis possible. Finally, use of multiple fluorophores concurrently allows for three different or interactive processes to be observed simultaneously. Therefore, this approach compliments existing molecular, biochemical, and pharmacologic techniques by advancing in vivo data analysis and interpretation to subcellular levels for molecules without the requirement for fixation. Its use in the kidney is in its infancy but offers much promise for unraveling the complex interdependent physiologic and pathophysiologic processes known to contribute to cell function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Molitoris
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA.
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Abstract
Living cells are remarkably complex. To unravel this complexity, living-cell assays have been developed that allow delivery of experimental stimuli and measurement of the resulting cellular responses. High-throughput adaptations of these assays, known as living-cell microarrays, which are based on microtiter plates, high-density spotting, microfabrication, and microfluidics technologies, are being developed for two general applications: (a) to screen large-scale chemical and genomic libraries and (b) to systematically investigate the local cellular microenvironment. These emerging experimental platforms offer exciting opportunities to rapidly identify genetic determinants of disease, to discover modulators of cellular function, and to probe the complex and dynamic relationships between cells and their local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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45
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Chumakov SP, Ilyinskaya GV, Kravchenko JE, Frolova EI, Prasolov VS, Chumakov PM. Lentiviral vector-based assay system for quantitative detection of intracellular translocations of recombinant proteins. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Intravital microscopy has provided unprecedented insights into tumor pathophysiology, including angiogenesis and the microenvironment. Tumor vasculature shows an abnormal organization, structure, and function. Tumor vessels are leaky, blood flow is heterogeneous and often compromised. Vascular hyperpermeability and the lack of functional lymphatic vessels inside tumors causes elevation of interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumors. These abnormalities form physiological barriers to the delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors and also lead to a hostile microenvironment characterized by hypoxia and acidosis, which hinders the effectiveness of anti-tumor treatments such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In addition, host-tumor interactions regulate expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, resulting in pathophysiological characteristics of the tumor. On the other hand, in a physiological setting, angiogenic vessels become mature and form long-lasting functional units. Restoring the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors in tumors may "normalize" tumor vasculature and thus improve its function. Administration of cytotoxic therapy during the vascular normalization would enhance its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Robenek H, Buers I, Hofnagel O, Lorkowski S, Severs NJ. GFP-tagged proteins visualized by freeze-fracture immuno-electron microscopy: a new tool in cellular and molecular medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:1381-90. [PMID: 18624750 PMCID: PMC4496151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
GFP-tagging is widely used as a molecular tool to localize and visualize the trafficking of proteins in cells but interpretation is frequently limited by the low resolution afforded by fluorescence light microscopy. Although complementary thin-section immunogold electron microscopic techniques go some way in aiding interpretation, major limitations, such as relatively poor structural preservation of membrane systems, low labelling efficiency and the two-dimensional nature of the images, remain. Here we demonstrate that the electron microscopic technique freeze-fracture replica immunogold labelling overcomes these disadvantages and can be used to define, at high resolution, the precise location of GFP-tagged proteins in specific membrane systems and organelles of the cell. Moreover, this technique provides information on the location of the protein within the phospholipid bilayer, potentially providing insight into mis-orientation of tagged proteins compared to their untagged counterparts. Complementary application of the freeze-fracture replica immunogold labelling technique alongside conventional fluorescence microscopy is seen as a novel and valuable approach to verification, clarification and extension of the data obtained using fluorescent-tagged proteins. The application of this approach is illustrated by new findings on PAT-family proteins tagged with GFP transfected into fibroblasts from patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Robenek
- Leibniz Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Signature Optical Cues: Emerging Technologies for Monitoring Plant Health. SENSORS 2008; 8:3205-3239. [PMID: 27879874 PMCID: PMC3675540 DOI: 10.3390/s8053205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Optical technologies can be developed as practical tools for monitoring plant health by providing unique spectral signatures that can be related to specific plant stresses. Signatures from thermal and fluorescence imaging have been used successfully to track pathogen invasion before visual symptoms are observed. Another approach for non-invasive plant health monitoring involves elucidating the manner with which light interacts with the plant leaf and being able to identify changes in spectral characteristics in response to specific stresses. To achieve this, an important step is to understand the biochemical and anatomical features governing leaf reflectance, transmission and absorption. Many studies have opened up possibilities that subtle changes in leaf reflectance spectra can be analyzed in a plethora of ways for discriminating nutrient and water stress, but with limited success. There has also been interest in developing transgenic phytosensors to elucidate plant status in relation to environmental conditions. This approach involves unambiguous signal creation whereby genetic modification to generate reporter plants has resulted in distinct optical signals emitted in response to specific stressors. Most of these studies are limited to laboratory or controlled greenhouse environments at leaf level. The practical translation of spectral cues for application under field conditions at canopy and regional levels by remote aerial sensing remains a challenge. The movement towards technology development is well exemplified by the Controlled Ecological Life Support System under development by NASA which brings together technologies for monitoring plant status concomitantly with instrumentation for environmental monitoring and feedback control.
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Rothbauer U, Zolghadr K, Muyldermans S, Schepers A, Cardoso MC, Leonhardt H. A Versatile Nanotrap for Biochemical and Functional Studies with Fluorescent Fusion Proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:282-9. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700342-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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50
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Sakuragi JI, Sakuragi S, Ohishi M, Shioda T. A rapid recombination assay of HIV-1 using murine CD52 as a novel biomarker. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:396-404. [PMID: 18407776 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are commonly used for verification of infection in conjunction with the development of viral vectors or experiments involving virus infection. Leukocyte surface antigens (CDs) are a prime option for biomarkers since they can be easily visualized and analyzed by flow cytometry after indirect fluorescent staining. For analyses of human cells, murine CD24 (Heat Stable Antigen: HSA) and CD90.2 (Thy-1.2) are currently being used. In the study reported here, we attempted to develop a rapid system for measuring retroviral genome recombination efficiency. For this purpose, we looked for an alternative CD molecule which could be used as a marker on a viral vector concurrently with other markers. We found that murine CD52 is suitable for this purpose because of its small gene size, low inhibitory effect on virus production, and measurable level of surface expression. With this novel biomarker, we succeeded in developing a rapid viral recombination measuring system using a flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Sakuragi
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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