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Zhang HY, Hou TT, Jin ZH, Zhang T, Wang YH, Cheng ZH, Liu YH, Fang JP, Yan HJ, Zhen Y, An X, Du J, Chen KK, Li ZZ, Li Q, Wen QP, Fang BY. Transcranial alternating current stimulation improves quality of life in Parkinson's disease: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:200. [PMID: 38509589 PMCID: PMC10953283 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural cells in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PWP) display aberrant synchronized oscillatory activity within the beta frequency range. Additionally, enhanced gamma oscillations may serve as a compensatory mechanism for motor inhibition mediated by beta activity and also reinstate plasticity in the primary motor cortex affected by Parkinson's disease. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can synchronize endogenous oscillations with exogenous rhythms, thereby modulating cortical activity. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the addition of tACS to multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment (MIRT) can improve symptoms of PWP so as to enhance the quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease based on the central-peripheral-central theory. METHODS The present study was a randomized, double-blind trial that enrolled 60 individuals with Parkinson's disease aged between 45 and 70 years, who had Hoehn-Yahr scale scores ranging from 1 to 3. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the tACS + MIRT group or the sham-tACS + MIRT group. The trial consisted of a two-week double-blind treatment period followed by a 24-week follow-up period, resulting in a total duration of twenty-six weeks. The primary outcome measured the change in PDQ-39 scores from baseline (T0) to 4 weeks (T2), 12 weeks (T3), and 24 weeks (T4) after completion of the intervention. The secondary outcome assessed changes in MDS-UPDRS III scores at T0, the end of intervention (T1), T2, T3, and T4. Additional clinical assessments and mechanistic studies were conducted as tertiary outcomes. DISCUSSION The objective of this study is to demonstrate that tACS can enhance overall functionality and improve quality of life in PWP, based on the framework of MIRT. Additionally, it seeks to establish a potential correlation between these therapeutic effects and neuroplasticity alterations in relevant brain regions. The efficacy of tACS will be assessed during the follow-up period in order to optimize neuroplasticity and enhance its potential impact on rehabilitation efficiency for PWP. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2300071969. Registered on 30 May 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zhang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Hou
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Jin
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Heng Wang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Hao Cheng
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Jin-Ping Fang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Hong-Jiao Yan
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Yi Zhen
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Xia An
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Jia Du
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Ke-Ke Chen
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Li
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Qing Li
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Qi-Ping Wen
- Radiology Department, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Bo-Yan Fang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China.
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Lerose V, Ponticelli M, Benedetto N, Carlucci V, Lela L, Tzvetkov NT, Milella L. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, a Potential Source of Phytochemicals for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:771. [PMID: 38592845 PMCID: PMC10976061 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a medicinal plant belonging to the traditional Indian medical system, showing various therapeutic effects such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective activity. Of great interest is W. somnifera's potential beneficial effect against neurodegenerative diseases, since the authorized medicinal treatments can only delay disease progression and provide symptomatic relief and are not without side effects. A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases was performed to identify preclinical and clinical studies focusing on the applications of W. somnifera in preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Only English articles and those containing the keywords (Withania somnifera AND "neurodegenerative diseases", "neuroprotective effects", "Huntington", "Parkinson", "Alzheimer", "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis", "neurological disorders") in the title or abstract were considered. Reviews, editorials, letters, meta-analyses, conference papers, short surveys, and book chapters were not considered. Selected articles were grouped by pathologies and summarized, considering the mechanism of action. The quality assessment and the risk of bias were performed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions checklist. This review uses a systematic approach to summarize the results from 60 investigations to highlight the potential role of W. somnifera and its specialized metabolites in treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lerose
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.L.); (N.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.L.); (N.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Nadia Benedetto
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.L.); (N.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Vittorio Carlucci
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.L.); (N.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Ludovica Lela
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.L.); (N.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology & Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.L.); (N.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
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Kang SH, Choi Y, Chung SJ, Moon SJ, Kim CK, Kim JH, Oh K, Yoon JS, Seo SW, Cho GJ, Koh SB. Fasting glucose variability and risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a 9-year longitudinal follow-up study of a nationwide cohort. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1292524. [PMID: 38235038 PMCID: PMC10791804 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1292524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD); however, it is unknown whether this association is dependent on continuous hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic events, or glycemic variability. We aimed to investigate the relationship between visit-to-visit fasting glucose variability and PDD development in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, we examined 9,264 patients aged ≥40 years with de novo Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent ≥3 health examinations and were followed up until December 2019. Glucose variability was measured using the coefficient of variation, variability independent of the mean, and average real variability. Fine and Gray competing regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of glucose variability on incident PDD. Results During the 9.5-year follow-up period, 1,757 of 9,264 (19.0%) patients developed PDD. Patients with a higher visit-to-visit glucose variability had a higher risk of future PDD. In the multivariable adjusted model, patients with PD in the highest quartile (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.50, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.88), quartile 3 (SHR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.62), and quartile 2 (SHR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.63) were independently associated with a higher risk of PDD than those in the lowest quartile. Conclusion We highlighted the effect of long-term glucose variability on the development of PDD in patients with PD. Furthermore, our findings suggest that preventive measures for constant glucose control may be necessary to prevent PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Chung
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Joo Moon
- Smart Healthcare Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Kyung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmi Oh
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Shik Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Alzheimer’s Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Joon Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Koh
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sun J, Zhang W, Wei ZZ, Song X, Jian L, Jiang F, Wang S, Li H, Zhang Y, Tuo H. Mesenchymal stromal cell biotherapy for Parkinson's disease premotor symptoms. Chin Neurosurg J 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 37833807 PMCID: PMC10571301 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-023-00338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with motor deficits due to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and with the non-motor/premotor symptoms (NMS) such as anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, depression, hyposmia, and sleep disorders. NMS is presented in at least one-fifth of the patients with PD. With the histological information being investigated, stem cells are shown to provide neurotrophic supports and cellular replacement in the damaging brain areas under PD conditions. Pathological change of progressive PD includes degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. The current stem cell beneficial effect addresses dopamine boost for the striatal neurons and gliovascular mechanisms as competing for validated PD drug targets. In addition, there are clinical interventions for improving the patient's NMS and targeting their autonomic dysfunction, dementia, mood disorders, or sleep problems. In our and many others' research using brain injury models, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells demonstrate an additional and unique ability to alleviate depressive-like behaviors, independent of an accelerated motor recovery. Intranasal delivery of the stem cells is discussed for it is extensively tested in rodent animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we attempt to discuss the repairing potentials of transplanted cells into parkinsonism pathological regions of motor deficits and focus on preventive and treatment effects. From new approaches in the PD biological therapy, it is believed that it can as well benefit patients against PD-NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Sun
- Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Liu Jian
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Casstar, Zhongguancun No.1 Global Key & Core Technology (AI) Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuanglin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Airport Hospital of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Airport Hospital of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Houzhen Tuo
- Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Laboratories of Biological Therapeutic Medical Technology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China.
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Yang Y, Gao F, Gao L, Miao J. Effects of rasagiline combined with levodopa and benserazide hydrochloride on motor function and homocysteine and IGF-1 levels in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:360. [PMID: 37803329 PMCID: PMC10557206 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the course of their illness, people with Parkinson's disease may see changes in their insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and serum homocysteine (Hcy) indices. In this study, patients with intermediate to severe Parkinson's disease were examined for how Resagiline and levodopa and benserazide hydrochloride affected their motor performance, serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). METHODS From June 2020 to December 2021, a total of 100+ cases of Parkinson's patients over 60 years old in the middle and late stages of Parkinson's were seen in the outpatient and inpatient departments of the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City and had a detailed observation record, and according to the inclusion criteria, the patients who met the criteria were randomly grouped into a clinical observation group and a control group. The subjects in the control group received only levodopa and benserazide hydrochloride treatment, while the observation group was treated with Resagiline in combination with the clinical control group. The total treatment observation period was 1 year for both groups, and the motor function and serum Hcy and IGF-1 indexes of both groups were compared after the end of treatment. RESULTS We randomly and evenly grouped 64 patients who met the requirements of the inclusion criteria into a clinical observation group and a control group, each with 32 patients, from among 168 patients over 60 years of age with detailed observation records in the middle and late stages of Parkinson's. After the 1-year observation period, we found that the total effective rate after treatment in the clinical observation group (93.75%) and significantly higher than that in the control group (68.75%) (P < 0.05); after 1 year of treatment, the UPDRS score decreased in both groups, and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05); after treatment, serum Hcy decreased and IGF-1 increased in both groups, and the observation group was higher than the control group mean values (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with Parkinson's disease who are in the middle and late stages of the disease, the administration of Resagiline combined with levodopa and benserazide hydrochloride can significantly lower the body's serum Hcy level, significantly raise IGF-1 levels, and significantly improve motor function in patients with Parkinson's disease. It can also have significant therapeutic effects.
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Grants
- 2019-YF09-00086-SN 5G communication technology supported remote diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with brain dysfunction and disability, semi-disability, and integrated prevention and control system
- 2019-YF09-00086-SN 5G communication technology supported remote diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with brain dysfunction and disability, semi-disability, and integrated prevention and control system
- 2019-YF09-00086-SN 5G communication technology supported remote diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with brain dysfunction and disability, semi-disability, and integrated prevention and control system
- 2019-YF09-00086-SN 5G communication technology supported remote diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with brain dysfunction and disability, semi-disability, and integrated prevention and control system
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & Chengdu Third People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & Chengdu Third People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | - Jiaodan Miao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & Chengdu Third People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
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Dunn E, Zhang B, Sahota VK, Augustin H. Potential benefits of medium chain fatty acids in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1230467. [PMID: 37680538 PMCID: PMC10481710 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1230467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a large class of neurological disorders characterized by progressive dysfunction and death of neurones. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Aging is the primary risk factor for neurodegeneration; individuals over 65 are more likely to suffer from a neurodegenerative disease, with prevalence increasing with age. As the population ages, the social and economic burden caused by these diseases will increase. Therefore, new therapies that address both aging and neurodegeneration are imperative. Ketogenic diets (KDs) are low carbohydrate, high-fat diets developed initially as an alternative treatment for epilepsy. The classic ketogenic diet provides energy via long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs); naturally occurring medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), on the other hand, are the main components of the medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic diet. MCT-based diets are more efficient at generating the ketone bodies that are used as a secondary energy source for neurones and astrocytes. However, ketone levels alone do not closely correlate with improved clinical symptoms. Recent findings suggest an alternative mode of action for the MCFAs, e.g., via improving mitochondrial biogenesis and glutamate receptor inhibition. MCFAs have been linked to the treatment of both aging and neurodegenerative disease via their effects on metabolism. Through action on multiple disease-related pathways, MCFAs are emerging as compounds with notable potential to promote healthy aging and ameliorate neurodegeneration. MCFAs have been shown to stimulate autophagy and restore mitochondrial function, which are found to be disrupted in aging and neurodegeneration. This review aims to provide insight into the metabolic benefits of MCFAs in neurodegenerative disease and healthy aging. We will discuss the use of MCFAs to combat dysregulation of autophagy and mitochondrial function in the context of "normal" aging, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hrvoje Augustin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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De Michele G, Palmieri GR, Pane C, Valente EM, Palmieri I, Dello Iacovo CDP, Cuomo N, Giglio A, De Lucia N, Fico T, Perillo S, De Michele G, De Rosa A. Motor and non-motor features in Parkinson's Disease patients carrying GBA gene mutations. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:221-6. [PMID: 36609835 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are the most common genetic risk factor yet discovered for Parkinson's Disease (PD), being found in about 5-14% of Caucasian patients. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS) in patients with GBA-related PD (GBA-PD) in comparison with idiopathic PD (iPD) subjects using standardized and validated scales. METHODS Eleven (4 M, 7 F) patients with GBA-PD and 22 iPD patients, selected from the same cohort and matched for gender, age, and disease duration, were enrolled. The disease severity was assessed by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-section III, gait disorder and falls by Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, and motor fluctuations by Wearing off questionnaire. NMS were evaluated using the following scales: Mini-Mental State Examination and extended neuropsychological battery, if required, Non-Motor Symptoms Scale, SCOPA-AUT Questionnaire, Apathy Evaluation Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire, and Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's disease. RESULTS GBA-PD patients showed a more severe and rapidly progressive disease, and more frequent positive family history for PD, akinetic-rigid phenotype, postural instability, dementia, and psychosis in comparison to iPD. Two of three subjects carrying L444P mutation presented with early dementia. We also found a higher occurrence of fatigue, diurnal sleepiness, and intolerance to heat/cold in the carriers group. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that NMS and a more severe and faster disease course more frequently occur among GBA-PD patients in comparison to iPD.
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Dong J, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu C, Gao M, Liu S, Li X, Cheng N, Han Y, Wang X, Han Y. Thymoquinone Prevents Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Attenuating Oxidative Stress Via the Nrf2/ARE Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:615598. [PMID: 33519481 PMCID: PMC7840486 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.615598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Research has also revealed that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) triggers the expression of antioxidant genes via a series of antioxidant response elements (AREs), thus preventing oxidative stress. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the bioactive component of Nigella sativa, a medicinal plant that exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. In the present study we examined whether TQ alleviates in vivo and in vitro neurodegeneration induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) by acting as an activator of the Nrf2/ARE cascade. We showed that TQ significantly reduced MPP+-mediated cell death and apoptosis. Moreover, TQ significantly elevated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and significantly increased the subsequent expression of antioxidative genes such as Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST). The application of siRNA to silence Nrf2 led to an abolishment in the protective effects of TQ. We also found that the intraperitoneal injection of TQ into a rodent model of PD ameliorated oxidative stress and effectively mitigated nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration by activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway. However, these effects were inhibited by the injection of a lentivirus wrapped Nrf2 siRNA (siNrf2). Collectively, these findings suggest that TQ alleviates progressive dopaminergic neuropathology by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling cascade and by attenuating oxidative stress, thus demonstrating that TQ is a potential novel drug candidate for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Dong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shijing Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Manli Gao
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Songyang Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Han
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xun Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yongzhu Han
- The Affiliated Hospital of the Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Pepeu G, Grazia Giovannini M. The fate of the brain cholinergic neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2017; 1670:173-184. [PMID: 28652219 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this review are: 1) to describe which cholinergic neurons are affected in brain neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia; 2) to discuss the possible causes of the degeneration of the cholinergic neurons, 3) to summarize the functional consequences of the cholinergic deficit. The brain cholinergic system is basically constituted by three populations of phenotypically similar neurons forming a series of basal forebrain nuclei, the midpontine nuclei and a large population of striatal interneurons. In Alzheimer's disease there is an extensive loss of forebrain cholinergic neurons accompanied by a reduction of the cholinergic fiber network of the cortical mantel and hippocampus. The midpontine cholinergic nuclei are spared. The same situation occurs in the corticobasal syndrome and dementia following alcohol abuse and traumatic brain injury. Conversely, in Parkinson's disease, the midpontine nuclei degenerate, together with the dopaminergic nuclei, reducing the cholinergic input to thalamus and forebrain whereas the forebrain cholinergic neurons are spared. In Parkinson's disease with dementia, Lewis Body Dementia and Parkinsonian syndromes both groups of forebrain and midpontine cholinergic nuclei degenerate. In Huntington's disease a dysfunction of the striatal cholinergic interneurons without cell loss takes place. The formation and accumulation of misfolded proteins such as β-amyloid oligomers and plaques, tau protein tangles and α-synuclein clumps, and aggregated mutated huntingtin play a crucial role in the neuronal degeneration by direct cellular toxicity of the misfolded proteins and through the toxic compounds resulting from an extensive inflammatory reaction. Evidences indicate that β-amyloid disrupts NGF metabolism causing the degeneration of the cholinergic neurons which depend on NGF for their survival, namely the forebrain cholinergic neurons, sparing the midpontine and striatal neurons which express no specific NGF receptors. It is feasible that the latter cholinergic neurons may be damaged by direct toxicity of tau, α-synuclein and inflammations products through mechanisms not fully understood. Attention and learning and memory impairment are the functional consequences of the forebrain cholinergic neuron dysfunction, whereas the loss of midpontine cholinergic neurons results primarily in motor and sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Pepeu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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