1
|
Liang S, Fu K, Li X, Wang Z. Unveiling the spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane fouling: A focused review on dynamic fouling characterization techniques and future perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 328:103179. [PMID: 38754212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Membrane technology has emerged as a crucial method for obtaining clean water from unconventional sources in the face of water scarcity. It finds wide applications in wastewater treatment, advanced treatment, and desalination of seawater and brackish water. However, membrane fouling poses a huge challenge that limits the development of membrane-based water treatment technologies. Characterizing the dynamics of membrane fouling is crucial for understanding its development, mechanisms, and effective mitigation. Instrumental techniques that enable in situ or real-time characterization of the dynamics of membrane fouling provide insights into the temporal and spatial evolution of fouling, which play a crucial role in understanding the fouling mechanism and the formulation of membrane control strategies. This review consolidates existing knowledge about the principal advanced instrumental analysis technologies employed to characterize the dynamics of membrane fouling, in terms of membrane structure, morphology, and intermolecular forces. Working principles, applications, and limitations of each technique are discussed, enabling researchers to select appropriate methods for their specific studies. Furthermore, prospects for the future development of dynamic characterization techniques for membrane fouling are discussed, underscoring the need for continued research and innovation in this field to overcome the challenges posed by membrane fouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kunkun Fu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kurdadze T, Lamadie F, Nehme KA, Teychené S, Biscans B, Rodriguez-Ruiz I. On-Chip Photonic Detection Techniques for Non-Invasive In Situ Characterizations at the Microfluidic Scale. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1529. [PMID: 38475065 DOI: 10.3390/s24051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a robust technology for diverse applications, ranging from bio-medical diagnostics to chemical analysis. Among the different characterization techniques that can be used to analyze samples at the microfluidic scale, the coupling of photonic detection techniques and on-chip configurations is particularly advantageous due to its non-invasive nature, which permits sensitive, real-time, high throughput, and rapid analyses, taking advantage of the microfluidic special environments and reduced sample volumes. Putting a special emphasis on integrated detection schemes, this review article explores the most relevant advances in the on-chip implementation of UV-vis, near-infrared, terahertz, and X-ray-based techniques for different characterizations, ranging from punctual spectroscopic or scattering-based measurements to different types of mapping/imaging. The principles of the techniques and their interest are discussed through their application to different systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kurdadze
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, Marcoule, France
| | - Fabrice Lamadie
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, Marcoule, France
| | - Karen A Nehme
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Teychené
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Biscans
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Isaac Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Srivastava K, Boyle ND, Flaman GT, Ramaswami B, van den Berg A, van der Stam W, Burgess IJ, Odijk M. In situ spatiotemporal characterization and analysis of chemical reactions using an ATR-integrated microfluidic reactor. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4690-4700. [PMID: 37818681 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining kinetic reaction parameters with great detail has been of utmost importance in the field of chemical reaction engineering. However, commonly used experimental and computational methods however are unable to provide sufficiently resolved spatiotemporal information that can aid in the process of understanding these chemical reactions. With our work, we demonstrate the use of a custom designed single-bounce ATR-integrated microfluidic reactor to obtain spatiotemporal resolution for in situ monitoring of chemical reactions. Having a single-bounce ATR accessory allows us to individually address different sensing areas, thereby providing the ability to obtain spatially and temporally resolved information. To further enhance the spatial resolution, we utilize the benefits of synchrotron IR radiation with the smallest beam spot-size ∼150 μm. An on-flow modular microreactor additionally allows us to monitor the chemical reaction in situ, where the temporal characterization can be controlled with the operational flowrate. With a unique combination of experimental measurements and numerical simulations, we characterize and analyse a model SN2 reaction. For a chemical reaction between benzyl bromide (BB) and sodium azide (SA) to produce benzyl azide (BA), we successfully show the capability of our device to determine the diffusion coefficients of BB and SA as 0.367 ± 0.115 10-9 m2 s-1 and 1.17 ± 0.723 10-9 m2 s-1, respectively. Finally, with the above characteristics of our device, we also calculate a reaction rate of k = 0.0005 (m3s-1mol-1) for the given chemical reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Srivastava
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology and Max Planck Institute of Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - N D Boyle
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - G T Flaman
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - B Ramaswami
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology and Max Planck Institute of Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - W van der Stam
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - I J Burgess
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - M Odijk
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology and Max Planck Institute of Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia N, Torres de Oliveira L, Bégin-Drolet A, Greener J. A spectIR-fluidic reactor for monitoring fast chemical reaction kinetics with on-chip attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5129-5138. [PMID: 37609867 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00842h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful technology with diverse applications in microbiology, medicine, chemistry, and physics. While its potential for controlling and studying chemical reactions is well recognized, the extraction and analysis of useful chemical information generated within microfluidic devices remain challenging. This is mainly due to the limited tools available for in situ measurements of chemical reactions. In this study, we present a proof-of-concept spectIR-fluidic reactor design that combines microfluidics with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for in situ kinetic studies of fast reactions. By integrating a multi-ridge silicon attenuated total reflection (ATR) wafer into the microfluidic device, we enable multi-point measurements for precise reaction time monitoring. As such, this work establishes a validated foundation for studying fast chemical reactions using on-chip ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in a microfluidic reactor environment, which enables simultaneous monitoring of reagents, intermediates, and products using a phosphate proton transfer reaction. The spectIR-fluidic reactor platform offers customizable designs, allowing for the investigation of reactions with various time scales, and has the potential to significantly advance studies exploring reaction mechanisms and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Leon Torres de Oliveira
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - André Bégin-Drolet
- Département de Génie Mécanique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CHU de Québec, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, G1L 3L5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Atkinson N, Morhart TA, Wells G, Flaman GT, Petro E, Read S, Rosendahl SM, Burgess IJ, Achenbach S. Microfabrication Process Development for a Polymer-Based Lab-on-Chip Concept Applied in Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6251. [PMID: 37514546 PMCID: PMC10383751 DOI: 10.3390/s23146251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) combining sensing and microfluidics functionalities, as are common in Lab-on-Chip (LoC) devices, are increasingly based on polymers. Benefits of polymers include tunable material properties, the possibility of surface functionalization, compatibility with many micro and nano patterning techniques, and optical transparency. Often, additional materials, such as metals, ceramics, or silicon, are needed for functional or auxiliary purposes, e.g., as electrodes. Hybrid patterning and integration of material composites require an increasing range of fabrication approaches, which must often be newly developed or at least adapted and optimized. Here, a microfabrication process concept is developed that allows one to implement attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and electrochemistry on an LoC device. It is designed to spatially resolve chemical sensitivity and selectivity, which are instrumental for the detection of chemical distributions, e.g., during on-flow chemical and biological reaction chemistry. The processing sequence involves (i) direct-write and soft-contact UV lithography in SUEX dry resist and replication in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers as the fluidic structure; (ii) surface functionalization of PDMS with oxygen plasma, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES), and a UV-curable glue (NOA 73) for bonding the fluidic structure to the substrate; (iii) double-sided patterning of silicon nitride-coated silicon wafers serving as the ATR-FTIR-active internal reflection element (IRE) on one side and the electrode-covered substrate for microfluidics on the back side with lift-off and sputter-based patterning of gold electrodes; and (iv) a custom-designed active vacuum positioning and alignment setup. Fluidic channels of 100 μm height and 600 μm width in 5 mm thick PDMS were fabricated on 2" and 4" demonstrators. Electrochemistry on-chip functionality was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) of redox reactions involving iron cyanides in different oxidation states. Further, ATR-FTIR measurements of laminar co-flows of H2O and D2O demonstrated the chemical mapping capabilities of the modular fabrication concept of the LoC devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Atkinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Tyler A Morhart
- Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices, Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Garth Wells
- Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices, Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Grace T Flaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Eric Petro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Mid Infrared Spectromicroscopy Facility, Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Scott M Rosendahl
- Mid Infrared Spectromicroscopy Facility, Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Ian J Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Sven Achenbach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flaman GT, Boyle ND, Vermelle C, Morhart TA, Ramaswami B, Read S, Rosendahl SM, Wells G, Newman LP, Atkinson N, Achenbach S, Burgess IJ. Chemical Imaging of Mass Transport Near the No-Slip Interface of a Microfluidic Device using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4940-4949. [PMID: 36880970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mass transport in geometrically confined environments is fundamental to microfluidic applications. Measuring the distribution of chemical species on flow requires the use of spatially resolved analytical tools compatible with microfluidic materials and designs. Here, the implementation of an attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) imaging (macro-ATR) approach for chemical mapping of species in microfluidic devices is described. The imaging method is configurable between a large field of view, single-frame imaging, and the use of image stitching to build composite chemical maps. Macro-ATR is used to quantify transverse diffusion in the laminar streams of coflowing fluids in dedicated microfluidic test devices. It is demonstrated that the ATR evanescent wave, which primarily probes the fluid within ∼500 nm of the channel surface, provides accurate quantification of the spatial distribution of species in the entire microfluidic device cross section. This is the case when flow and channel conditions promote vertical concentration contours in the channel as verified by three-dimensional numeric simulations of mass transport. Furthermore, the validity of treating the mass transport problem in a simplified and faster approach using reduced dimensionality numeric simulations is described. Simplified one-dimensional simulations, for the specific parameters used herein, overestimate diffusion coefficients by a factor of approximately 2, whereas full three-dimensional simulations accurately agree with experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace T Flaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Nicole D Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Cyprien Vermelle
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Tyler A Morhart
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3 Canada
| | - Bdhanya Ramaswami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3 Canada
| | | | - Garth Wells
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3 Canada
| | - Liam P Newman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Noah Atkinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Sven Achenbach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Ian J Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Itani RC, Cohen MM, Tokmakoff A. Infrared compatible rapid mixer to probe millisecond chemical kinetics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:034102. [PMID: 37012780 DOI: 10.1063/5.0121817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fast microfluidic mixers are a valuable tool for studying solution-phase chemical reaction kinetics and molecular processes with spectroscopy. However, microfluidic mixers that are compatible with infrared vibrational spectroscopy have seen only limited development due to the poor infrared transparency of the current microfabrication material. We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of CaF2-based continuous flow turbulent mixers, which are capable of measuring kinetics in the millisecond time window with infrared spectroscopy, when integrated into an infrared microscope. Kinetics measurements demonstrate the ability to resolve relaxation processes with 1 millisecond time resolution, and straightforward improvements are described that should result in sub-100 µs time-resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram C Itani
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Max Moncada Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ece E, Hacıosmanoğlu N, Inci F. Microfluidics as a Ray of Hope for Microplastic Pollution. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:332. [PMID: 36979544 PMCID: PMC10046247 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is rising at an alarming rate, imposing overwhelming problems for the ecosystem. The impact of MPs on life and environmental cycles has already reached a point of no return; yet global awareness of this issue and regulations regarding MP exposure could change this situation in favor of human health. Detection and separation methods for different MPs need to be deployed to achieve the goal of reversing the effect of MPs. Microfluidics is a well-established technology that enables to manipulate samples in microliter volumes in an unprecedented manner. Owing to its low cost, ease of operation, and high efficiency, microfluidics holds immense potential to tackle unmet challenges in MP. In this review, conventional MP detection and separation technologies are comprehensively reviewed, along with state-of-the-art examples of microfluidic platforms. In addition, we herein denote an insight into future directions for microfluidics and how this technology would provide a more efficient solution to potentially eradicate MP pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Ece
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nedim Hacıosmanoğlu
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Besenhard MO, Pal S, Gkogkos G, Gavriilidis A. Non-fouling flow reactors for nanomaterial synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a holistic description of flow reactor fouling for wet-chemical nanomaterial syntheses. Fouling origins and consequences are discussed together with the variety of flow reactors for its prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayan Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Georgios Gkogkos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ezrre S, Reyna MA, Anguiano C, Avitia RL, Márquez H. Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms for Airborne Particulate Matter Applications: A Review of Current Perspectives. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:191. [PMID: 35448251 PMCID: PMC9024784 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) devices are described as versatile, fast, accurate, and low-cost platforms for the handling, detection, characterization, and analysis of a wide range of suspended particles in water-based environments. However, for gas-based applications, particularly in atmospheric aerosols science, LoC platforms are rarely developed. This review summarizes emerging LoC devices for the classification, measurement, and identification of airborne particles, especially those known as Particulate Matter (PM), which are linked to increased morbidity and mortality levels from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. For these devices, their operating principles and performance parameters are introduced and compared while highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Discussing the current applications will allow us to identify challenges and determine future directions for developing more robust LoC devices to monitor and analyze airborne PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ezrre
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Reyna
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico;
| | - Citlalli Anguiano
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21280, Mexico; (C.A.); (R.L.A.)
| | - Roberto L. Avitia
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21280, Mexico; (C.A.); (R.L.A.)
| | - Heriberto Márquez
- Departamento de Óptica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada 22860, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Panneerselvam R, Sadat H, Höhn EM, Das A, Noothalapati H, Belder D. Microfluidics and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a win-win combination? LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:665-682. [PMID: 35107464 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous development in nanoscience and nanotechnology, analytical techniques like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) render structural and chemical information of a variety of analyte molecules in ultra-low concentration. Although this technique is making significant progress in various fields, the reproducibility of SERS measurements and sensitivity towards small molecules are still daunting challenges. In this regard, microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (MF-SERS) is well on its way to join the toolbox of analytical chemists. This review article explains how MF-SERS is becoming a powerful tool in analytical chemistry. We critically present the developments in SERS substrates for microfluidic devices and how these substrates in microfluidic channels can improve the SERS sensitivity, reproducibility, and detection limit. We then introduce the building materials for microfluidic platforms and their types such as droplet, centrifugal, and digital microfluidics. Finally, we enumerate some challenges and future directions in microfluidic SERS. Overall, this article showcases the potential and versatility of microfluidic SERS in overcoming the inherent issues in the SERS technique and also discusses the advantage of adding SERS to the arsenal of microfluidics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India.
| | - Hasan Sadat
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Höhn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anish Das
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hemanth Noothalapati
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Raman Project Center for Medical and Biological Applications, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Volk AA, Campbell ZS, Ibrahim MYS, Bennett JA, Abolhasani M. Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:45-72. [PMID: 35259931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Zachary S Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Malek Y S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Konoplev G, Agafonova D, Bakhchova L, Mukhin N, Kurachkina M, Schmidt MP, Verlov N, Sidorov A, Oseev A, Stepanova O, Kozyrev A, Dmitriev A, Hirsch S. Label-Free Physical Techniques and Methodologies for Proteins Detection in Microfluidic Biosensor Structures. Biomedicines 2022; 10:207. [PMID: 35203416 PMCID: PMC8868674 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in biological fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) are important biomarkers of various pathological conditions. Protein biomarkers detection and quantification have been proven to be an indispensable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. There is a growing tendency towards using portable diagnostic biosensor devices for point-of-care (POC) analysis based on microfluidic technology as an alternative to conventional laboratory protein assays. In contrast to universally accepted analytical methods involving protein labeling, label-free approaches often allow the development of biosensors with minimal requirements for sample preparation by omitting expensive labelling reagents. The aim of the present work is to review the variety of physical label-free techniques of protein detection and characterization which are suitable for application in micro-fluidic structures and analyze the technological and material aspects of label-free biosensors that implement these methods. The most widely used optical and impedance spectroscopy techniques: absorption, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, Raman scattering, and interferometry, as well as new trends in photonics are reviewed. The challenges of materials selection, surfaces tailoring in microfluidic structures, and enhancement of the sensitivity and miniaturization of biosensor systems are discussed. The review provides an overview for current advances and future trends in microfluidics integrated technologies for label-free protein biomarkers detection and discusses existing challenges and a way towards novel solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Konoplev
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Darina Agafonova
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Liubov Bakhchova
- Institute for Automation Technology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Nikolay Mukhin
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Marharyta Kurachkina
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Marc-Peter Schmidt
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Nikolay Verlov
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 188300 Gatchina, Russia;
| | - Alexander Sidorov
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
- Fuculty of Photonics, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Oseev
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Oksana Stepanova
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Kozyrev
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Dmitriev
- Department of Ecological Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine” (FSBSI “IEM”), 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Soeren Hirsch
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Infrared thermospectroscopic imaging of heat and mass transfers in laminar microfluidic reactive flows. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
15
|
|
16
|
Alimagham FC, Hutter D, Marco-García N, Gould E, Highland VH, Huefner A, Giorgi-Coll S, Killen MJ, Zakrzewska AP, Elliott SR, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ, Hutter T. Cerebral Microdialysate Metabolite Monitoring using Mid-infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11929-11936. [PMID: 34432431 PMCID: PMC8427560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The brains of patients suffering from traumatic brain-injury (TBI) undergo dynamic chemical changes in the days following the initial trauma. Accurate and timely monitoring of these changes is of paramount importance for improved patient outcome. Conventional brain-chemistry monitoring is performed off-line by collecting and manually transferring microdialysis samples to an enzymatic colorimetric bedside analyzer every hour, which detects and quantifies the molecules of interest. However, off-line, hourly monitoring means that any subhourly neurochemical changes, which may be detrimental to patients, go unseen and thus untreated. Mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy allows rapid, reagent-free, molecular fingerprinting of liquid samples, and can be easily integrated with microfluidics. We used mid-IR transmission spectroscopy to analyze glucose, lactate, and pyruvate, three relevant brain metabolites, in the extracellular brain fluid of two TBI patients, sampled via microdialysis. Detection limits of 0.5, 0.2, and 0.1 mM were achieved for pure glucose, lactate, and pyruvate, respectively, in perfusion fluid using an external cavity-quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) system with an integrated transmission flow-cell. Microdialysates were collected hourly, then pooled (3-4 h), and measured consecutively using the standard ISCUSflex analyzer and the EC-QCL system. There was a strong correlation between the compound concentrations obtained using the conventional bedside analyzer and the acquired mid-IR absorbance spectra, where a partial-least-squares regression model was implemented to compute concentrations. This study demonstrates the potential utility of mid-IR spectroscopy for continuous, automated, reagent-free, and online monitoring of the dynamic chemical changes in TBI patients, allowing a more timely response to adverse brain metabolism and consequently improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah C. Alimagham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Hutter
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Núria Marco-García
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gould
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria H. Highland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Huefner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Giorgi-Coll
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Monica J. Killen
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka P. Zakrzewska
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Elliott
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Keri L. H. Carpenter
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hutchinson
- Division
of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Hutter
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walker
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maurice AA, Theisen J, Rai V, Olivier F, El Maangar A, Duhamet J, Zemb T, Gabriel JP. First online X‐ray fluorescence characterization of liquid‐liquid extraction in microfluidics. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ange A. Maurice
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
| | - Johannes Theisen
- ICSM CEA CNRS ENSCM Université de Montpellier Marcoule France
- CEA IRIG INAC MEM Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Varun Rai
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
| | - Fabien Olivier
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
- CEA CNRS NIMBE LICSEN Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | | | - Jean Duhamet
- CEA DES ISEC DMRC Université de Montpellier Marcoule France
| | - Thomas Zemb
- ICSM CEA CNRS ENSCM Université de Montpellier Marcoule France
| | - Jean‐Christophe P. Gabriel
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
- CEA IRIG INAC MEM Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
- CEA CNRS NIMBE LICSEN Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nagasaka M, Kosugi N. Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Observing Element-specific Intermolecular Interaction in Solution Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Nagasaka
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chevalier S, Tourvieille JN, Sommier A, Batsale JC, Beccard B, Pradère C. Thermal Camera-Based Fourier Transform Infrared Thermospectroscopic Imager. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:462-474. [PMID: 33119454 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820973026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this technical note, we present an advanced thermospectroscopic imager based on a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and a thermal camera. This new instrument can image both thermal emission and multispectral absorbance fields in a few seconds at a resolution of 4 cm-1 or less. The setup is made of a commercial FT-IR spectrometer (ThermoFisher Nicolet iS50R) synchronized to an IR camera (indium antimonide and strained layer superlattice) as a detector to record the interferograms in each pixel of the images. A fast Fourier transform algorithm with apodization and Mertz phase correction is applied to the images, and the background is rationed to process the interferograms into the absorbance spectra in each pixel. The setup and image processing are validated using thin polystyrene films; during this processing, more than 1750 spectra per second are recorded. A spectral resolution equivalent to that of commercial FT-IR spectrometers is obtained for absorbance peaks valued less than two. The transient capability of the FT-IR thermospectroscopic imager is illustrated by measuring the heterogeneous thermal and absorbance fields during the phase change of paraffin over a few minutes. The complete mechanism of the thermochemical processes during a polymer solidification is revealed through the thermospectroscopic images, demonstrating the usefulness of such an instrument in studying fast transient thermal and chemical phenomena with an improved spectral resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chevalier
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
| | | | - Alain Sommier
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Batsale
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
| | | | - Christophe Pradère
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chon B, Xu S, Lee YJ. Compensation of Strong Water Absorption in Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals the Secondary Structure of Proteins in Dilute Solutions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2215-2225. [PMID: 33433190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy is a powerful tool that can quantify complex biomolecules and their structural conformations. However, conventional approaches to protein analysis in aqueous solutions have been significantly challenged because the strong IR absorption of water overwhelms the limited dynamic range of the detection system and thus allows only a very short path length and a limited concentration sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate a solvent absorption compensation (SAC) approach that can improve the concentration sensitivity and extend the available path length by distinguishing the analyte signal over the full dynamic range at each wavelength. Absorption spectra without any postprocessing show good linearity from 100 to 0.1 mg/mL protein concentration, allowing a >100 times enhanced signal-to-noise ratio in the amide I band compared to the non-SAC results. We apply this method to in situ investigate the isothermal kinetics of insulin fibrillation at two clinical concentrations at 74 °C for 18 h. Simultaneous monitoring of both reactants (native forms) and products (fibrils) allows quantitative discussion of the detailed fibrillation mechanisms, which are not accessible with other single modality measurements. This simple optical technique can be applied to other absorption spectroscopies of analytes in strongly absorbing solvents, allowing for enhanced sensitivity without changing the detection system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonghwan Chon
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Shuyu Xu
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Young Jong Lee
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Volk AA, Epps RW, Abolhasani M. Accelerated Development of Colloidal Nanomaterials Enabled by Modular Microfluidic Reactors: Toward Autonomous Robotic Experimentation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004495. [PMID: 33289177 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microfluidic technologies have emerged as a powerful approach for the advanced synthesis and rapid optimization of various solution-processed nanomaterials, including semiconductor quantum dots and nanoplatelets, and metal plasmonic and reticular framework nanoparticles. These fluidic systems offer access to previously unattainable measurements and synthesis conditions at unparalleled efficiencies and sampling rates. Despite these advantages, microfluidic systems have yet to be extensively adopted by the colloidal nanomaterial community. To help bridge the gap, this progress report details the basic principles of microfluidic reactor design and performance, as well as the current state of online diagnostics and autonomous robotic experimentation strategies, toward the size, shape, and composition-controlled synthesis of various colloidal nanomaterials. By discussing the application of fluidic platforms in recent high-priority colloidal nanomaterial studies and their potential for integration with rapidly emerging artificial intelligence-based decision-making strategies, this report seeks to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations between microfluidic reactor engineers and colloidal nanomaterial chemists. Full convergence of these two research efforts offers significantly expedited and enhanced nanomaterial discovery, optimization, and manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Robert W Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li J, Šimek H, Ilioae D, Jung N, Bräse S, Zappe H, Dittmeyer R, Ladewig BP. In situ sensors for flow reactors – a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review on integrating microfluidic reactors with in situ sensors for reaction probing of chemical transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Helena Šimek
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - David Ilioae
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Laboratory for Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Hans Zappe
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Laboratory for Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Bradley P. Ladewig
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Le THH, Matsushita T, Ohta R, Shimoda Y, Matsui H, Kitamori T. Fabrication of Infrared-Compatible Nanofluidic Devices for Plasmon-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121062. [PMID: 33266007 PMCID: PMC7760999 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanofluidic devices have offered us fascinating analytical platforms for chemical and bioanalysis by exploiting unique properties of liquids and molecules confined in nanospaces. The increasing interests in nanofluidic analytical devices have triggered the development of new robust and sensitive detection techniques, especially label-free ones. IR absorption spectroscopy is one of the most powerful biochemical analysis methods for identification and quantitative measurement of chemical species in the label-free and non-invasive fashion. However, the low sensitivity and the difficulties in fabrication of IR-compatible nanofluidic devices are major obstacles that restrict the applications of IR spectroscopy in nanofluidics. Here, we realized the bonding of CaF2 and SiO2 at room temperature and demonstrated an IR-compatible nanofluidic device that allowed the IR spectroscopy in a wide range of mid-IR regime. We also performed the integration of metal-insulator-metal perfect absorber metamaterials into nanofluidic devices for plasmon-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy with ultrahigh sensitivity. This study also shows a proof-of-concept of the multi-band absorber by combining different types of nanostructures. The results indicate the potential of implementing metamaterials in tracking several characteristic molecular vibrational modes simultaneously, making it possible to identify molecular species in mixture or complex biological entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hac Huong Le
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Takumi Matsushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan;
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (R.O.); (T.K.)
| | - Yuta Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering/Electrical Engineering and Information systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.M.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsui
- Department of Bioengineering/Electrical Engineering and Information systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.M.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (R.O.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems iNEMS, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kratz C, Furchner A, Sun G, Rappich J, Hinrichs K. Sensing and structure analysis by in situIR spectroscopy: from mL flow cells to microfluidic applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:393002. [PMID: 32235045 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab8523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In situmid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in liquids is an emerging field for the analysis of functional surfaces and chemical reactions. Different basic geometries exist forin situMIR spectroscopy in milliliter (mL) and microfluidic flow cells, such as attenuated total reflection (ATR), simple reflection, transmission and fiber waveguides. After a general introduction of linear opticalin situMIR techniques, the methodology of ATR, ellipsometric and microfluidic applications in single-reflection geometries is presented. Selected examples focusing on thin layers relevant to optical, electronical, polymer, biomedical, sensing and silicon technology are discussed. The development of an optofluidic platform translates IR spectroscopy to the world of micro- and nanofluidics. With the implementation of SEIRA (surface enhanced infrared absorption) interfaces, the sensitivity of optofluidic analyses of biomolecules can be improved significantly. A large variety of enhancement surfaces ranging from tailored nanostructures to metal-island film substrates are promising for this purpose. Meanwhile, time-resolved studies, such as sub-monolayer formation of organic molecules in nL volumes, become available in microscopic or laser-based set-ups. With the adaption of modern brilliant IR sources, such as tunable and broadband IR lasers as well as frequency comb sources, possible applications of far-field IR spectroscopy inin situsensing with high lateral (sub-mm) and time (sub-s) resolution are considerably extended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoguang Sun
- ISAS-e.V., Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rappich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Minamiki T, Ichikawa Y, Kurita R. The Power of Assemblies at Interfaces: Nanosensor Platforms Based on Synthetic Receptor Membranes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2228. [PMID: 32326464 PMCID: PMC7218865 DOI: 10.3390/s20082228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic sensing materials (artificial receptors) are some of the most attractive components of chemical/biosensors because of their long-term stability and low cost of production. However, the strategy for the practical design of these materials toward specific molecular recognition in water is not established yet. For the construction of artificial material-based chemical/biosensors, the bottom-up assembly of these materials is one of the effective methods. This is because the driving forces of molecular recognition on the receptors could be enhanced by the integration of such kinds of materials at the 'interfaces', such as the boundary portion between the liquid and solid phases. Additionally, the molecular assembly of such self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can easily be installed in transducer devices. Thus, we believe that nanosensor platforms that consist of synthetic receptor membranes on the transducer surfaces can be applied to powerful tools for high-throughput analyses of the required targets. In this review, we briefly summarize a comprehensive overview that includes the preparation techniques for molecular assemblies, the characterization methods of the interfaces, and a few examples of receptor assembly-based chemical/biosensing platforms on each transduction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukuru Minamiki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan;
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichikawa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan;
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kurita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan;
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maurice A, Theisen J, Gabriel JCP. Microfluidic lab-on-chip advances for liquid–liquid extraction process studies. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
28
|
Gioiello A, Piccinno A, Lozza AM, Cerra B. The Medicinal Chemistry in the Era of Machines and Automation: Recent Advances in Continuous Flow Technology. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6624-6647. [PMID: 32049517 PMCID: PMC7997576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Medicinal
chemistry plays a fundamental and underlying role in
chemical biology, pharmacology, and medicine to discover safe and
efficacious drugs. Small molecule medicinal chemistry relies on iterative
learning cycles composed of compound design, synthesis, testing, and
data analysis to provide new chemical probes and lead compounds for
novel and druggable targets. Using traditional approaches, the time
from hypothesis to obtaining the results can be protracted, thus limiting
the number of compounds that can be advanced into clinical studies.
This challenge can be tackled with the recourse of enabling technologies
that are showing great potential in improving the drug discovery process.
In this Perspective, we highlight recent developments toward innovative
medicinal chemistry strategies based on continuous flow systems coupled
with automation and bioassays. After a discussion of the aims and
concepts, we describe equipment and representative examples of automated
flow systems and end-to-end prototypes realized to expedite medicinal
chemistry discovery cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Gioiello
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccinno
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lozza
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bomers M, Charlot B, Barho F, Chanuel A, Mezy A, Cerutti L, Gonzalez-Posada F, Taliercio T. Microfluidic surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy with semiconductor plasmonics for the fingerprint region. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
III–V semiconductor plasmonics enables to perform microfluidic surface-enhanced mid-IR spectroscopy and to access the so-called molecular fingerprint region from 6.7 μm to 20 μm (1500–500 cm−1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bomers
- IES
- Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
- Montpellier
- France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Morais S, Cario A, Liu N, Bernard D, Lecoutre C, Garrabos Y, Ranchou-Peyruse A, Dupraz S, Azaroual M, Hartman RL, Marre S. Studying key processes related to CO 2 underground storage at the pore scale using high pressure micromodels. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micromodels experimentation for studying and understanding CO2 geological storage mechanisms at the pore scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaïs Cario
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ICMCB
- Pessac Cedex
| | - Na Liu
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ICMCB
- Pessac Cedex
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan L. Hartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ari J, Louvet G, Ledemi Y, Célarié F, Morais S, Bureau B, Marre S, Nazabal V, Messaddeq Y. Anodic bonding of mid-infrared transparent germanate glasses for high pressure - high temperature microfluidic applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 21:11-24. [PMID: 32082440 PMCID: PMC7006688 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1702861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High pressure/high-temperature microreactors based on silicon-Pyrex® microfabrication technologies have attracted increasing interest in various applications providing optical access in high-pressure flow processes. However, they cannot be coupled to infrared spectroscopy due to the limited optical transparency (up to ~2.7 μm in the infrared region) of the Pyrex® glass substrate employed in the microreactor fabrication. To address this limitation, the alternative approach proposed in this work consists in replacing the Pyrex® glass in the microreactor by a mid-infrared transparent glass with thermal and mechanical properties as close as possible or even better to those of the Pyrex®, including its ability for silicon-wafers coupling by the anodic bonding process. Glasses based on germanate GeO2, known for their excellent transmission in the mid-infrared range and thermal/thermo-mechanical properties, have been thus evaluated and developed for this purpose. The optical, mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity properties of adapted glass compositions belonging to five vitreous systems have been systemically investigated. The glass composition 70GeO2-15Al2O3-10La2O3-5Na2O (mol.%) was defined as the best candidate and produced in large plates of 50 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. Anodic bonding tests with Si-wafers have been then successfully conducted, paving the way for the development of fully mid-infrared transparent silicon-glass microreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ari
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Geoffrey Louvet
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yannick Ledemi
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Fabrice Célarié
- Département Mécanique & Verres, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), UMR-CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sandy Morais
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), UMR-CNRS 5026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Bureau
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Samuel Marre
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), UMR-CNRS 5026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Virginie Nazabal
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Younès Messaddeq
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meireles LM, Barcelos ID, Ferrari GA, de A Neves PAA, Freitas RO, Lacerda RG. Synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy on a graphene chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3678-3684. [PMID: 31570906 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A recurring goal in biology and biomedicine research is to access the biochemistry of biological processes in liquids that represent the environmental conditions of living organisms. These demands are becoming even more specific as microscopy techniques are fast evolving in the era of single cell analysis. In the modality of chemical probes, synchrotron infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR) is a technique that is extremely sensitive to vibrational responses of materials; however, the classical optical limits prevent the technique to access the biochemistry of specimens at the subcellular level. In addition, due to the intricate environmental requirements and strong infrared absorption of water, μ-FTIR of bioprocesses in liquids remains highly challenging. In phase with these challenges, on-chip liquid cells emerge as a versatile alternative to control the water thickness while providing a biocompatible chemical environment for analytical analyses. In this work we report the development of a liquid platform specially designed for nanoscale infrared analysis of biomaterials in wet environments. A key advantage of our designed platform is the use of graphene as an optical window that interfaces wet and dry environments in the liquid cell. By combining near-field optical microscopy and synchrotron infrared radiation, we measure the nanoscale fingerprint IR absorbance of a variety of liquids often used in biological studies. Further, we demonstrate the feasibility of the platform for the chemical analysis of protein clusters immersed in water with a clear view of the proteins' secondary structure signatures. The simplicity of the proposed platform combined with the high quality of our data makes our findings a template for future microfluidic devices targeting dynamic nanoscale-resolved chemical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonel M Meireles
- University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid D Barcelos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code, 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo A Ferrari
- University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Alexandre A de A Neves
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code, 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo G Lacerda
- University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ochoa-Vazquez G, Kharisov B, Arizmendi-Morquecho A, Cario A, Aymonier C, Marre S, Lopez I. Microfluidics and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Perfect Match for New Analytical Tools. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2019; 18:558-566. [PMID: 31545740 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2019.2943078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we emphasize the combination of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Microfluidic devices. SERS approaches have been widely studied and used for multiple applications including trace molecules detection, in situ analysis of biological samples and monitoring or, all of them with good results, however still with limitations of the technique, for example regarding with improved precision and reproducibility. These implications can be overcome by microfluidic approaches. The resulting coupling Microfluidics - SERS (MF-SERS) has recently gained increasing attention by creating thundering opportunities for the analytical field. For this purpose, we introduce some of the strategies developed to implement SERS within microfluidic reactor along with a brief overview of the most recent MF-SERS applications for biology, health and environmental concerns. Eventually, we will discuss future research opportunities of such systems.
Collapse
|
35
|
Nagasaka M, Yuzawa H, Takada N, Aoyama M, Rühl E, Kosugi N. Laminar flow in microfluidics investigated by spatially-resolved soft X-ray absorption and infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114201. [PMID: 31542036 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to liquid cells based on microfluidics for chemical state analysis of light elements is much more difficult than hard X-ray absorption since soft X-rays cannot deeply penetrate a microfluidic cell. In this study, we have newly developed a microfluidic cell for spatially resolved XAS, where a 100 nm thick Si3N4 membrane is used for the measurement window to transmit soft X-rays for keeping the microfluidic flow at a width and depth of 50 µm. The π* peak of pyridine near the N K-edge XAS shows characteristic energy shifts near the liquid-liquid interface in a laminar flow of pyridine and water. The distributions of the molar fractions of pyridine and water near the liquid-liquid interface have been determined from the energy shifts of the π* peak probed at different geometric positions, where pyridine is mixed in the water part of the laminar flow and vice versa. The spatial distribution of both species has also been studied by infrared microscopy, using the same microfluidic setup. The present work clearly shows that these spectroscopic techniques are easily applicable to chemical and biological reactions prepared by microfluidics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayato Yuzawa
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Noriko Takada
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Aoyama
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu M, Okawachi Y, Griffith AG, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Microfluidic mid-infrared spectroscopy via microresonator-based dual-comb source. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4259-4262. [PMID: 31465377 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, microresonator-based soliton combs based on photonic integration have broadened the scope of applications in sensing, ranging, and imaging. The large comb line spacing on the order of hundreds of gigahertz allows for rapid acquisition of absorption spectra in the condensed matter phase without aliasing via a dual-comb interferometer. We present a proof-of-principle demonstration of high-throughput label-free microresonator-based dual-comb spectroscopy in a microfluidic chip that dynamically probes the linear absorption of liquid acetone in the mid-infrared wavelength regime. We measure the flow dynamics of an acetone droplet with a spectral acquisition rate of 25 kHz (40 μs per spectrum) covering a spectral range from 2900 to 2990 nm. Combining microfluidics and silicon-photonic technology would potentially enable a compact time-resolved spectroscopy system for a wide range of applications such as chemical synthesis, biological cell-sorting, and lab-on-a-chip.
Collapse
|
37
|
Asano S, Yatabe S, Maki T, Mae K. Numerical and Experimental Quantification of the Performance of Microreactors for Scaling-up Fast Chemical Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Asano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158510, Japan
| | - Shota Yatabe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158510, Japan
| | - Taisuke Maki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dreimann JM, Kohls E, Warmeling HFW, Stein M, Guo LF, Garland M, Dinh TN, Vorholt AJ. In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Molecular Catalyst for Hydroformylation in Continuous Processes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Dreimann
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E. Kohls
- Molecular Simulations and Design Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H. F. W. Warmeling
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Stein
- Molecular Simulations and Design Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L. F. Guo
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - M. Garland
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - T. N. Dinh
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - A. J. Vorholt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45740 Mülheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gavoille T, Pannacci N, Bergeot G, Marliere C, Marre S. Microfluidic approaches for accessing thermophysical properties of fluid systems. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermophysical properties of fluid systems under high pressure and high temperature conditions are highly desirable as they are used in many industrial processes both from a chemical engineering point of view and to push forward the development of modeling approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Gavoille
- IFP Energies nouvelles
- 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex
- France
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Marre
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ICMCB
- F-33600 Pessac
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Galaverna R, Ribessi RL, Rohwedder JJR, Pastre JC. Coupling Continuous Flow Microreactors to MicroNIR Spectroscopy: Ultracompact Device for Facile In-Line Reaction Monitoring. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Ribessi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Jarbas J. R. Rohwedder
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Suea-Ngam A, Srisa-Art M, Furutani Y. PDMS-Based Microfluidic Device for Infrared-Transmission Spectro-Electrochemistry. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akkapol Suea-Ngam
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 1 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Monpichar Srisa-Art
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yuji Furutani
- Department of Life and Coordination-complex Molecular Science, Biomolecular Sensing, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate Universities for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yamashita H, Kakuta N, Kawashima D, Yamada Y. Measurement of temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients of aqueous solutions by near-infrared simultaneous imaging of temperature and concentration. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aab645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
45
|
Kratz C, Furchner A, Oates TWH, Janasek D, Hinrichs K. Nanoliter Sensing for Infrared Bioanalytics. ACS Sens 2018; 3:299-303. [PMID: 29405057 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nondestructive label-free bioanalytics of microliter to nanoliter sample volumes with low analyte concentrations requires novel analytic approaches. For this purpose, we present an optofluidic platform that combines surface-enhanced in situ infrared spectroscopy with microfluidics for sensing of surface-immobilized ultrathin biomolecular films in liquid analytes. Submonolayer sensitivity down to surface densities of few ng/cm2 is demonstrated for the adsorption of the thiolate tripeptide glutathione and for the recognition of streptavidin on a biotinylated enhancement substrate. Nonfunctionalized and functionalized metal island films on planar oxidized silicon substrates are used for signal enhancement with quantifiable enhancement properties. A single-reflection geometry at an incidence angle below the attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) regime is used with ordinary planar, IR-transparent windows. The geometry circumvents the strong IR absorption of common polymer materials and of aqueous environments in the IR fingerprint region. This practice enables straightforward quantitative analyses of, e.g., adsorption kinetics as well as chemical and structural properties in dependence of external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kratz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Furchner
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas W. H. Oates
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karsten Hinrichs
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rodríguez-García L, Walker R, Spier E, Hungerbühler K, Meemken F. Mass transfer considerations for monitoring catalytic solid–liquid interfaces under operating conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00179g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined computational and experimental approach for optimizing mass transfer in microreactors for operando ATR-IR spectroscopy characterization of catalytic solid–liquid interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodríguez-García
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Roland Walker
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Eyal Spier
- COMSOL Multiphysics GmbH
- 8005 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Fabian Meemken
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Glotz G, Kappe CO. Design and construction of an open source-based photometer and its applications in flow chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive and easy to build photometer using a movable measuring cell for flow chemistry applications was designed with temporal resolution down to 1 ms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Peters C, Wolff L, Haase S, Thien J, Brands T, Koß HJ, Bardow A. Multicomponent diffusion coefficients from microfluidics using Raman microspectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2768-2776. [PMID: 28660976 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion is slow. Thus, diffusion experiments are intrinsically time-consuming and laborious. Additionally, the experimental effort is multiplied for multicomponent systems as the determination of multicomponent diffusion coefficients typically requires several experiments. To reduce the experimental effort, we present the first microfluidic diffusion measurement method for multicomponent liquid systems. The measurement setup combines a microfluidic chip with Raman microspectroscopy. Excellent agreement between experimental results and literature data is achieved for the binary system cyclohexane + toluene and the ternary system 1-propanol + 1-chlorobutane + heptane. The Fick diffusion coefficients are obtained from fitting a multicomponent convection-diffusion model to the mole fractions measured in experiments. Ternary diffusion coefficients can be obtained from a single experiment; high accuracy is already obtained from two experiments. Advantages of the presented measurement method are thus short measurement times, reduced sample consumption, and less experiments for the determination of a multicomponent diffusion coefficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Peters
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|