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Mendez-Victoriano G, Zhu Y, Middleton F, Massa PT, Ajulu K, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Increased Parenchymal Macrophages are associated with decreased Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA levels in the Substantia Nigra of people with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatry Res 2024; 340:116141. [PMID: 39153291 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Increased activation of inflammatory macrophages and altered expression of dopamine markers are found in the midbrains of people with schizophrenia (SZ). The relationship of midbrain macrophages to dopamine neurons has not been explored, nor is it known if changes in midbrain macrophages are also present in bipolar disorder (BD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). Herein, we determined whether there were differences in CD163+ cell density in the Substantia Nigra (SN), and cerebral peduncles (CP) of SZ, BD, and MDD compared to controls (CTRL). We also analyzed whether CD163 protein and dopamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels differed among diagnostic groups and if they correlated with the density of macrophages. Overall, perivascular CD163+ cell density was higher in the gray matter (SN) than in the white matter (CP). Compared to CTRL, we found increased density of parenchymal CD163+ cells in the SN of the three psychiatric groups and increased CD163 protein levels in SZ. CD163 protein was positively correlated with density of perivascular CD163+ cells. TH mRNA was reduced in SZ and BD and negatively correlated with parenchymal CD163+ cell density. We provide the first quantitative and molecular evidence of an increase in the density of parenchymal macrophages in the midbrain of major mental illnesses and show that the presence of these macrophages may negatively impact dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Mendez-Victoriano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yunting Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kachikwulu Ajulu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia S Weickert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Azizifar N, Mohaddes G, Keyhanmanesh R, Athari SZ, Alimohammadi S, Farajdokht F. Intranasal AdipoRon Mitigated Anxiety and Depression-Like Behaviors in 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson 's Disease Rat Model: Going Beyond Motor Symptoms. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04223-8. [PMID: 39096412 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which may manifest prior to motor symptoms. As levodopa, a prominent treatment for PD motor symptoms, provides few benefits for mood-related abnormalities, tackling non-motor symptoms is particularly important. AdipoRon (Ad), an adiponectin agonist, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects by suppressing neuroinflammatory responses and activating the AMPK/Sirt-1 signaling pathway. This study looked at the potential advantages and underlying mechanisms of intranasal Ad in a rat model of PD induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We found that Ad at doses of 1 and 10 µg for 21 days exhibited anxiolytic- and antidepressant effects in the open field (OF) test, elevated plus maze (EPM), sucrose splash test, and forced swimming test in a PD model caused by a unilateral 6-OHDA injection into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The Ad also lowered the levels of corticosterone in the blood, decreased inflammasome components (NLRP3, caspase 1, and IL-1β), and increased Sirt-1 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of PD rats. We conclude that Ad ameliorates anxious and depressive-like behaviors in the PD rat model through stimulating the AMPK/Sirt-1 signaling and blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Azizifar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Department of Biomedical Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, USA
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Zanyar Athari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soraya Alimohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ferreira AFF, Ulrich H, Feng ZP, Sun HS, Britto LR. Neurodegeneration and glial morphological changes are both prevented by TRPM2 inhibition during the progression of a Parkinson's disease mouse model. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114780. [PMID: 38649091 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by dopaminergic neuron death and neuroinflammation. Emerging evidence points to the involvement of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel in neuron death and glial activation in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the involvement of TRPM2 in PD and specifically its relation to the neuroinflammation aspect of the disease remains poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that AG490, a TRPM2 inhibitor, can be used as a treatment in a mouse model of PD. Mice underwent stereotaxic surgery for 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administration in the right striatum. Motor behavioral tests (apomorphine, cylinder, and rotarod) were performed on day 3 post-injection to confirm the PD model induction. AG490 was then daily injected i.p. between days 3 to 6 after surgery. On day 6, motor behavior was assessed again. Substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum (CPu) were collected for immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-qPCR analysis on day 7. Our results revealed that AG490 post-treatment reduced motor behavior impairment and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. In addition, the compound prevented TRPM2 upregulation and changes of the Akt/GSK-3β/caspase-3 signaling pathway. The TRPM2 inhibition also avoids the glial morphology changes observed in the PD group. Remarkably, the morphometrical analysis revealed that the ameboid-shaped microglia, found in 6-OHDA-injected animals, were no longer present in the AG490-treated group. These results indicate that AG490 treatment can reduce dopaminergic neuronal death and suppress neuroinflammation in a PD mouse model. Inhibition of TRPM2 by AG490 could then represent a potential therapeutical strategy to be evaluated for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flavia F Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luiz Roberto Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Azam HMH, Rößling RI, Geithe C, Khan MM, Dinter F, Hanack K, Prüß H, Husse B, Roggenbuck D, Schierack P, Rödiger S. MicroRNA biomarkers as next-generation diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases: a comprehensive review. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1386735. [PMID: 38883980 PMCID: PMC11177777 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1386735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by abnormalities within neurons of the brain or spinal cord that gradually lose function, eventually leading to cell death. Upon examination of affected tissue, pathological changes reveal a loss of synapses, misfolded proteins, and activation of immune cells-all indicative of disease progression-before severe clinical symptoms become apparent. Early detection of NDs is crucial for potentially administering targeted medications that may delay disease advancement. Given their complex pathophysiological features and diverse clinical symptoms, there is a pressing need for sensitive and effective diagnostic methods for NDs. Biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as potential tools for detecting these diseases. We explore the pivotal role of miRNAs in the context of NDs, focusing on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The review delves into the intricate relationship between aging and NDs, highlighting structural and functional alterations in the aging brain and their implications for disease development. It elucidates how miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of NDs and underscores the importance of investigating their expression and function in aging. Significantly, miRNAs exert substantial influence on post-translational modifications (PTMs), impacting not just the nervous system but a wide array of tissues and cell types as well. Specific miRNAs have been found to target proteins involved in ubiquitination or de-ubiquitination processes, which play a significant role in regulating protein function and stability. We discuss the link between miRNA, PTM, and NDs. Additionally, the review discusses the significance of miRNAs as biomarkers for early disease detection, offering insights into diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Husnain Azam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Rosa Ilse Rößling
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Geithe
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad Moman Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Dinter
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
- PolyAn GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Hanack
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Harald Prüß
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Husse
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rödiger
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Berlin, Germany
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Mabrouk NEL, Mastouri M, Lizard G, Aouni M, Harizi H. In vitro immunotoxicity effects of carbendazim were inhibited by n-acetylcysteine in microglial BV-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105812. [PMID: 38522494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Carbendazim (CBZ) is a benzimidazole fungicide widely used worldwide in industrial, agricultural, and veterinary practices. Although, CBZ was found in all brain tissues causing serious neurotoxicity, its impact on brain immune cells remain scarcely understood. Our study investigated the in vitro effects of CBZ on activated microglial BV-2 cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of CBZ and cytokine release was measured by ELISA, and Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) assays. Mitochondrial superoxide anion (O2·-) generation was evaluated by Dihydroethidium (DHE) and nitric oxide (NO) was assessed by Griess reagent. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring the malonaldehyde (MDA) levels. The transmembrane mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) was detected by cytometry analysis with dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)) assay. CBZ concentration-dependently increased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 by LPS-activated BV-2 cells. CBZ significantly promoted oxidative stress by increasing NO, O2·- generation, and MDA levels. In contrast, CBZ significantly decreased ΔΨm. Pre-treatment of BV-2 cells with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reversed all the above mentioned immunotoxic parameters, suggesting a potential protective role of NAC against CBZ-induced immunotoxicity via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on activated BV-2 cells. Therefore, microglial proinflammatory over-activation by CBZ may be a potential mechanism by which CBZ could induce neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjesse E L Mabrouk
- Laboratoy of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy Monastir University, Avenue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Laboratoy of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy Monastir University, Avenue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Laboratory Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism. EA7270, INSERM, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratoy of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy Monastir University, Avenue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Harizi
- Laboratoy of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy Monastir University, Avenue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
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Wang P, Li Y, Song Y, Gao Y, Hao C, Zhou Y, Bao S, Guo J, Li X. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reverse depression in rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress combined with lipopolysaccharide. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14644. [PMID: 38433020 PMCID: PMC10909725 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered crucial to the pathogenesis of depression. Rat models of depression can be created by combined treatments of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Behaviors associated with depression could be improved by treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) owing to immunomodulatory functions of the cells. Therapeutic potentials of the MSCs to reverse pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins, and metabolites were identified by transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis, respectively. METHODS A depression model was established in male SD rats by 2 weeks of CUMS combined with LPS. The models were verified by behavioral tests, namely SPT, OFT, EPM, and qRT-PCR for pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such depressed rats were administered human umbilical cord MSCs (hUC-MSCs) via the tail vein once a week for 2 and 4 weeks. The homing capacity was confirmed by detection of the fluorescent dye on day 7 after the hUC-MSCs were labeled with CM-Dil and administered. The expression of GFAP in astrocytes serves as a biomarker of CNS disorders and IBA1 in microglia serves as a marker of microglia activation were detected by immunohistochemistry at 2 and 4 weeks after final administration of hUC-MSCs. At the same time, transcriptomics of rat hippocampal tissue, proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the serum from the normal, depressed, and treated rats were also compared. RESULTS Reliable models of rat depression were successfully induced by treatments of CUMS combined with LPS. Rat depression behaviors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and morphological disorders of the hippocampus associated with depression were reversed in 4 weeks by hUC-MSC treatment. hUC-MSCs could reach the hippocampus CA1 region through the blood circulation on day 7 after administration owing to the disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) by microglial activation from depression. Differentiations of whole-genome expression, protein, and metabolite profiles between the normal and depression-modeled rats, which were analyzed by transcriptomic, proteomics, and metabolomics, further verified the high association with depression behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Rat depression can be reversed or recovered by treatment with hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yunxia Li
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic AnimalHohhotChina
| | - Yongli Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yuan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Chunxia Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Siqin Bao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Jitong Guo
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic AnimalHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Yihong Medical Research Co. LtdHohhotChina
| | - Xihe Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic AnimalHohhotChina
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Elangovan A, Dahiya B, Kirola L, Iyer M, Jeeth P, Maharaj S, Kumari N, Lakhanpal V, Michel TM, Rao KRSS, Cho SG, Yadav MK, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kadhirvel S, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Does gut brain axis has an impact on Parkinson's disease (PD)? Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102171. [PMID: 38141735 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is becoming a growing global concern by being the second most prevalent disease next to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Henceforth new exploration is needed in search of new aspects towards the disease mechanism and origin. Evidence from recent studies has clearly stated the role of Gut Microbiota (GM) in the maintenance of the brain and as a root cause of various diseases and disorders including other neurological conditions. In the case of PD, with an unknown etiology, the GM is said to have a larger impact on the disease pathophysiology. Although GM and its metabolites are crucial for maintaining the normal physiology of the host, it is an undeniable fact that there is an influence of GM in the pathophysiology of PD. As such the Enteroendocrine Cells (EECs) in the epithelium of the intestine are one of the significant regulators of the gut-brain axis and act as a communication mediator between the gut and the brain. The communication is established via the molecules of neuroendocrine which are said to have a crucial part in neurological diseases such as AD, PD, and other psychiatry-related disorders. This review is focused on understanding the proper role of GM and EECs in PD. Here, we also focus on some of the metabolites and compounds that can interact with the PD genes causing various dysfunctions in the cell and facilitating the disease conditions using bioinformatical tools. Various mechanisms concerning EECs and PD, their identification, the latest studies, and available current therapies have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Bhawna Dahiya
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyanka Jeeth
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sakshi Maharaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nikki Kumari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Lakhanpal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda 151005, Punjab, India
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Research Unit of Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry Odense, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslowsvej 20, Indg. 220B, Odense, Denmark
| | - K R S Sambasiva Rao
- Mangalayatan University - Jabalpur, Jabalpur - 481662, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Saraboji Kadhirvel
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796 004 Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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8
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Sturchio A, Rocha EM, Kauffman MA, Marsili L, Mahajan A, Saraf AA, Vizcarra JA, Guo Z, Espay AJ. Recalibrating the Why and Whom of Animal Models in Parkinson Disease: A Clinician's Perspective. Brain Sci 2024; 14:151. [PMID: 38391726 PMCID: PMC10887152 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been used to gain pathophysiologic insights into Parkinson's disease (PD) and aid in the translational efforts of interventions with therapeutic potential in human clinical trials. However, no disease-modifying therapy for PD has successfully emerged from model predictions. These translational disappointments warrant a reappraisal of the types of preclinical questions asked of animal models. Besides the limitations of experimental designs, the one-size convergence and oversimplification yielded by a model cannot recapitulate the molecular diversity within and between PD patients. Here, we compare the strengths and pitfalls of different models, review the discrepancies between animal and human data on similar pathologic and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of organoids as novel modeling tools, and evaluate the types of questions for which models can guide and misguide. We propose that animal models may be of greatest utility in the evaluation of molecular mechanisms, neural pathways, drug toxicity, and safety but can be unreliable or misleading when used to generate pathophysiologic hypotheses or predict therapeutic efficacy for compounds with potential neuroprotective effects in humans. To enhance the translational disease-modification potential, the modeling must reflect the biology not of a diseased population but of subtypes of diseased humans to distinguish What data are relevant and to Whom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sturchio
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcelo A Kauffman
- Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología José María Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires C1221ADC, Argentina
| | - Luca Marsili
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Ameya A Saraf
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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Alibeg AAA, Mohammed MH. Design, synthesis, insilco study and biological evaluation of new isatin-sulfonamide derivatives by using mono amide linker as possible as histone deacetylase inhibitors. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2024; 52:178-188. [PMID: 38642353 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202402106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of newly synthesized a series of novel HDAC inhibitors comprising sulfonamide as zinc binding group and Isatin derivatives as cap group joined by mono amide linker as required to act as HDAC inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: The utilization of sulfonamide as zinc binding group joined by N-alkylation reaction with ethyl-bromo hexanoate as linker group that joined by amide reaction with Isatin derivatives as cap groups which known to possess antitumor activity in the designed of new histone deacetylase inhibitors and using the docking and MTT assay to evaluate the compounds. RESULTS Results: Four compounds have been synthesized and characterized successfully by ART-FTIR, NMR and ESI-Ms. the compounds were synthesized and characterized by successfully by ART-FTIR, NMR and ESI- Ms. Assessed for their cytotoxic activity against human colon adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (IC50, I=105.15, II=60.00, III=54.11, IV=56.57, vorinostat=28.41) and hepatoblastoma HepG2 (IC50, I=63.91, II=135.18, III=118.85, IV=51.46, vorinostat=37.50). Most of them exhibited potent HDAC inhibitory activity and significant cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The synthesized compounds (I, II, III and IV) showed cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines and their docking analysis provided a preliminary indication that they are viable [HDAC6] candidates.
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10
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Koukoulis TF, Beauchamp LC, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, McQuade RM, Purnianto A, Finkelstein DI, Barnham KJ, Vella LJ. Do Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Contribute to Chronic Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:227-244. [PMID: 38427502 PMCID: PMC10977405 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an increasingly common neurodegenerative disease. It has been suggested that the etiology of idiopathic PD is complex and multifactorial involving environmental contributions, such as viral or bacterial infections and microbial dysbiosis, in genetically predisposed individuals. With advances in our understanding of the gut-brain axis, there is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota and the mammalian immune system functionally interact. Recent findings suggest that a shift in the gut microbiome to a pro-inflammatory phenotype may play a role in PD onset and progression. While there are links between gut bacteria, inflammation, and PD, the bacterial products involved and how they traverse the gut lumen and distribute systemically to trigger inflammation are ill-defined. Mechanisms emerging in other research fields point to a role for small, inherently stable vesicles released by Gram-negative bacteria, called outer membrane vesicles in disease pathogenesis. These vesicles facilitate communication between bacteria and the host and can shuttle bacterial toxins and virulence factors around the body to elicit an immune response in local and distant organs. In this perspective article, we hypothesize a role for bacterial outer membrane vesicles in PD pathogenesis. We present evidence suggesting that these outer membrane vesicles specifically from Gram-negative bacteria could potentially contribute to PD by traversing the gut lumen to trigger local, systemic, and neuroinflammation. This perspective aims to facilitate a discussion on outer membrane vesicles in PD and encourage research in the area, with the goal of developing strategies for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana F. Koukoulis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leah C. Beauchamp
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brighamand Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel M. McQuade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Gut-Axis Injury and Repair Laboratory, Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), The University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Adityas Purnianto
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J. Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Zhu SM, Xue R, Chen YF, Zhang Y, Du J, Luo FY, Ma H, Yang Y, Xu R, Li JC, Li S, Li CW, Gao X, Zhang YZ. Antidepressant-like effects of L-menthol mediated by alleviating neuroinflammation and upregulating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in subchronically lipopolysaccharide-exposed mice. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148472. [PMID: 37393011 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Ming Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yi-Fei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun Du
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fu-Yao Luo
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jing-Cao Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chang-Wei Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - You-Zhi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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12
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Jurcau A, Andronie-Cioara FL, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Pascalau N, Rus M, Vasca E, Jurcau MC. The Involvement of Neuroinflammation in the Onset and Progression of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14582. [PMID: 37834030 PMCID: PMC10573049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting the fastest growth in incidence in recent years. As with most neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiology is incompletely elucidated, but compelling evidence implicates inflammation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, in the initiation and progression of the disease, although it is not yet clear what triggers this inflammatory response and where it begins. Gut dysbiosis seems to be a likely candidate for the initiation of the systemic inflammation. The therapies in current use provide only symptomatic relief, but do not interfere with the disease progression. Nonetheless, animal models have shown promising results with therapies that target various vicious neuroinflammatory cascades. Translating these therapeutic strategies into clinical trials is still in its infancy, and a series of issues, such as the exact timing, identifying biomarkers able to identify Parkinson's disease in early and pre-symptomatic stages, or the proper indications of genetic testing in the population at large, will need to be settled in future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Delia Carmen Nistor-Cseppento
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Nicoleta Pascalau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Marius Rus
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Vasca
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine “Vasile Goldis” Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
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13
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Zhao J, He Y, Duan Y, Ma Y, Dong H, Zhang X, Fang R, Zhang Y, Yu M, Huang F. HDAC6 Deficiency Has Moderate Effects on Behaviors and Parkinson's Disease Pathology in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9975. [PMID: 37373121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is involved in the regulation of protein aggregation and neuroinflammation, but its role in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains controversial. In this study, Hdac6-/- mice were generated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology for exploring the effect of HDAC6 on the pathological progression of PD. We found that male Hdac6-/- mice exhibit hyperactivity and certain anxiety. In the acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice, though motor injury was slightly alleviated by HDAC6 deficiency, dopamine (DA) depletion in the striatum, the decrease in the number of DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the reduction in DA neuronal terminals were not affected. In addition, activation of glial cells and the expression of α-synuclein, as well as the levels of apoptosis-related proteins in the nigrostriatal pathway, were not changed in MPTP-injected wild-type and Hdac6-/- mice. Therefore, HDAC6 deficiency leads to moderate alterations of behaviors and Parkinson's disease pathology in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongtao He
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufei Duan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtian Dong
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rong Fang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Tu D, Velagapudi R, Gao Y, Hong JS, Zhou H, Gao HM. Activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase NOX2 promotes inflammatory neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 200:47-58. [PMID: 36870375 PMCID: PMC10164140 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence indicates critical roles of NADPH oxidase (a key superoxide-producing enzyme complex during inflammation) in activated microglia for mediating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, little is known about roles of neuronal NADPH oxidase in neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to investigate expression patterns, regulatory mechanisms and pathological roles of neuronal NADPH oxidase in inflammation-associated neurodegeneration. The results showed persistent upregulation of NOX2 (gp91phox; the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase) in both microglia and neurons in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) with intraperitoneal LPS injection and LPS-treated midbrain neuron-glia cultures (a cellular model of PD). Notably, NOX2 was found for the first time to exhibit a progressive and persistent upregulation in neurons during chronic neuroinflammation. While primary neurons and N27 neuronal cells displayed basal expression of NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4, significant upregulation only occurred in NOX2 but not NOX1 or NOX4 under inflammatory conditions. Persistent NOX2 upregulation was associated with functional outcomes of oxidative stress including increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation. Neuronal NOX2 activation displayed membrane translocation of cytosolic p47phox subunit and was inhibited by apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (two widely-used NADPH oxidase inhibitors). Importantly, neuronal ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction and degeneration induced by inflammatory mediators in microglia-derived conditional medium were blocked by pharmacological inhibition of neuronal NOX2. Furthermore, specific deletion of neuronal NOX2 prevented LPS-elicited dopaminergic neurodegeneration in neuron-microglia co-cultures separately grown in the transwell system. The attenuation of inflammation-elicited upregulation of NOX2 in neuron-enriched and neuron-glia cultures by ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine indicated a positive feedback mechanism between excessive ROS production and NOX2 upregulation. Collectively, our findings uncovered crucial contribution of neuronal NOX2 upregulation and activation to chronic neuroinflammation and inflammation-related neurodegeneration. This study reinforced the importance of developing NADPH oxidase-targeting therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhen Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210061, China; Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210061, China; Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Hui Zhou
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210061, China.
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15
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Lind-Holm Mogensen F, Scafidi A, Poli A, Michelucci A. PARK7/DJ-1 in microglia: implications in Parkinson's disease and relevance as a therapeutic target. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:95. [PMID: 37072827 PMCID: PMC10111685 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the immune effector cells of the brain playing critical roles in immune surveillance and neuroprotection in healthy conditions, while they can sustain neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic processes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the precise triggers of PD remain obscure, causative genetic mutations, which aid in the identification of molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of idiopathic forms, represent 10% of the patients. Among the inherited forms, loss of function of PARK7, which encodes the protein DJ-1, results in autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Yet, although protection against oxidative stress is the most prominent task ascribed to DJ-1, the underlying mechanisms linking DJ-1 deficiency to the onset of PD are a current matter of investigation. This review provides an overview of the role of DJ-1 in neuroinflammation, with a special focus on its functions in microglia genetic programs and immunological traits. Furthermore, it discusses the relevance of targeting dysregulated pathways in microglia under DJ-1 deficiency and their importance as therapeutic targets in PD. Lastly, it addresses the prospect to consider DJ-1, detected in its oxidized form in idiopathic PD, as a biomarker and to take into account DJ-1-enhancing compounds as therapeutics dampening oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Lind-Holm Mogensen
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue Des Haut Forneuaux, L-4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrea Scafidi
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue Des Haut Forneuaux, L-4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Poli
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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16
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Isik S, Yeman Kiyak B, Akbayir R, Seyhali R, Arpaci T. Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071012. [PMID: 37048085 PMCID: PMC10093562 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder seen, especially in the elderly. Tremor, shaking, movement problems, and difficulty with balance and coordination are among the hallmarks, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain and aggregation of intracellular protein α-synuclein are the pathological characterizations. Neuroinflammation has emerged as an involving mechanism at the initiation and development of PD. It is a complex network of interactions comprising immune and non-immune cells in addition to mediators of the immune response. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the CNS, take on the leading role in regulating neuroinflammation and maintaining homeostasis. Under normal physiological conditions, they exist as “homeostatic” but upon pathological stimuli, they switch to the “reactive state”. Pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes are used to classify microglial activity with each phenotype having its own markers and released mediators. When M1 microglia are persistent, they will contribute to various inflammatory diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in PD and also signaling pathways, receptors, and mediators involved in the process, presenting the studies that associate microglia-mediated inflammation with PD. A better understanding of this complex network and interactions is important in seeking new therapies for PD and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Isik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-216-400-2222 (ext. 2462)
| | - Bercem Yeman Kiyak
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Hamidiye Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Akbayir
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
| | - Rama Seyhali
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
| | - Tahire Arpaci
- Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
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17
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Tharwat EK, Abdelaty AO, Abdelrahman AI, Elsaeed H, Elgohary A, El-Feky AS, Ebrahim YM, Sakraan A, Ismail HA, Khadrawy YA, Aboul Ezz HS, Noor NA, Fahmy HM, Mohammed HS, Mohammed FF, Radwan NM, Ahmed NA. Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of cerebrolysin and/or lithium in the male Wistar rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by reserpine. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1513-1529. [PMID: 36847968 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and represents a challenge for clinicians. The present study aims to investigate the effects of cerebrolysin and/or lithium on the behavioral, neurochemical and histopathological alterations induced by reserpine as a model of PD. The rats were divided into control and reserpine-induced PD model groups. The model animals were further divided into four subgroups: rat PD model, rat PD model treated with cerebrolysin, rat PD model treated with lithium and rat PD model treated with a combination of cerebrolysin and lithium. Treatment with cerebrolysin and/or lithium ameliorated most of the alterations in oxidative stress parameters, acetylcholinesterase and monoamines in the striatum and midbrain of reserpine-induced PD model. It also ameliorated the changes in nuclear factor-kappa and improved the histopathological picture induced by reserpine. It could be suggested that cerebrolysin and/or lithium showed promising therapeutic potential against the variations induced in the reserpine model of PD. However, the ameliorating effects of lithium on the neurochemical, histopathological and behavioral alterations induced by reserpine were more prominent than those of cerebrolysin alone or combined with lithium. It can be concluded that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of both drugs played a significant role in their therapeutic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy K Tharwat
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Abdelaty
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ayatallah Elgohary
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amena S El-Feky
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmina M Ebrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Sakraan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam A Ismail
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Heba S Aboul Ezz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen A Noor
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Fahmy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haitham S Mohammed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nasr M Radwan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nawal A Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Chu Y, Hirst WD, Kordower JH. Mixed pathology as a rule, not exception: Time to reconsider disease nosology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 192:57-71. [PMID: 36796948 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with motor and nonmotor symptoms. Accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein is considered a key pathological feature during disease initiation and progression. While clearly deemed a synucleinopathy, the development of amyloid-β plaques, tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles, and even TDP-43 protein inclusions occur within the nigrostriatal system and in other brain regions. In addition, inflammatory responses, manifested by glial reactivity, T-cell infiltration, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, plus other toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells, are currently recognized as prominent drivers of Parkinson's disease pathology. However, copathologies have increasingly been recognized as the rule (>90%) and not the exception, with Parkinson's disease cases on average exhibiting three different copathologies. While microinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy may have an impact on disease progression, α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and TDP-43 pathology do not seem to contribute to progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chu
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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19
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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20
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Lee JH, Ji SH, Lim JS, Ahn S, Yun HY, Kim SH, Song JS. Anti-neuroinflammatory Effects and Brain Pharmacokinetic Properties of Selonsertib, an Apoptosis signal-regulating Kinase 1 Inhibitor, in mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3829-3837. [PMID: 36309631 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selonsertib is a first-in-class apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor in clinical trials for treating NASH and diabetic kidney disease due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. In the present study, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and brain pharmacokinetic properties of selonsertib. It inhibited inflammatory cytokines and NO production by suppressing phosphorylated ASK1 in the LPS-stimulated microglial cell line, BV2 cells. Consistent with the in vitro results, selonsertib attenuated plasma and brain TNF-α levels in the LPS-induced murine neuroinflammation model. In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of selonsertib were conducted in support of central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery. In both Caco-2 and MDR-MDCK cells, selonsertib exhibited a high efflux ratio, showing that it is a P-gp substrate. Selonsertib was rapidly and effectively absorbed into the systemic circulation after oral treatment, with a Tmax of 0.5 h and oral bioavailability of 74%. In comparison with high systemic exposure with Cmax of 16.2 µg/ml and AUC of 64 µg·h/mL following oral dosing of 10 mg/kg, the brain disposition of selonsertib was limited, with Cmax of 0.08 µg/g and Kp value of 0.004. This study demonstrates that selonsertib can be a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hun Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34114, Daejeon, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundataion, 41061, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Ji
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 34114, Daejeon, Korea.,Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Lim
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34114, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34114, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwi-Yeol Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 34114, Daejeon, Korea. .,Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34114, Daejeon, Korea.
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21
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Yi S, Wang L, Wang H, Ho MS, Zhang S. Pathogenesis of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From a Neuron-Glia Crosstalk Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14753. [PMID: 36499080 PMCID: PMC9739123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. Glia are more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect of neuronal development and function; glial dysregulation has been implicated in a series of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Importantly, amounting evidence has added glial activation and neuroinflammation as new features of PD onset and progression. Thus, gaining a better understanding of glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge of PD pathologies. This review addresses the current understanding of α-syn pathogenesis in PD, with a focus on neuron-glia crosstalk. Particularly, the transmission of α-syn between neurons and glia, α-syn-induced glial activation, and feedbacks of glial activation on DA neuron degeneration are thoroughly discussed. In addition, α-syn aggregation, iron deposition, and glial activation in regulating DA neuron ferroptosis in PD are covered. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical and clinical therapies, especially targeting glia, in PD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margaret S. Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shiping Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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22
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Russo C, Valle MS, Russo A, Malaguarnera L. The Interplay between Ghrelin and Microglia in Neuroinflammation: Implications for Obesity and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113432. [PMID: 36362220 PMCID: PMC9654207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that microglia are capable of producing a wide range of chemokines to promote inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS). These cells share many phenotypical and functional characteristics with macrophages, suggesting that microglia participate in innate immune responses in the brain. Neuroinflammation induces neurometabolic alterations and increases in energy consumption. Microglia may constitute an important therapeutic target in neuroinflammation. Recent research has attempted to clarify the role of Ghre signaling in microglia on the regulation of energy balance, obesity, neuroinflammation and the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. These studies strongly suggest that Ghre modulates microglia activity and thus affects the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to summarize what is known from the current literature on the way in which Ghre modulates microglial activity during neuroinflammation and their impact on neurometabolic alterations in neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the role of Ghre in microglial activation/inhibition regulation could provide promising strategies for downregulating neuroinflammation and consequently for diminishing negative neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Valle
- Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
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23
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Yang R, Gao Y, Li H, Huang W, Tu D, Yang M, Liu X, Hong JS, Gao HM. Posttranslational S-nitrosylation modification regulates HMGB1 secretion and promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111330. [PMID: 36103834 PMCID: PMC9531316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can be actively secreted by activated immune cells and functions as a proinflammatory cytokine. Regulation of HMGB1 secretion is critical for treatment of HMGB1-mediated inflammation and related diseases. This study demonstrates that S-nitrosylation (SNO; the covalent binding of nitric oxide [NO] to cysteine thiols) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-derived NO at Cys106 is essential and sufficient for inflammation-elicited HMGB1 secretion. iNOS deletion or inhibition or Cys106Ser mutation prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and/or poly(I:C)-elicited HMGB1 secretion. NO donors induce SNO of HMGB1 and reproduce inflammogen-triggered HMGB1 secretion. SNO of HMGB1 promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects. Intranigral HMGB1 injection induces chronic microglial activation, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, and locomotor deficits, the key features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), in wild-type, but not Mac1 (CD11b/CD18)-deficient, mice. This study indicates pivotal roles for SNO modification in HMGB1 secretion and HMGB1-Mac1 interaction for inflammatory neurodegeneration, identifying a mechanistic basis for PD development. Regulation of HMGB1 secretion is critical for the treatment of HMGB1-mediated inflammation and related diseases. Yang et al. demonstrate that posttranslational S-nitrosylation modification (the covalent binding of nitric oxide to protein cysteine thiols) regulates HMGB1 secretion and promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects, thereby contributing to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China; Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Dezhen Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China; Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mengnan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Xingqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hui-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China.
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24
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Nwabufo CK, Aigbogun OP. Diagnostic and therapeutic agents that target alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2022; 269:5762-5786. [PMID: 35831620 PMCID: PMC9281355 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of disease-modifying drugs and differential diagnostic agents is an urgent medical need in Parkinson’s disease. Despite the complex pathophysiological pathway, the misfolding of alpha-synuclein has been identified as a putative biomarker for detecting the onset and progression of the neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson’s disease. Identifying the most appropriate alpha-synuclein-based diagnostic modality with clinical translation will revolutionize the diagnosis of Parkinson’s. Likewise, molecules that target alpha-synuclein could alter the disease pathway that leads to Parkinson’s and may serve as first-in class therapeutics compared to existing treatment options such as levodopa and dopamine agonist that do not necessarily modify the disease pathway. Notwithstanding the promising benefits that alpha-synuclein presents to therapeutics and diagnostics development for Parkinson’s disease, finding ways to address potential challenges such as inadequate preclinical models, safety and efficacy will be paramount to achieving clinical translation. In this comprehensive review paper, we described the role of alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, as well as how its structure and function relationship delineate disease onset and progression. We further discussed different alpha-synuclein-based diagnostic modalities including biomolecular assays and molecular imaging. Finally, we presented current small molecules and biologics that are being developed as disease-modifying drugs or positron emission tomography imaging probes for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso K Nwabufo
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
| | - Omozojie P Aigbogun
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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25
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Cannabidiol alleviates the damage to dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice via regulating neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Neuroscience 2022; 498:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Wendimu MY, Hooks SB. Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:2091. [PMID: 35805174 PMCID: PMC9266143 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which function as first-line immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), are the central drivers of neuroinflammation. Numerous human postmortem studies and in vivo imaging analyses have shown chronically activated microglia in patients with various acute and chronic neuropathological diseases. While microglial activation is a common feature of many NDs, the exact role of microglia in various pathological states is complex and often contradictory. However, there is a consensus that microglia play a biphasic role in pathological conditions, with detrimental and protective phenotypes, and the overall response of microglia and the activation of different phenotypes depends on the nature and duration of the inflammatory insult, as well as the stage of disease development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on the various microglia phenotypes and inflammatory responses in health, aging, and NDs, with a special emphasis on the heterogeneous phenotypic response of microglia in acute and chronic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke (HS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). The primary focus is translational research in preclinical animal models and bulk/single-cell transcriptome studies in human postmortem samples. Additionally, this review covers key microglial receptors and signaling pathways that are potential therapeutic targets to regulate microglial inflammatory responses during aging and in NDs. Additionally, age-, sex-, and species-specific microglial differences will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelley B. Hooks
- Hooks Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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27
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Yarim GF, Kazak F, Yarim M, Sozmen M, Genc B, Ertekin A, Gokceoglu A. Apigenin alleviates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35698811 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2089136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of apigenin on inflammatory response in brain tissue in Parkinson's mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parkinson's disease model was induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Sixty 8-10-weeks-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups control, Parkinson, prophylaxis, and treatment. Control (0.9% NaCl 0.5 ml, 10 days, i.p.), Parkinson (25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days, i.p.), prophylaxis (50 mg/kg apigenin, 5 days + 25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days, i.p.), and treatment (25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days + 50 mg/kg apigenin, 5 days). The expressions and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were determined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis. RESULTS Apigenin administration attenuated MPTP-induced histopathological changes in brain tissue. Furthermore, apigenin reversed the changes in expressions and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β. CONCLUSION This study suggests that apigenin could be used as a neuroprotective option to attenuate neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Fatma Yarim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kazak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Murat Yarim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sozmen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, Turkey
| | - Bugra Genc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Laboratory Animals, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, Turkey
| | - Ali Ertekin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, Turkey
| | - Ayris Gokceoglu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, Turkey
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28
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Yan M, Bo X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liao Y, Zhang H, Cheng Y, Guo J, Cheng J. Mangiferin Alleviates Postpartum Depression-Like Behaviors by Inhibiting MAPK Signaling in Microglia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:840567. [PMID: 35721155 PMCID: PMC9204178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.840567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD), a severe mental health disorder, is closely associated with decreased gonadal hormone levels during the postpartum period. Mangiferin (MGF) possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation. Growing evidence has suggested that neuroinflammation is involved in the development of depression. However, the role of MGF in the development of PPD is largely unknown. In the present study, by establishing a hormone-simulated pregnancy PPD mouse model, we found that the administration of MGF significantly alleviated PPD-like behaviors. Mechanistically, MGF treatment inhibited microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Moreover, we found that MGF treatment inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in vivo and in vitro. Together, these results highlight an important role of MGF in microglial activation and thus give insights into the potential therapeutic strategy for PPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Yan
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xuena Bo
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchao Zhang
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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A 2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: Are Triazolotriazine and Purine Scaffolds Interchangeable? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082386. [PMID: 35458588 PMCID: PMC9032385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) is one of the four subtypes activated by nucleoside adenosine, and the molecules able to selectively counteract its action are attractive tools for neurodegenerative disorders. In order to find novel A2AAR ligands, two series of compounds based on purine and triazolotriazine scaffolds were synthesized and tested at ARs. Compound 13 was also tested in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation. Some compounds were found to possess high affinity for A2AAR, and it was observed that compound 13 exerted anti-inflammatory properties in microglial cells. Molecular modeling studies results were in good agreement with the binding affinity data and underlined that triazolotriazine and purine scaffolds are interchangeable only when 5- and 2-positions of the triazolotriazine moiety (corresponding to the purine 2- and 8-positions) are substituted.
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30
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Huang CY, Wang S. Dextromethorphan reduces prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and cytokine changes in offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:261-270. [PMID: 35322906 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy may affect fetal brain development and increase the risk of developing neurological and mental disorders later in life in offspring. In this study, we used low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to mimic mild maternal infection at a critical time window for fetal dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neuron development. The affected offspring exhibited reduction of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons and anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in adulthood. In the current study, we evaluated whether dextromethorphan (DM, 30 mg/kg), an over-the-counter antitussive drug with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, could reduce the adverse effects of maternal infection mimicked by LPS exposure. We discovered that DM application did not change the baseline serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels in the LPS-exposed offspring. However, DM treatment could reduce the heightened immune responses induced by a postnatal LPS challenge test in prenatal LPS-exposed offspring. The neuroprotective effect of DM was only seen in DA neurons but not in 5-HT neurons. We concluded that DM treatment can partially protect the offspring against the adverse effects of LPS-induced maternal immune activation. The reduction in heightened immune responses and dopaminergic neuronal loss in LPS-exposed offspring could potentially reduce the risk of DA-related neurological and psychiatric disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Wang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The potential convergence of NLRP3 inflammasome, potassium, and dopamine mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:32. [PMID: 35332154 PMCID: PMC8948240 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by α-synuclein aggregation, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra with collateral striatal dopamine signaling deficiency. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been linked independently to each of these facets of PD pathology. The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3, upregulated in microglia by α-synuclein and facilitating potassium efflux, has also been identified as a modulator of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in models of PD. Evidence increasingly suggests that microglial Kv1.3 is mechanistically coupled with NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which is contingent on potassium efflux. Potassium conductance also influences dopamine release from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine, in turn, has been shown to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. In this review, we provide a literature framework for a hypothesis in which Kv1.3 activity-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, evoked by stimuli such as α-synuclein, could lead to microglia utilizing dopamine from adjacent dopaminergic neurons to counteract this process and fend off an activated state. If this is the case, a sufficient dopamine supply would ensure that microglia remain under control, but as dopamine is gradually siphoned from the neurons by microglial demand, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Kv1.3 activity would progressively intensify to promote each of the three major facets of PD pathology: α-synuclein aggregation, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Risk factors overlapping to varying degrees to render brain regions susceptible to such a mechanism would include a high density of microglia, an initially sufficient supply of dopamine, and poor insulation of the dopaminergic neurons by myelin.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. In fact, neuroinflammation is associated with a phenotypic change of microglia, consisting of morphological differences, increased release of cytokines and oxidative stress products, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, have been shown to act on the immune and oxidative stress mechanisms commonly found to be disrupted in depression. Thus, the inhibition of microglial activation may be one of the mechanisms through which they exert an antidepressant action. AIM This is the first review summarising in vitro and ex vivo studies investigating the effects of different classes of antidepressants on microglia activation, by examining cellular changes and/or via measuring the production of immune and/or oxidative stress signalling molecules, in microglia models of neuroinflammation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. A total of 23 studies were identified, 18 using LPS stimulation and 5 using cytokines stimulation. RESULTS Overall, the studies show that antidepressants, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants prevented microglial activation, including reduced microglial reactivity and decreased immune and oxidative stress products, in both models. However, specific antidepressants, such as bupropion and agomelatine did not prevent interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced microglial activation; and for other antidepressants, including phenelzine, venlafaxine and sertraline, the results of different studies were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results summarised in this review support the hypothesis that the action of at least certain classes of antidepressants may involve regulation of microglial activation, especially when in presence of increased levels of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mariani
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Everson
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Otero-Losada M, Gubellini P, Capani F, Perez-Lloret S. Editorial: Neuroprotection and Disease Modification in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:813471. [PMID: 34955865 PMCID: PMC8692833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.813471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Otero-Losada
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS.UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paolo Gubellini
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Francisco Capani
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS.UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía (CIPP), Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS.UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ma K, Wu HY, Wang SY, Li BX. The Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway is involved in atrazine induced dopaminergic neurons degeneration via microglia activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112862. [PMID: 34624533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of ATR-induced dopaminergic toxicity by microglia activation and the response of the Keap1/ Nrf2- ARE signaling pathway. METHODS Wistar rats were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg ATR and BV-2 microglia cells were treated with 50, 100 μM ATR or 100 ng/mL LPS, respectively. Rats behavioral responses and histopathological changes were monitored. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis detected Iba-1 and TH+ cells in rats. Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling-related proteins and inflammatory factors from BV-2 cells and rats were detected using ELISA, Western blot and Real-time PCR. RESULTS After ATR treatment, the grip strength of Wistar rats was significantly decreased, and anxiety were clearly observed. TH+ neurons were reduced, however, the number of microglia cells and Iba-1 levels were increased clearly in SN. The release of ROS, TNF-α and IL-Iβ were increased, and levels of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly decreased. Keap1 mRNA expression and protein levels were decreased, while nuclear Nrf2 mRNA expression and protein levels were both increased in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION ATR could significantly activate microglia and exacerbate neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation, leading to accelerate dopaminergic neuron cell death by inhibiting Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ma
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Hao-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
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Mendes-Pinheiro B, Soares-Cunha C, Marote A, Loureiro-Campos E, Campos J, Barata-Antunes S, Monteiro-Fernandes D, Santos D, Duarte-Silva S, Pinto L, José Salgado A. Unilateral Intrastriatal 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesion in Mice: A Closer Look into Non-Motor Phenotype and Glial Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111530. [PMID: 34768962 PMCID: PMC8584172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent movement disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion is still one of the most widely used techniques for modeling Parkinson’s disease (PD) in rodents. Despite commonly used in rats, it can be challenging to reproduce a similar lesion in mice. Moreover, there is a lack of characterization of the extent of behavioral deficits and of the neuronal loss/neurotransmitter system in unilateral lesion mouse models. In this study, we present an extensive behavioral and histological characterization of a unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA mouse model. Our results indicate significant alterations in balance and fine motor coordination, voluntary locomotion, and in the asymmetry’s degree of forelimb use in 6-OHDA lesioned animals, accompanied by a decrease in self-care and motivational behavior, common features of depressive-like symptomatology. These results were accompanied by a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-labelling and dopamine levels within the nigrostriatal pathway. Additionally, we also identify a marked astrocytic reaction, as well as proliferative and reactive microglia in lesioned areas. These results confirm the use of unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA mice for the generation of a mild model of nigrostriatal degeneration and further evidences the recapitulation of key aspects of PD, thereby being suitable for future studies beholding new therapeutical interventions for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Loureiro-Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra Barata-Antunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Monteiro-Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diogo Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António José Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-60-49-47
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Boshtam M, Kouhpayeh S, Amini F, Azizi Y, Najaflu M, Shariati L, Khanahmad H. Anti-inflammatory effects of apocynin: a narrative review of the evidence. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1990136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, Erythron Genetics and Pathobiology Laboratory, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Amini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yadollah Azizi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Malihe Najaflu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Applied physiology research center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Becchi S, Buson A, Balleine BW. Inhibition of vascular adhesion protein 1 protects dopamine neurons from the effects of acute inflammation and restores habit learning in the striatum. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:233. [PMID: 34654450 PMCID: PMC8520223 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in dopaminergic neural function can be induced by an acute inflammatory state that, by altering the integrity of the neurovasculature, induces neuronal stress, cell death and causes functional deficits. Effectively blocking these effects of inflammation could, therefore, reduce both neuronal and functional decline. To test this hypothesis, we inhibited vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1), a membrane-bound protein expressed on the endothelial cell surface, that mediates leukocyte extravasation and induces oxidative stress. Method We induced dopaminergic neuronal loss by infusing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly into the substantia nigra (SN) in rats and administered the VAP-1 inhibitor, PXS-4681A, daily. Results LPS produced: an acute inflammatory response, the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, reduced the dopaminergic projection to SN target regions, particularly the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), and a deficit in habit learning, a key function of the DLS. In an attempt to protect SN neurons from this inflammatory response we found that VAP-1 inhibition not only reduced neutrophil infiltration in the SN and striatum, but also reduced the associated striatal microglia and astrocyte response. We found VAP-1 inhibition protected dopamine neurons in the SN, their projections to the striatum and promoted the functional recovery of habit learning. Thus, we reversed the loss of habitual actions, a function usually dependent on dopamine release in DLS and sensitive to striatal dysfunction. Conclusions We establish, therefore, that VAP-1 inhibition has an anti-inflammatory profile that may be beneficial in the treatment of dopamine neuron dysfunction caused by an acute inflammatory state in the brain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02288-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Becchi
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Bernard W Balleine
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Busch L, Vieten S, Brödel S, Endres K, Bufe B. Emerging contributions of formyl peptide receptors to neurodegenerative diseases. Biol Chem 2021; 403:27-41. [PMID: 34505459 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central element of many neurodegenerative diseases. Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) can trigger several receptor-dependent signal transduction pathways that play a key role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. They are chemotactic receptors that help to regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in most mammals. FPRs are primarily expressed in the immune and nervous systems where they interact with a complex pattern of pathogen-derived and host-endogenous molecules. Mounting evidence points towards a contribution of FPRs - via neuropathological ligands such as Amyloid beta, and neuroprotective ligands such as Humanin, Lipoxin A4, and Annexin A1 - to multiple pathological aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize the interplay of FPRs with neuropathological and neuroprotective ligands. Next, we depict their capability to trigger a number of ligand-dependent cell signaling pathways and their potential to interact with additional intracellular cofactors. Moreover, we highlight first studies, demonstrating that a pharmacological inhibition of FPRs helps to ameliorate neuroinflammation, which may pave the way towards novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Busch
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Vieten
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Susan Brödel
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Bufe
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
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Peng Z, Li X, Li J, Dong Y, Gao Y, Liao Y, Yan M, Yuan Z, Cheng J. Dlg1 Knockout Inhibits Microglial Activation and Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression-Like Behavior in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1671-1682. [PMID: 34490521 PMCID: PMC8643377 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is widely perceived as a contributor to numerous neurological diseases and mental disorders including depression. Discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1), an adaptor protein, regulates cell polarization and the function of K+ channels, which are reported to regulate the activation of microglia. However, little is known about the role of Dlg1 in microglia and the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. In this study, we found that Dlg1 knockdown suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation by down-regulating the activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in microglia. Moreover, using an inducible Dlg1 microglia-specific knockout (Dlg1flox/flox; CX3CR1CreER) mouse line, we found that microglial Dlg1 knockout reduced the activation of microglia and alleviated the LPS-induced depression-like behavior. In summary, our results demonstrated that Dlg1 plays a critical role in microglial activation and thus provides a potential therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.,The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Institutes of Brain Sciences and Disease, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuhao Gao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meichen Yan
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China. .,The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Russo M, Sobh A, Zhang P, Loguinov A, Tagmount A, Vulpe CD, Liu B. Functional Pathway Identification With CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-wide Gene Disruption in Human Dopaminergic Neuronal Cells Following Chronic Treatment With Dieldrin. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:366-381. [PMID: 32421776 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides, once widely used, are extremely persistent and bio-accumulative in the environment. Epidemiological studies have implicated that environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides including dieldrin is a risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease. However, the pertinent mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. In this study, we carried out a genome-wide (Brunello library, 19 114 genes, 76 411 sgRNAs) CRISPR/Cas9 screen in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y neuronal cells exposed to a chronic treatment (30 days) with dieldrin to identify cellular pathways that are functionally related to the chronic cellular toxicity. Our results indicate that dieldrin toxicity was enhanced by gene disruption of specific components of the ubiquitin proteasome system as well as, surprisingly, the protein degradation pathways previously implicated in inherited forms of Parkinson's disease, centered on Parkin. In addition, disruption of regulatory components of the mTOR pathway which integrates cellular responses to both intra- and extracellular signals and is a central regulator for cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival, led to increased sensitivity to dieldrin-induced cellular toxicity. This study is one of the first to apply a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based functional gene disruption screening approach in an adherent neuronal cell line to globally decipher cellular mechanisms that contribute to environmental toxicant-induced neurotoxicity and provides novel insight into the dopaminergic neurotoxicity associated with chronic exposure to dieldrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Russo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy
| | - Amin Sobh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Abderrahmane Tagmount
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy
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41
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Quadir H, Hakobyan K, Gaddam M, Ojinnaka U, Ahmed Z, Kannan A, Mostafa JA. Role of Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibition As Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson's Disease: Dopaminergic Survival and Enhanced Mitophagy. Cureus 2021; 13:e16973. [PMID: 34377615 PMCID: PMC8349301 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTP-binding protein, Rho, plays a significant role in the cellular pathology of Parkinson’s disease. The downstream effector of Rho, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), performs several functions, including microglial inflammatory response and enhanced Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Its inhibition shows neuroprotective effects in carried studies. Parkinson’s disease pathology also rests on incomplete removal of damaged mitochondria, leading to neuronal impairment. ROCK has different isoforms, inhibition of which have been shown to decrease the adverse changes in microglia. There has also been evidence of a decreased release of inflammatory cytokines and a reduction in degradation of dopaminergic neurons on the addition of ROCK inhibitors. Additionally, ROCK inhibitors have recently been shown to increase the activity of hexokinase 2 (HK2), relocating it to mitochondria, and therefore leading to upregulated mitochondrial targeting. Understanding the cellular basis of ROCK activity and its inhibition may help us advance in creating new strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Quadir
- Internal Medicine/Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Knkush Hakobyan
- Diagnostic Radiology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mrunanjali Gaddam
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ugochi Ojinnaka
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Zubayer Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amudhan Kannan
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND.,General Surgery Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jihan A Mostafa
- Faculty Member, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, California, USA
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42
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Zhang F, Tang Y, Jiang H, Yang X, Huang W. Harpagide Inhibits Microglial Activation and Protects Dopaminergic Neurons as Revealed by Nanoelectrode Amperometry
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yun Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiao‐Ke Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Wei‐Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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43
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Samidurai M, Palanisamy BN, Bargues-Carot A, Hepker M, Kondru N, Manne S, Zenitsky G, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. PKC Delta Activation Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS) and NLR Family Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 (NLRP3) Inflammasome Activation Subsequent to Asynuclein-Induced Microglial Activation: Involvement of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP)/Thioredoxin (Trx) Redoxisome Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:661505. [PMID: 34276337 PMCID: PMC8283807 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.661505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A classical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is the accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (αSyn) within Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, although its role in microglial dysfunction and resultant dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity is still elusive. Previously, we identified that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) is activated in post mortem PD brains and experimental Parkinsonism and that it participates in reactive microgliosis; however, the relationship between PKCδ activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the reactive microglial activation state in the context of α-synucleinopathy is largely unknown. Herein, we show that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, and PKCδ activation increased concomitantly with ERS markers, including the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4), serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (p-IRE1α), p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) as well as increased generation of neurotoxic cytokines, including IL-1β in aggregated αSynagg-stimulated primary microglia. Importantly, in mouse primary microglia-treated with αSynagg we observed increased expression of Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), an endogenous inhibitor of the thioredoxin (Trx) pathway, a major antioxidant protein system. Additionally, αSynagg promoted interaction between NLRP3 and TXNIP in these cells. In vitro knockdown of PKCδ using siRNA reduced ERS and led to reduced expression of TXNIP and the NLRP3 activation response in αSynagg-stimulated mouse microglial cells (MMCs). Additionally, attenuation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) via mito-apocynin and amelioration of ERS via the eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal (SAL) reduced the induction of the ERS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling axis, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction and ERS may act in concert to promote the αSynagg-induced microglial activation response. Likewise, knockdown of TXNIP by siRNA attenuated the αSynagg-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation response. Finally, unilateral injection of αSyn preformed fibrils (αSynPFF) into the striatum of wild-type mice induced a significant increase in the expression of nigral p-PKCδ, ERS markers, and upregulation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling axis prior to delayed loss of TH+ neurons. Together, our results suggest that inhibition of ERS and its downstream signaling mediators TXNIP and NLRP3 might represent novel therapeutic avenues for ameliorating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Samidurai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bharathi N Palanisamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alejandra Bargues-Carot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Monica Hepker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Naveen Kondru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sireesha Manne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gary Zenitsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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44
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Zheng T, Zhang Z. Activated microglia facilitate the transmission of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105094. [PMID: 34097990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and abnormal aggregates of α-synuclein protein called Lewy bodies. To date, there is no drug that can definitely slow down or stop the progression of this disease. The discovery of the cell-to-cell transmission of pathologic α-synuclein seeds offers the possibility to explore novel treatment strategies to prevent the spread of α-synuclein, with the purpose of slowing down the progression of PD in its tracks. Although recent studies have made tremendous progress in understanding how α-synuclein spreads throughout the brain, neuroinflammation seems to play a crucial role in the development of α-synuclein pathology in PD. The activation of microglia, one of the hallmarks of the neuroinflammatory process, is suggested to influence the neuron-to-neuron transmission of α-synuclein. This review summarizes how activated microglia facilitate this process, and focuses on the following mechanisms including the activation of microglia in PD, the reduced ability of activated microglia to clear α-synuclein and increased migratory capacity of microglia in PD, as well as the cooperation between microglia and exosomes in mediating α-synuclein release and propagation. In conclusion, this article help collate information on microglia in-relation to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhengxiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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45
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PEP-1-GLRX1 Reduces Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell Loss by Modulating MAPK and Apoptosis Signaling in Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113329. [PMID: 34206041 PMCID: PMC8198499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized mainly by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) mediated via oxidative stress. Although glutaredoxin-1 (GLRX1) is known as one of the antioxidants involved in cell survival, the effects of GLRX1 on PD are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether cell-permeable PEP-1-GLRX1 inhibits dopaminergic neuronal cell death induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We showed that PEP-1-GLRX1 protects cell death and DNA damage in MPP+-exposed SH-SY5Y cells via the inhibition of MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB activation and the regulation of apoptosis-related protein expression. Furthermore, we found that PEP-1-GLRX1 was delivered to the SN via the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP-induced PD model. These results indicate that PEP-1-GLRX1 markedly inhibited the loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPP+- and MPTP-induced cytotoxicity, suggesting that this fusion protein may represent a novel therapeutic agent against PD.
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46
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Li J, Dai X, Zhou L, Li X, Pan D. Edaravone Plays Protective Effects on LPS-Induced Microglia by Switching M1/M2 Phenotypes and Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:691773. [PMID: 34135761 PMCID: PMC8201503 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.691773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder in which activated microglia may appear prior to motor symptoms, but the specific therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the potential effects of Edaravone (EDA) on M1/M2 polarization of microglia in rats with dopaminergic neurons damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its mechanism. Rats were randomly grouped as the following (n = 10): Control, EDA alone (10 mg/kg), LPS-model (LPS 5 μg), LPS + EDA (5 mg/kg) and LPS + EDA (10 mg/kg). After intragastric administration of EDA once a day for seven consecutive days, LPS was injected into SN pars unilaterally. Rotarod test, pole test, and traction test were used to analyze the intervention effect of EDA on neurobehavioral function in rats. Protein expression levels of TH, TNF-α, Arg-1, Iba-1, NLRP3 and caspase-1 were measured by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. In vitro, BV-2 cells were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml) before adding different doses of EDA. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in culture medium were detected by ELISA. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate microglial activation and polarization. First, rotarod test, pole test, and traction test all showed that EDA mitigated motor dysfunction of PD rats. Second, pathological analysis suggested that EDA inhibited LPS-induced microglial activation and remitted declines of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, EDA shifted M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia to M2 anti-inflammatory state, while decreased expression of M1 markers (TNF-α and IL-1β) and facilitated expression of M2 markers (Arg-1 and IL-10). EDA suppressed inflammatory responses through inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-18 and NO), but the neuroprotective effects were invalid while siRNA NLRP3 existed. In conclusion, these results indicated that EDA could improve neurobehavioral functions and play anti-neuroinflammatory roles in PD rats, possibly by inhibiting NLPR3 inflammasome activation and regulating microglia M1/M2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinping Dai
- Department of Emergency, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Liuyi Zhou
- Operating Room, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinxiu Li
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Dongxiao Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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47
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MacMahon Copas AN, McComish SF, Fletcher JM, Caldwell MA. The Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: A Complex Interplay Between Astrocytes, Microglia, and T Lymphocytes? Front Neurol 2021; 12:666737. [PMID: 34122308 PMCID: PMC8189423 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.666737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterised by the motor symptoms of bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremor and non-motor symptoms of sleep disturbances, constipation, and depression. Pathological hallmarks include neuroinflammation, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein proteins as intra-cytoplasmic Lewy bodies and neurites. Microglia and astrocytes are essential to maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS), including providing protection through the process of gliosis. However, dysregulation of glial cells results in disruption of homeostasis leading to a chronic pro-inflammatory, deleterious environment, implicated in numerous CNS diseases. Recent evidence has demonstrated a role for peripheral immune cells, in particular T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of PD. These cells infiltrate the CNS, and accumulate in the substantia nigra, where they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulate surrounding immune cells, and induce dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Indeed, a greater understanding of the integrated network of communication that exists between glial cells and peripheral immune cells may increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis and hence provide novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina N MacMahon Copas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah F McComish
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean M Fletcher
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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48
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Behl T, Kaur G, Sehgal A, Zengin G, Singh S, Ahmadi A, Bungau S. Flavonoids, the Family of Plant-derived Antioxidants making inroads into Novel Therapeutic Design against IR-induced Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:324-343. [PMID: 34030619 PMCID: PMC9413797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524152817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ionizing radiation from telluric sources is unceasingly an unprotected pitfall to humans. Thus, the foremost contributors to human exposure are global and medical radiations. Various evidences assembled during preceding years reveal the pertinent role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in the progression of neurodegenerative insults, such as Parkinson’s disease, which have been contributing to increased proliferation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Objective: This review delineates the role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease and proposes novel therapeutic interventions of flavonoid family, offering effective management and slowing down the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Published papers were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., published to date for in-depth database collection. Results: The oxidative damage may harm the non-targeted cells. It can also modulate the functions of the central nervous system, such as protein misfolding, mitochondria dysfunction, increased levels of oxidized lipids, and dopaminergic cell death, which accelerate the progression of Parkinson’s disease at the molecular, cellular, or tissue levels. In Parkinson’s disease, reactive oxygen species exacerbate the production of nitric oxides and superoxides by activated microglia, rendering death of dopaminergic neuronal cell through different mechanisms. Conclusion: Rising interest has extensively engrossed in the clinical trial designs based on the plant-derived family of antioxidants. They are known to exert multifarious impact on neuroprotection via directly suppressing ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production or indirectly increasing the dopamine levels and activating the glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea. Romania
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49
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Rasheed M, Liang J, Wang C, Deng Y, Chen Z. Epigenetic Regulation of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4956. [PMID: 34066949 PMCID: PMC8125491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most significant factors involved in the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease. PD is a neurodegenerative disorder with a motor disability linked with various complex and diversified risk factors. These factors trigger myriads of cellular and molecular processes, such as misfolding defective proteins, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurotoxic substances that induce selective neurodegeneration of dopamine neurons. This neuronal damage activates the neuronal immune system, including glial cells and inflammatory cytokines, to trigger neuroinflammation. The transition of acute to chronic neuroinflammation enhances the susceptibility of inflammation-induced dopaminergic neuron damage, forming a vicious cycle and prompting an individual to PD development. Epigenetic mechanisms recently have been at the forefront of the regulation of neuroinflammatory factors in PD, proposing a new dawn for breaking this vicious cycle. This review examined the core epigenetic mechanisms involved in the activation and phenotypic transformation of glial cells mediated neuroinflammation in PD. We found that epigenetic mechanisms do not work independently, despite being coordinated with each other to activate neuroinflammatory pathways. In this regard, we attempted to find the synergic correlation and contribution of these epigenetic modifications with various neuroinflammatory pathways to broaden the canvas of underlying pathological mechanisms involved in PD development. Moreover, this study highlighted the dual characteristics (neuroprotective/neurotoxic) of these epigenetic marks, which may counteract PD pathogenesis and make them potential candidates for devising future PD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (Y.D.)
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50
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Koppula S, Alluri R, Kopalli SR. Coriandrum sativum attenuates microglia mediated neuroinflammation and MPTP-induced behavioral and oxidative changes in Parkinson's disease mouse model. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:835-850. [PMID: 34177406 PMCID: PMC8222636 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coriandrum sativum Linn. (family: Umbelliferae; C. sativum), is a potential herb widely used as a spice and traditional medicine. In the present work, the effects of C. sativum fruit extract (CSE), against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in vitro and 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) animal model in vivo was investigated. LPS-stimulated increase in nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly (p < 0.05 ~ p < 0.001) inhibited by CSE (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) in BV-2 microglial cells. Further, CSE inhibited the LPS-induced nuclear factor of kappa-beta activation and IκB-α phosphorylation in BV-2 microglia. In vivo studies, CSE (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) ameliorated the MPTP (25 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced changes in locomotor, cognitive and behavior functions evaluated by rotarod, passive avoidance and open field test significantly (p < 0.05 ~ p < 0.001). The MPTP-induced changes in brain oxidative enzyme levels such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation were significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 at 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively) restored with CSE treatment. High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting analysis of CSE exhibited several distinctive peaks with quercetin and kaempferol-3O-glucoside as identifiable compounds. In conclusion, our study indicated that CSE attenuated neuroinflammatory processes in LPS-stimulated microglia in vitro and restored the MPTP-induced behavioral deficits and brain oxidative enzyme status in vivo proving its therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration seen in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Alluri
- Department of Pharmacy, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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