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Leone P, Malerba E, Susca N, Favoino E, Perosa F, Brunori G, Prete M, Racanelli V. Endothelial cells in tumor microenvironment: insights and perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367875. [PMID: 38426109 PMCID: PMC10902062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a highly complex and dynamic mixture of cell types, including tumor, immune and endothelial cells (ECs), soluble factors (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors), blood vessels and extracellular matrix. Within this complex network, ECs are not only relevant for controlling blood fluidity and permeability, and orchestrating tumor angiogenesis but also for regulating the antitumor immune response. Lining the luminal side of vessels, ECs check the passage of molecules into the tumor compartment, regulate cellular transmigration, and interact with both circulating pathogens and innate and adaptive immune cells. Thus, they represent a first-line defense system that participates in immune responses. Tumor-associated ECs are involved in T cell priming, activation, and proliferation by acting as semi-professional antigen presenting cells. Thus, targeting ECs may assist in improving antitumor immune cell functions. Moreover, tumor-associated ECs contribute to the development at the tumor site of tertiary lymphoid structures, which have recently been associated with enhanced response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). When compared to normal ECs, tumor-associated ECs are abnormal in terms of phenotype, genetic expression profile, and functions. They are characterized by high proliferative potential and the ability to activate immunosuppressive mechanisms that support tumor progression and metastatic dissemination. A complete phenotypic and functional characterization of tumor-associated ECs could be helpful to clarify their complex role within the tumor microenvironment and to identify EC specific drug targets to improve cancer therapy. The emerging therapeutic strategies based on the combination of anti-angiogenic treatments with immunotherapy strategies, including ICI, CAR T cells and bispecific antibodies aim to impact both ECs and immune cells to block angiogenesis and at the same time to increase recruitment and activation of effector cells within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leone
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Malerba
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-(DiMePRe-J), Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Susca
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Favoino
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliano Brunori
- Centre for Medical Sciences, University of Trento and Nephrology and Dialysis Division, Santa Chiara Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Centre for Medical Sciences, University of Trento and Internal Medicine Division, Santa Chiara Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy
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2
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Singh A, Sharma A. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells in cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2789-2794. [PMID: 36922480 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells are dynamic in nature; these cells first acquire immune surveillance and then escape from the immune system. Hence, progressed cancer cells distribute and metastasize to other organs via blood vessels as well as from the lymphatic system. Prognosis and treatment of metastatic cancer patients remain a major challenge nowadays. Till now, lots of target -based and immune checkpoint blocker therapies are used to treat disease patients. But these therapies fail to control the dissemination and metastasis of cancer. Before designing a treatment regimen for metastatic patients, understanding the mechanism of tumor cells spreading within lymph vessels remain undetermined. Construction of lymphoid structures since embryonic to adult stage are depend upon LTi. Foundation of lymph node, payer patches and TLO is initiated and regulated through these cells in any part of the body. During tumor growth, newly developed lymph node contained MDSCs and Treg cells which inhibit the immune response and promote tumor invasion and metastasis. LTi reconstituted lymph node can be used for both early and high risk detection of cancers. High and low risk of tumor growth and invasion depend upon the location and composition of immune cells within lymph nodes. However, LTi are not reported as predictive marker in cancer till date. Recent reports in cancer indicate that LTi cells are engaged in the spreading of tumor cells into a lymphatic vessel. Through this review we are trying to brief the development and role of the LTi in immune system during homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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3
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Wang M, Rajkumar S, Lai Y, Liu X, He J, Ishikawa T, Nallapothula D, Singh RR. Tertiary lymphoid structures as local perpetuators of organ-specific immune injury: implication for lupus nephritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1204777. [PMID: 38022566 PMCID: PMC10644380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to inflammatory stimuli in conditions such as autoimmune disorders, infections and cancers, immune cells organize in nonlymphoid tissues, which resemble secondary lymphoid organs. Such immune cell clusters are called tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). Here, we describe the potential role of TLS in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, focusing on lupus nephritis, a condition that incurs major morbidity and mortality. In the kidneys of patients and animals with lupus nephritis, the presence of immune cell aggregates with similar cell composition, structure, and gene signature as lymph nodes and of lymphoid tissue-inducer and -organizer cells, along with evidence of communication between stromal and immune cells are indicative of the formation of TLS. TLS formation in kidneys affected by lupus may be instigated by local increases in lymphorganogenic chemokines such as CXCL13, and in molecules associated with leukocyte migration and vascularization. Importantly, the presence of TLS in kidneys is associated with severe tubulointerstitial inflammation, higher disease activity and chronicity indices, and poor response to treatment in patients with lupus nephritis. TLS may contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis by increasing local IFN-I production, facilitating the recruitment and supporting survival of autoreactive B cells, maintaining local production of systemic autoantibodies such as anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm/RNP autoantibodies, and initiating epitope spreading to local autoantigens. Resolution of TLS, along with improvement in lupus, by treating animals with soluble BAFF receptor, docosahexaenoic acid, complement inhibitor C4BP(β-), S1P1 receptor modulator Cenerimod, dexamethasone, and anti-CXCL13 further emphasizes a role of TLS in the pathogenesis of lupus. However, the mechanisms underlying TLS formation and their roles in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis are not fully comprehended. Furthermore, the lack of non-invasive methods to visualize/quantify TLS in kidneys is also a major hurdle; however, recent success in visualizing TLS in lupus-prone mice by photon emission computed tomography provides hope for early detection and manipulation of TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Hosiptal, Shenzhen, China
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Snehin Rajkumar
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yupeng Lai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingjiao Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dhiraj Nallapothula
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ram Raj Singh
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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4
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Bao J, Betzler AC, Hess J, Brunner C. Exploring the dual role of B cells in solid tumors: implications for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233085. [PMID: 37868967 PMCID: PMC10586314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tumor milieu of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), distinct B cell subpopulations are present, which exert either pro- or anti-tumor activities. Multiple factors, including hypoxia, cytokines, interactions with tumor cells, and other immune infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), alter the equilibrium between the dual roles of B cells leading to cancerogenesis. Certain B cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibit immunosuppressive function. These cells are known as regulatory B (Breg) cells. Breg cells suppress immune responses by secreting a series of immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, granzyme B, and adenosine or dampen effector TILs by intercellular contacts. Multiple Breg phenotypes have been discovered in human and mouse cancer models. However, when compartmentalized within a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), B cells predominantly play anti-tumor effects. A mature TLS contains a CD20+ B cell zone with several important types of B cells, including germinal-center like B cells, antibody-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. They kill tumor cells via antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, and local complement activation effects. TLSs are also privileged sites for local T and B cell coordination and activation. Nonetheless, in some cases, TLSs may serve as a niche for hidden tumor cells and indicate a bad prognosis. Thus, TIL-B cells exhibit bidirectional immune-modulatory activity and are responsive to a variety of immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the functional distinctions between immunosuppressive Breg cells and immunogenic effector B cells that mature within TLSs with the focus on tumors of HNSCC patients. Additionally, we review contemporary immunotherapies that aim to target TIL-B cells. For the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to complement T-cell-based immunotherapy, a full understanding of either effector B cells or Breg cells is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Yang M, Che Y, Li K, Fang Z, Li S, Wang M, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Luo L, Wu C, Lai X, Wang W. Detection and quantitative analysis of tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:779-795. [PMID: 37701955 PMCID: PMC10500099 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid formations within tumor tissue, with mainly B and T cell populations forming the organic aggregates. The presence of TLSs in tumors has been strongly associated with patient responsiveness to immunotherapy regimens and improving tumor prognosis. Researchers have been motivated to actively explore TLSs due to their bright clinical application prospects. Various studies have attempted to decipher TLSs regarding their formation mechanism, structural composition, induction generation, predictive markers, and clinical utilization. Meanwhile, the scientific approaches to qualitative and quantitative descriptions are crucial for TLS studies. In terms of detection, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC), multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), and 12-chemokine gene signature have been the top approved methods. However, no standard methods exist for the quantitative analysis of TLSs, such as absolute TLS count, analysis of TLS constituent cells, structural features, TLS spatial location, density, and maturity. This study reviews the latest research progress on TLS detection and quantification, proposes new directions for TLS assessment, and addresses issues for the quantitative application of TLSs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yurou Che
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Kezhen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zengyi Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Simin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xin Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China.
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China.
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Jiang Y, Zhang J, Shi C, Li X, Jiang Y, Mao R. NF- κB: a mediator that promotes or inhibits angiogenesis in human diseases? Expert Rev Mol Med 2023; 25:e25. [PMID: 37503730 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor of κ-light chain of enhancer-activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which is conserved in invertebrates, plays a significant role in human diseases such as inflammation-related diseases and carcinogenesis. Angiogenesis refers to the growth of new capillary vessels derived from already existing capillaries and postcapillary venules. Maintaining normal angiogenesis and effective vascular function is a prerequisite for the stability of organ tissue function, and abnormal angiogenesis often leads to a variety of diseases. It has been suggested that NK-κB signalling molecules under pathological conditions play an important role in vascular differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tumourigenesis by regulating the transcription of multiple target genes. Many NF-κB inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment and their effect on angiogenesis is summarised. In this review, we will summarise the role of NF-κB signalling in various neovascular diseases, especially in tumours, and explore whether NF-κB can be used as an attack target or activation medium to inhibit tumour angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, 30Tongyang North Road, Pingchao Town, Nantong 226361, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Conglin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjuan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfang Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Zou X, Guan C, Gao J, Shi W, Cui Y, Zhong X. Tertiary lymphoid structures in pancreatic cancer: a new target for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222719. [PMID: 37529035 PMCID: PMC10388371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is extremely malignant and shows limited response to available immunotherapies due to the hypoxic and immunosuppressive nature of its tumor microenvironment (TME). The aggregation of immune cells (B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, etc.), which is induced in various chronic inflammatory settings such as infection, inflammation, and tumors, is known as the tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS). Several studies have shown that TLSs can be found in both intra- and peritumor tissues of PC. The role of TLSs in peritumor tissues in tumors remains unclear, though intratumoral TLSs are known to play an active role in a variety of tumors, including PC. The formation of intratumoral TLSs in PC is associated with a good prognosis. In addition, TLSs can be used as an indicator to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Targeted induction of TLS formation may become a new avenue of immunotherapy for PC. This review summarizes the formation, characteristics, relevant clinical outcomes, and clinical applications of TLSs in the pancreatic TME. We aim to provide new ideas for future immunotherapy of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Zou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Canghai Guan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wujiang Shi
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Cai D, Yu H, Wang X, Mao Y, Liang M, Lu X, Shen X, Guan W. Turning Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLS) into Hot Spots: Values of TLS in Gastrointestinal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020367. [PMID: 36672316 PMCID: PMC9856964 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphocyte aggregation structures found in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence shows that TLSs are significantly correlated with the progression of gastrointestinal tumors, patients' prognosis, and the efficacy of adjuvant therapy. Besides, there are still some immunosuppressive factors in the TLSs that may affect the anti-tumor responses of TLSs, including negative regulators of anti-tumor immune responses, the immune checkpoint molecules, and inappropriate tumor metabolism. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of TLSs' responses in gastrointestinal tumors is essential to fully understand how TLSs can fully exert their anti-tumor responses. In addition, targeting TLSs with immune checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines to establish mature TLSs is currently being developed to reprogram the TME, further benefiting cancer immunotherapies. This review summarizes recent findings on the formation of TLSs, the mechanisms of their anti-tumor immune responses, and the association between therapeutic strategies and TLSs, providing a novel perspective on tumor-associated TLSs in gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Heng Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xingzhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yonghuan Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mengjie Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (W.G.)
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (W.G.)
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9
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Brunner G, Roux MS, Falk T, Bresch M, Böhm V, Blödorn-Schlicht N, Meiners T. The Peripheral Lymphatic System Is Impaired by the Loss of Neuronal Control Associated with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1448-1457. [PMID: 35843264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with venous vascular dysfunction below the level of injury, resulting in dysregulation of tissue fluid homeostasis in afflicted skin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether loss of neuronal control in chronic SCI also affects the skin lymphatic system. Morphology of lymphatics was characterized by immunohistochemistry and lymphatic gene expression profiles determined by DNA microarray analysis. In SCI, skin lymphatic function appeared to be impaired, because the ratio of functionally dilated versus collapsed lymphatic vessels was decreased 10-fold compared with control. Consequently, the average lumen area of lymphatic vessels was almost halved, possibly due to the known impaired connective tissue integrity of SCI skin. In fact, collagenases were found to be overexpressed in SCI skin, and dermal collagen structure was impaired. Molecular profiling also suggested an SCI-specific phenotype of increased connective tissue turnover and decreased lymphatic contractility. The total number of lymphatic vessels in SCI skin, however, was doubled, pointing to enhanced lymphangiogenesis. In conclusion, these data show, for the first time, that lymphatic function and development in human skin are under neuronal control. Because peripheral venous and lymphatic vascular defects are associated with disturbed fluid homeostasis, inappropriate wound healing reactions, and impaired skin immunity, they might contribute to the predisposition of afflicted individuals to pressure ulcer formation and wound healing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Brunner
- Center for Spinal Cord Injuries, Werner Wicker Hospital, Bad Wildungen, Germany; Department of Cancer Research, Fachklinik Hornheide, Münster, Germany.
| | - Meike S Roux
- Department of Cancer Research, Fachklinik Hornheide, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Falk
- Department of Dermatohistopathology, Dermatologikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Bresch
- Department of Dermatohistopathology, Dermatologikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Böhm
- Center for Spinal Cord Injuries, Werner Wicker Hospital, Bad Wildungen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Meiners
- Center for Spinal Cord Injuries, Werner Wicker Hospital, Bad Wildungen, Germany
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Álvarez-Sierra D, Marín-Sánchez A, Gómez-Brey A, Bello I, Caubet E, Moreno-Llorente P, Petit A, Zafón C, Iglesias C, González Ó, Pujol-Borrell R. Lymphocytic Thyroiditis Transcriptomic Profiles Support the Role of Checkpoint Pathways and B Cells in Pathogenesis. Thyroid 2022; 32:682-693. [PMID: 35403441 PMCID: PMC9360182 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the most common types of autoimmune diseases, but their physiopathology is still relatively unexplored. Genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) is a publicly available repository containing RNAseq data, including profiles from thyroid. Approximately 14.8% of these glands were affected by focal lymphocytic thyroiditis and 6.3% were annotated as Hashimoto. We interrogated these data to improve the characterization of infiltrating cells and to identify new molecular pathways active in autoimmune thyroiditis. Materials and Methods: Histological GTEx images of 336 thyroid samples were classified into three categories, that is, non-infiltrated thyroid, small focal infiltrated thyroid, and extensive lymphoid infiltrated thyroid. Differentially expressed genes among these categories were identified and subjected to in silico pathway enrichment analysis accordingly. CIBERSORTx deconvolution was used to characterize infiltrating cells. Results: As expected, most of the transcriptional changes were dependent on tissue infiltration. Upregulated genes in tissues include-in addition to lineage-specific B and T cell genes-a broad representation of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors expressed by B and T lymphocytes. CIBERSORTx analysis identified 22 types of infiltrating cells showed that T cells predominate 3:1 over B cells in glands with small infiltrates, only by 1.7:1 in those with large infiltrates. Follicular helper and memory CD4 T cells were significantly more abundant in glands with large infiltrates (p < 0.0001), but the most prominent finding in these glands was an almost sixfold increase in the number of naive B cells (p < 0.0001). A predominance of M2 macrophages over M1 and M0 macrophages was observed in the three gland categories (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Analysis of transcriptomic RNA-seq profiles constitutes a rich source of information for the analysis of autoimmune tissues. High-resolution transcriptomic data analysis of thyroid glands indicates the following: (a) in all infiltrated glands, active autoimmune response coexists with suppressor counteracting mechanisms involving several inhibitory checkpoint receptor pairs, (b) glands with small infiltrates contain an unexpected relatively high proportion of B lymphocytes, and (c) in highly infiltrated glands, there is a distinct transcriptomic signature of active tertiary lymphoid organs. These results support the concept that the autoimmune response is amplified in the thyroid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez-Sierra
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Campus Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Marín-Sánchez
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Campus Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Gómez-Brey
- Department of Transplant Coordination, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Bello
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Caubet
- Department of Endocrine Surgery Division, Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Petit
- Department of Histopathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Zafón
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmela Iglesias
- Department of Histopathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Campus Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar González
- Department of Endocrine Surgery Division, Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
- Address correspondence to: Óscar Gónzalez, MD, PhD, Endocrine Surgery Division, Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pujol-Borrell
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Campus Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Campus Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Address correspondence to: Ricardo Pujol-Borrell, MD, PhD, Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Campus Vall d'Hebron, Natzaret 115-117, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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11
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Zhang QY, Ye XP, Zhou Z, Zhu CF, Li R, Fang Y, Zhang RJ, Li L, Liu W, Wang Z, Song SY, Lu SY, Zhao SX, Lin JN, Song HD. Lymphocyte infiltration and thyrocyte destruction are driven by stromal and immune cell components in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:775. [PMID: 35140214 PMCID: PMC8828859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and thyrocyte destruction. Dissection of the interaction between the thyroidal stromal microenvironment and the infiltrating immune cells might lead to a better understanding of HT pathogenesis. Here we show, using single-cell RNA-sequencing, that three thyroidal stromal cell subsets, ACKR1+ endothelial cells and CCL21+ myofibroblasts and CCL21+ fibroblasts, contribute to the thyroidal tissue microenvironment in HT. These cell types occupy distinct histological locations within the thyroid gland. Our experiments suggest that they might facilitate lymphocyte trafficking from the blood to thyroid tissues, and T cell zone CCL21+ fibroblasts may also promote the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs characteristic to HT. Our study also demonstrates the presence of inflammatory macrophages and dendritic cells expressing high levels of IL-1β in the thyroid, which may contribute to thyrocyte destruction in HT patients. Our findings thus provide a deeper insight into the cellular interactions that might prompt the pathogenesis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Ye
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of geriatric endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Chen-Fang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Discipline Construction Research Center of China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ya Fang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rui-Jia Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shi-Yang Song
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Sang-Yu Lu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuang-Xia Zhao
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jian-Nan Lin
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Huai-Dong Song
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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12
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Zhang T, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:618-653. [PMID: 34977871 PMCID: PMC8706767 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since nuclear factor of κ-light chain of enhancer-activated B cells (NF-κB) was discovered in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating mechanism of NF-κB for 35 years, which lead to significant progress. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanisms regulating NF-κB activation have also been illuminated, the cascades of signaling events leading to NF-κB activity and key components of the NF-κB pathway are also identified. It has been suggested NF-κB plays an important role in human diseases, especially inflammation-related diseases. These studies make the NF-κB an attractive target for disease treatment. This review aims to summarize the knowledge of the family members of NF-κB, as well as the basic mechanisms of NF-κB signaling pathway activation. We will also review the effects of dysregulated NF-κB on inflammation, tumorigenesis, and tumor microenvironment. The progression of the translational study and drug development targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment and the potential obstacles will be discussed. Further investigations on the precise functions of NF-κB in the physiological and pathological settings and underlying mechanisms are in the urgent need to develop drugs targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chao Ma
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science CenterHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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13
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Brandum EP, Jørgensen AS, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. Dendritic Cells and CCR7 Expression: An Important Factor for Autoimmune Diseases, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158340. [PMID: 34361107 PMCID: PMC8348795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic cytokines-chemokines-control immune cell migration in the process of initiation and resolution of inflammatory conditions as part of the body's defense system. Many chemokines also participate in pathological processes leading up to and exacerbating the inflammatory state characterizing chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and the central chemokine receptor CCR7 in the initiation and sustainment of selected chronic inflammatory diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. We revisit the binary role that CCR7 plays in combatting and progressing cancer, and we discuss how CCR7 and DCs can be harnessed for the treatment of cancer. To provide the necessary background, we review the differential roles of the natural ligands of CCR7, CCL19, and CCL21 and how they direct the mobilization of activated DCs to lymphoid organs and control the formation of associated lymphoid tissues (ALTs). We provide an overview of DC subsets and, briefly, elaborate on the different T-cell effector types generated upon DC-T cell priming. In the conclusion, we promote CCR7 as a possible target of future drugs with an antagonistic effect to reduce inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases and an agonistic effect for boosting the reactivation of the immune system against cancer in cell-based and/or immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based anti-cancer therapy.
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14
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Rodriguez AB, Peske JD, Woods AN, Leick KM, Mauldin IS, Meneveau MO, Young SJ, Lindsay RS, Melssen MM, Cyranowski S, Parriott G, Conaway MR, Fu YX, Slingluff CL, Engelhard VH. Immune mechanisms orchestrate tertiary lymphoid structures in tumors via cancer-associated fibroblasts. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109422. [PMID: 34289373 PMCID: PMC8362934 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TA-TLS) are associated with enhanced patient survival and responsiveness to cancer therapies, but the mechanisms underlying their development are unknown. We show here that TA-TLS development in murine melanoma is orchestrated by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) with characteristics of lymphoid tissue organizer cells that are induced by tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling. CAF organization into reticular networks is mediated by CD8 T cells, while CAF accumulation and TA-TLS expansion depend on CXCL13-mediated recruitment of B cells expressing lymphotoxin-α1β2. Some of these elements are also overrepresented in human TA-TLS. Additionally, we demonstrate that immunotherapy induces more and larger TA-TLS that are more often organized with discrete T and B cell zones, and that TA-TLS presence, number, and size are correlated with reduced tumor size and overall response to checkpoint immunotherapy. This work provides a platform for manipulating TA-TLS development as a cancer immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Rodriguez
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - J David Peske
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Amber N Woods
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Katie M Leick
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ileana S Mauldin
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Max O Meneveau
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Samuel J Young
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Robin S Lindsay
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Marit M Melssen
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Salwador Cyranowski
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Geoffrey Parriott
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mark R Conaway
- Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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15
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Filderman JN, Appleman M, Chelvanambi M, Taylor JL, Storkus WJ. STINGing the Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Therapeutic Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690105. [PMID: 34054879 PMCID: PMC8155498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), also known as ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO), represent a unique subset of lymphoid tissues noted for their architectural similarity to lymph nodes, but which conditionally form in peripheral tissues in a milieu of sustained inflammation. TLS serve as regional sites for induction and expansion of the host B and T cell repertoires via an operational paradigm involving mature dendritic cells (DC) and specialized endothelial cells (i.e. high endothelial venules; HEV) in a process directed by TLS-associated cytokines and chemokines. Recent clinical correlations have been reported for the presence of TLS within tumor biopsies with overall patient survival and responsiveness to interventional immunotherapy. Hence, therapeutic strategies to conditionally reinforce TLS formation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) via the targeting of DC, vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and local cytokine/chemokine profiles are actively being developed and tested in translational tumor models and early phase clinical trials. In this regard, a subset of agents that promote tumor vascular normalization (VN) have been observed to coordinately support the development of a pro-inflammatory TME, maturation of DC and VEC, local production of TLS-inducing cytokines and chemokines, and therapeutic TLS formation. This mini-review will focus on STING agonists, which were originally developed as anti-angiogenic agents, but which have recently been shown to be effective in promoting VN and TLS formation within the therapeutic TME. Future application of these drugs in combination immunotherapy approaches for greater therapeutic efficacy is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Filderman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark Appleman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Manoj Chelvanambi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer L Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Blanchard L, Girard JP. High endothelial venules (HEVs) in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:719-753. [PMID: 33956259 PMCID: PMC8487881 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized blood vessels mediating lymphocyte trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) and other secondary lymphoid organs. By supporting high levels of lymphocyte extravasation from the blood, HEVs play an essential role in lymphocyte recirculation and immune surveillance for foreign invaders (bacterial and viral infections) and alterations in the body’s own cells (neoantigens in cancer). The HEV network expands during inflammation in immune-stimulated LNs and is profoundly remodeled in metastatic and tumor-draining LNs. HEV-like blood vessels expressing high levels of the HEV-specific sulfated MECA-79 antigens are induced in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation in many human inflammatory and allergic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Such vessels are believed to contribute to the amplification and maintenance of chronic inflammation. MECA-79+ tumor-associated HEVs (TA-HEVs) are frequently found in human tumors in CD3+ T cell-rich areas or CD20+ B-cell rich tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TA-HEVs have been proposed to play important roles in lymphocyte entry into tumors, a process essential for successful antitumor immunity and lymphocyte-mediated cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines or adoptive T cell therapy. In this review, we highlight the phenotype and function of HEVs in homeostatic, inflamed and tumor-draining lymph nodes, and those of HEV-like blood vessels in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the role and regulation of TA-HEVs in human cancer and mouse tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Blanchard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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17
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Paijens ST, Vledder A, de Bruyn M, Nijman HW. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy era. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:842-859. [PMID: 33139907 PMCID: PMC8115290 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) across cancer types. The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell, NK cell, and more recently, B cell responses within the tumor microenvironment. State-of-the-art single-cell analysis of TIL gene expression profiles and clonality has revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune activation and exhaustion. Many of these states are conserved across tumor types, in line with the broad responses observed clinically. Despite this homology, not all cancer types with similar TIL landscapes respond similarly to immunotherapy, highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interactions. This observation is further confounded by the strong prognostic benefit of TILs observed for tumor types that have so far respond poorly to immunotherapy. Thus, while a holistic view of lymphocyte infiltration and dysfunction on a single-cell level is emerging, the search for response and prognostic biomarkers is just beginning. Within this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TIL biology, their prognostic benefit, and their predictive value for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterre T Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annegé Vledder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Salem D, Chelvanambi M, Storkus WJ, Fecek RJ. Cutaneous Melanoma: Mutational Status and Potential Links to Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Formation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629519. [PMID: 33746966 PMCID: PMC7970117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy have enabled rapid evolution of novel interventional approaches designed to reinvigorate and expand patient immune responses against cancer. An emerging approach in cancer immunology involves the conditional induction of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which are non-encapsulated ectopic lymphoid structures forming at sites of chronic, pathologic inflammation. Cutaneous melanoma (CM), a highly-immunogenic form of solid cancer, continues to rise in both incidence and mortality rate, with recent reports supporting a positive correlation between the presence of TLS in melanoma and beneficial treatment outcomes amongst advanced-stage patients. In this context, TLS in CM are postulated to serve as dynamic centers for the initiation of robust anti-tumor responses within affected regions of active disease. Given their potential importance to patient outcome, significant effort has been recently devoted to gaining a better understanding of TLS neogenesis and the influence these lymphoid organs exert within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we briefly review TLS structure, function, and response to treatment in the setting of CM. To uncover potential tumor-intrinsic mechanisms that regulate TLS formation, we have taken the novel perspective of evaluating TLS induction in melanomas impacted by common driver mutations in BRAF, PTEN, NRAS, KIT, PRDM1, and MITF. Through analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we show expression of DNA repair proteins (DRPs) including BRCA1, PAXIP, ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, MSH2, and PMS2 to be negatively correlated with expression of pro-TLS genes, suggesting DRP loss may favor TLS development in support of improved patient outcome and patient response to interventional immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Salem
- Department of Microbiology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA, United States
| | - Manoj Chelvanambi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Department of Microbiology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA, United States
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19
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Peng L, Dong Y, Fan H, Cao M, Wu Q, Wang Y, Zhou C, Li S, Zhao C, Wang Y. Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Lymphangiogenesis: A Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1259. [PMID: 33013360 PMCID: PMC7495091 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels, as an important part of the lymphatic system, form a fine vascular system in humans and play an important role in regulating fluid homeostasis, assisting immune surveillance and transporting dietary lipids. Dysfunction of lymphatic vessels can cause many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, lymphedema, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis. Research on lymphangiogenesis has become increasingly important over the last few decades. Nevertheless, the explicit role of regulating lymphangiogenesis in preventing and treating diseases remains unclear owing to the lack of a deeper understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways of the specific and tissue-specific changes in lymphangiopathy. TCM, consisting of compound extracted from TCM, Injections of single TCM and formula, is an important complementary strategy for treating disease in China. Lots of valuable traditional Chinese medicines are used as substitutes or supplements in western countries. As one of the main natural resources, these TCM are widely used in new drug research and development in Asia. Moreover, as a historical and cultural heritage, TCM has been widely applied to clinical research on lymphangiogenesis leveraging new technologies recently. Available studies show that TCM has an explicit effect on the regulation of lymphatic regeneration. This review aims to clarify the function and mechanisms, especially the inhibitory effect of TCM in facilitating and inhibiting lymphatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longping Peng
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidan Dong
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Cao
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuchun Li
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Vascular Disease Department, Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Yu H, Lin L, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:209. [PMID: 32958760 PMCID: PMC7506548 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to regulate the expression of various proinflammatory genes and also serve as the critical mediator for inflammatory response. Meanwhile, the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway occurs through a handful of TNF receptor superfamily members. Since the activation of this pathway involves protein synthesis, the kinetics of non-canonical NF-κB activation is slow but persistent, in concordance with its biological functions in the development of immune cell and lymphoid organ, immune homeostasis and immune response. The activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in these pathways. Emerging studies indicate that dysregulated NF-κB activity causes inflammation-related diseases as well as cancers, and NF-κB has been long proposed as the potential target for therapy of diseases. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge and updates on the mechanisms of NF-κB pathway regulation and the potential therapeutic application of inhibition of NF-κB signaling in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangbin Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Nagl L, Horvath L, Pircher A, Wolf D. Tumor Endothelial Cells (TECs) as Potential Immune Directors of the Tumor Microenvironment - New Findings and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:766. [PMID: 32974337 PMCID: PMC7466447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in cancer development and progression. It represents a complex network of cancer cell (sub-)clones and a variety of stromal cell types. Recently, new technology platforms shed light on the cellular composition of the TME at very high resolution and identified a complex landscape of multi-lineage immune cells (e.g., T and B lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and dendritic cells), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and tumor endothelial cells (TECs). A growing body of evidence suggests that metabolically, genetically and on their transcriptomic profile TECs exhibit unique phenotypic and functional characteristics when compared to normal endothelial cells (NECs). Furthermore, the functional role of TECs is multifaceted as they are not only relevant for promoting tumor angiogenesis but have also evolved as key mediators of immune regulation in the TME. Regulatory mechanisms are complex and profoundly impact peripheral immune cell trafficking into the tumor compartment by acting as major gatekeepers of cellular transmigration. Moreover, TECs are associated with T cell priming, activation and proliferation by acting as antigen-presenting cells themselves. TECs are also essential for the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within the tumor, which have recently been associated with treatment response to checkpoint antibody therapy. Further essential characteristics of TECs compared to NECs are their high proliferative potential as well as greatly altered gene expression profile (e.g., upregulation of pro-angiogenic, extracellular matrix remodeling, and stemness genes), which results in enhanced secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines and altered cell-surface receptors [e.g., major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immune checkpoints]. The TEC phenotype may be rooted in an aggressive tumor micro-milieu based on cellular stress via hypoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Vice versa TECs might modulate TME immunogenicity thereby fostering cancer-associated immune suppression. This review aims to elucidate the currently emergent pathophysiological aspects of TECs with a particular focus on their potential role as regulators of immune cell function in the TME. It is a main future challenge to deeply characterize the phenotypic and functional profile of TECs to illuminate their complex role within the TME. The ultimate goal is the identification of TEC-specific drug targets to improve cancer (immuno-)therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Nagl
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena Horvath
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immunoncology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
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22
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Marinkovic D, Marinkovic T. Putative role of marginal zone B cells in pathophysiological processes. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12920. [PMID: 32594535 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of inner integrity of an organism is founded on the proper performance of two immunity branches, innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, it became apparent that subset of splenic B cells named marginal zone B cells (MZB cells) exhibits unique developmental and functional features that bridge these two immunity branches. Strategically positioned at the site where blood and lymph are filtered, MZB cells represent a population of sentinels that rapidly proliferate and differentiate into IgM plasmablast cells when encountered with blood-borne, thymus-independent (TI) Ags. Moreover, MZB cells have intrinsic capability to induce potent CD4+ helper T cell response and cytokine production upon stimulation with soluble antigens. Due to their ability to overcome a time gap prior the establishment of the full adaptive response towards pathogens, MZB cells connect and direct innate and adaptive immunity. An additional interesting characteristic of MZB cells is capacity to function as regulatory cells in autoimmune processes. MZB cells may also contribute to the control of autoimmunity via the induction of tolerance by apoptotic cells. Importantly, in the clear association with inflammation and autoimmunity, MZB cells may transform into MALT lymphoma, representing a concurrence point for the infection, immunity and malignancy. This paper presents an insight into the complex biology of marginal zone B cells and their role in intertwining and directing innate and adaptive immune processes at the physiological and pathological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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23
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Kirita Y, Wu H, Uchimura K, Wilson PC, Humphreys BD. Cell profiling of mouse acute kidney injury reveals conserved cellular responses to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15874-15883. [PMID: 32571916 PMCID: PMC7355049 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005477117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After acute kidney injury (AKI), patients either recover or alternatively develop fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Interactions between injured epithelia, stroma, and inflammatory cells determine whether kidneys repair or undergo fibrosis, but the molecular events that drive these processes are poorly understood. Here, we use single nucleus RNA sequencing of a mouse model of AKI to characterize cell states during repair from acute injury. We identify a distinct proinflammatory and profibrotic proximal tubule cell state that fails to repair. Deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq datasets indicates that this failed-repair proximal tubule cell (FR-PTC) state can be detected in other models of kidney injury, increasing during aging in rat kidney and over time in human kidney allografts. We also describe dynamic intercellular communication networks and discern transcriptional pathways driving successful vs. failed repair. Our study provides a detailed description of cellular responses after injury and suggests that the FR-PTC state may represent a therapeutic target to improve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Kirita
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kohei Uchimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Parker C Wilson
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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24
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Marinkovic T, Marinkovic D. Biological mechanisms of ectopic lymphoid structure formation and their pathophysiological significance. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:255-267. [PMID: 32631119 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1789620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organs are structures with the organization similar to the one of secondary lymphoid organs, formed in non-lymphoid tissues. They are considered to be an important site for the lymphocytic physiological and pathological role in conditions such are chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and allograft rejection. Although similar to the secondary lymphoid tissues, the initiation of ELS formation is not preprogramed and requires chronic inflammation, expression of homeostatic chemokines, and lymphotoxin beta receptor activation. Importantly, while ELS formation may be considered beneficiary in antimicrobial and antitumor immunity, the persistence of these active lymphoid structures within the tissue increase the chance for development of autoimmunity and lymphoma. This paper is providing an overview of biological mechanisms involved in ELS formation, as well as the overview of the pathophysiological role of these structures. In addition, the paper discusses the possibility to therapeutically target ELS formation, bearing in mind their bivalent nature and role in different pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Marinkovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Western Serbia Academy of Applied Sciences, Uzice, Serbia
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Conejo-Garcia JR, Biswas S, Chaurio R. Humoral immune responses: Unsung heroes of the war on cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 49:101419. [PMID: 33183950 PMCID: PMC7738315 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid cancers progress from primordial lesions through complex interactions between tumor-promoting and anti-tumor immune cell types, ultimately leading to the orchestration of humoral and T cell adaptive immune responses, albeit in an immunosuppressive environment. B cells infiltrating most established tumors have been associated with a dual role: Some studies have associated antibodies produced by tumor-associated B cells with the promotion of regulatory activities on myeloid cells, and also with direct immunosuppression through the production of IL-10, IL-35 or TGF-β. In contrast, recent studies in multiple human malignancies identify B cell responses with delayed malignant progression and coordinated T cell protective responses. This includes the elusive role of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures identified in many human tumors, where the function of B cells remains unknown. Here, we discuss emerging data on the dual role of B cell responses in the pathophysiology of human cancer, providing a perspective on future directions and possible novel interventions to restore the coordinated action of both branches of the adaptive immune response, with the goal of maximizing immunotherapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Subir Biswas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ricardo Chaurio
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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26
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Jeucken KCM, Koning JJ, Mebius RE, Tas SW. The Role of Endothelial Cells and TNF-Receptor Superfamily Members in Lymphoid Organogenesis and Function During Health and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2700. [PMID: 31824495 PMCID: PMC6879661 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are crucial for the orchestration of immune responses. LN reactions depend on interactions between incoming and local immune cells, and stromal cells. To mediate these cellular interactions an organized vascular network within the LN exists. In general, the LN vasculature can be divided into two components: blood vessels, which include the specialized high endothelial venules that recruit lymphocytes from the bloodstream, and lymphatic vessels. Signaling via TNF receptor (R) superfamily (SF) members has been implicated as crucial for the development and function of LNs and the LN vasculature. In recent years the role of cell-specific signaling of TNFRSF members in different endothelial cell (EC) subsets and their roles in development and maintenance of lymphoid organs has been elucidated. Here, we discuss recent insights into EC-specific TNFRSF member signaling and highlight its importance in different EC subsets in LN organogenesis and function during health, and in lymphocyte activation and tertiary lymphoid structure formation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C M Jeucken
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Sautès-Fridman C, Petitprez F, Calderaro J, Fridman WH. Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:307-325. [PMID: 31092904 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 874] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid organs that develop in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation including tumours. Key common characteristics between secondary lymphoid organogenesis and TLS neogenesis have been identified. TLSs exist under different maturation states in tumours, culminating in germinal centre formation. The mechanisms that underlie the role of TLSs in the adaptive antitumour immune response are being deciphered. The description of the correlation between TLS presence and clinical benefit in patients with cancer, suggesting that TLSs could be a prognostic and predictive factor, has drawn strong interest into investigating the role of TLSs in tumours. A current major challenge is to exploit TLSs to promote lymphocyte infiltration, activation by tumour antigens and differentiation to increase the antitumour immune response. Several approaches are being developed using chemokines, cytokines, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells or synthetic scaffolds to induce TLS formation. Strategies aiming to induce TLS neogenesis in immune-low tumours and in immune-high tumours, in this case, in combination with therapeutic agents dampening the inflammatory environment and/or with immune checkpoint inhibitors, represent promising avenues for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Florent Petitprez
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
- Département de Pathologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Equipe 18, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
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28
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Cortes-Selva D, Ready A, Gibbs L, Rajwa B, Fairfax KC. IL-4 promotes stromal cell expansion and is critical for development of a type-2, but not a type 1 immune response. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:428-442. [PMID: 30575951 PMCID: PMC6953475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 is critical for differentiation of Th2 cells and antibody isotype switching, but our work demonstrated that it is produced in the peripheral LN under both Type 2, and Type 1 conditions, raising the possibility of other functions. We found that IL-4 is vital for proper positioning of hematopoietic and stromal cells in steady state, and the lack of IL-4 or IL-4Rα correlates with disarrangement of both follicular dendritic cells and CD31+ endothelial cells. We observed a marked disorganization of B cells in these mice, suggesting that the lymphocyte-stromal cell axis is maintained by the IL-4 signaling pathway. This study showed that absence of IL-4 correlates with significant downregulation of Lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) and Lymphotoxin beta (LTβ), critical lymphokines for the development and maintenance of lymphoid organs. Moreover, immunization of IL-4 deficient mice with Type 2 antigens failed to induce lymphotoxin production, LN reorganization, or germinal center formation, while this process is IL-4 independent following Type 1 immunization. Additionally, we found that Type 1 antigen mediated LN reorganization is dependent on IFN-γ in the absence of IL-4. Our findings reveal a role of IL-4 in the maintenance of peripheral lymphoid organ microenvironments during homeostasis and antigenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cortes-Selva
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Ready
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lisa Gibbs
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, and Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Keke C Fairfax
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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29
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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30
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Pipi E, Nayar S, Gardner DH, Colafrancesco S, Smith C, Barone F. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Autoimmunity Goes Local. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1952. [PMID: 30258435 PMCID: PMC6143705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are frequently observed in target organs of autoimmune diseases. TLS present features of secondary lymphoid organs such as segregated T and B cell zones, presence of follicular dendritic cell networks, high endothelial venules and specialized lymphoid fibroblasts and display the mechanisms to support local adaptive immune responses toward locally displayed antigens. TLS detection in the tissue is often associated with poor prognosis of disease, auto-antibody production and malignancy development. This review focuses on the contribution of TLS toward the persistence of the inflammatory drive, the survival of autoreactive lymphocyte clones and post-translational modifications, responsible for the pathogenicity of locally formed autoantibodies, during autoimmune disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pipi
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Experimental Medicine Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Smith
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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31
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Engelhard VH, Rodriguez AB, Mauldin IS, Woods AN, Peske JD, Slingluff CL. Immune Cell Infiltration and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures as Determinants of Antitumor Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:432-442. [PMID: 29311385 PMCID: PMC5777336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Limited representation of intratumoral immune cells is a major barrier to tumor control. However, simply enhancing immune responses in tumor-draining lymph nodes or through adoptive transfer may not overcome the limited ability of tumor vasculature to support effector infiltration. An alternative is to promote a sustained immune response intratumorally. This idea has gained traction with the observation that many tumors are associated with tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which organizationally resemble lymph nodes. These peri- and intratumoral structures are usually, but not always, associated with positive prognoses in patients. Preclinical and clinical data support a role for TLS in modulating immunity in the tumor microenvironment. However, there appear to be varied functions of TLS, potentially based on their structure or location in relation to the tumor or the origin or location of the tumor itself. Understanding more about TLS development, composition, and function may offer new therapeutic opportunities to modulate antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Anthony B Rodriguez
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Ileana S Mauldin
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Amber N Woods
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - J David Peske
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Mueller CG, Nayar S, Campos J, Barone F. Molecular and Cellular Requirements for the Assembly of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:55-72. [PMID: 30155622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At sites of chronic inflammation, recruited immune cells form structures that resemble secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Those are characterized by segregated areas of prevalent T- or B-cell aggregation, differentiation of high endothelial venules (HEVs) and local activation of resident stromal cells. B-cell proliferation and affinity maturation towards locally displayed autoantigens have been demonstrated at those sites, known as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TLS formation has been associated with local disease persistence and progression as well as increased systemic manifestations. While bearing a similar histological structure to SLO, the signals that regulate TLS and SLO formation can diverge, and a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been ascribed as responsible for TLS formation at different anatomical sites. Here we review the structural elements as well as the signals responsible for TLS aggregation, aiming to provide an overview to this complex immunological phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Mueller
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Campos
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - F Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Mueller CG, Nayar S, Gardner D, Barone F. Cellular and Vascular Components of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1845:17-30. [PMID: 30141005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8709-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory immune cells recruited at the site of chronic inflammation form structures that resemble secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). These are characterized by segregated areas of prevalent T- or B-cell aggregation, differentiation of high endothelial venules, and local activation of resident stromal cells, including lymphatic endothelial cells. B-cell proliferation and affinity maturation toward locally displayed autoantigens have been demonstrated at these sites, known as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). TLS formation during chronic inflammation has been associated with local disease persistence and progression, as well as increased systemic manifestations. While bearing a similar histological structure to SLO, the signals that regulate TLS and SLO formation can diverge and a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been ascribed as responsible for TLS formation at different anatomical sites. Moreover, for a long time the structural compartment that regulates TLS homeostasis, including survival and recirculation of leucocytes has been neglected. In this chapter, we summarize the novel data available on TLS formation, structural organization, and the functional and anatomical links connecting TLS and SLOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher George Mueller
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), CNRS UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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Colbeck EJ, Ager A, Gallimore A, Jones GW. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer: Drivers of Antitumor Immunity, Immunosuppression, or Bystander Sentinels in Disease? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1830. [PMID: 29312327 PMCID: PMC5742143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs are integral to initiation and execution of adaptive immune responses. These organs provide a setting for interactions between antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells recruited from local infected or inflamed tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs develop as a part of a genetically preprogrammed process during embryogenesis. However, organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues can also be recapitulated in adulthood during de novo lymphoid neogenesis of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). These ectopic lymphoid-like structures form in the inflamed tissues afflicted by various pathological conditions, including cancer, autoimmunity, infection, or allograft rejection. Studies are beginning to shed light on the function of such structures in different disease settings, raising important questions regarding their contribution to progression or resolution of disease. Data show an association between the tumor-associated TLSs and a favorable prognosis in various types of human cancer, attracting the speculation that TLSs support effective local antitumor immune responses. However, definitive evidence for the role for TLSs in fostering immune responses in vivo are lacking, with current data remaining largely correlative by nature. In fact, some more recent studies have even demonstrated an immunosuppressive, tumor-promoting role for cancer-associated TLSs. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the development of cancer-associated TLSs and the current understanding of their potential role in the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Ager
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Wyn Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Yang JG, Sun YF, He KF, Ren JG, Liu ZJ, Liu B, Zhang W, Zhao YF. Lymphotoxins Promote the Progression of Human Lymphatic Malformation by Enhancing Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2602-2615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Interactions between fibroblastic reticular cells and B cells promote mesenteric lymph node lymphangiogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:367. [PMID: 28848229 PMCID: PMC5573728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic growth (lymphangiogenesis) within lymph nodes functions to promote dendritic cell entry and effector lymphocyte egress in response to infection or inflammation. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR) signaling to fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) by lymphotoxin-expressing B cells in driving mesenteric lymph node lymphangiogenesis following helminth infection. LTβR ligation on fibroblastic reticular cells leads to the production of B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), which synergized with interleukin-4 (IL-4) to promote the production of the lymphangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C, by B cells. In addition, the BAFF-IL-4 synergy augments expression of lymphotoxin by antigen-activated B cells, promoting further B cell–fibroblastic reticular cell interactions. These results underlie the importance of lymphotoxin-dependent B cell–FRC cross talk in driving the expansion of lymphatic networks that function to promote and maintain immune responsiveness. The growth of lymph nodes in response to infection requires lymphangiogenesis. Dubey et al. show that the mesenteric lymph node lymphangiogenesis upon helminth infection depends on the signaling loop between the B and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), whereby the FRCs respond to lymphotoxin secreted by B cells by releasing B cell activating factor.
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Ruddle NH. High Endothelial Venules and Lymphatic Vessels in Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Characteristics, Functions, and Regulation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:491. [PMID: 27881983 PMCID: PMC5101196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) and lymphatic vessels (LVs) are essential for the function of the immune system, by providing communication between the body and lymph nodes (LNs), specialized sites of antigen presentation and recognition. HEVs bring in naïve and central memory cells and LVs transport antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes in and out of LNs. Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are accumulations of lymphoid and stromal cells that arise and organize at ectopic sites in response to chronic inflammation in autoimmunity, microbial infection, graft rejection, and cancer. TLOs are distinguished from primary lymphoid organs – the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) – the LNs, spleen, and Peyer’s patches, in that they arise in response to inflammatory signals, rather than in ontogeny. TLOs usually do not have a capsule but are rather contained within the confines of another organ. Their structure, cellular composition, chemokine expression, and vascular and stromal support resemble SLOs and are the defining aspects of TLOs. T and B cells, antigen-presenting cells, fibroblast reticular cells, and other stromal cells and vascular elements including HEVs and LVs are all typical components of TLOs. A key question is whether the HEVs and LVs play comparable roles and are regulated similarly to those in LNs. Data are presented that support this concept, especially with regard to TLO HEVs. Emerging data suggest that the functions and regulation of TLO LVs are also similar to those in LNs. These observations support the concept that TLOs are not merely cellular accumulations but are functional entities that provide sites to generate effector cells, and that their HEVs and LVs are crucial elements in those activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Ruddle
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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Barone F, Gardner DH, Nayar S, Steinthal N, Buckley CD, Luther SA. Stromal Fibroblasts in Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: A Novel Target in Chronic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:477. [PMID: 27877173 PMCID: PMC5100680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are organized aggregates of lymphocytes, myeloid, and stromal cells that provide ectopic hubs for acquired immune responses. TLS share phenotypical and functional features with secondary lymphoid organs (SLO); however, they require persistent inflammatory signals to arise and are often observed at target sites of autoimmune disease, chronic infection, cancer, and organ transplantation. Over the past 10 years, important progress has been made in our understanding of the role of stromal fibroblasts in SLO development, organization, and function. A complex and stereotyped series of events regulate fibroblast differentiation from embryonic life in SLOs to lymphoid organ architecture observed in adults. In contrast, TLS-associated fibroblasts differentiate from postnatal, locally activated mesenchyme, predominantly in settings of inflammation and persistent antigen presentation. Therefore, there are critical differences in the cellular and molecular requirements that regulate SLO versus TLS development that ultimately impact on stromal and hematopoietic cell function. These differences may contribute to the pathogenic nature of TLS in the context of chronic inflammation and malignant transformation and offer a window of opportunity for therapeutic interventions in TLS associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Nathalie Steinthal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Tanaka M, Iwakiri Y. The Hepatic Lymphatic Vascular System: Structure, Function, Markers, and Lymphangiogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:733-749. [PMID: 28105461 PMCID: PMC5240041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system has been minimally explored in the liver despite its essential functions including maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. The discovery of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells has advanced the study of lymphatics by methods including imaging, cell isolation, and transgenic animal models and has resulted in rapid progress in lymphatic vascular research during the last decade. These studies have yielded concrete evidence that lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge of the structure, function, and markers of the hepatic lymphatic vascular system as well as factors associated with hepatic lymphangiogenesis and compares liver lymphatics with those in other tissues.
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Key Words
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Cirrhosis
- EHE, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBx Ag, hepatitis B x antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- LYVE-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1
- LyEC, lymphatic endothelial cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- Portal Hypertension
- Prox1, prospero homeobox protein 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Yasuko Iwakiri, PhD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.Section of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineTAC S223B, 333 Cedar StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06520
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40
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Kobayashi Y, Watanabe T. Gel-Trapped Lymphorganogenic Chemokines Trigger Artificial Tertiary Lymphoid Organs and Mount Adaptive Immune Responses In Vivo. Front Immunol 2016; 7:316. [PMID: 27597851 PMCID: PMC4992816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously generated artificial lymph node-like tertiary lymphoid organs (artTLOs) in mice using lymphotoxin α-expressing stromal cells. Here, we show the construction of transplantable and functional artTLOs by applying soluble factors trapped in slow-releasing gels in the absence of lymphoid tissue organizer stromal cells. The resultant artTLOs were easily removable, transplantable, and were capable of attracting memory B and T cells. Importantly, artTLOs induced a powerful antigen-specific secondary immune response, which was particularly pronounced in immune-compromised hosts. Synthesis of functionally stable immune tissues/organs like those described here may be a first step to eventually develop immune system-based therapeutics. Although much needs to be learned from the precise mechanisms of action, they may offer ways in the future to reestablish immune functions to overcome hitherto untreatable diseases, including severe infection, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and various forms of immune deficiencies, including immune-senescence during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kobayashi
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Kita-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Kita-ku , Osaka , Japan
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41
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Neyt K, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Deswarte K, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Early IL-1 Signaling Promotes iBALT Induction after Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:312. [PMID: 27579026 PMCID: PMC4985557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) is a long lasting tertiary lymphoid tissue that can be induced following influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Previous studies have shown that iBALT structures containing germinal center (GC) B cells protect against repeated infection by contributing locally to the cellular and humoral immune response. If we are to exploit this in vaccination strategies, we need a better understanding on how iBALT structures are induced. One hypothesis is that the strength of the initial innate response dictates induction of iBALT. In the present study, we investigated the role of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-1R signaling on iBALT formation. Mice lacking the IL-1R had a delayed viral clearance and, thus, a prolonged exposure to viral replication, leading to increased disease severity, compared to wild-type mice. Contradictorily, iBALT formation following clearance of the virus was heavily compromised in Il1r1−/− mice. Quantification of gene induction after IAV infection demonstrated induction of IL-1α and to a much lesser extent of IL-1β. Administration of recombinant IL-1α to the lungs of wild-type mice, early but not late, after IAV infection led to more pronounced iBALT formation and an increased amount of GC B cells in the lungs. Bone marrow chimeric mice identified the stromal compartment as the crucial IL-1 responsive cell for iBALT induction. Mechanistically, Q-PCR analysis of lung homogenates revealed a strongly diminished production of CXCL13, a B cell-attracting chemokine, in Il1r−/− mice during the early innate phase of IAV infection. These experiments demonstrate that appropriate innate IL-1α–IL-1R signaling is necessary for IAV clearance and at the same time instructs the formation of organized tertiary lymphoid tissues through induction of CXCL13 early after infection. These findings are discussed in the light of recent insights on the pathogenesis of tertiary lymphoid organ formation in the lung in various diseases where the IL-1 axis is hyperactive, such as rheumatoid arthritis and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Neyt
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kim Deswarte
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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42
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Nayar S, Campos J, Chung MM, Navarro-Núñez L, Chachlani M, Steinthal N, Gardner DH, Rankin P, Cloake T, Caamaño JH, McGettrick HM, Watson SP, Luther S, Buckley CD, Barone F. Bimodal Expansion of the Lymphatic Vessels Is Regulated by the Sequential Expression of IL-7 and Lymphotoxin α1β2 in Newly Formed Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1957-67. [PMID: 27474071 PMCID: PMC4991245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis associated with tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) has been reported in numerous studies. However, the kinetics and dynamic changes occurring to the lymphatic vascular network during TLS development have not been studied. Using a viral-induced, resolving model of TLS formation in the salivary glands of adult mice we demonstrate that the expansion of the lymphatic vascular network is tightly regulated. Lymphatic vessel expansion occurs in two distinct phases. The first wave of expansion is dependent on IL-7. The second phase, responsible for leukocyte exit from the glands, is regulated by lymphotoxin (LT)βR signaling. These findings, while highlighting the tight regulation of the lymphatic response to inflammation, suggest that targeting the LTα1β2/LTβR pathway in TLS-associated pathologies might impair a natural proresolving mechanism for lymphocyte exit from the tissues and account for the failure of therapeutic strategies that target these molecules in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Campos
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Ming May Chung
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Leyre Navarro-Núñez
- Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Menka Chachlani
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Steinthal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Rankin
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cloake
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge H Caamaño
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom;
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43
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Hwang JY, Randall TD, Silva-Sanchez A. Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue: Taming Inflammation in the Lung. Front Immunol 2016; 7:258. [PMID: 27446088 PMCID: PMC4928648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following pulmonary inflammation, leukocytes that infiltrate the lung often assemble into structures known as inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT). Like conventional lymphoid organs, areas of iBALT have segregated B and T cell areas, specialized stromal cells, high endothelial venules, and lymphatic vessels. After inflammation is resolved, iBALT is maintained for months, independently of inflammation. Once iBALT is formed, it participates in immune responses to pulmonary antigens, including those that are unrelated to the iBALT-initiating antigen, and often alters the clinical course of disease. However, the mechanisms that govern immune responses in iBALT and determine how iBALT impacts local and systemic immunity are poorly understood. Here, we review our current understanding of iBALT formation and discuss how iBALT participates in pulmonary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Hwang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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44
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Di Caro G, Castino GF, Bergomas F, Cortese N, Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F, Mantovani A, Marchesi F. Tertiary lymphoid tissue in the tumor microenvironment: from its occurrence to immunotherapeutic implications. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 34:123-33. [PMID: 25901857 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells in the microenvironment of solid tumors is highly heterogeneous and follows patterns, varying according to the organ of origin and stage of disease, with critical roles in the process of cancer onset and progression. While adaptive cells are endowed with anti-tumor activities, inflammatory components of the immune infiltrate orchestrate an immunosuppressive microenvironment that reveals ambivalent functions of the immune contexture in the tumor milieu. The balance between opposing pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral immune pathways, which occur concomitantly in the tumor microenvironment, and the regulatory networks of these phenomena have been the target of several immunotherapeutic strategies. While the scarcity of adaptive immune effectors in tumors correlates with dismal prognosis, the pathways of activation of tumor-specific lymphocytes are yet to be fully elucidated. Recently, the occurrence of tertiary lymphoid tissue was revealed to be critical in mediating the dynamics of T cell recruitment and local activation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, tertiary lymphoid tissue assessment and targeting emerge as a promising approach for the design of novel prognostic immune signatures and immunotherapeutic strategies. The immunological behavior of tertiary lymphoid tissue, its occurrence in the tumor immune microenvironment and its clinical relevance are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Caro
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano, Milan , Italy
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Lymphangiogenesis and Inflammation-Looking for the "Missing Pieces" of the Puzzle. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:415-26. [PMID: 26169947 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several papers about lymphangiogenesis and inflammation focused on the detailed and complicated descriptions of the molecular pathways accompanying both non-tumor and tumor inflammatory-induced lymphatic vessel development. Many authors are tempted to present inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis in pathologic conditions neglecting the role of inflammatory cells during embryonic lymphatic vessel development. Some of the inflammatory cells are largely characterized in inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis, while others as mast cells, eosinophils, or plasma cells are less studied. No phenotypic characterization of inflammation-activated lymphatic endothelial cell is available in this moment. Another paradox is related to the existence of few papers regarding lymphangiogenesis inside lymphoid organs and for their related pathology. There are still several "missing pieces of such a big puzzle" of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation, with a direct impact on the ineffectiveness of the anti-inflammatory therapy as lymphangiogenesis inhibitors. The present paper will focus on the controversial issues of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation.
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Peske JD, Thompson ED, Gemta L, Baylis RA, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Effector lymphocyte-induced lymph node-like vasculature enables naive T-cell entry into tumours and enhanced anti-tumour immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7114. [PMID: 25968334 PMCID: PMC4435831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lymph node (LN)-like vasculature in tumors, characterized by expression of peripheral node addressin and chemokine CCL21, is correlated with T-cell infiltration and positive prognosis in breast cancer and melanoma patients. However, mechanisms controlling the development of LN-like vasculature and how it might contribute to a beneficial outcome for cancer patients are unknown. Here we demonstrate that LN-like vasculature is present in murine models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. It enables infiltration by naïve T-cells that significantly delay tumor outgrowth after intratumoral activation. Development of this vasculature is controlled by a mechanism involving effector CD8 T-cells and NK cells that secrete LTα3 and IFNγ. LN-like vasculature is also associated with organized aggregates of B-lymphocytes and gp38+ fibroblasts that resemble tertiary lymphoid organs that develop in models of chronic inflammation. These results establish LN-like vasculature as both a consequence of and key contributor to anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Peske
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Lelisa Gemta
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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Buckley CD, Barone F, Nayar S, Bénézech C, Caamaño J. Stromal Cells in Chronic Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Formation. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:715-45. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Cecile Bénézech
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jorge Caamaño
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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Shin K, Lee SH. Interplay between Inflammatory Responses and Lymphatic Vessels. Immune Netw 2014; 14:182-6. [PMID: 25177250 PMCID: PMC4148488 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.4.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are routes for leukocyte migration and fluid drainage. In addition to their passive roles in migration of leukocytes, increasing evidence indicates their active roles in immune regulation. Tissue inflammation rapidly induces lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and chemokine production, thereby resulting in lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, lymphatic endothelial cells induce T cell tolerance through various mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on how inflammatory cytokines affect lymphangiogenesis and the roles of lymphatic vessels in modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuk Shin
- Department of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Korea. ; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, and Biomedical Research Center, and KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyo Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, and Biomedical Research Center, and KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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The role of lymphotoxin signaling in the development of autoimmune pancreatitis and associated secondary extra-pancreatic pathologies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:125-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Baluk P, Adams A, Phillips K, Feng J, Hong YK, Brown MB, McDonald DM. Preferential lymphatic growth in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in sustained lung inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1577-92. [PMID: 24631179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatics proliferate, become enlarged, or regress in multiple inflammatory lung diseases in humans. Lymphatic growth and remodeling is known to occur in the mouse trachea in sustained inflammation, but whether intrapulmonary lymphatics exhibit similar plasticity is unknown. We examined the time course, distribution, and dependence on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2/VEGFR-3 signaling of lung lymphatics in sustained inflammation. Lymphatics in mouse lungs were examined under baseline conditions and 3 to 28 days after Mycoplasma pulmonis infection, using prospero heomeobox 1-enhanced green fluorescence protein and VEGFR-3 as markers. Sprouting lymphangiogenesis was evident at 7 days. Lymphatic growth was restricted to regions of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), where VEGF-C-producing cells were scattered in T-cell zones. Expansion of lung lymphatics after infection was reduced 68% by blocking VEGFR-2, 83% by blocking VEGFR-3, and 99% by blocking both receptors. Inhibition of VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 did not prevent the formation of BALT. Treatment of established infection with oxytetracycline caused BALT, but not the lymphatics, to regress. We conclude that robust lymphangiogenesis occurs in mouse lungs after M. pulmonis infection through a mechanism involving signaling of both VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Expansion of the lymphatic network is restricted to regions of BALT, but lymphatics do not regress when BALT regresses after antibiotic treatment. The lung lymphatic network can thus expand in sustained inflammation, but the expansion is not as reversible as the accompanying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baluk
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.
| | - Alicia Adams
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Keeley Phillips
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer Feng
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Departments of Surgery, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mary B Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Donald M McDonald
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
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