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Mao BP, Pan M, Shan Y, Wang YN, Li H, Wu J, Zhu X, Hu E, Cheng CY, Shangguan W. Katanin regulatory subunit B1 (KATNB1) regulates BTB dynamics through changes in cytoskeletal organization. FASEB J 2024; 38:e70049. [PMID: 39275889 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400966r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have explored the role of the KATNB1 gene, a microtubule-severing protein, in the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis. Our data have shown that KATNB1 expressed in rat brain, testes, and Sertoli cells. KATNB1 was found to co-localize with α-tubulin showing a unique stage-specific distribution across the seminiferous epithelium. Knockdown of KATNB1 by RNAi led to significant disruption of the tight junction (TJ) permeability barrier function in primary Sertoli cells cultured in vitro with an established functional TJ-barrier, as well as perturbations in the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton organization. The disruption in these cytoskeletal structures, in turn, led to improper distribution of TJ and basal ES proteins essential for maintaining the Sertoli TJ function. More importantly, overexpression of KATNB1 in the testis in vivo was found to block cadmium-induced blood-testis barrier (BTB) disruption and testis injury. KATNB1 exerted its promoting effects on BTB and spermatogenesis through corrective spatiotemporal expression of actin- and microtubule-based regulatory proteins by maintaining the proper organization of cytoskeletons in the testis, illustrating its plausible therapeutic implication. In summary, Katanin regulatory subunit B1 (KATNB1) plays a crucial role in BTB and spermatogenesis through its effects on the actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletons in Sertoli cells and testis, providing important insights into male reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Ping Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingdong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinhan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuanjing Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ende Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangning Shangguan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Geay J, Margaron Y, Gentien D, Reyal F, Puisieux A, Blanchoin L, Guyon L, Théry M. Plakins are involved in the regulation of centrosome position in polarized epithelial cells. Biol Cell 2024; 116:e2400048. [PMID: 38850178 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The control of epithelial cell polarity is key to their function. Its dysregulation is a major cause of tissue transformation. In polarized epithelial cells,the centrosome is off-centred toward the apical pole. This asymmetry determines the main orientation of the microtubule network and intra-cellular traffic. However, the mechanism regulating centrosome positioning at the apical pole of polarized epithelial cells is still poorly undertood. RESULTS In this study we used transcriptomic data from breast cancer cells to identify molecular changes associated with the different stages of tumour transformation. We correlated these changes with variations in centrosome position or with cell progression along the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that involves centrosome repositioning. We found that low levels of epiplakin, desmoplakin and periplakin correlated with centrosome mispositioning in cells that had progressed through EMT or tissue transformation. We further tested the causal role of these plakins in the regulation of centrosome position by knocking down their expression in a non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A). The downregulation of periplakin reduced the length of intercellular junction, which was not affected by the downregulation of epiplakin or desmoplakin. However, down-regulating any of them disrupted centrosome polarisation towards the junction without affecting microtubule stability. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results demonstrated that epiplakin, desmoplakin and periplakin are involved in the maintenance of the peripheral position of the centrosome close to inter-cellular junctions. They also revealed that these plakins are downregulated during EMT and breast cancer progression, which are both associated with centrosome mispositioning. SIGNIFICANCE These results revealed that the down-regulation of plakins and the consequential centrosome mispositioning are key signatures of disorganised cytoskeleton networks, inter-cellular junction weakening, shape deregulation and the loss of polarity in breast cancer cells. These metrics could further be used as a new readouts for early phases of tumoral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Geay
- Université de Paris, CEA/INSERM/AP-HP, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Yoran Margaron
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA/INRA/CNRS, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - David Gentien
- Université PSL, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Genomics Platform, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Université Paris Cité, Université PSL, INSERM U932, Breast Gynecological and Reconstructive Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université PSL, Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Université de Paris, CEA/INSERM/AP-HP, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA/INRA/CNRS, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Guyon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA/INSERM, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, BioSanté UMR_S 1292, Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- Université de Paris, CEA/INSERM/AP-HP, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA/INRA/CNRS, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
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3
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Singh A, Thale S, Leibner T, Lamparter L, Ricker A, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Galic M, Ohlberger M, Matis M. Dynamic interplay of microtubule and actomyosin forces drive tissue extension. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3198. [PMID: 38609383 PMCID: PMC11014958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to shape a tissue, individual cell-based mechanical forces have to be integrated into a global force pattern. Over the last decades, the importance of actomyosin contractile arrays, which are the key constituents of various morphogenetic processes, has been established for many tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that the microtubule cytoskeleton mediates folding and elongation of the epithelial sheet during Drosophila morphogenesis, placing microtubule mechanics on par with actin-based processes. While these studies establish the importance of both cytoskeletal systems during cell and tissue rearrangements, a mechanistic understanding of their functional hierarchy is currently missing. Here, we dissect the individual roles of these two key generators of mechanical forces during epithelium elongation in the developing Drosophila wing. We show that wing extension, which entails columnar-to-cuboidal cell shape remodeling in a cell-autonomous manner, is driven by anisotropic cell expansion caused by the remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton from apico-basal to planarly polarized. Importantly, cell and tissue elongation is not associated with Myosin activity. Instead, Myosin II exhibits a homeostatic role, as actomyosin contraction balances polarized microtubule-based forces to determine the final cell shape. Using a reductionist model, we confirm that pairing microtubule and actomyosin-based forces is sufficient to recapitulate cell elongation and the final cell shape. These results support a hierarchical mechanism whereby microtubule-based forces in some epithelial systems prime actomyosin-generated forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sameedha Thale
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Leibner
- Applied Mathematics, Institute for Analysis and Numerics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lucas Lamparter
- Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Ricker
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Nüsse
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Milos Galic
- Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Ohlberger
- Applied Mathematics, Institute for Analysis and Numerics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Flinois A, Méan I, Mutero-Maeda A, Guillemot L, Citi S. Paracingulin recruits CAMSAP3 to tight junctions and regulates microtubule and polarized epithelial cell organization. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260745. [PMID: 37013686 PMCID: PMC10184829 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracingulin (CGNL1) is recruited to tight junctions (TJs) by ZO-1 and to adherens junctions (AJs) by PLEKHA7. PLEKHA7 has been reported to bind to the microtubule minus-end-binding protein CAMSAP3, to tether microtubules to the AJs. Here, we show that knockout (KO) of CGNL1, but not of PLEKHA7, results in the loss of junctional CAMSAP3 and its redistribution into a cytoplasmic pool both in cultured epithelial cells in vitro and mouse intestinal epithelium in vivo. In agreement, GST pulldown analyses show that CGNL1, but not PLEKHA7, interacts strongly with CAMSAP3, and the interaction is mediated by their respective coiled-coil regions. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy shows that CAMSAP3-capped microtubules are tethered to junctions by the ZO-1-associated pool of CGNL1. The KO of CGNL1 results in disorganized cytoplasmic microtubules and irregular nuclei alignment in mouse intestinal epithelial cells, altered cyst morphogenesis in cultured kidney epithelial cells, and disrupted planar apical microtubules in mammary epithelial cells. Together, these results uncover new functions of CGNL1 in recruiting CAMSAP3 to junctions and regulating microtubule cytoskeleton organization and epithelial cell architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Flinois
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Méan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annick Mutero-Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Guillemot
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Shiratsuchi G, Konishi S, Yano T, Yanagihashi Y, Nakayama S, Katsuno T, Kashihara H, Tanaka H, Tsukita K, Suzuki K, Herawati E, Watanabe H, Hirai T, Yagi T, Kondoh G, Gotoh S, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Dual-color live imaging unveils stepwise organization of multiple basal body arrays by cytoskeletons. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1176-1207. [PMID: 38316902 PMCID: PMC10933483 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
For mucociliary clearance of pathogens, tracheal multiciliated epithelial cells (MCCs) organize coordinated beating of cilia, which originate from basal bodies (BBs) with basal feet (BFs) on one side. To clarify the self-organizing mechanism of coordinated intracellular BB-arrays composed of a well-ordered BB-alignment and unidirectional BB-orientation, determined by the direction of BB to BF, we generated double transgenic mice with GFP-centrin2-labeled BBs and mRuby3-Cep128-labeled BFs for long-term, high-resolution, dual-color live-cell imaging in primary-cultured tracheal MCCs. At early timepoints of MCC differentiation, BB-orientation and BB-local alignment antecedently coordinated in an apical microtubule-dependent manner. Later during MCC differentiation, fluctuations in BB-orientation were restricted, and locally aligned BB-arrays were further coordinated to align across the entire cell (BB-global alignment), mainly in an apical intermediate-sized filament-lattice-dependent manner. Thus, the high coordination of the BB-array was established for efficient mucociliary clearance as the primary defense against pathogen infection, identifying apical cytoskeletons as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Shiratsuchi
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shogo Nakayama
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroka Kashihara
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elisa Herawati
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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6
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Gao Z, Huang E, Wang W, Xu L, Xu W, Zheng T, Rui M. Patronin regulates presynaptic microtubule organization and neuromuscular junction development in Drosophila. iScience 2024; 27:108944. [PMID: 38318379 PMCID: PMC10839449 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Synapses are fundamental components of the animal nervous system. Synaptic cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining proper neuronal development and wiring. Perturbations in neuronal microtubules (MTs) are correlated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite discovering multiple synaptic MT regulators, the importance of MT stability, and particularly the polarity of MT in synaptic function, is still under investigation. Here, we identify Patronin, an MT minus-end-binding protein, for its essential role in presynaptic regulation of MT organization and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) development. Analyses indicate that Patronin regulates synaptic development independent of Klp10A. Subsequent research elucidates that it is short stop (Shot), a member of the Spectraplakin family of large cytoskeletal linker molecules, works synergistically with Patronin to govern NMJ development. We further raise the possibility that normal synaptic MT polarity contributes to proper NMJ morphology. Overall, this study demonstrates an unprecedented role of Patronin, and a potential involvement of MT polarity in synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Erqian Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wanting Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lizhong Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wanyue Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Menglong Rui
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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7
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Tran NV, Montanari MP, Gui J, Lubenets D, Fischbach LL, Antson H, Huang Y, Brutus E, Okada Y, Ishimoto Y, Tõnissoo T, Shimmi O. Programmed disassembly of a microtubule-based membrane protrusion network coordinates 3D epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila. EMBO J 2024; 43:568-594. [PMID: 38263333 PMCID: PMC10897427 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of cellular dynamics during the process of morphogenesis is fundamental to understanding the principles of animal development. Despite recent advancements in light microscopy, how successive cell shape changes lead to complex three-dimensional tissue morphogenesis is still largely unresolved. Using in vivo live imaging of Drosophila wing development, we have studied unique cellular structures comprising a microtubule-based membrane protrusion network. This network, which we name here the Interplanar Amida Network (IPAN), links the two wing epithelium leaflets. Initially, the IPAN sustains cell-cell contacts between the two layers of the wing epithelium through basal protrusions. Subsequent disassembly of the IPAN involves loss of these contacts, with concomitant degeneration of aligned microtubules. These processes are both autonomously and non-autonomously required for mitosis, leading to coordinated tissue proliferation between two wing epithelia. Our findings further reveal that a microtubule organization switch from non-centrosomal to centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) at the G2/M transition leads to disassembly of non-centrosomal microtubule-derived IPAN protrusions. These findings exemplify how cell shape change-mediated loss of inter-tissue contacts results in 3D tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Vi Tran
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti P Montanari
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jinghua Gui
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitri Lubenets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Hanna Antson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yunxian Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erich Brutus
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Ishimoto
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 015-0055, Japan
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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8
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Singharajkomron N, Yodsurang V, Limprasutr V, Wattanathamsan O, Iksen I, Hayakawa Y, Pongrakhananon V. CAMSAP2 enhances lung cancer cell metastasis by mediating RASAL2 degradation. Life Sci 2024; 338:122391. [PMID: 38159595 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer metastasis significantly contributes to mortality in lung cancer patients. Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein family member 2 (CAMSAP2) plays a significant role in cancer cell migration; however, its role in lung cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanism remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of CAMSAP2 on lung cancer. MAIN METHODS The clinical relevance of CAMSAP2 in lung cancer patients was assessed using public database. RNA interference experiments were conducted to investigate role of CAMSAP2 in cell migration through transwell and wound healing assays. Molecular mechanisms were explored by identifying the possible interacting partners and pathways using the BioGRID and KEGG pathway analyses. The impact of CAMSAP2 on Ras protein activator-like 2 (RASAL2)-mediated lung cancer metastasis was investigated through biochemical assays. Additionally, in vivo experimentation using a murine tail vein metastasis model was performed to comprehend CAMSAP2's influence on metastasis. KEY FINDINGS A high expression level of CAMSAP2 was associated with poor overall survival in lung cancer patients and it positively correlated with cell migration in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Knockdown of CAMSAP2 inhibited lung cancer cell motility in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Proteomic and biochemical analyses revealed the interaction between CAMSAP2 and RASAL2, which facilitates the degradation of RASAL2 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These degradation processes resulted in the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, thereby promoting lung cancer metastasis. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that CAMSAP2 is a crucial regulator of cancer cell migration and metastasis and a promising therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsaranyatron Singharajkomron
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Varalee Yodsurang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy, Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vudhiporn Limprasutr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy, Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Iksen Iksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy, Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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9
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Lawrence EJ, Chatterjee S, Zanic M. More is different: Reconstituting complexity in microtubule regulation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105398. [PMID: 37898404 PMCID: PMC10694663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal filaments that undergo stochastic switching between phases of polymerization and depolymerization-a behavior known as dynamic instability. Many important cellular processes, including cell motility, chromosome segregation, and intracellular transport, require complex spatiotemporal regulation of microtubule dynamics. This coordinated regulation is achieved through the interactions of numerous microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with microtubule ends and lattices. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of microtubule regulation, focusing on results arising from biochemical in vitro reconstitution approaches using purified multiprotein ensembles. We discuss how the combinatory effects of MAPs affect both the dynamics of individual microtubule ends, as well as the stability and turnover of the microtubule lattice. In addition, we highlight new results demonstrating the roles of protein condensates in microtubule regulation. Our overall intent is to showcase how lessons learned from reconstitution approaches help unravel the regulatory mechanisms at play in complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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10
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Hu W, Zhang R, Xu H, Li Y, Yang X, Zhou Z, Huang X, Wang Y, Ji W, Gao F, Meng W. CAMSAP1 role in orchestrating structure and dynamics of manchette microtubule minus-ends impacts male fertility during spermiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313787120. [PMID: 37903275 PMCID: PMC10636317 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313787120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The manchette is a crucial transient structure involved in sperm development, with its composition and regulation still not fully understood. This study focused on investigating the roles of CAMSAP1 and CAMSAP2, microtubule (MT) minus-end binding proteins, in regulating manchette MTs, spermiogenesis, and male fertility. The loss of CAMSAP1, but not CAMSAP2, disrupts the well-orchestrated process of spermiogenesis, leading to abnormal manchette elongation and delayed removal, resulting in deformed sperm nuclei and tails resembling oligoasthenozoospermia symptoms. We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms by purifying manchette assemblies and comparing them through proteomic analysis, and results showed that the absence of CAMSAP1 disrupted the proper localization of key proteins (CEP170 and KIF2A) at the manchette minus end, compromising its structural integrity and hindering MT depolymerization. These findings highlight the significance of maintaining homeostasis in manchette MT minus-ends for shaping manchette morphology during late spermiogenesis, offering insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying infertility and sperm abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Honglin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
| | - Yuejia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wei Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong510320, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Wenxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing10019, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
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11
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Guan C, Hua S, Jiang K. The CEP170B-KIF2A complex destabilizes microtubule minus ends to generate polarized microtubule network. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112953. [PMID: 37014312 PMCID: PMC10233374 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) minus ends are stabilized by CAMSAP family proteins at noncentrosomal MT-organizing centers. Despite progress in identifying diverse positive regulators, knowledge on the negative regulation of the MT minus-end distribution is lacking. Here, we identify CEP170B as a MT minus-end-binding protein that colocalizes with the microtubule-stabilizing complex at the cortical patches. CEP170B depends on the scaffold protein liprin-α1 for its cortical targeting and requires liprin-α1-bound PP2A phosphatase for its MT localization. CEP170B excludes CAMSAPs-stabilized MT minus ends from the cell periphery in HeLa cells and the basal cortex in human epithelial cells and is required for directional vesicle trafficking and cyst formation in 3D culture. Reconstitution experiments demonstrate that CEP170B autonomously tracks growing MT minus ends and blocks minus-end growth. Furthermore, CEP170B in a complex with the kinesin KIF2A acts as a potent MT minus-end depolymerase capable of antagonizing the stabilizing effect of CAMSAPs. Our study uncovers an antagonistic mechanism for controlling the spatial distribution of MT minus ends, which contributes to the establishment of polarized MT network and cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuirong Guan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shasha Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Kai Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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12
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Liu H, Shima T. Preference of CAMSAP3 for expanded microtubule lattice contributes to stabilization of the minus end. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201714. [PMID: 36894175 PMCID: PMC9998277 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CAMSAPs are proteins that show microtubule minus-end-specific localization, decoration, and stabilization. Although the mechanism for minus-end recognition via their C-terminal CKK domain has been well described in recent studies, it is unclear how CAMSAPs stabilize microtubules. Our several binding assays revealed that the D2 region of CAMSAP3 specifically binds to microtubules with the expanded lattice. To investigate the relationship between this preference and the stabilization effect of CAMSAP3, we precisely measured individual microtubule lengths and found that D2 binding expanded the microtubule lattice by ∼3%. Consistent with the notion that the expanded lattice is a common feature of stable microtubules, the presence of D2 slowed the microtubule depolymerization rate to ∼1/20, suggesting that the D2-triggered lattice expansion stabilizes microtubules. Combining these results, we propose that CAMSAP3 stabilizes microtubules by lattice expansion upon D2 binding, which further accelerates the recruitment of other CAMSAP3 molecules. Because only CAMSAP3 has D2 and the highest microtubule-stabilizing effect among mammalian CAMSAPs, our model also explains the molecular basis for the functional diversity of CAMSAP family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Seephan S, Sasaki SI, Wattanathamsan O, Singharajkomron N, He K, Ucche S, Kungsukool S, Petchjorm S, Chantaravisoot N, Wongkongkathep P, Hayakawa Y, Pongrakhananon V. CAMSAP3 negatively regulates lung cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis through nucleolin/HIF-1α mRNA complex stabilization. Life Sci 2023; 322:121655. [PMID: 37019300 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer metastasis is a major cause of lung cancer-related mortality, so identification of related molecular mechanisms is of interest. Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3) has been implicated in lung cancer malignancies; however, its role in metastatic processes, including invasion and angiogenesis, is largely unknown. MAIN METHOD The clinical relevance of CAMSAP3 expression in lung cancer was evaluated. The relevance of CAMSAP3 expression to in vitro cell invasion and angiogenesis was assessed in human lung cancer cells and endothelial cells, respectively. The molecular mechanism was identified by qRT-PCR, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and RNA immunoprecipitation. The in vivo metastatic and angiogenic activities of lung cancer cells were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Low CAMSAP3 expression was found in malignant lung tissues and strongly correlated with a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). CAMSAP3-knockout NSCLC exhibited high invasive ability, and CAMSAP3 knockout induced HUVEC proliferation and tube formation; these effects were significantly attenuated by reintroduction of exogenous wild-type CAMSAP3. Mechanistically, in the absence of CAMSAP3, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was upregulated, which increased the levels of downstream HIF-1α targets such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9. Proteomic analysis revealed that nucleolin (NCL) bound to CAMSAP3 to regulate HIF-1α mRNA stabilization. In addition, CAMSAP3-knockout lung cancer cells displayed highly aggressive behavior in metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE This study reveals that CAMSAP3 plays a negative regulatory role in lung cancer cell metastatic behavior both in vitro and in vivo through NCL/HIF-1α mRNA complex stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthasinee Seephan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - So-Ichiro Sasaki
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natsaranyatron Singharajkomron
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ka He
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sisca Ucche
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sakkarin Kungsukool
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Central Chest Institute of Thailand, Muang District, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Supinda Petchjorm
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Central Chest Institute of Thailand, Muang District, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piriya Wongkongkathep
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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14
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Perrin L, Matic Vignjevic D. The emerging roles of the cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelium homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023:S1084-9521(23)00071-X. [PMID: 36948998 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must absorb many nutrients and water while forming a barrier that is impermeable to pathogens present in the external environment. Concurrently to fulfill this dual role, the intestinal epithelium is challenged by a rapid renewal of cells and forces resulting from digestion. Hence, intestinal homeostasis requires precise control of tissue integrity, tissue renewal, cell polarity, and force generation/transmission. In this review, we highlight the contribution of the cell cytoskeleton- actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments- to intestinal epithelium homeostasis. With a focus on enterocytes, we first discuss the role of these networks in the formation and maintenance of cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Then, we cover their role in intracellular trafficking related to the apicobasal polarity of enterocytes. Finally, we report on the cytoskeletal changes that occur during tissue renewal. In conclusion, the importance of the cytoskeleton in maintaining intestinal homeostasis is emerging, and we think this field will keep evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisiane Perrin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.
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15
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Ho KH, Jayathilake A, Yagan M, Nour A, Osipovich AB, Magnuson MA, Gu G, Kaverina I. CAMSAP2 localizes to the Golgi in islet β-cells and facilitates Golgi-ER trafficking. iScience 2023; 26:105938. [PMID: 36718359 PMCID: PMC9883185 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose stimulation induces the remodeling of microtubules, which potentiates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. CAMSAP2 binds to microtubule minus ends to stabilize microtubules in several cultured clonal cells. Here, we report that the knockdown of CAMSAP2 in primary β-cells reduces total insulin content and attenuates GSIS without affecting the releasability of insulin vesicles. Surprisingly, CAMSAP2 knockdown does not change microtubule stability. Unlike in cultured insulinoma cells, CAMSAP2 in primary β-cells predominantly localizes to the Golgi apparatus instead of microtubule minus ends. This novel localization is specific to primary β- but not α-cells and is independent of microtubule binding. Consistent with its specific localization at the Golgi, CAMSAP2 promotes efficient Golgi-ER trafficking in primary β-cells. Moreover, primary β-cells and insulinoma cells likely express different CAMSAP2 isoforms. We propose that a novel CAMSAP2 isoform in primary β-cells has a non-canonical function, which promotes Golgi-ER trafficking to support efficient production of insulin and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anissa Jayathilake
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mahircan Yagan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aisha Nour
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna B. Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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16
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Mazón-Cabrera R, Liesenborgs J, Brône B, Vandormael P, Somers V. Novel maternal autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder: Implications for screening and diagnosis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1067833. [PMID: 36816132 PMCID: PMC9932693 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1067833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder for which early recognition is a major challenge. Autoantibodies against fetal brain antigens have been found in the blood of mothers of children with ASD (m-ASD) and can be transferred to the fetus where they can impact neurodevelopment by binding to fetal brain proteins. This study aims to identify novel maternal autoantibodies reactive against human fetal brain antigens, and explore their use as biomarkers for ASD screening and diagnosis. Methods A custom-made human fetal brain cDNA phage display library was constructed, and screened for antibody reactivity in m-ASD samples from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) of the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI). Antibody reactivity against 6 identified antigens was determined in plasma samples of 238 m-ASD and 90 mothers with typically developing children (m-TD). Results We identified antibodies to 6 novel University Hasselt (UH)-ASD antigens, including three novel m-ASD autoantigens, i.e., ribosomal protein L23 (RPL23), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3). Antibody reactivity against a panel of four of these targets was found in 16% of m-ASD samples, compared to 4% in m-TD samples (p = 0.0049). Discussion Maternal antibodies against 4 UH-ASD antigens could therefore provide a novel tool to support the diagnosis of ASD in a subset of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Mazón-Cabrera
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Transnational University Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jori Liesenborgs
- Expertise Centre for Digital Media, UHasselt, Transnational University Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert Brône
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Transnational University Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patrick Vandormael
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Transnational University Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Transnational University Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium,*Correspondence: Veerle Somers,
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17
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Guru A, Saravanan S, Sharma D, Narasimha M. The microtubule end-binding proteins EB1 and Patronin modulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of myosin and pattern pulsed apical constriction. Development 2022; 149:284823. [PMID: 36440630 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apical constriction powers amnioserosa contraction during Drosophila dorsal closure. The nucleation, movement and dispersal of apicomedial actomyosin complexes generates pulsed apical constrictions during early closure. Persistent apicomedial and circumapical actomyosin complexes drive unpulsed constrictions that follow. Here, we show that the microtubule end-binding proteins EB1 and Patronin pattern constriction dynamics and contraction kinetics by coordinating the balance of actomyosin forces in the apical plane. We find that microtubule growth from moving Patronin platforms governs the spatiotemporal dynamics of apicomedial myosin through the regulation of RhoGTPase signaling by transient EB1-RhoGEF2 interactions. We uncover the dynamic reorganization of a subset of short non-centrosomally nucleated apical microtubules that surround the coalescing apicomedial myosin complex, trail behind it as it moves and disperse as the complex dissolves. We demonstrate that apical microtubule reorganization is sensitive to Patronin levels. Microtubule depolymerization compromised apical myosin enrichment and altered constriction dynamics. Together, our findings uncover the importance of reorganization of an intact apical microtubule meshwork, by moving Patronin platforms and growing microtubule ends, in enabling the spatiotemporal modulation of actomyosin contractility and, through it, apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Surat Saravanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Deepanshu Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Maithreyi Narasimha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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18
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Khalaf-Nazzal R, Fasham J, Inskeep KA, Blizzard LE, Leslie JS, Wakeling MN, Ubeyratna N, Mitani T, Griffith JL, Baker W, Al-Hijawi F, Keough KC, Gezdirici A, Pena L, Spaeth CG, Turnpenny PD, Walsh JR, Ray R, Neilson A, Kouranova E, Cui X, Curiel DT, Pehlivan D, Akdemir ZC, Posey JE, Lupski JR, Dobyns WB, Stottmann RW, Crosby AH, Baple EL. Bi-allelic CAMSAP1 variants cause a clinically recognizable neuronal migration disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2068-2079. [PMID: 36283405 PMCID: PMC9674946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-centrosomal microtubules are essential cytoskeletal filaments that are important for neurite formation, axonal transport, and neuronal migration. They require stabilization by microtubule minus-end-targeting proteins including the CAMSAP family of molecules. Using exome sequencing on samples from five unrelated families, we show that bi-allelic CAMSAP1 loss-of-function variants cause a clinically recognizable, syndromic neuronal migration disorder. The cardinal clinical features of the syndrome include a characteristic craniofacial appearance, primary microcephaly, severe neurodevelopmental delay, cortical visual impairment, and seizures. The neuroradiological phenotype comprises a highly recognizable combination of classic lissencephaly with a posterior more severe than anterior gradient similar to PAFAH1B1(LIS1)-related lissencephaly and severe hypoplasia or absence of the corpus callosum; dysplasia of the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and midbrain; and cerebellar hypodysplasia, similar to the tubulinopathies, a group of monogenic tubulin-associated disorders of cortical dysgenesis. Neural cell rosette lineages derived from affected individuals displayed findings consistent with these phenotypes, including abnormal morphology, decreased cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. Camsap1-null mice displayed increased perinatal mortality, and RNAScope studies identified high expression levels in the brain throughout neurogenesis and in facial structures, consistent with the mouse and human neurodevelopmental and craniofacial phenotypes. Together our findings confirm a fundamental role of CAMSAP1 in neuronal migration and brain development and define bi-allelic variants as a cause of a clinically distinct neurodevelopmental disorder in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Khalaf-Nazzal
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Arab American University of Palestine, Jenin P227, Palestine
| | - James Fasham
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (Heavitree Hospital), Gladstone Road, Exeter EX1 2ED, UK
| | - Katherine A Inskeep
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Lauren E Blizzard
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joseph S Leslie
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Matthew N Wakeling
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nishanka Ubeyratna
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L Griffith
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wisam Baker
- Paediatrics Department, Dr. Khalil Suleiman Government Hospital, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Fida' Al-Hijawi
- Paediatrics Community Outpatient Clinics, Palestinian Ministry of Health, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Karen C Keough
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA; Child Neurology Consultants of Austin, 7940 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78757, USA
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Loren Pena
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christine G Spaeth
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Peter D Turnpenny
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (Heavitree Hospital), Gladstone Road, Exeter EX1 2ED, UK
| | - Joseph R Walsh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Randall Ray
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amber Neilson
- Genome Engineering & Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Evguenia Kouranova
- Genome Engineering & Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Genome Engineering & Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Emma L Baple
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (Heavitree Hospital), Gladstone Road, Exeter EX1 2ED, UK.
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19
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Intertwined Wdr47-NTD dimer recognizes a basic-helical motif in Camsap proteins for proper central-pair microtubule formation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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20
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Hadpech S, Peerapen P, Thongboonkerd V. Alpha-tubulin relocalization is involved in calcium oxalate-induced tight junction disruption in renal epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Wattanathamsan O, Pongrakhananon V. Emerging role of microtubule-associated proteins on cancer metastasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935493. [PMID: 36188577 PMCID: PMC9515585 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The major cause of death in cancer patients is strongly associated with metastasis. While much remains to be understood, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) have shed light on metastatic progression’s molecular mechanisms. In this review article, we focus on the role of MAPs in cancer aggressiveness, particularly cancer metastasis activity. Increasing evidence has shown that a growing number of MAP member proteins might be fundamental regulators involved in altering microtubule dynamics, contributing to cancer migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. MAP types have been established according to their microtubule-binding site and function in microtubule-dependent activities. We highlight that altered MAP expression was commonly found in many cancer types and related to cancer progression based on available evidence. Furthermore, we discuss and integrate the relevance of MAPs and related molecular signaling pathways in cancer metastasis. Our review provides a comprehensive understanding of MAP function on microtubules. It elucidates how MAPs regulate cancer progression, preferentially in metastasis, providing substantial scientific information on MAPs as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Varisa Pongrakhananon,
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22
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Apical-basal polarity and the control of epithelial form and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:559-577. [PMID: 35440694 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the most common cell type in all animals, forming the sheets and tubes that compose most organs and tissues. Apical-basal polarity is essential for epithelial cell form and function, as it determines the localization of the adhesion molecules that hold the cells together laterally and the occluding junctions that act as barriers to paracellular diffusion. Polarity must also target the secretion of specific cargoes to the apical, lateral or basal membranes and organize the cytoskeleton and internal architecture of the cell. Apical-basal polarity in many cells is established by conserved polarity factors that define the apical (Crumbs, Stardust/PALS1, aPKC, PAR-6 and CDC42), junctional (PAR-3) and lateral (Scribble, DLG, LGL, Yurt and RhoGAP19D) domains, although recent evidence indicates that not all epithelia polarize by the same mechanism. Research has begun to reveal the dynamic interactions between polarity factors and how they contribute to polarity establishment and maintenance. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to better understand the roles of apical-basal polarity in morphogenesis and how defects in polarity contribute to diseases such as cancer.
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23
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Chen F, Wu J, Iwanski MK, Jurriens D, Sandron A, Pasolli M, Puma G, Kromhout JZ, Yang C, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Berger F, Akhmanova A. Self-assembly of pericentriolar material in interphase cells lacking centrioles. eLife 2022; 11:77892. [PMID: 35787744 PMCID: PMC9307276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, the centrosome, comprises a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM), which nucleates and anchors microtubules. Centrosome assembly depends on PCM binding to centrioles, PCM self-association and dynein-mediated PCM transport, but the self-assembly properties of PCM components in interphase cells are poorly understood. Here, we used experiments and modeling to study centriole-independent features of interphase PCM assembly. We showed that when centrioles are lost due to PLK4 depletion or inhibition, dynein-based transport and self-clustering of PCM proteins are sufficient to form a single compact MTOC, which generates a dense radial microtubule array. Interphase self-assembly of PCM components depends on γ-tubulin, pericentrin, CDK5RAP2 and ninein, but not NEDD1, CEP152, or CEP192. Formation of a compact acentriolar MTOC is inhibited by AKAP450-dependent PCM recruitment to the Golgi or by randomly organized CAMSAP2-stabilized microtubules, which keep PCM mobile and prevent its coalescence. Linking of CAMSAP2 to a minus-end-directed motor leads to the formation of an MTOC, but MTOC compaction requires cooperation with pericentrin-containing self-clustering PCM. Our data reveal that interphase PCM contains a set of components that can self-assemble into a compact structure and organize microtubules, but PCM self-organization is sensitive to motor- and microtubule-based rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Chen
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Jurriens
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Sandron
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasolli
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gianmarco Puma
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Chao Yang
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Berger
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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24
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Imasaki T, Kikkawa S, Niwa S, Saijo-Hamano Y, Shigematsu H, Aoyama K, Mitsuoka K, Shimizu T, Aoki M, Sakamoto A, Tomabechi Y, Sakai N, Shirouzu M, Taguchi S, Yamagishi Y, Setsu T, Sakihama Y, Nitta E, Takeichi M, Nitta R. CAMSAP2 organizes a γ-tubulin-independent microtubule nucleation centre through phase separation. eLife 2022; 11:77365. [PMID: 35762204 PMCID: PMC9239687 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers consisting of αβ-tubulin heterodimers. The initial polymerization process, called microtubule nucleation, occurs spontaneously via αβ-tubulin. Since a large energy barrier prevents microtubule nucleation in cells, the γ-tubulin ring complex is recruited to the centrosome to overcome the nucleation barrier. However, a considerable number of microtubules can polymerize independently of the centrosome in various cell types. Here, we present evidence that the minus-end-binding calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 2 (CAMSAP2) serves as a strong nucleator for microtubule formation by significantly reducing the nucleation barrier. CAMSAP2 co-condensates with αβ-tubulin via a phase separation process, producing plenty of nucleation intermediates. Microtubules then radiate from the co-condensates, resulting in aster-like structure formation. CAMSAP2 localizes at the co-condensates and decorates the radiating microtubule lattices to some extent. Taken together, these in vitro findings suggest that CAMSAP2 supports microtubule nucleation and growth by organizing a nucleation centre as well as by stabilizing microtubule intermediates and growing microtubules. Cells are able to hold their shape thanks to tube-like structures called microtubules that are made of hundreds of tubulin proteins. Microtubules are responsible for maintaining the uneven distribution of molecules throughout the cell, a phenomenon known as polarity that allows cells to differentiate into different types with various roles. A protein complex called the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) is necessary for microtubules to form. This protein helps bind the tubulin proteins together and stabilises microtubules. However, recent research has found that in highly polarized cells such as neurons, which have highly specialised regions, microtubules can form without γ-TuRC. Searching for the proteins that could be filling in for γ-TuRC in these cells some evidence has suggested that a group known as CAMSAPs may be involved, but it is not known how. To characterize the role of CAMSAPs, Imasaki, Kikkawa et al. studied how one of these proteins, CAMSAP2, interacts with tubulins. To do this, they reconstituted both CAMSAP2 and tubulins using recombinant biotechnology and mixed them in solution. These experiments showed that CAMSAP2 can help form microtubules by bringing together their constituent proteins so that they can bind to each other more easily. Once microtubules start to form, CAMSAP2 continues to bind to them, stabilizing them and enabling them to grow to full size. These results shed light on how polarity is established in cells such as neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. Additionally, the ability to observe intermediate structures during microtubule formation can provide insights into the processes that these structures are involved in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Imasaki
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikkawa
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saijo-Hamano
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan.,Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoyama
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mitsuoka
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Aoki
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakamoto
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuri Tomabechi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakai
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan.,Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinya Taguchi
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamagishi
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomiyoshi Setsu
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sakihama
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eriko Nitta
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Nitta
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
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25
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Khuntia P, Rawal S, Marwaha R, Das T. Actin-driven Golgi apparatus dispersal during collective migration of epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204808119. [PMID: 35749357 PMCID: PMC9245705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204808119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sedentary epithelium turns motile during wound healing, morphogenesis, and metastasis, the Golgi apparatus moves from an apical position, above the nucleus, to a basal position. This apical-to-basal repositioning of Golgi is critical for epithelial cell migration. Yet the molecular mechanism underlying it remains elusive, although microtubules are believed to play a role. Using live-cell and super-resolution imaging, we show that at the onset of collective migration of epithelial cells, Golgi stacks get dispersed to create an unpolarized transitional structure, and surprisingly, this dispersal process depends not on microtubules but on actin cytoskeleton. Golgi-actin interaction involves Arp2/3-driven actin projections emanating from the actin cortex, and a Golgi-localized actin elongation factor, MENA. While in sedentary epithelial cells, actin projections intermittently interact with the apically located Golgi, and the frequency of this event increases before the dispersion of Golgi stacks, at the onset of cell migration. Preventing Golgi-actin interaction with MENA-mutants eliminates Golgi dispersion and reduces the persistence of cell migration. Taken together, we show a process of actin-driven Golgi dispersion that is mechanistically different from the well-known Golgi apparatus fragmentation during mitosis and is essential for collective migration of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnati Khuntia
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Simran Rawal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Rituraj Marwaha
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Tamal Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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26
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O’Donnell J, Zheng J. Vestibular Hair Cells Require CAMSAP3, a Microtubule Minus-End Regulator, for Formation of Normal Kinocilia. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:876805. [PMID: 35783105 PMCID: PMC9247359 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.876805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinocilia are exceptionally long primary sensory cilia located on vestibular hair cells, which are essential for transmitting key signals that contribute to mammalian balance and overall vestibular system function. Kinocilia have a “9+2” microtubule (MT) configuration with nine doublet MTs surrounding two central singlet MTs. This is uncommon as most mammalian primary sensory cilia have a “9+0” configuration, in which the central MT pair is absent. It has yet to be determined what the function of the central MT pair is in kinocilia. Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3) regulates the minus end of MTs and is essential for forming the central MT pair in motile cilia, which have the “9+2” configuration. To explore the role of the central MT pair in kinocilia, we created a conditional knockout model (cKO), Camsap3-cKO, which intended to eliminate CAMSAP3 in limited organs including the inner ear, olfactory bulb, and kidneys. Immunofluorescent staining of vestibular organs demonstrated that CAMSAP3 proteins were significantly reduced in Camsap3-cKO mice and that aged Camsap3-cKO mice had significantly shorter kinocilia than their wildtype littermates. Transmission electron microscopy showed that aged Camsap3-cKO mice were in fact missing that the central MT pair in kinocilia more often than their wildtype counterparts. In the examination of behavior, wildtype and Camsap3-cKO mice performed equally well on a swim assessment, right-reflex test, and evaluation of balance on a rotarod. However, Camsap3-cKO mice showed slightly altered gaits including reduced maximal rate of change of paw area and a smaller paw area in contact with the surface. Although Camsap3-cKO mice had no differences in olfaction from their wildtype counterparts, Camsap3-cKO mice did have kidney dysfunction that deteriorated their health. Thus, CAMSAP3 is important for establishing and/or maintaining the normal structure of kinocilia and kidney function but is not essential for normal olfaction. Our data supports our hypothesis that CAMSAP3 is critical for construction of the central MT pair in kinocilia, and that the central MT pair may be important for building long and stable axonemes in these kinocilia. Whether shorter kinocilia might lead to abnormal vestibular function and altered gaits in older Camsap3-cKO mice requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine O’Donnell
- Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jing Zheng,
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27
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Sai X, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Mizuno K, Kajikawa E, Katoh TA, Kimura T, Shiratori H, Takaoka K, Hamada H, Minegishi K. Planar cell polarity-dependent asymmetric organization of microtubules for polarized positioning of the basal body in node cells. Development 2022; 149:275058. [PMID: 35420656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For left-right symmetry breaking in the mouse embryo, the basal body must become positioned at the posterior side of node cells, but the precise mechanism for this has remained unknown. Here, we examined the role of microtubules (MTs) and actomyosin in this basal body positioning. Exposure of mouse embryos to agents that stabilize or destabilize MTs or F-actin impaired such positioning. Active myosin II was detected at the anterior side of node cells before the posterior shift of the basal body, and this asymmetric activation was lost in Prickle and dachsous mutant embryos. The organization of basal-body associated MTs (baMTs) was asymmetric between the anterior and posterior sides of node cells, with anterior baMTs extending horizontally and posterior baMTs extending vertically. This asymmetry became evident after polarization of the PCP core protein Vangl1 and before the posterior positioning of the basal body, and it also required the PCP core proteins Prickle and dachsous. Our results suggest that the asymmetry in baMT organization may play a role in correct positioning of the basal body for left-right symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shiratori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
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28
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Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC. Mechanisms of microtubule organization in differentiated animal cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:541-558. [PMID: 35383336 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are polarized cytoskeletal filaments that serve as tracks for intracellular transport and form a scaffold that positions organelles and other cellular components and modulates cell shape and mechanics. In animal cells, the geometry, density and directionality of microtubule networks are major determinants of cellular architecture, polarity and proliferation. In dividing cells, microtubules form bipolar spindles that pull chromosomes apart, whereas in interphase cells, microtubules are organized in a cell type-specific fashion, which strongly correlates with cell physiology. In motile cells, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, microtubules are organized as radial asters, whereas in immotile epithelial and neuronal cells and in muscles, microtubules form parallel or antiparallel arrays and cortical meshworks. Here, we review recent work addressing how the formation of such microtubule networks is driven by the plethora of microtubule regulatory proteins. These include proteins that nucleate or anchor microtubule ends at different cellular structures and those that sever or move microtubules, as well as regulators of microtubule elongation, stability, bundling or modifications. The emerging picture, although still very incomplete, shows a remarkable diversity of cell-specific mechanisms that employ conserved building blocks to adjust microtubule organization in order to facilitate different cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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29
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Vineethakumari C, Lüders J. Microtubule Anchoring: Attaching Dynamic Polymers to Cellular Structures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867870. [PMID: 35309944 PMCID: PMC8927778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic, filamentous polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin. Arrays of microtubules that have a specific polarity and distribution mediate essential processes such as intracellular transport and mitotic chromosome segregation. Microtubule arrays are generated with the help of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC). MTOCs typically combine two principal activities, the de novo formation of microtubules, termed nucleation, and the immobilization of one of the two ends of microtubules, termed anchoring. Nucleation is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which, in cooperation with its recruitment and activation factors, provides a template for α- and β-tubulin assembly, facilitating formation of microtubule polymer. In contrast, the molecules and mechanisms that anchor newly formed microtubules at MTOCs are less well characterized. Here we discuss the mechanistic challenges underlying microtubule anchoring, how this is linked with the molecular activities of known and proposed anchoring factors, and what consequences defective microtubule anchoring has at the cellular and organismal level.
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30
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Zajac AL, Horne-Badovinac S. Kinesin-directed secretion of basement membrane proteins to a subdomain of the basolateral surface in Drosophila epithelial cells. Curr Biol 2022; 32:735-748.e10. [PMID: 35021047 PMCID: PMC8891071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are lined with a sheet-like basement membrane (BM) extracellular matrix at their basal surfaces that plays essential roles in adhesion and signaling. BMs also provide mechanical support to guide morphogenesis. Despite their importance, we know little about how epithelial cells secrete and assemble BMs during development. BM proteins are sorted into a basolateral secretory pathway distinct from other basolateral proteins. Because BM proteins self-assemble into networks, and the BM lines only a small portion of the basolateral domain, we hypothesized that the site of BM protein secretion might be tightly controlled. Using the Drosophila follicular epithelium, we show that kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 motors work together to define this secretion site. Similar to all epithelia, the follicle cells have polarized microtubules (MTs) along their apical-basal axes. These cells collectively migrate, and they also have polarized MTs along the migratory axis at their basal surfaces. We find follicle cell MTs form one interconnected network, which allows kinesins to transport Rab10+ BM secretory vesicles both basally and to the trailing edge of each cell. This positions them near the basal surface and the basal-most region of the lateral domain for exocytosis. When kinesin transport is disrupted, the site of BM protein secretion is expanded, and ectopic BM networks form between cells that impede migration and disrupt tissue architecture. These results show how epithelial cells can define a subdomain on their basolateral surface through MT-based transport and highlight the importance of controlling the exocytic site of network-forming proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Zajac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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31
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Wang Y, Xiang YY, Sugihara J, Lu WY, Liao XH, Arvan P, Refetoff S, Liu M. XB130 Plays an Essential Role in Folliculogenesis Through Mediating Interactions Between Microfilament and Microtubule Systems in Thyrocytes. Thyroid 2022; 32:128-137. [PMID: 34652970 PMCID: PMC8861928 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: XB130 (actin filament-associated protein 1-like 2, AFAP1L2) is a thyroid-abundant adaptor/scaffold protein. Xb130-/- mice exhibit transient growth retardation postnatally due to congenital hypothyroidism with diminished thyroglobulin iodination and release at both embryonic and early postnatal stages due to disorganized thyroid apical membrane structure and function. We hypothesized that XB130 is crucial for polarity and folliculogenesis by mediating proper cytoskeletal structure and function in thyrocytes. Methods: Primary thyrocytes isolated from thyroid glands of Xb130-/- mice and their wild-type littermates at postnatal week 2 were cultured in 10% Matrigel for different time periods. Folliculogenesis was studied with immunofluorescence staining, followed by confocal microscopy. Cells were also transfected to express human XB130 fused Green Fluorescent Protein (XB130-GFP) or Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) only before morphological analysis. Cytoskeletal structures from embryo and postnatal thyroid glands were also studied. Results: In three-dimensional cultures of thyrocytes, XB130, aligned with actin filaments, participated in defining the site of apical membrane formation and coalescence to form a thyroid follicle lumen. Xb130-/- thyrocytes displayed delayed folliculogenesis, reduced recruitment of a microtubule (MT)-associated proteins, and disorganized acetylated tubulin under the apical membrane, resulting in delayed folliculogenesis with reduced efficiency in formation of the thyroid follicle lumen. Conclusions: XB130 critically regulates thyrocyte polarization by functioning as a link between the actin filament cortex and MT network at the apical membrane of thyrocytes. Defects of adaptor scaffold proteins may affect cellular polarity and cytoskeletal structure and function and result in disorders of epithelial function, such as congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Wang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun-Yan Xiang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junichi Sugihara
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Medicine and Physiology, and Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to: Mingyao Liu, MD, Department of Surgery Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Room: PMCRT2-814, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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32
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Barrera-Velázquez M, Ríos-Barrera LD. Crosstalk between basal extracellular matrix adhesion and building of apical architecture during morphogenesis. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058760. [PMID: 34842274 PMCID: PMC8649640 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues build complex structures like lumens and microvilli to carry out their functions. Most of the mechanisms used to build these structures rely on cells remodelling their apical plasma membranes, which ultimately constitute the specialised compartments. In addition to apical remodelling, these shape changes also depend on the proper attachment of the basal plasma membrane to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides cues to establish apicobasal polarity, and it also transduces forces that allow apical remodelling. However, physical crosstalk mechanisms between basal ECM attachment and the apical plasma membrane remain understudied, and the ones described so far are very diverse, which highlights the importance of identifying the general principles. Here, we review apicobasal crosstalk of two well-established models of membrane remodelling taking place during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis: amnioserosa cell shape oscillations during dorsal closure and subcellular tube formation in tracheal cells. We discuss how anchoring to the basal ECM affects apical architecture and the mechanisms that mediate these interactions. We analyse this knowledge under the scope of other morphogenetic processes and discuss what aspects of apicobasal crosstalk may represent widespread phenomena and which ones are used to build subsets of specialised compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barrera-Velázquez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Undergraduate Program on Genomic Sciences, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis Daniel Ríos-Barrera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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33
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Hawdon A, Aberkane A, Zenker J. Microtubule-dependent subcellular organisation of pluripotent cells. Development 2021; 148:272646. [PMID: 34710215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of cutting-edge live imaging technologies, microtubule remodelling has evolved as an integral regulator for the establishment of distinct differentiated cells. However, despite their fundamental role in cell structure and function, microtubules have received less attention when unravelling the regulatory circuitry of pluripotency. Here, we summarise the role of microtubule organisation and microtubule-dependent events required for the formation of pluripotent cells in vivo by deciphering the process of early embryogenesis: from fertilisation to blastocyst. Furthermore, we highlight current advances in elucidating the significance of specific microtubule arrays in in vitro culture systems of pluripotent stem cells and how the microtubule cytoskeleton serves as a highway for the precise intracellular movement of organelles. This Review provides an informed understanding of the intrinsic role of subcellular architecture of pluripotent cells and accentuates their regenerative potential in combination with innovative light-inducible microtubule techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azelle Hawdon
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Asma Aberkane
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer Zenker
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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34
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Wdr47, Camsaps, and Katanin cooperate to generate ciliary central microtubules. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5796. [PMID: 34608154 PMCID: PMC8490363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The axonemal central pair (CP) are non-centrosomal microtubules critical for planar ciliary beat. How they form, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that mammalian CP formation requires Wdr47, Camsaps, and microtubule-severing activity of Katanin. Katanin severs peripheral microtubules to produce central microtubule seeds in nascent cilia. Camsaps stabilize minus ends of the seeds to facilitate microtubule outgrowth, whereas Wdr47 concentrates Camsaps into the axonemal central lumen to properly position central microtubules. Wdr47 deficiency in mouse multicilia results in complete loss of CP, rotatory beat, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Overexpression of Camsaps or their microtubule-binding regions induces central microtubules in Wdr47-/- ependymal cells but at the expense of low efficiency, abnormal numbers, and wrong location. Katanin levels and activity also impact the central microtubule number. We propose that Wdr47, Camsaps, and Katanin function together for the generation of non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in polarized subcellular compartments.
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35
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Becker R, Vergarajauregui S, Billing F, Sharkova M, Lippolis E, Mamchaoui K, Ferrazzi F, Engel FB. Myogenin controls via AKAP6 non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing center formation at the nuclear envelope. eLife 2021; 10:65672. [PMID: 34605406 PMCID: PMC8523159 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are pivotal for the function of multiple cell types, but the processes initiating their formation are unknown. Here, we find that the transcription factor myogenin is required in murine myoblasts for the localization of MTOC proteins to the nuclear envelope. Moreover, myogenin is sufficient in fibroblasts for nuclear envelope MTOC (NE-MTOC) formation and centrosome attenuation. Bioinformatics combined with loss- and gain-of-function experiments identified induction of AKAP6 expression as one central mechanism for myogenin-mediated NE-MTOC formation. Promoter studies indicate that myogenin preferentially induces the transcription of muscle- and NE-MTOC-specific isoforms of Akap6 and Syne1, which encodes nesprin-1α, the NE-MTOC anchor protein in muscle cells. Overexpression of AKAP6β and nesprin-1α was sufficient to recruit endogenous MTOC proteins to the nuclear envelope of myoblasts in the absence of myogenin. Taken together, our results illuminate how mammals transcriptionally control the switch from a centrosomal MTOC to an NE-MTOC and identify AKAP6 as a novel NE-MTOC component in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Becker
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vergarajauregui
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Billing
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Sharkova
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eleonora Lippolis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Sluysmans S, Méan I, Jond L, Citi S. WW, PH and C-Terminal Domains Cooperate to Direct the Subcellular Localizations of PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6 and PLEKHA7. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:729444. [PMID: 34568338 PMCID: PMC8458771 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.729444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, and PLEKHA7 (WW-PLEKHAs) are members of the PLEKHA family of proteins that interact with PDZD11 through their tandem WW domains. WW-PLEKHAs contribute to the trafficking and retention of transmembrane proteins, including nectins, Tspan33, and the copper pump ATP7A, at cell-cell junctions and lateral membranes. However, the structural basis for the distinct subcellular localizations of PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, and PLEKHA7 is not clear. Here we expressed mutant and chimeric proteins of WW-PLEKHAs in cultured cells to clarify the role of their structural domains in their localization. We found that the WW-mediated interaction between PLEKHA5 and PDZD11 is required for their respective association with cytoplasmic microtubules. The PH domain of PLEKHA5 is required for its localization along the lateral plasma membrane and promotes the lateral localization of PLEKHA7 in a chimeric molecule. Although the PH domain of PLEKHA7 is not required for its localization at the adherens junctions (AJ), it promotes a AJ localization of chimeric proteins. The C-terminal region of PLEKHA6 and PLEKHA7 and the coiled-coil region of PLEKHA7 promote their localization at AJ of epithelial cells. These observations indicate that the localizations of WW-PLEKHAs at specific subcellular sites, where they recruit PDZD11, are the result of multiple cooperative protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions and provide a rational basis for the identification of additional proteins involved in trafficking and sorting of WW-PLEKHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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37
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Saito H, Matsukawa-Usami F, Fujimori T, Kimura T, Ide T, Yamamoto T, Shibata T, Onoue K, Okayama S, Yonemura S, Misaki K, Soba Y, Kakui Y, Sato M, Toya M, Takeichi M. Tracheal motile cilia in mice require CAMSAP3 for formation of central microtubule pair and coordinated beating. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar12. [PMID: 34319756 PMCID: PMC8684751 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells undergo synchronized beating to produce fluid flow along the luminal surface of various organs. Each motile cilium consists of an axoneme and a basal body (BB), which are linked by a “transition zone” (TZ). The axoneme exhibits a characteristic 9+2 microtubule arrangement important for ciliary motion, but how this microtubule system is generated is not yet fully understood. Here we show that calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3), a protein that can stabilize the minus-end of a microtubule, concentrates at multiple sites of the cilium–BB complex, including the upper region of the TZ or the axonemal basal plate (BP) where the central pair of microtubules (CP) initiates. CAMSAP3 dysfunction resulted in loss of the CP and partial distortion of the BP, as well as the failure of multicilia to undergo synchronized beating. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 plays pivotal roles in the formation or stabilization of the CP by localizing at the basal region of the axoneme and thereby supports the coordinated motion of multicilia in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fumiko Matsukawa-Usami
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, and Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, and Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamamoto
- Nonequilibrium Physics of Living Matter RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenta Onoue
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoko Okayama
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Misaki
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yurina Soba
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kakui
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Sato
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mika Toya
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Major in Bioscience, Global Center for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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38
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Panzade S, Matis M. The Microtubule Minus-End Binding Protein Patronin Is Required for the Epithelial Remodeling in the Drosophila Abdomen. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682083. [PMID: 34368132 PMCID: PMC8335404 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing Drosophila abdomen, the epithelial tissue displays extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. In stark contrast to the spatio-temporal control of the actin cytoskeleton, the regulation of microtubule architecture during epithelial morphogenesis has remained opaque. In particular, its role in cell motility remains unclear. Here, we show that minus-end binding protein Patronin is required for organizing microtubule arrays in histoblast cells that form the Drosophila abdomen. Loss of Patronin results in a dorsal cleft, indicating the compromised function of histoblasts. We further show that Patronin is polarized in these cells and is required for the formation of highly dynamic non-centrosomal microtubules in the migrating histoblasts. Thus, our study demonstrates that regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton through Patronin mediates epithelium remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Panzade
- Interfaculty Centre 'Cells in Motion,' University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Interfaculty Centre 'Cells in Motion,' University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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39
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A release-and-capture mechanism generates an essential non-centrosomal microtubule array during tube budding. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4096. [PMID: 34215746 PMCID: PMC8253823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-centrosomal microtubule arrays serve crucial functions in cells, yet the mechanisms of their generation are poorly understood. During budding of the epithelial tubes of the salivary glands in the Drosophila embryo, we previously demonstrated that the activity of pulsatile apical-medial actomyosin depends on a longitudinal non-centrosomal microtubule array. Here we uncover that the exit from the last embryonic division cycle of the epidermal cells of the salivary gland placode leads to one centrosome in the cells losing all microtubule-nucleation capacity. This restriction of nucleation activity to the second, Centrobin-enriched, centrosome is key for proper morphogenesis. Furthermore, the microtubule-severing protein Katanin and the minus-end-binding protein Patronin accumulate in an apical-medial position only in placodal cells. Loss of either in the placode prevents formation of the longitudinal microtubule array and leads to loss of apical-medial actomyosin and impaired apical constriction. We thus propose a mechanism whereby Katanin-severing at the single active centrosome releases microtubule minus-ends that are then anchored by apical-medial Patronin to promote formation of the longitudinal microtubule array crucial for apical constriction and tube formation.
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40
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Mitsuhata Y, Abe T, Misaki K, Nakajima Y, Kiriya K, Kawasaki M, Kiyonari H, Takeichi M, Toya M, Sato M. Cyst formation in proximal renal tubules caused by dysfunction of the microtubule minus-end regulator CAMSAP3. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5857. [PMID: 33712686 PMCID: PMC7954811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells organize an ordered array of non-centrosomal microtubules, the minus ends of which are regulated by CAMSAP3. The role of these microtubules in epithelial functions, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that the kidneys of mice in which Camsap3 is mutated develop cysts at the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs). PCTs were severely dilated in the mutant kidneys, and they also exhibited enhanced cell proliferation. In these PCTs, epithelial cells became flattened along with perturbation of microtubule arrays as well as of certain subcellular structures such as interdigitating basal processes. Furthermore, YAP and PIEZO1, which are known as mechanosensitive regulators for cell shaping and proliferation, were activated in these mutant PCT cells. These observations suggest that CAMSAP3-mediated microtubule networks are important for maintaining the proper mechanical properties of PCT cells, and its loss triggers cell deformation and proliferation via activation of mechanosensors, resulting in the dilation of PCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Mitsuhata
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Misaki
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuna Nakajima
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Keita Kiriya
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Miwa Kawasaki
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Mika Toya
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
- Major in Bioscience, Global Center for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Sato
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Institute for Medical-Oriented Structural Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
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Usami FM, Arata M, Shi D, Oka S, Higuchi Y, Tissir F, Takeichi M, Fujimori T. Intercellular and intracellular cilia orientation is coordinated by CELSR1 and CAMSAP3 in oviduct multi-ciliated cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.257006. [PMID: 33468623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which cilia orientation is coordinated within and between multi-ciliated cells (MCCs) are not fully understood. In the mouse oviduct, MCCs exhibit a characteristic basal body (BB) orientation and microtubule gradient along the tissue axis. The intracellular polarities were moderately maintained in cells lacking CELSR1 (cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1), a planar cell polarity (PCP) factor involved in tissue polarity regulation, although the intercellular coordination of the polarities was disrupted. However, CAMSAP3 (calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3), a microtubule minus-end regulator, was found to be critical for determining the intracellular BB orientation. CAMSAP3 localized to the base of cilia in a polarized manner, and its mutation led to the disruption of intracellular coordination of BB orientation, as well as the assembly of microtubules interconnecting BBs, without affecting PCP factor localization. Thus, both CELSR1 and CAMSAP3 are responsible for BB orientation but in distinct ways; their cooperation should therefore be critical for generating functional multi-ciliated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Matsukawa Usami
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Masaki Arata
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Sanae Oka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Yoko Higuchi
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan .,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
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Kimura T, Saito H, Kawasaki M, Takeichi M. CAMSAP3 is required for mTORC1-dependent ependymal cell growth and lateral ventricle shaping in mouse brains. Development 2021; 148:dev.195073. [PMID: 33462112 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) regulate numerous cellular processes, but their roles in brain morphogenesis are not well known. Here, we show that CAMSAP3, a non-centrosomal microtubule regulator, is important for shaping the lateral ventricles. In differentiating ependymal cells, CAMSAP3 became concentrated at the apical domains, serving to generate MT networks at these sites. Camsap3-mutated mice showed abnormally narrow lateral ventricles, in which excessive stenosis or fusion was induced, leading to a decrease of neural stem cells at the ventricular and subventricular zones. This defect was ascribed at least in part to a failure of neocortical ependymal cells to broaden their apical domain, a process necessary for expanding the ventricular cavities. mTORC1 was required for ependymal cell growth but its activity was downregulated in mutant cells. Lysosomes, which mediate mTORC1 activation, tended to be reduced at the apical regions of the mutant cells, along with disorganized apical MT networks at the corresponding sites. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 supports mTORC1 signaling required for ependymal cell growth via MT network regulation, and, in turn, shaping of the lateral ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroko Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Miwa Kawasaki
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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43
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Getachew D, Kaneda R, Saeki Y, Matsumoto A, Otani H. Morphologic changes in the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus during the conversion from pseudostratified single columnar to stratified squamous epithelium in the developing mouse esophagus. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:14-24. [PMID: 32776381 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The apico-basal (AB) polarity of epithelial cells is maintained by organized arrays of the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus. We previously reported that mouse embryonic esophageal epithelium exhibits interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), an AB-polarity-based regulatory mechanism of stem-cell proliferation, and suggested that the pseudostratified single columnar epithelium, a hallmark of INM, is converted to stratified squamous epithelium via rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and cell-adhesion apparatus. Here, we chronologically examined morphological changes in the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus in the mouse esophageal epithelium at embryonic day (E) 11.5, E13.5, E14.5, and E15.5, during which epithelial conversion has been suggested to occur. We used phalloidin to examine the apical terminal web (ATW), immunofluorescent anti-zonula occludens protein (ZO-1) antibody to reveal ZO-1, and anti-gamma tubulin antibody to detect primary cilia (PC). At E11.5, a thick ATW, apically oriented ZO-1 and apical PC were observed, indicating a pseudostratified single columnar structure. At E13.5 and E14.5, the phalloidin-staining, ZO-1, and PC distribution patterns were not apically localized, and the epithelial cells appeared to have lost the AB polarity, suggesting conversion of the epithelial structure and cessation of INM. At E15.5, light and transmission electron microscope observations revealed the ATW, ZO-1, PC, and tight junction which were localized into two-1ayers: the apical and subapical layers of the epithelium. These findings suggest that dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus is involved in the conversion from pseudostratified single columnar to stratified squamous morphology and is closely related with temporal perturbation of the AB-polarity and cessation of INM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Getachew
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saeki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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44
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S Mogre S, Brown AI, Koslover EF. Getting around the cell: physical transport in the intracellular world. Phys Biol 2020; 17:061003. [PMID: 32663814 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aba5e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells face the challenging task of transporting a variety of particles through the complex intracellular milieu in order to deliver, distribute, and mix the many components that support cell function. In this review, we explore the biological objectives and physical mechanisms of intracellular transport. Our focus is on cytoplasmic and intra-organelle transport at the whole-cell scale. We outline several key biological functions that depend on physically transporting components across the cell, including the delivery of secreted proteins, support of cell growth and repair, propagation of intracellular signals, establishment of organelle contacts, and spatial organization of metabolic gradients. We then review the three primary physical modes of transport in eukaryotic cells: diffusive motion, motor-driven transport, and advection by cytoplasmic flow. For each mechanism, we identify the main factors that determine speed and directionality. We also highlight the efficiency of each transport mode in fulfilling various key objectives of transport, such as particle mixing, directed delivery, and rapid target search. Taken together, the interplay of diffusion, molecular motors, and flows supports the intracellular transport needs that underlie a broad variety of biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Mogre
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States of America
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45
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Lee L, Ostrowski LE. Motile cilia genetics and cell biology: big results from little mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:769-797. [PMID: 32915243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of motile cilia and their role in disease has increased tremendously over the last two decades, with critical information and insight coming from the analysis of mouse models. Motile cilia form on specific epithelial cell types and typically beat in a coordinated, whip-like manner to facilitate the flow and clearance of fluids along the cell surface. Defects in formation and function of motile cilia result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a well-characterized phenotype but no effective treatment. A number of model systems, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals, have provided information about the genetics, biochemistry, and structure of motile cilia. However, with remarkable resources available for genetic manipulation and developmental, pathological, and physiological analysis of phenotype, the mouse has risen to the forefront of understanding mammalian motile cilia and modeling PCD. This is evidenced by a large number of relevant mouse lines and an extensive body of genetic and phenotypic data. More recently, application of innovative cell biological techniques to these models has enabled substantial advancement in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of mammalian motile cilia. In this article, we will review genetic and cell biological studies of motile cilia in mouse models and their contributions to our understanding of motile cilia and PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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46
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Yang DW, Choi KW. Suppression of Patronin deficiency by altered Hippo signaling in Drosophila organ development. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:233-250. [PMID: 32737445 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule network is crucial for cell structure and function. Patronin is a conserved protein involved in protecting the minus end of microtubules. Conversely, Klp10A is a kinesin-like microtubule depolymerase. Here we report the role of Drosophila Patronin and Klp10A for cell survival in developing organs. Loss of Patronin reduces the size of organs by activation of a caspase in imaginal discs. Reduced wing by Patronin RNAi is suppressed by knockdown of Spastin (Spas) but not Katanin 60, suggesting that Patronin is inhibitory to the severing function of Spas at the minus end. Patronin RNAi phenotype is also recovered by overexpressing Death-associated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (Diap1), a Yorkie target gene. Heterozygote mutations in Hippo pathway genes, including hippo and warts (wts), suppress the Patronin RNAi wing phenotypes. Furthermore, Patronin physically interacts with Merlin and Expanded while reducing their function. Patronin and Klp10A antagonistically regulate their levels. Wing phenotypes of Patronin RNAi are rescued by knockdown of Klp10A, consistent with their antagonistic interaction. Klp10A overexpression also causes organ size reduction that is partially suppressed by Diap1 overexpression or wts heterozygote mutation. Taken together, this study suggests that the antagonistic interaction between Patronin and Klp10A is required for controlling cell survival and organ size by modulating microtubule stability and Hippo components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Wook Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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47
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Microtubule Organization in Striated Muscle Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061395. [PMID: 32503326 PMCID: PMC7349303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctly organized microtubule networks contribute to the function of differentiated cell types such as neurons, epithelial cells, skeletal myotubes, and cardiomyocytes. In striated (i.e., skeletal and cardiac) muscle cells, the nuclear envelope acts as the dominant microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and the function of the centrosome—the canonical MTOC of mammalian cells—is attenuated, a common feature of differentiated cell types. We summarize the mechanisms known to underlie MTOC formation at the nuclear envelope, discuss the significance of the nuclear envelope MTOC for muscle function and cell cycle progression, and outline potential mechanisms of centrosome attenuation.
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48
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CAMSAP3 facilitates basal body polarity and the formation of the central pair of microtubules in motile cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13571-13579. [PMID: 32482850 PMCID: PMC7306751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907335117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are composed of hundreds of proteins whose identities and functions are far from being completely understood. In this study, we determined that calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3) plays an important role for the function of motile cilia in multiciliated cells (MCCs). Global knockdown of CAMSAP3 protein expression in mice resulted in defects in ciliary structures, polarity, and synchronized beating in MCCs. These animals also displayed signs and symptoms reminiscent of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), including a mild form of hydrocephalus, subfertility, and impaired mucociliary clearance that leads to hyposmia, anosmia, rhinosinusitis, and otitis media. Functional characterization of CAMSAP3 enriches our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and function of motile cilia in MCCs. Synchronized beating of cilia on multiciliated cells (MCCs) generates a directional flow of mucus across epithelia. This motility requires a “9 + 2” microtubule (MT) configuration in axonemes and the unidirectional array of basal bodies of cilia on the MCCs. However, it is not fully understood what components are needed for central MT-pair assembly as they are not continuous with basal bodies in contrast to the nine outer MT doublets. In this study, we discovered that a homozygous knockdown mouse model for MT minus-end regulator calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3), Camsap3tm1a/tm1a, exhibited multiple phenotypes, some of which are typical of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a condition caused by motile cilia defects. Anatomical examination of Camsap3tm1a/tm1a mice revealed severe nasal airway blockage and abnormal ciliary morphologies in nasal MCCs. MCCs from different tissues exhibited defective synchronized beating and ineffective generation of directional flow likely underlying the PCD-like phenotypes. In normal mice, CAMSAP3 localized to the base of axonemes and at the basal bodies in MCCs. However, in Camsap3tm1a/tm1a, MCCs lacked CAMSAP3 at the ciliary base. Importantly, the central MT pairs were missing in the majority of cilia, and the polarity of the basal bodies was disorganized. These phenotypes were further confirmed in MCCs of Xenopus embryos when CAMSAP3 expression was knocked down by morpholino injection. Taken together, we identified CAMSAP3 as being important for the formation of central MT pairs, proper orientation of basal bodies, and synchronized beating of motile cilia.
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Li T, Liu X, Xu B, Wu W, Zang Y, Li J, Wei L, Qian Y, Xu H, Xie M, Wang Q, Wang L. SKA1 regulates actin cytoskeleton remodelling via activating Cdc42 and influences the migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12799. [PMID: 32232899 PMCID: PMC7162805 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Spindle and kinetochore–associated protein 1(SKA1), originally identified as a protein essential for proper chromosome segregation, has been recently linked to multiple malignancies. This study aimed to explore the biological, clinical role and molecular mechanism of SKA1 in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods SKA1 expression was detected in 145 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) specimens by immunohistochemistry. Biological behaviour assays were used to determine the role of SKA1 in PDAC progression in vitro and in vivo. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), SKA1’s downstream proteins were examined. Moreover, cytochalasin B and ZCL278 were used to explore the changes of SKA1‐induced signalling and cell morphology, with further confirmation by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Results Increased SKA1 expression was significantly correlated with tumour size and cellular differentiation degree in PDAC tissues. Furthermore, elevated levels of SKA1 reflected shorter overall survival (P = .019). As for biological behaviour, SKA1 acted as a tumour promotor in PDAC, overexpression of SKA1 facilitates cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that SKA1 enhanced pancreatic cancer aggressiveness by inhibiting G2/M arrest and regulating actin cytoskeleton organization via activating Cdc42. Conclusions This study revealed novel roles for SKA1 as an important regulator of actin cytoskeleton organization and an oncogene in PDAC cells, which may provide insights into developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lumin Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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50
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Riparbelli MG, Persico V, Dallai R, Callaini G. Centrioles and Ciliary Structures during Male Gametogenesis in Hexapoda: Discovery of New Models. Cells 2020; 9:E744. [PMID: 32197383 PMCID: PMC7140630 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are-widely conserved barrel-shaped organelles present in most organisms. They are indirectly involved in the organization of the cytoplasmic microtubules both in interphase and during the cell division by recruiting the molecules needed for microtubule nucleation. Moreover, the centrioles are required to assemble cilia and flagella by the direct elongation of their microtubule wall. Due to the importance of the cytoplasmic microtubules in several aspects of the cell life, any defect in centriole structure can lead to cell abnormalities that in humans may result in significant diseases. Many aspects of the centriole dynamics and function have been clarified in the last years, but little attention has been paid to the exceptions in centriole structure that occasionally appeared within the animal kingdom. Here, we focused our attention on non-canonical aspects of centriole architecture within the Hexapoda. The Hexapoda is one of the major animal groups and represents a good laboratory in which to examine the evolution and the organization of the centrioles. Although these findings represent obvious exceptions to the established rules of centriole organization, they may contribute to advance our understanding of the formation and the function of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Riparbelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Veronica Persico
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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