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Potter LR. Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of Guanylyl Cyclase (GC)-A and Other Membrane GC Receptors. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:755-771. [PMID: 38713083 PMCID: PMC11405504 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Receptor guanylyl cyclases (GCs) are single membrane spanning, multidomain enzymes, that synthesize cGMP in response to natriuretic peptides or other ligands. They are evolutionarily conserved from sea urchins to humans and regulate diverse physiologies. Most family members are phosphorylated on 4 to 7 conserved serines or threonines at the beginning of their kinase homology domains. This review describes studies that demonstrate that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are required for activation and inactivation of these enzymes, respectively. Phosphorylation sites in GC-A, GC-B, GC-E, and sea urchin receptors are discussed, as are mutant receptors that mimic the dephosphorylated inactive or phosphorylated active forms of GC-A and GC-B, respectively. A salt bridge model is described that explains why phosphorylation is required for enzyme activation. Potential kinases, phosphatases, and ATP regulation of GC receptors are also discussed. Critically, knock-in mice with glutamate substitutions for receptor phosphorylation sites are described. The inability of opposing signaling pathways to inhibit cGMP synthesis in mice where GC-A or GC-B cannot be dephosphorylated demonstrates the necessity of receptor dephosphorylation in vivo. Cardiac hypertrophy, oocyte meiosis, long-bone growth/achondroplasia, and bone density are regulated by GC phosphorylation, but additional processes are likely to be identified in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln R Potter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Lhousni S, Charif M, Derouich Y, Elidrissi Errahhali M, Elidrissi Errahhali M, Ouarzane M, Lenaers G, Boulouiz R, Belahcen M, Bellaoui M. A novel variant in BMPR1B causes acromesomelic dysplasia Grebe type in a consanguineous Moroccan family: Expanding the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of acromesomelic dysplasias. Bone 2023; 175:116860. [PMID: 37524292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Acromesomelic dysplasia Grebe type (AMD Grebe type) is an autosomal recessive trait characterized by short stature, shortened limbs and malformations of the hands and feet. It is caused by variants in the growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) or, in rare cases, its receptor, the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-1B (BMPR1B). Here, we report a novel homozygous BMPR1B variant causing AMD Grebe type in a consanguineous Moroccan family with two affected sibs from BRO Biobank. Remarkably, the affected individuals showed additional features including bilateral simian creases, lumbar hyperlordosis, as well as lower limb length inequality and dislocated hips in one of them, which were never reported previously for AMD Grebe type patients. The identified novel BMPR1B variant (c.1201C>T, p.R401*) is predicted to result in loss of function of the BMPR1B protein either by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay or production of a truncated BMPR1B protein. Thus, these findings expand the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of AMD, and may improve the diagnosis of AMD and enable appropriate genetic counselling to be offered to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Lhousni
- Genetics Unit, Medical Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; BRO Biobank, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Majida Charif
- Genetics Unit, Medical Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; BRO Biobank, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; Genetics and Immuno-Cell Therapy Team, Faculty of Science, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Yassine Derouich
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mounia Elidrissi Errahhali
- Genetics Unit, Medical Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; BRO Biobank, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Manal Elidrissi Errahhali
- Genetics Unit, Medical Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; BRO Biobank, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Meryem Ouarzane
- Genetics Unit, Medical Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; BRO Biobank, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Université d'Angers, Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, INSERM U1083, CNRS 6015, F-49933 Angers, France; Service de Neurologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Redouane Boulouiz
- Genetics Unit, Medical Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; BRO Biobank, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Belahcen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bellaoui
- Genetics Unit, Medical Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; BRO Biobank, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
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Egbert JR, Uliasz TF, Lowther KM, Kaback D, Wagner BM, Healy CL, O’Connell TD, Potter LR, Jaffe LA, Yee SP. Epitope-tagged and phosphomimetic mouse models for investigating natriuretic peptide-stimulated receptor guanylyl cyclases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1007026. [PMID: 36340689 PMCID: PMC9627482 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1007026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide receptors NPR1 and NPR2, also known as guanylyl cyclase A and guanylyl cyclase B, have critical functions in many signaling pathways, but much remains unknown about their localization and function in vivo. To facilitate studies of these proteins, we developed genetically modified mouse lines in which endogenous NPR1 and NPR2 were tagged with the HA epitope. To investigate the role of phosphorylation in regulating NPR1 and NPR2 guanylyl cyclase activity, we developed mouse lines in which regulatory serines and threonines were substituted with glutamates, to mimic the negative charge of the phosphorylated forms (NPR1-8E and NPR2-7E). Here we describe the generation and applications of these mice. We show that the HA-NPR1 and HA-NPR2 mice can be used to characterize the relative expression levels of these proteins in different tissues. We describe studies using the NPR2-7E mice that indicate that dephosphorylation of NPR2 transduces signaling pathways in ovary and bone, and studies using the NPR1-8E mice that indicate that the phosphorylation state of NPR1 is a regulator of heart, testis, and adrenal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Jeremy R. Egbert,
| | - Tracy F. Uliasz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Katie M. Lowther
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Deborah Kaback
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Brandon M. Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Chastity L. Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy D. O’Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lincoln R. Potter
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Lincoln R. Potter,
| | - Laurinda A. Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Laurinda A. Jaffe,
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Siu-Pok Yee,
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Physiological and Pathophysiological Effects of C-Type Natriuretic Peptide on the Heart. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060911. [PMID: 35741432 PMCID: PMC9219612 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the third member of the natriuretic peptide family. Unlike atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), CNP was not previously regarded as an important cardiac modulator. However, recent studies have revealed the physiological and pathophysiological importance of CNP in the heart; in concert with its cognate natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), CNP has come to be regarded as the major heart-protective natriuretic peptide in the failed heart. In this review, I introduce the history of research on CNP in the cardiac field. Abstract C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the third member of the natriuretic peptide family. Unlike other members, i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which are cardiac hormones secreted from the atrium and ventricle of the heart, respectively, CNP is regarded as an autocrine/paracrine regulator with broad expression in the body. Because of its low expression levels compared to ANP and BNP, early studies failed to show its existence and role in the heart. However, recent studies have revealed the physiological and pathophysiological importance of CNP in the heart; in concert with the distribution of its specific natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), CNP has come to be regarded as the major heart-protective natriuretic peptide in the failed heart. NPR-B generates intracellular cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) upon CNP binding, followed by various molecular effects including the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, which generates diverse cytoprotective actions in cardiomyocytes, as well as in cardiac fibroblasts. CNP exerts negative inotropic and positive lusitropic responses in both normal and failing heart models. Furthermore, osteocrin, the intrinsic and specific ligand for the clearance receptor for natriuretic peptides, can augment the effects of CNP and may supply a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac protection.
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Bose A, Visweswariah SS. The pseudokinase domain in receptor guanylyl cyclases. Methods Enzymol 2022; 667:535-574. [PMID: 35525553 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP is produced by enzymes called guanylyl cyclases, of which the membrane-associated forms contain an intracellular pseudokinase domain that allosterically regulates the C-terminal guanylyl cyclase domain. Ligand binding to the extracellular domain of these single transmembrane-spanning domain receptors elicits an increase in cGMP levels in the cell. The pseudokinase domain (or kinase-homology domain) in these receptors appears to be critical for ligand-mediated activation. While the pseudokinase domain does not possess kinase activity, biochemical evidence indicates that the domain can bind ATP and thereby allosterically regulate the catalytic activity of these receptors. The pseudokinase domain also appears to be the site of interaction of regulatory proteins, as seen in the retinal guanylyl cyclases that are involved in visual signal transduction. In the absence of structural information on the pseudokinase-guanylyl cyclase domain organization of any member of this family of receptors, biochemical evidence has provided clues to the physical interaction of the pseudokinase and guanylyl cyclase domain. An α-helical linker region between the pseudokinase domain and the guanylyl cyclase domain regulates the basal activity of these receptors in the absence of a stimulatory ligand and is important for stabilizing the structure of the pseudokinase domain that can bind ATP. Here, we present an overview of salient features of ATP-mediated regulation of receptor guanylyl cyclases and describe biochemical approaches that allow a clearer understanding of the intricate interplay between the pseudokinase domain and catalytic domain in these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avipsa Bose
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sandhya S Visweswariah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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Miyazaki Y, Ichimura A, Kitayama R, Okamoto N, Yasue T, Liu F, Kawabe T, Nagatomo H, Ueda Y, Yamauchi I, Hakata T, Nakao K, Kakizawa S, Nishi M, Mori Y, Akiyama H, Nakao K, Takeshima H. C-type natriuretic peptide facilitates autonomic Ca 2+ entry in growth plate chondrocytes for stimulating bone growth. eLife 2022; 11:71931. [PMID: 35287796 PMCID: PMC8923661 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth plates are cartilage tissues found at both ends of developing bones, and vital proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes are primarily responsible for bone growth. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) stimulates bone growth by activating natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) which is equipped with guanylate cyclase on the cytoplasmic side, but its signaling pathway is unclear in growth plate chondrocytes. We previously reported that transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 (TRPM7) channels mediate intermissive Ca2+ influx in growth plate chondrocytes, leading to activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) for promoting bone growth. In this report, we provide evidence from experiments using mutant mice, indicating a functional link between CNP and TRPM7 channels. Our pharmacological data suggest that CNP-evoked NPR2 activation elevates cellular cGMP content and stimulates big-conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ (BK) channels as a substrate for cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). BK channel-induced hyperpolarization likely enhances the driving force of TRPM7-mediated Ca2+ entry and seems to accordingly activate CaMKII. Indeed, ex vivo organ culture analysis indicates that CNP-facilitated bone growth is abolished by chondrocyte-specific Trpm7 gene ablation. The defined CNP signaling pathway, the NPR2-PKG-BK channel–TRPM7 channel–CaMKII axis, likely pinpoints promising target proteins for developing new therapeutic treatments for divergent growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yasue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Feng Liu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kawabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagatomo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Ueda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takuro Hakata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Nakao
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sho Kakizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hirota K, Hirashima T, Horikawa K, Yasoda A, Matsuda M. C-type Natriuretic Peptide-induced PKA Activation Promotes Endochondral Bone Formation in Hypertrophic Chondrocytes. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6511000. [PMID: 35041746 PMCID: PMC8826897 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth is achieved by a tightly controlled process termed endochondral bone formation. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) stimulates endochondral bone formation through binding to its specific receptor, guanylyl cyclase (GC)-B. However, CNP/GC-B signaling dynamics in different stages of endochondral bone formation have not been fully clarified, especially in terms of the interaction between the cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. Here, we demonstrated that CNP activates the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and that this activation contributed to the elongation of the hypertrophic zone in the growth plate. Cells of the chondrogenic line ATDC5 were transfected with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cGMP and PKA biosensors. Dual-FRET imaging revealed that CNP increased intracellular cGMP levels and PKA activities in chondrocytes. Further, CNP-induced PKA activation was enhanced following differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Live imaging of the fetal growth plate of transgenic mice, expressing a FRET biosensor for PKA, PKAchu mice, showed that CNP predominantly activates the PKA in the hypertrophic chondrocytes. Additionally, histological analysis of the growth plate of PKAchu mice demonstrated that CNP increased the length of the growth plate, but coadministration of a PKA inhibitor, H89, inhibited the growth-promoting effect of CNP only in the hypertrophic zone. In summary, we revealed that CNP-induced cGMP elevation activated the cAMP/PKA pathway, and clarified that this PKA activation contributed to the bone growth-promoting effect of CNP in hypertrophic chondrocytes. These results provide insights regarding the cross-talk between cGMP and cAMP signaling in endochondral bone formation and in the physiological role of the CNP/GC-B system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Hirota
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence: Keisho Hirota, Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- The Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horikawa
- Department of Optical Imaging, Advanced Research Promotion Center, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kumble S, Savarirayan R. Emerging therapies for Achondroplasia: changing the rules of the game. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2021; 26:425-431. [PMID: 34758681 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2021.2005577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Achondroplasia is the most common genetic cause of disproportionate short stature, affecting over 360,000 individuals. Serious complications contributing to significant morbidity in affected individuals include cranio-cervical junction compression and obstructive sleep apnoea. Current clinically available treatments are predominantly symptomatic, and associated with variable outcomes. We summarise the new precision investigational products that are currently in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of individuals with achondroplasia. AREAS COVERED Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase receptor, binds various fibroblast growth factors (FGF) to regulate the normal process of endochondral bone growth. Gain of FGFR3 function in individuals with achondroplasia results in inhibition of normal endochondral ossification. A greater understanding of these molecular pathways through animal models has led to the development of several targeted therapies being tested in children, which we discuss in this review. EXPERT OPINION The last decade has been game-changing in terms of new precision therapies for children with achondroplasia that have the potential to fundamentally change the natural history of this condition. The next decade will see how these therapies compare, if they might be used in combination, and evaluate the balance of their long-term benefits and harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Kumble
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Arya VB, Raj M, Younes M, Chapman S, Irving M, Kapoor RR, Buchanan CR. Acromesomelic Dysplasia, Type Maroteaux: Impact of Long-Term (8 Years) High-Dose Growth Hormone Treatment on Growth Velocity and Final Height in 2 Siblings. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 93:335-342. [PMID: 33238275 DOI: 10.1159/000511874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux (AMDM) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia, characterized by severe dwarfism and disproportionate limb shortening. It results from loss-of-function NPR2 mutations affecting the C-type natriuretic peptide receptor. Resistance to growth hormone (GH) action has previously been suggested. We describe outcomes of 2 siblings with AMDM after prolonged high-dose GH treatment. PATIENTS/METHODS Two siblings (Pt-A and Pt-B; consanguineous parents) presented in early childhood with severe disproportionate short stature and radiological features of AMDM. Subsequent genetic testing identified a novel homozygous NPR2 mutation. GH provocation testing showed relatively high GH levels. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was ∼2 SD below age/sex-specific mean. High-dose GH (0.075 mg/kg/day) was started. Pre-GH height velocities were 3.7 (Pt-A) and 4.5 (Pt-B) cm/year. GH dose was adjusted to sustain serum IGF-1 towards +3 SDS for age/sex. Annualized height velocities for first 3 years on GH were 7.0, 5.4, and 4.7 cm/year for patient A and 9.4, 8.0, and 5.9 cm/year for patient B. Height gain during puberty was 10.6 (Pt-A) and 5.9 (Pt-B) cm. Final heights after 8.5 years of GH treatment were 130.5 cm (-6.57 SDS, Pt-A) and 134 cm (-4.58 SDS, Pt-B). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of final height in patients with AMDM after long-term GH treatment. Our results confirm the finding of relative GH resistance in AMDM, which when overcome with high-dose GH treatment resulted in improved height SDS during childhood and adolescence and associated quality of life. The final height of our patients was significantly higher than average reported final height (120 cm) of AMDM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Bhushan Arya
- Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Meena Raj
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maha Younes
- Viapath Laboratories, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Chapman
- Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ritika R Kapoor
- Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Buchanan
- Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Scalco RC, Correa FA, Dantas NCB, Vasques GA, Jorge AAL. Hormone resistance and short stature: A journey through the pathways of hormone signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 536:111416. [PMID: 34333056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hormone resistances have been described in association with growth disorders, the majority involving the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) axis or hormones with specific paracrine-autocrine actions in the growth plate. Defects in hormone receptors or in proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction (post-receptor defects) are the main mechanisms of hormone resistance leading to short stature. The characteristic phenotypes of each of these hormonal resistances are very distinct and bring with them important insights into the role of each hormone and its signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the molecular and clinical aspects of the main hormone resistances associated with short stature in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Scalco
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Correa
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil; Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Naiara C B Dantas
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Vasques
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil.
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Whole-exome imputation within UK Biobank powers rare coding variant association and fine-mapping analyses. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1260-1269. [PMID: 34226706 PMCID: PMC8349845 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exome association studies to date have generally been underpowered to systematically evaluate the phenotypic impact of very rare coding variants. We leveraged extensive haplotype sharing between 49,960 exome-sequenced UK Biobank participants and the remainder of the cohort (total N~500K) to impute exome-wide variants with accuracy (R2>0.5) down to minor allele frequency (MAF) ~0.00005. Association and fine-mapping analyses of 54 quantitative traits identified 1,189 significant associations (P<5 x 10−8) involving 675 distinct rare protein-altering variants (MAF<0.01) that passed stringent filters for likely causality. Across all traits, 49% of associations (578/1,189) occurred in genes with two or more hits; follow-up analyses of these genes identified allelic series containing up to 45 distinct likely-causal variants. Our results demonstrate the utility of within-cohort imputation in population-scale GWAS cohorts, provide a catalog of likely-causal, large-effect coding variant associations, and foreshadow the insights that will be revealed as genetic biobank studies continue to grow.
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Grześk G, Nowaczyk A. Current Modulation of Guanylate Cyclase Pathway Activity-Mechanism and Clinical Implications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113418. [PMID: 34200064 PMCID: PMC8200204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, guanylate cyclase seemed to be homogenic and tissue nonspecific enzyme; however, in the last few years, in light of preclinical and clinical trials, it became an interesting target for pharmacological intervention. There are several possible options leading to an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations. The first one is related to the uses of analogues of natriuretic peptides. The second is related to increasing levels of natriuretic peptides by the inhibition of degradation. The third leads to an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration by the inhibition of its degradation by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5. The last option involves increasing the concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate by the additional direct activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Treatment based on the modulation of guanylate cyclase function is one of the most promising technologies in pharmacology. Pharmacological intervention is stable, effective and safe. Especially interesting is the role of stimulators and activators of soluble guanylate cyclase, which are able to increase the enzymatic activity to generate cyclic guanosine monophosphate independently of nitric oxide. Moreover, most of these agents are effective in chronic treatment in heart failure patients and pulmonary hypertension, and have potential to be a first line option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-3904
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Wrobel W, Pach E, Ben-Skowronek I. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Treatment Methods in Achondroplasia: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115573. [PMID: 34070375 PMCID: PMC8197470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH) is a disease caused by a missense mutation in the FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) gene, which is the most common cause of short stature in humans. The treatment of ACH is necessary and urgent because untreated achondroplasia has many complications, both orthopedic and neurological, which ultimately lead to disability. This review presents the current and potential pharmacological treatments for achondroplasia, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of all the drugs that have been demonstrated in human and animal studies in different stages of clinical trials. The article includes the potential impacts of drugs on achondroplasia symptoms other than short stature, including their effects on spinal canal stenosis, the narrowing of the foramen magnum and the proportionality of body structure. Addressing these effects could significantly improve the quality of life of patients, possibly reducing the frequency and necessity of hospitalization and painful surgical procedures, which are currently the only therapeutic options used. The criteria for a good drug for achondroplasia are best met by recombinant human growth hormone at present and will potentially be met by vosoritide in the future, while the rest of the drugs are in the early stages of clinical trials.
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Díaz-González F, Wadhwa S, Rodriguez-Zabala M, Kumar S, Aza-Carmona M, Sentchordi-Montané L, Alonso M, Ahmad I, Zahra S, Kumar D, Kushwah N, Shamim U, Sait H, Kapoor S, Roldán B, Nishimura G, Offiah AC, Faruq M, Heath KE. Biallelic cGMP-dependent type II protein kinase gene (PRKG2) variants cause a novel acromesomelic dysplasia. J Med Genet 2020; 59:28-38. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundC-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), its endogenous receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), as well as its downstream mediator, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase II (cGKII), have been shown to play a pivotal role in chondrogenic differentiation and endochondral bone growth. In humans, biallelic variants in NPR2, encoding NPR-B, cause acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux, while heterozygous variants in NPR2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2) and NPPC (natriuretic peptide precursor C), encoding CNP, cause milder phenotypes. In contrast, no variants in cGKII, encoded by the protein kinase cGMP-dependent type II gene (PRKG2), have been reported in humans to date, although its role in longitudinal growth has been clearly demonstrated in several animal models.MethodsExome sequencing was performed in two girls with severe short stature due to acromesomelic limb shortening, brachydactyly, mild to moderate platyspondyly and progressively increasing metaphyseal alterations of the long bones. Functional characterisation was undertaken for the identified variants.ResultsTwo homozygous PRKG2 variants, a nonsense and a frameshift, were identified. The mutant transcripts are exposed to nonsense-mediated decay and the truncated mutant cGKII proteins, partially or completely lacking the kinase domain, alter the downstream mitogen activation protein kinase signalling pathway by failing to phosphorylate c-Raf 1 at Ser43 and subsequently reduce ERK1/2 activation in response to fibroblast growth factor 2. They also downregulate COL10A1 and upregulate COL2A1 expression through SOX9.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have clinically and molecularly characterised a new acromesomelic dysplasia, acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type (AMDP).
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Ueda Y, Hirota K, Yamauchi I, Hakata T, Yamashita T, Fujii T, Yasoda A, Inagaki N. Is C-type natriuretic peptide regulated by a feedback loop? A study on systemic and local autoregulatory effect. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240023. [PMID: 33002060 PMCID: PMC7529242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a pivotal enhancer of endochondral bone growth and is expected to be a therapeutic reagent for impaired skeletal growth. Although we showed that CNP stimulates bone growth as a local regulator in the growth plate via the autocrine/paracrine system, CNP is abundantly produced in other various tissues and its blood concentration is reported to correlate positively with growth velocity. Therefore we investigated the systemic regulation of CNP levels using rodent models. In order to examine whether CNP undergoes systemic feedback regulation, we investigated blood CNP levels and local CNP expression in various tissues, including cartilage, of 4-week-old rats after systemic administration of sufficient amounts of exogenous CNP (0.5 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. This CNP administration did not alter blood NT-proCNP levels in male rats but decreased mRNA expression only in tissue that included cartilage. Decrease in expression and blood NT-proCNP were greater in female rats. To analyze the existence of direct autoregulation of CNP in the periphery as an autocrine/paracrine system, we estimated the effect of exogenous supplementation of CNP on the expression of endogenous CNP itself in the growth plate cartilage of extracted fetal murine tibias and in ATDC5, a chondrogenic cell line. We found no alteration of endogenous CNP expression after incubation with adequate concentrations of exogenous CNP for 4 and 24 hours, which were chosen to observe primary and later transcriptional effects, respectively. These results indicate that CNP is not directly autoregulated but indirectly autoregulated in cartilage tissue. A feedback system is crucial for homeostatic regulation and further studies are needed to elucidate the regulatory system of CNP production and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ueda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (YU); (AY)
| | - Keisho Hirota
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Hakata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamashita
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kishiwada City Hospital, Kishiwada-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihito Fujii
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (YU); (AY)
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Amano N, Kitoh H, Narumi S, Nishimura G, Hasegawa T. A novel NPR2 mutation (p.Arg388Gln) in a patient with acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 29:99-103. [PMID: 32694885 PMCID: PMC7348635 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.29.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux (AMDM) is a congenital bone dysplasia
characterized by disproportionate, acromesomelic shortening of the limbs and mild
spondylar dysplasia. AMDM is caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in
NPR2 encoding natriuretic peptide receptor-B. We report on a 25-yr-old
Japanese woman with AMDM. Her height was 119.0 cm (–7.4 SD) and weight 35 kg (–2.3 SD).
She had acromesomelic shortening of limbs and severe brachydactyly. Radiological
examination showed that her metacarpals and phalanges were short and wide, and her
vertebral bodies were mildly flattened. Molecular analysis revealed a novel homozygous
NPR2 mutation (c.1163G>A, p.Arg388Gln). We performed in
vitro functional studies using HA-tagged wild-type (WT) and Arg388Gln vectors
(HA-WT-NPRB and HA-R388Q-NPRB). Cells expressing HA-R388Q-NPRB showed negligible cGMP
responses to C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) stimulation, indicating that the mutation
led to severe loss-of-function. By immunofluorescence experiments under permeabilized
conditions, HA-WT-NPRB was expressed on plasma membrane, while HA-R388Q-NPRB co-localized
with an Endoplasmic Reticulum marker. Cells co-expressing R388Q and the WT exhibited lower
responses under CNP treatment than cells co-expressing the WT and empty vectors. Thus, it
was thought that R388Q caused a dominant-negative effect with a defect in cellular
trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Amano
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama City Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitoh
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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A novel nonsense mutation in NPR2 gene causing Acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux in a consanguineous family in Southern Punjab (Pakistan). Genes Genomics 2020; 42:847-854. [PMID: 32506268 PMCID: PMC7374443 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux (AMDM) is a rare skeletal dysplasia following autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and characterized by abnormal growth plates, short and abnormal bones in the extremities and spine. Objective Present study was designed to report the molecular basis of AMDM in enrolled consanguineous family from Pakistan. Methods A consanguineous family from Vehari District in Pakistan having multiple siblings suffering from AMDM was enrolled in present study. Whole exome sequencing (WES) approach was adopted to identify causative agent of AMDM. Human full length NPR2 gene and sequence with nonsense mutation was amplified by using Myc-tagged pXN vector and transformed in E. coli DH5α cells to confirm mutation. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were done to confirm the production of truncated protein. Computational three dimensional structure generation through homology modeling approach was done to compare protein structure between patients and controls. Results WES reveled a nonsense mutation (c.613 C>T, p.R205X) in exon 1 of NPR2 gene leading to premature termination codon in mRNA of NPR2 gene resulting in a truncated protein with 204 amino acid residues that was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Sanger sequencing confirmed that mutation in all subjects and mutation followed Mendalian pattern of inheritance. Multiple sequence alignment by ClustalW revealed that mutated domain of NPR2 is conserved region. Proetin structure comparison revealed a significant structural part of NPR2 was missing in truncated protein as compared to control. Conclusion We are reporting that a novel nonsense mutation (c.613 C>T, p.R205X) in exon 1 of NPR2 gene is causing AMDM in a consanguineous Pakistani family.
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Robinson JW, Blixt NC, Norton A, Mansky KC, Ye Z, Aparicio C, Wagner BM, Benton AM, Warren GL, Khosla S, Gaddy D, Suva LJ, Potter LR. Male mice with elevated C-type natriuretic peptide-dependent guanylyl cyclase-B activity have increased osteoblasts, bone mass and bone strength. Bone 2020; 135:115320. [PMID: 32179168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC)-B, also known as NPR2, stimulates cGMP synthesis and bone elongation. CNP activation requires the phosphorylation of multiple GC-B residues and dephosphorylation inactivates the receptor. GC-B7E/7E knockin mice, expressing a glutamate-substituted, "pseudophosphorylated," form of GC-B, exhibit increased CNP-dependent GC activity. Since mutations that constitutively activate GC-B in the absence of CNP result in low bone mineral density in humans, we determined the skeletal phenotype of 9-week old male GC-B7E/7E mice. Unexpectedly, GC-B7E/7E mice have significantly greater tibial and L5 vertebral trabecular bone volume fraction, tibial trabecular number, and tibial bone mineral density. Cortical cross-sectional area, cortical thickness, periosteal diameter and cortical cross-sectional moment of inertia were also significantly increased in GC-B7E/7E tibiae. Three-point bending measurements demonstrated that the mutant tibias and femurs had greater ultimate load, stiffness, energy to ultimate load, and energy to failure. No differences in microhardness indicated similar bone quality at the tissue level between the mutant and wildtype bones. Procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide and osteocalcin were elevated in serum, and osteoblast number per bone perimeter and osteoid width per bone perimeter were elevated in tibias from the mutant mice. In contrast to mutations that constitutively activate GC-B, we report that mutations that enhance GC-B activity only in the presence of its natural ligand, increase bone mass, bone strength, and the number of active osteoblasts at the bone surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerid W Robinson
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas C Blixt
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Norton
- Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kim C Mansky
- Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brandon M Wagner
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew M Benton
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gordon L Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lincoln R Potter
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Taura D, Nakao K, Nakagawa Y, Kinoshita H, Sone M, Nakao K. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)/guanylate cyclase B (GC-B) system and endothelin-1(ET-1)/ET receptor A and B system in human vasculature. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:611-617. [PMID: 32268070 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the physiological and clinical implications of the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)/guanylyl cyclase B (GC-B) system in the human vasculature, we have examined gene expressions of CNP and its receptor, GC-B, in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and have also compared the endothelin-1(ET-1)/endothelin receptor-A (ETR-A) and endothelin receptor-B (ETR-B) system in human aortic ECs (HAECs) and vascular SMCs (HSMCs) in vitro. We also examined these gene expressions in human embryonic stem (ES)/induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived ECs and mural cells (MCs). A little but significant amount of mRNA encoding CNP was detected in both human ES-derived ECs and HAECs. A substantial amount of GC-B was expressed in both ECs (iPS-derived ECs and HAECs) and SMCs (iPS-derived MCs and HSMCs). ET-1 was expressed solely in ECs. ETR-A was expressed in SMCs, while ETR-B was expressed in ECs. These results indicate the existence of a vascular CNP/GC-B system in the human vascular wall, indicating the evidence for clinical implication of the CNP/GC-B system in concert with the ET-1/ETR-A and ETR-B system in the human vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakao
- National Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular Research Center Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhang H, Shen LY, Xu ZC, Kramer LM, Yu JQ, Zhang XY, Na W, Yang LL, Cao ZP, Luan P, Reecy JM, Li H. Haplotype-based genome-wide association studies for carcass and growth traits in chicken. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2349-2361. [PMID: 32359570 PMCID: PMC7597553 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been several genome-wide association study (GWAS) reported for carcass, growth, and meat traits in chickens. Most of these studies have been based on single SNPs GWAS. In contrast, haplotype-based GWAS reports have been limited. In the present study, 2 Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF) and genotyped with the chicken 60K SNP chip were used to perform a haplotype-based GWAS. The lean and fat chicken lines were selected for abdominal fat content for 11 yr. Abdominal fat weight was significantly different between the 2 lines; however, there was no difference for body weight between the lean and fat lines. A total of 132 haplotype windows were significantly associated with abdominal fat weight. These significantly associated haplotype windows were primarily located on chromosomes 2, 4, 8, 10, and 26. Seven candidate genes, including SHH, LMBR1, FGF7, IL16, PLIN1, IGF1R, and SLC16A1, were located within these associated regions. These genes may play important roles in the control of abdominal fat content. Two regions on chromosomes 3 and 10 were significantly associated with testis weight. These 2 regions were previously detected by the single SNP GWAS using this same resource population. TCF21 on chromosome 3 was identified as a potentially important candidate gene for testis growth and development based on gene expression analysis and the reported function of this gene. TCF12, which was previously detected in our SNP by SNP interaction analysis, was located in a region on chromosome 10 that was significantly associated with testis weight. Six candidate genes, including TNFRSF1B, PLOD1, NPPC, MTHFR, EPHB2, and SLC35A3, on chromosome 21 may play important roles in bone development based on the known function of these genes. In addition, several regions were significantly associated with other carcass and growth traits, but no candidate genes were identified. The results of the present study may be helpful in understanding the genetic mechanisms of carcass and growth traits in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Lin-Yong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zi-Chun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Luke M Kramer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jia-Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wei Na
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Peng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Role of Signal Transduction Pathways and Transcription Factors in Cartilage and Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041340. [PMID: 32079226 PMCID: PMC7072930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are common cartilage and joint diseases that globally affect more than 200 million and 20 million people, respectively. Several transcription factors have been implicated in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis, including Runx2, C/EBPβ, HIF2α, Sox4, and Sox11. Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) leads to osteoarthritis through NF-ĸB, IκBζ, and the Zn2+-ZIP8-MTF1 axis. IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) play a major pathological role in rheumatoid arthritis through NF-ĸB and JAK/STAT pathways. Indeed, inhibitory reagents for IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα provide clinical benefits for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Several growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and Indian hedgehog, play roles in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Disruption and excess of these signaling pathways cause genetic disorders in cartilage and skeletal tissues. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, an autosomal genetic disorder characterized by ectopic ossification, is induced by mutant ACVR1. Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) inhibitors can prevent ectopic ossification induced by ACVR1 mutations. C-type natriuretic peptide is currently the most promising therapy for achondroplasia and related autosomal genetic diseases that manifest severe dwarfism. In these ways, investigation of cartilage and chondrocyte diseases at molecular and cellular levels has enlightened the development of effective therapies. Thus, identification of signaling pathways and transcription factors implicated in these diseases is important.
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Tufan AC. Analogs of C-type natriuretic peptide as a potential new non-surgical treatment strategy in knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop 2019; 16:522-525. [PMID: 31680745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, chronic, progressive, and multifactorial musculoskeletal system disease affecting millions of people around the world. Despite the use of several treatment modalities, the search for a disease modifying drug continuous. Recent evidence suggest involvement of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) signaling in induction of chondroprotective pathways. A CNP analog (BMN 111) with an extended plasma half-life due to its neutral-endopeptidase resistance has shown to be pharmacologically active in achondroplasia enabling to hypothesize that BMN 111 may also be used as a treatment strategy in OA, in which CNP signaling has been suggested to be protective and/or reparative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cevik Tufan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Xi H, Lei L, Fu W, Li L, Cao X, Yang L. Expression and localization of Npr2 in mouse oocytes and pre-implantation embryos. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:320-324. [PMID: 30729815 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1566570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Xi
- Key Laboratory of System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, PR China
| | - L. Lei
- Key Laboratory of System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
| | - W. Fu
- Key Laboratory of System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
- Department of human anatomy, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
| | - L. Li
- Key Laboratory of System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
- Department of human anatomy, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
| | - X. Cao
- Key Laboratory of System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
| | - L. Yang
- Key Laboratory of System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
- Department of human anatomy, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, PR China
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24
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Nakagawa Y, Nishikimi T, Kuwahara K. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides: Hormones secreted from the heart. Peptides 2019; 111:18-25. [PMID: 29859763 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide family consists of three biologically active peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Among these, ANP and BNP are secreted by the heart and act as cardiac hormones. Both ANP and BNP preferentially bind to natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A or guanylyl cyslase-A) and exert similar effects through increases in intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) within target tissues. Expression and secretion of ANP and BNP are stimulated by various factors and are regulated via multiple signaling pathways. Human ANP has three molecular forms, α-ANP, β-ANP, and proANP (or γ-ANP), with proANP predominating in healthy atrial tissue. During secretion proANP is proteolytically processed by corin, resulting in secretion of bioactive α-ANP into the peripheral circulation. ProANP and β-ANP are minor forms in the circulation but are increased in patients with heart failure. The human BNP precursor proBNP is proteolytically processed to BNP1-32 and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) within ventricular myocytes. Uncleaved proBNP as well as mature BNP1-32 and NT-proBNP is secreted from the heart, and its secretion is increased in patients with heart failure. Mature BNP, its metabolites including BNP3-32, BNP4-32, and BNP5-32, and proBNP are all detected as immunoreactive-BNP by the current BNP assay system. We recently developed an assay system that specifically detects human proBNP. Using this assay system, we observed that miR30-GALNTs-dependent O-glycosylation in the N-terminal region of proBNP contributes to regulation of the processing and secretion of proBNP from the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Wakakusa-Tatsuma Rehabilitation Hospital, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kuwahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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25
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Matsuo A, Nagai-Okatani C, Nishigori M, Kangawa K, Minamino N. Natriuretic peptides in human heart: Novel insight into their molecular forms, functions, and diagnostic use. Peptides 2019; 111:3-17. [PMID: 30120963 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the three natriuretic peptides, atrial/A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain/B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are primarily produced by, and secreted from, heart tissue. They maintain cardiovascular homeostasis by binding to natriuretic peptide receptor-A. Since plasma ANP and BNP concentrations, as well as expression, are elevated in response to increased body fluid volume and pressure load on the heart wall, these peptides are widely utilized as diagnostic biomarkers for evaluating heart failure. Regardless of their high utility, differences in their molecular forms between healthy and diseased subjects and how these relate to pathophysiology have not well been examined. Recent studies have shown that the circulating molecular forms of ANP and BNP are not uniform; bioactive α-ANP is the major ANP form, whereas the weakly active proBNP is the major BNP form. The relative ratios of the different molecular forms are altered under different pathophysiological conditions. These facts indicate that detailed measurements of each form may provide useful information on the pathophysiological state of heart tissue. Here, we revisit the relationship between the molecular forms of, and pathophysiological alterations in, human ANP and BNP and discuss the possible utility of the measurement of each of the molecular forms. The third peptide, C-type natriuretic peptide, activates natriuretic peptide receptor-B, but little is known about its production and function in the heart because of its extremely low levels. However, through recent studies, its role in the heart is gradually becoming clear. Here, we summarize its molecular forms, assay systems, and functions in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Matsuo
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishigori
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Naoto Minamino
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
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26
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Pseudoacromegaly. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:113-143. [PMID: 30448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acromegaloid physical appearance or tall stature may be referred to endocrinologists to exclude growth hormone (GH) excess. While some of these subjects could be healthy individuals with normal variants of growth or physical traits, others will have acromegaly or pituitary gigantism, which are, in general, straightforward diagnoses upon assessment of the GH/IGF-1 axis. However, some patients with physical features resembling acromegaly - usually affecting the face and extremities -, or gigantism - accelerated growth/tall stature - will have no abnormalities in the GH axis. This scenario is termed pseudoacromegaly, and its correct diagnosis can be challenging due to the rarity and variability of these conditions, as well as due to significant overlap in their characteristics. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of pseudoacromegaly conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, to aid physicians with the diagnosis of patients with pseudoacromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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27
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Live imaging analysis of the growth plate in a murine long bone explanted culture system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10332. [PMID: 29985449 PMCID: PMC6037772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal growth in mammals, which owes the growth of an individual, occurs at the growth plate and to observe and analyze its dynamic growth is of high interest. Here we performed live imaging analysis of the growth plate of a fetal murine long bone organ culture using two-photon excitation microscopy. We could observe a dynamic growth of the growth plate of explanted fetal murine ulna, as well as the resultant linear elongation of the explants. As for the factors contributing to the elongation of the growth plate, the displacement length of each chondrocyte was larger in the prehypertrophic or hypertrophic zone than in the proliferative zone. The segmented area and its extracellular component were increased in both the proliferative and prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zones, whereas an increase in cellular components was only seen in the prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zone. C-type natriuretic peptide, a known positive stimulator of endochondral bone growth mainly targeting prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zone, augmented all of the factors affecting growth plate elongation, whereas it had little effect on the proliferation of chondrocytes. Collectively, the axial trajectory of each chondrocyte mainly owes cellular or extracellular expansion especially in prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zone and results in growth plate elongation, which might finally result in endochondral bone elongation.
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28
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Abstract
Natriuretic peptides are structurally related, functionally diverse hormones. Circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are delivered predominantly by the heart. Two C-type natriuretic peptides (CNPs) are paracrine messengers, notably in bone, brain, and vessels. Natriuretic peptides act by binding to the extracellular domains of three receptors, NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C of which the first two are guanylate cyclases. NPR-C is coupled to inhibitory proteins. Atrial wall stress is the major regulator of ANP secretion; however, atrial pressure changes plasma ANP only modestly and transiently, and the relation between plasma ANP and atrial wall tension (or extracellular volume or sodium intake) is weak. Absence and overexpression of ANP-related genes are associated with modest blood pressure changes. ANP augments vascular permeability and reduces vascular contractility, renin and aldosterone secretion, sympathetic nerve activity, and renal tubular sodium transport. Within the physiological range of plasma ANP, the responses to step-up changes are unimpressive; in man, the systemic physiological effects include diminution of renin secretion, aldosterone secretion, and cardiac preload. For BNP, the available evidence does not show that cardiac release to the blood is related to sodium homeostasis or body fluid control. CNPs are not circulating hormones, but primarily paracrine messengers important to ossification, nervous system development, and endothelial function. Normally, natriuretic peptides are not powerful natriuretic/diuretic hormones; common conclusions are not consistently supported by hard data. ANP may provide fine-tuning of reno-cardiovascular relationships, but seems, together with BNP, primarily involved in the regulation of cardiac performance and remodeling. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1211-1249, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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29
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Kalyanaraman H, Schall N, Pilz RB. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP functions in bone. Nitric Oxide 2018; 76:62-70. [PMID: 29550520 PMCID: PMC9990405 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays a central role in the regulation of skeletal homeostasis. In cells of the osteoblastic lineage, NO is generated in response to mechanical stimulation and estrogen exposure. Via activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), NO enhances proliferation, differentiation, and survival of bone-forming cells in the osteoblastic lineage. NO also regulates the differentiation and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts; here the effects are largely inhibitory and partly cGMP-independent. We review the skeletal phenotypes of mice deficient in NO synthases and PKGs, and the effects of NO and cGMP on bone formation and resorption. We examine the roles of NO and cGMP in bone adaptation to mechanical stimulation. Finally, we discuss preclinical and clinical data showing that NO donors and NO-independent sGC activators may protect against estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. sGC represents an attractive target for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
| | - Nadine Schall
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA.
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30
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Characterizing the role of atrial natriuretic peptide signaling in the development of embryonic ventricular conduction system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6939. [PMID: 29720615 PMCID: PMC5932026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients born with congenital heart defects frequently encounter arrhythmias due to defects in the ventricular conduction system (VCS) development. Although recent studies identified transcriptional networks essential for the heart development, there is scant information on the mechanisms regulating VCS development. Based on the association of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression with VCS forming regions, it was reasoned that ANP could play a critical role in differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs) toward a VCS cell lineage. The present study showed that treatment of embryonic ventricular cells with ANP or cell permeable 8-Br-cGMP can induce gene expression of important VCS markers such as hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel-4 (HCN4) and connexin 40 (Cx40). Inhibition of protein kinase G (PKG) via Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS further confirmed the role of ANP/NPRA/cGMP/PKG pathway in the regulation of HCN4 and Cx40 gene expression. Additional experiments indicated that ANP may regulate VCS marker gene expression by modulating levels of miRNAs that are known to control the stability of transcripts encoding HCN4 and Cx40. Genetic ablation of NPRA revealed significant decreases in VCS marker gene expression and defects in Purkinje fiber arborisation. These results provide mechanistic insights into the role of ANP/NPRA signaling in VCS formation.
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31
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Shuhaibar LC, Robinson JW, Vigone G, Shuhaibar NP, Egbert JR, Baena V, Uliasz TF, Kaback D, Yee SP, Feil R, Fisher MC, Dealy CN, Potter LR, Jaffe LA. Dephosphorylation of the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase contributes to inhibition of bone growth by fibroblast growth factor. eLife 2017; 6:31343. [PMID: 29199951 PMCID: PMC5745078 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 3 and inactivating mutations in the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase both cause severe short stature, but how these two signaling systems interact to regulate bone growth is poorly understood. Here, we show that bone elongation is increased when NPR2 cannot be dephosphorylated and thus produces more cyclic GMP. By developing an in vivo imaging system to measure cyclic GMP production in intact tibia, we show that FGF-induced dephosphorylation of NPR2 decreases its guanylyl cyclase activity in growth plate chondrocytes in living bone. The dephosphorylation requires a PPP-family phosphatase. Thus FGF signaling lowers cyclic GMP production in the growth plate, which counteracts bone elongation. These results define a new component of the signaling network by which activating mutations in the FGF receptor inhibit bone growth. Between birth and puberty, the bones of mammals grow drastically in length. This process is controlled by many proteins, and mutations affecting these proteins can cause bones to either be too long or too short. For example, mutations of a protein called the fibroblast growth factor receptor, or FGF for short, and a protein called NPR2, can cause similar forms of dwarfism – a condition characterized by short stature. The FGF protein controls bone growth, and people with overactive receptors for FGF suffer from a form of dwarfism known as achondroplasia, while people that lack FGF receptors have longer bones. The NPR2 protein, on the other hand, produces a molecule called cGMP, which is necessary for the bones to grow. When NPR2 is blocked, less cGMP is produced, which results in shorter limbs. Previous studies of bone cells grown in the laboratory have shown that these two proteins are linked by a chain of chemical messages. When the FGF receptor is active, phosphate molecules are removed from the NPR2 protein, which reduces the amount of GMP produced. However, until now it was not known whether this mechanism also controls growth in actual bones. Here, Shuhaibar et al. used genetically modified mice in which the phosphate group could not be removed from their NPR2 enzyme. As a result, the bones of these mice were longer than usual. Shuhaibar et al. then developed an imaging technique to examine the region in the bone were growth happens. To see whether FGF reduces the amount of cGMP produced by NPR2 in these areas, cGMP was detected with a fluorescent sensor in order to be tracked. In normal mice, the FGF receptor reduced the rate at which cGMP was produced, but in mice with mutated NPR2, this did not happen. When the cells could not remove the phosphates from NPR2, cGMP levels stayed high and the bones grew longer. These findings reveal new insights into the molecular causes of dwarfism. The next step will be to identify the enzyme responsible for removing phosphate from NPR2. Blocking its activity could help to enhance bone growth. In the future, this could lead to new drug treatments for achondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia C Shuhaibar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Jerid W Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Giulia Vigone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Ninna P Shuhaibar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Jeremy R Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Valentina Baena
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Tracy F Uliasz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Deborah Kaback
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie C Fisher
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Caroline N Dealy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Lincoln R Potter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Laurinda A Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
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32
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Molecular therapeutic strategies for FGFR3 gene-related skeletal dysplasia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1303-1313. [PMID: 29063142 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The FGFR3 gene encodes fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 protein, a negative regulator of chondrogenesis. Gain-of-function mutations result in constitutively activated FGFR3, leading to aberrant signal transduction, and accounting for inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Generally, these pathogenic mutations maintain FGFR3 in an active state and cause diverse phenotypes in patients with skeletal dysplasia. For decades, studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of constitutively activated FGFR3 and relevant therapeutic strategies. By modulating the FGFR3-induced signalling pathway with methods such as blocking binding between ligands and receptors, blocking tyrosine kinase activities, or antagonising the FGFR3 downstream signalling pathway, these strategies offer the possibility to ameliorate FGFR3 gene-related skeletal dysplasia phenotypes. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of potential therapeutic targets and underlying regulators and then systematically review molecular therapeutic strategies for FGFR3 gene-related skeletal dysplasia based on current knowledge.
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33
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Nakao K, Kuwahara K, Nishikimi T, Nakagawa Y, Kinoshita H, Minami T, Kuwabara Y, Yamada C, Yamada Y, Tokudome T, Nagai-Okatani C, Minamino N, Nakao YM, Yasuno S, Ueshima K, Sone M, Kimura T, Kangawa K, Nakao K. Endothelium-Derived C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Contributes to Blood Pressure Regulation by Maintaining Endothelial Integrity. Hypertension 2017; 69:286-296. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the secretion of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) from vascular endothelial cells and proposed the existence of a vascular natriuretic peptide system composed of endothelial CNP and smooth muscle guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B), the CNP receptor, and involved in the regulation of vascular tone, remodeling, and regeneration. In this study, we assessed the functional significance of this system in the regulation of blood pressure in vivo using vascular endothelial cell–specific CNP knockout and vascular smooth muscle cell–specific GC-B knockout mice. These mice showed neither the skeletal abnormality nor the early mortality observed in systemic CNP or GC-B knockout mice. Endothelial cell–specific CNP knockout mice exhibited significantly increased blood pressures and an enhanced acute hypertensive response to nitric oxide synthetase inhibition. Acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired in rings of mesenteric artery isolated from endothelial cell–specific CNP knockout mice. In addition, endothelin-1 gene expression was enhanced in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells from endothelial cell–specific CNP knockout mice, which also showed significantly higher plasma endothelin-1 concentrations and a greater reduction in blood pressure in response to an endothelin receptor antagonist than their control littermates. By contrast, vascular smooth muscle cell–specific GC-B knockout mice exhibited blood pressures similar to control mice, and acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was preserved in their isolated mesenteric arteries. Nonetheless, CNP-induced acute vasorelaxation was nearly completely abolished in mesenteric arteries from vascular smooth muscle cell–specific GC-B knockout mice. These results demonstrate that endothelium-derived CNP contributes to the chronic regulation of vascular tone and systemic blood pressure by maintaining endothelial function independently of vascular smooth muscle GC-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakao
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Koichiro Kuwahara
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Toshio Nishikimi
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Hideyuki Kinoshita
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Takeya Minami
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Yoshihiro Kuwabara
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Chinatsu Yamada
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Yuko Yamada
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Takeshi Tokudome
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Naoto Minamino
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Yoko M. Nakao
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Shinji Yasuno
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Kenji Ueshima
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (Kazuhiro Nakao, K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., Y.K., C.Y., Y.Y., M.S., Kazuwa Nakao), Department of Peptide Research (Kazuhiro Nakao, Y.Y., K. Kangawa), Medical Innovation Center (Kazuwa Nakao), and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kuwahara, T.N., Y.N., H.K., T.M., C.Y., T.K.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (T.T., K. Kangawa) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (C.N.-O., N.M.),
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Ozer OF, Kacar O, Demirci O, Eren YS, Bilsel AS. PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS AND CORRELATIONS OF NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES AND OXYTOCIN DURING LABOR AND EARLY POSTPARTUM PERIOD. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2017; 13:65-71. [PMID: 31149150 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Context Natriuretic peptides (NP) and oxytocin (OT) play an important role in cardiovascular and hydro-electrolytic homeostasis. Changes in NP levels and their roles in cardiovascular adaptations in pregnancy and labor have not been clear. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the changes and correlations in plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and OT during labor and the postpartum period. Study design Blood samples were collected from 29 healthy pregnant women in the active phase of spontaneous labor, 15 minutes after delivery and 3 hours postpartum. Plasma levels of OT and the stable N-terminal fragments of NPs (NT-proANP, NT-proCNP, NT-proBNP) were measured using enzyme or electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Results The plasma levels of NT-proANP and NT-proCNP significantly decrease 3 hours postpartum compared to the active phase of labor and to 15 minutes after delivery. The plasma NT-proBNP levels significantly higher after delivery and 3 hours postpartum compared to the active phase of labor. A significant correlation exists between OT and NT-proANP levels during the active phase of labor and 15 minutes after delivery. Conclusions The data show that during labor and postpartum, the plasma concentrations of the NPs change differently. Elevations in NT- proBNP after delivery suggest that BNP may be involved in postpartum adaptations. The correlations between OT and ANP levels indicate that OT may be partly responsible for the increased levels of ANP and may have a role in the modification of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O F Ozer
- Marmara Universty, Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O Kacar
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - O Demirci
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Y S Eren
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A S Bilsel
- Marmara Universty, Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
cGMP controls many cellular functions ranging from growth, viability, and differentiation to contractility, secretion, and ion transport. The mammalian genome encodes seven transmembrane guanylyl cyclases (GCs), GC-A to GC-G, which mainly modulate submembrane cGMP microdomains. These GCs share a unique topology comprising an extracellular domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular COOH-terminal catalytic (cGMP synthesizing) region. GC-A mediates the endocrine effects of atrial and B-type natriuretic peptides regulating arterial blood pressure/volume and energy balance. GC-B is activated by C-type natriuretic peptide, stimulating endochondral ossification in autocrine way. GC-C mediates the paracrine effects of guanylins on intestinal ion transport and epithelial turnover. GC-E and GC-F are expressed in photoreceptor cells of the retina, and their activation by intracellular Ca(2+)-regulated proteins is essential for vision. Finally, in the rodent system two olfactorial GCs, GC-D and GC-G, are activated by low concentrations of CO2and by peptidergic (guanylins) and nonpeptidergic odorants as well as by coolness, which has implications for social behaviors. In the past years advances in human and mouse genetics as well as the development of sensitive biosensors monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of cGMP in living cells have provided novel relevant information about this receptor family. This increased our understanding of the mechanisms of signal transduction, regulation, and (dys)function of the membrane GCs, clarified their relevance for genetic and acquired diseases and, importantly, has revealed novel targets for therapies. The present review aims to illustrate these different features of membrane GCs and the main open questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhn
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Yap P, Savarirayan R. Emerging targeted drug therapies in skeletal dysplasias. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2596-604. [PMID: 27155200 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantum advances have occurred in the field of human genetics in the six decades since Watson and Crick expressed their "wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid." These culminated with the human genome project, which has opened up myriad possibilities, including that of individualized genetic medicine, the ability to deliver medical advice, management, and therapy tailored to an individual's genetic blueprint. Advances in genetic diagnostic capabilities have been rapid, to the point where the genome can be sequenced for several thousand dollars. Crucially, it has facilitated the identification of targets for "precision" treatments to combat genetic diseases at their source. This manuscript will review the innovative, pathogenesis-based therapies that are revolutionizing management of skeletal dysplasias, giving patients and families new options and outcomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yap
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Wang W, Song MH, Miura K, Fujiwara M, Nawa N, Ohata Y, Kitaoka T, Kubota T, Namba N, Jin DK, Kim OH, Ozono K, Cho TJ. Acromesomelic dysplasia, type maroteaux caused by novel loss-of-function mutations of the NPR2 gene: Three case reports. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:426-434. [PMID: 26567084 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) signaling pathway plays an important role in chondrocyte development. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations of the NPR2 gene cause acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux (AMDM). The aim of this study was to identify and characterize NPR2 loss-of-function mutations in patients with AMDM. The NPR2 gene was sequenced in three Korean patients with AMDM and functional analysis of the mutated proteins was performed in vitro. Five novel NPR2 mutations were found in the three patients: two compound heterozygous mutations [c.1231T>C (Tyr411His) and c.2761C>T (Arg921X) in Patient 1 and c.1663A>T (Lys555X) and c.1711-1G>C (M571VfsX12) in Patient 3] and a homozygous mutation [c.2762G>A (Arg921Gln) in Patient 2]. Serum NT-proCNP concentration was significantly increased in each patient compared to control subjects. Cells transfected with the expression vector of each mutant except those found in Patient 3 showed a negligible or a markedly low cGMP response after treatment with CNP. HA-tagged wild-type (wt) and HA-mutant NPR2 were expressed at comparable levels: there were two bands of ∼130 and ∼120 kDa in wt and Arg921Gln, a single ∼120 kDa band in Tyr411His, and a single ∼110 kDa in the nonsense mutant. With respect to subcellular localization, Arg921Gln as well as wt-NPR2 reached the cell surface, whereas Tyr411His and Arg921X mutants did not. The Tyr411His and Arg921X NPR2 proteins were co-localized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker and failed to traffic from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. These results are consistent with deglycosylation experiments. Tyr411His and Arg921X NPR2 are complete loss-of-function mutations, whereas Arg921Gln behaves as a receptor for CNP with limited function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mi Hyun Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kohji Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ohata
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Kitaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dong Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, Woorisoa Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Klag KA, Horton WA. Advances in treatment of achondroplasia and osteoarthritis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:R2-8. [PMID: 26443596 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH) is the prototype and most common of the human chondrodysplasias. It results from gain-of-function mutations that exaggerate the signal output of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), a receptor tyrosine kinase that negatively regulates growth plate activity and linear bone growth. Several approaches to reduce FGFR3 signaling by blocking receptor activation or inhibiting downstream signals have been proposed. Five show promise in preclinical mouse studies. Two candidate therapies target the extracellular domain of FGFR3. The first is a decoy receptor that competes for activating ligands. The second is a synthetic blocking peptide that prevents ligands from binding and activating FGFR3. Two established drugs, statins and meclozine, improve growth of ACH mice. The strongest candidate therapy employs an analog of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), which antagonizes the mitogen-activated-protein (MAP) kinase pathway downstream of the FGFR3 receptor and may also act independently in the growth plate. Only the CNP analog has reached clinical trials. Preliminary results of Phase 2 studies show a substantial increase in growth rate of ACH children after six months of therapy with no serious adverse effects. A challenge for drug therapy in ACH is targeting agents to the avascular growth plate. The application of gene therapy in osteoarthritis offers insights because it faces similar technical obstacles. Major advances in gene therapy include the emergence of recombinant adeno-associated virus as the vector of choice, capsid engineering to target vectors to specific tissues, and development of methods to direct vectors to articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Klag
- Research Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR, USA and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - William A Horton
- Research Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR, USA and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Takasuga A, Sato K, Nakamura R, Saito Y, Sasaki S, Tsuji T, Suzuki A, Kobayashi H, Matsuhashi T, Setoguchi K, Okabe H, Ootsubo T, Tabuchi I, Fujita T, Watanabe N, Hirano T, Nishimura S, Watanabe T, Hayakawa M, Sugimoto Y, Kojima T. Non-synonymous FGD3 Variant as Positional Candidate for Disproportional Tall Stature Accounting for a Carcass Weight QTL (CW-3) and Skeletal Dysplasia in Japanese Black Cattle. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005433. [PMID: 26306008 PMCID: PMC4549114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive skeletal dysplasia, characterized by joint- and/or hip bone-enlargement, was mapped within the critical region for a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing carcass weight; previously named CW-3 in Japanese Black cattle. The risk allele was on the same chromosome as the Q allele that increases carcass weight. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the risk allele causes disproportional tall stature and bone size that increases carcass weight in heterozygous individuals but causes disproportionately narrow chest width in homozygotes. A non-synonymous variant of FGD3 was identified as a positional candidate quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) and the corresponding mutant protein showed reduced activity as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42. FGD3 is expressed in the growth plate cartilage of femurs from bovine and mouse. Thus, loss of FDG3 activity may lead to subsequent loss of Cdc42 function. This would be consistent with the columnar disorganization of proliferating chondrocytes in chondrocyte-specific inactivated Cdc42 mutant mice. This is the first report showing association of FGD3 with skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takasuga
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kunio Sato
- Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Kuju, Takeda, Oita, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Nakamura
- Shimane Prefectural Livestock Technology Center, Koshi, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yosuke Saito
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Iwadeyama, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Sasaki
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Moritatukimino, Morita, Tugaru, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Okayama Prefectural Research Institute of Livestock Industry, Misaki, Kume, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tamako Matsuhashi
- Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Kiyomi, Takayama, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Setoguchi
- Cattle Breeding Development Institute of Kagoshima Prefecture, Osumi, So, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okabe
- Nagasaki Prefectural Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Tabiracho Kotedamen, Hirado, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshitake Ootsubo
- Saga Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Yamauchi, Takeo, Saga, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tabuchi
- Tottori Animal Husbandry Experiment Station, Kotoura, Touhaku, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fujita
- Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Kuju, Takeda, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoto Watanabe
- Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Kuju, Takeda, Oita, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shota Nishimura
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makio Hayakawa
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kojima
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
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Vasques GA, Arnhold IJP, Jorge AAL. Role of the natriuretic peptide system in normal growth and growth disorders. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 82:222-9. [PMID: 25196103 DOI: 10.1159/000365049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor (NPR-B) are recognized as important regulators of longitudinal growth. Animal models involving CNP or NPR-B genes (Nppc or Npr2) support the fundamental role of CNP/NPR-B for endochondral ossification. Studies with these animals allow the development of potential drug therapies for dwarfism. Polymorphisms in two genes related to the CNP pathway have been implicated in height variability in healthy individuals. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in NPR-B gene (NPR2) cause acromesomelic dysplasia type Maroteux, a skeletal dysplasia with extremely short stature. Heterozygous mutations in NPR2 are responsible for nonsyndromic familial short stature. Conversely, heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in NPR2 cause tall stature, with a variable phenotype. A phase 2 multicenter and multinational trial is being developed to evaluate a CNP analog treatment for achondroplasia. Pediatricians and endocrinologists must be aware of growth disorders related to natriuretic peptides, although there is still much to be learned about its diagnostic and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Vasques
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM-25, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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The Local CNP/GC-B system in growth plate is responsible for physiological endochondral bone growth. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10554. [PMID: 26014585 PMCID: PMC5395013 DOI: 10.1038/srep10554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B) are potent stimulators of endochondral bone growth. As they exist ubiquitously in body, we investigated the physiological role of the local CNP/GC-B in the growth plate on bone growth using cartilage-specific knockout mice. Bones were severely shorter in cartilage-specific CNP or GC-B knockout mice and the extent was almost the same as that in respective systemic knockout mice. Cartilage-specific GC-B knockout mice were shorter than cartilage-specific CNP knockout mice. Hypertrophic chondrocyte layer of the growth plate was drastically reduced and proliferative chondrocyte layer, along with the proliferation of chondrocytes there, was moderately reduced in either cartilage-specific knockout mice. The survival rate of cartilage-specific CNP knockout mice was comparable to that of systemic CNP knockout mice. The local CNP/GC-B system in growth plate is responsible for physiological endochondral bone growth and might further affect mortality via unknown mechanisms.
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Irfanullah, Umair M, Khan S, Ahmad W. Homozygous Sequence Variants in theNPR2Gene Underlying Acromesomelic Dysplasia Maroteaux Type (AMDM) in Consanguineous Families. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 79:238-44. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irfanullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad; Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad; Pakistan
| | - Saadullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science & Technology; Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad; Pakistan
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Ko JM, Bae JS, Choi JS, Miura K, Lee HR, Kim OH, Kim NKD, Oh SK, Ozono K, Lee CK, Choi IH, Park WY, Cho TJ. Skeletal overgrowth syndrome caused by overexpression of C-type natriuretic peptide in a girl with balanced chromosomal translocation, t(1;2)(q41;q37.1). Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1033-8. [PMID: 25728306 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation of 2q37.1 just distal to the NPPC gene coding for C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and subsequent overproduction of CNP have been reported to cause a skeletal overgrowth syndrome. Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is one of marfanoid overgrowth syndromes, of which subtype IV is caused by haploinsufficiency of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFB2). We report on a girl with clinical phenotypes of overgrowth syndrome, including long and slim body habitus, macrodactyly of the big toe, scoliosis, ankle valgus deformity, coxa valga, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and aortic root dilatation. Karyotyping revealed a balanced chromosomal translocation between 1q41 and 2q37.1, and the breakpoints could be mapped by targeted resequencing analysis. On chromosome 2q37.1, the translocation took place 200,365 bp downstream of NPPC, and serum level of the amino terminal of CNP was elevated. The contralateral site of translocation on chromosome 1q41 disrupted TGFB2 gene, presumed to cause its haploinsufficiency. This case supports the concept that NPPC is overexpressed because of the loss of a specific negative regulatory control in the normal chromosomal location, and demonstrates the effectiveness of targeted resequencing in the mapping of breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wendt DJ, Dvorak-Ewell M, Bullens S, Lorget F, Bell SM, Peng J, Castillo S, Aoyagi-Scharber M, O'Neill CA, Krejci P, Wilcox WR, Rimoin DL, Bunting S. Neutral endopeptidase-resistant C-type natriuretic peptide variant represents a new therapeutic approach for treatment of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-related dwarfism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:132-49. [PMID: 25650377 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of human dwarfism, is caused by an activating autosomal dominant mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 gene. Genetic overexpression of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a positive regulator of endochondral bone growth, prevents dwarfism in mouse models of ACH. However, administration of exogenous CNP is compromised by its rapid clearance in vivo through receptor-mediated and proteolytic pathways. Using in vitro approaches, we developed modified variants of human CNP, resistant to proteolytic degradation by neutral endopeptidase, that retain the ability to stimulate signaling downstream of the CNP receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor B. The variants tested in vivo demonstrated significantly longer serum half-lives than native CNP. Subcutaneous administration of one of these CNP variants (BMN 111) resulted in correction of the dwarfism phenotype in a mouse model of ACH and overgrowth of the axial and appendicular skeletons in wild-type mice without observable changes in trabecular and cortical bone architecture. Moreover, significant growth plate widening that translated into accelerated bone growth, at hemodynamically tolerable doses, was observed in juvenile cynomolgus monkeys that had received daily subcutaneous administrations of BMN 111. BMN 111 was well tolerated and represents a promising new approach for treatment of patients with ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wendt
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Melita Dvorak-Ewell
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Sherry Bullens
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Florence Lorget
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Sean M Bell
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Jeff Peng
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Sianna Castillo
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Mika Aoyagi-Scharber
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Charles A O'Neill
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Pavel Krejci
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - William R Wilcox
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - David L Rimoin
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
| | - Stuart Bunting
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California (D.J.W., M.D.-E., Sh.B., F.L., S.M.B., J.P., S.C., M.A.-S., C.A.O., St.B.); and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (P.K., W.R.W., D.L.R.)
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Molecular, phenotypic aspects and therapeutic horizons of rare genetic bone disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:670842. [PMID: 25530967 PMCID: PMC4230237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/670842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A rare disease afflicts less than 200,000 individuals, according to the National Organization for Rare Diseases (NORD) of the United States. Over 6,000 rare disorders affect approximately 1 in 10 Americans. Rare genetic bone disorders remain the major causes of disability in US patients. These rare bone disorders also represent a therapeutic challenge for clinicians, due to lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms. This systematic review explored current literature on therapeutic directions for the following rare genetic bone disorders: fibrous dysplasia, Gorham-Stout syndrome, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, melorheostosis, multiple hereditary exostosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, achondroplasia, and hypophosphatasia. The disease mechanisms of Gorham-Stout disease, melorheostosis, and multiple hereditary exostosis are not fully elucidated. Inhibitors of the ACVR1/ALK2 pathway may serve as possible therapeutic intervention for FOP. The use of bisphosphonates and IL-6 inhibitors has been explored to be useful in the treatment of fibrous dysplasia, but more research is warranted. Cell therapy, bisphosphonate polytherapy, and human growth hormone may avert the pathology in osteogenesis imperfecta, but further studies are needed. There are still no current effective treatments for these bone disorders; however, significant promising advances in therapeutic modalities were developed that will limit patient suffering and treat their skeletal disabilities.
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Abstract
In the 30 years since the identification of the natriuretic peptides, their involvement in regulating fluid and blood pressure has become firmly established. Data indicating a role for these hormones in lifestyle-related metabolic and cardiovascular disorders have also accumulated over the past decade. Dysregulation of the natriuretic peptide system has been associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and essential hypertension. Moreover, the natriuretic peptides have been implicated in the protection against atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and myocardial ischaemia. All these conditions can coexist and potentially lead to heart failure, a syndrome associated with a functional natriuretic peptide deficiency despite high circulating concentrations of immunoreactive peptides. Therefore, dysregulation of the natriuretic peptide system, a 'natriuretic handicap', might be an important factor in the initiation and progression of metabolic dysfunction and its accompanying cardiovascular complications. This Review provides a summary of the natriuretic peptide system and its involvement in these cardiometabolic conditions. We propose that these peptides might have an integrating role in lifestyle-related metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.
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Michigami T. Current understanding on the molecular basis of chondrogenesis. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2014; 23:1-8. [PMID: 24532955 DOI: 10.1292/cpe.23.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of
chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription
factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix
interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover,
recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play
roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate
cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I
will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying
chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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50
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Miura K, Kim OH, Lee HR, Namba N, Michigami T, Yoo WJ, Choi IH, Ozono K, Cho TJ. Overgrowth syndrome associated with a gain-of-function mutation of the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) gene. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:156-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Miura
- Department of Pediatrics; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Ok-Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology; Ajou University Hospital; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Hey Ran Lee
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Department of Pediatrics; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research; Osaka Medical Centre and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Osaka Japan
| | - Won Joon Yoo
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Choi
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
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