1
|
Karpenko MN, Muruzheva ZM, Ilyechova EY, Babich PS, Puchkova LV. Abnormalities in Copper Status Associated with an Elevated Risk of Parkinson's Phenotype Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1654. [PMID: 37759957 PMCID: PMC10525645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, among the many reasons given for the development of idiopathic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), copper imbalance has been identified as a factor, and PD is often referred to as a copper-mediated disorder. More than 640 papers have been devoted to the relationship between PD and copper status in the blood, which include the following markers: total copper concentration, enzymatic ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentration, Cp protein level, and non-ceruloplasmin copper level. Most studies measure only one of these markers. Therefore, the existence of a correlation between copper status and the development of PD is still debated. Based on data from the published literature, meta-analysis, and our own research, it is clear that there is a connection between the development of PD symptoms and the number of copper atoms, which are weakly associated with the ceruloplasmin molecule. In this work, the link between the risk of developing PD and various inborn errors related to copper metabolism, leading to decreased levels of oxidase ceruloplasmin in the circulation and cerebrospinal fluid, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (Z.M.M.)
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Zamira M. Muruzheva
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (Z.M.M.)
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care “Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital”, 194291 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Ilyechova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina S. Babich
- Department of Zoology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ludmila V. Puchkova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adamson SXF, Zheng W, Agim ZS, Du S, Fleming S, Shannahan J, Cannon J. Systemic Copper Disorders Influence the Olfactory Function in Adult Rats: Roles of Altered Adult Neurogenesis and Neurochemical Imbalance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1315. [PMID: 34572528 PMCID: PMC8471899 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted systemic copper (Cu) homeostasis underlies neurodegenerative diseases with early symptoms including olfactory dysfunction. This study investigated the impact of Cu dyshomeostasis on olfactory function, adult neurogenesis, and neurochemical balance. Models of Cu deficiency (CuD) and Cu overload (CuO) were established by feeding adult rats with Cu-restricted diets plus ip. injection of a Cu chelator (ammonium tetrathiomolybdate) and excess Cu, respectively. CuD reduced Cu levels in the olfactory bulb (OB), subventricular zone (SVZ), rostral migratory stream (RMS), and striatum, while CuO increased Cu levels in these areas. The buried pellet test revealed both CuD and CuO prolonged the latency to uncover food. CuD increased neural proliferation and stem cells in the SVZ and newly differentiated neurons in the OB, whereas CuO caused opposite alterations, suggesting a "switch"-type function of Cu in regulating adult neurogenesis. CuO increased GABA in the OB, while both CuD and CuO reduced DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT and the DA turnover rate in olfactory-associated brain regions. Altered mRNA expression of Cu transport and storage proteins in tested brain areas were observed under both conditions. Together, results support an association between systemic Cu dyshomeostasis and olfactory dysfunction. Specifically, altered adult neurogenesis along the SVZ-RMS-OB pathway and neurochemical imbalance could be the factors that may contribute to olfactory dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherleen Xue-Fu Adamson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zeynep Sena Agim
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Sarah Du
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Sheila Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jason Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ijomone OM, Ifenatuoha CW, Aluko OM, Ijomone OK, Aschner M. The aging brain: impact of heavy metal neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:801-814. [PMID: 33210961 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1838441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aging process is accompanied by critical changes in cellular and molecular functions, which upset the homeostatic balance in the central nervous system. Accumulation of metals renders the brain susceptible to neurotoxic insults by mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal calcium-ion dyshomeostasis, buildup of damaged molecules, compromised DNA repair, reduction in neurogenesis, and impaired energy metabolism. These hallmarks have been identified to be responsible for neuronal injuries, resulting in several neurological disorders. Various studies have shown solid associations between metal accumulation, abnormal protein expressions, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review highlights metals (such as manganese, zinc, iron, copper, and nickel) for their accumulation, and consequences in the development of neurological disorders, in relation to the aging brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Chibuzor W Ifenatuoha
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oritoke M Aluko
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olayemi K Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adão-Novaes J, Valverde R, Landemberger M, Silveira M, Simões-Pires E, Lowe J, Linden R. Substrain-related dependence of Cu(I)-ATPase activity among prion protein-null mice. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
5
|
Kouadri A, El Khatib M, Cormenier J, Chauvet S, Zeinyeh W, El Khoury M, Macari L, Richaud P, Coraux C, Michaud-Soret I, Alfaidy N, Benharouga M. Involvement of the Prion Protein in the Protection of the Human Bronchial Epithelial Barrier Against Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:59-74. [PMID: 30569742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Bronchial epithelium acts as a defensive barrier against inhaled pollutants and microorganisms. This barrier is often compromised in inflammatory airway diseases that are characterized by excessive oxidative stress responses, leading to bronchial epithelial shedding, barrier failure, and increased bronchial epithelium permeability. Among proteins expressed in the junctional barrier and participating to the regulation of the response to oxidative and to environmental stresses is the cellular prion protein (PrPC). However, the role of PrPC is still unknown in the bronchial epithelium. Herein, we investigated the cellular mechanisms by which PrPC protein participates into the junctional complexes formation, regulation, and oxidative protection in human bronchial epithelium. Results: Both PrPC messenger RNA and mature protein were expressed in human epithelial bronchial cells. PrPC was localized in the apical domain and became lateral, at high degree of cell polarization, where it colocalized and interacted with adherens (E-cadherin/γ-catenin) and desmosomal (desmoglein/desmoplakin) junctional proteins. No interaction was detected with tight junction proteins. Disruption of such interactions induced the loss of the epithelial barrier. Moreover, we demonstrated that PrPC protection against copper-associated oxidative stress was involved in multiple processes, including the stability of adherens and desmosomal junctional proteins. Innovation: PrPC is a pivotal protein in the protection against oxidative stress that is associated with the degradation of adherens and desmosomal junctional proteins. Conclusion: Altogether, these results demonstrate that the loss of the integrity of the epithelial barrier by oxidative stress is attenuated by the activation of PrPC expression, where deregulation might be associated with respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Kouadri
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Mariam El Khatib
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna Cormenier
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Chauvet
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Wael Zeinyeh
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Micheline El Khoury
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Macari
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Richaud
- 2 University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS, CEA, Institute of Bisosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille (BIAM), UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, France
| | - Christelle Coraux
- 3 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-S 903, Reims, France
| | | | - Nadia Alfaidy
- 4 University of Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1036, CEA, BIG, BCI, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- 1 University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5249, CEA, BIG, CBM, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular Characteristics of the Conserved Aspergillus nidulans Transcription Factor Mac1 and Its Functions in Response to Copper Starvation. mSphere 2019; 4:4/1/e00670-18. [PMID: 30700512 PMCID: PMC6354809 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00670-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential cofactor of enzymes during a variety of biochemical processes. Therefore, Cu acquisition plays critical roles in cell survival and proliferation, especially during Cu starvation. Knowledge of the key motif(s) by which the low-Cu-responsive transcription factor Mac1 senses Cu is important for understanding how Cu uptake is controlled. Findings in this study demonstrated that the Cu fist motif, but not Cys-rich motifs, is essential for Mac1-mediated Cu uptake in Aspergillus. In addition, Cu transporters CtrA2 and CtrC are both required for Mac1-mediated Cu uptake during Cu starvation in A. nidulans, indicating that species-specific machinery exists for Cu acquisition in Aspergillus. Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element in all organisms, and Cu acquisition during periods of starvation is important for cell survival and proliferation. Although the Cu starvation-responsive transcription factor Mac1 as well as its targeted Cu transporters have been identified in Aspergillus fumigatus, the molecular mechanisms of Mac1-mediated Cu acquisition have not yet been investigated in Aspergillus. We demonstrated that Mac1 and its regulated Cu transporters are required for growth and conidiophore development during Cu starvation in Aspergillus nidulans. Moreover, A. nidulans Mac1 (AnMac1) showed highly functional conservation with the A. fumigatus homolog but not with homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Molecular characterization of Mac1 in A. nidulans demonstrated that the “Cu fist” motif (i.e., residues 1 through 40) harboring Cys, RGHR, and GRP residues is required for the Mac1-mediated low-Cu response but not the Cys-rich motifs REP-I and REP-II. Notably, overexpression of either the CtrA2 Cu transporter or the CtrC Cu transporter individually was unable to functionally rescue the defects in the AnMac1 deletion strain, implying that Cu uptake might require both CtrA2 and CtrC during Cu starvation, which is different from results seen with A. fumigatus. Findings in this study further suggest that the conserved Mac1-mediated Cu uptake machinery in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans is also species specific. IMPORTANCE Copper is an essential cofactor of enzymes during a variety of biochemical processes. Therefore, Cu acquisition plays critical roles in cell survival and proliferation, especially during Cu starvation. Knowledge of the key motif(s) by which the low-Cu-responsive transcription factor Mac1 senses Cu is important for understanding how Cu uptake is controlled. Findings in this study demonstrated that the Cu fist motif, but not Cys-rich motifs, is essential for Mac1-mediated Cu uptake in Aspergillus. In addition, Cu transporters CtrA2 and CtrC are both required for Mac1-mediated Cu uptake during Cu starvation in A. nidulans, indicating that species-specific machinery exists for Cu acquisition in Aspergillus.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chida J, Hara H, Yano M, Uchiyama K, Das NR, Takahashi E, Miyata H, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Kido H, Sakaguchi S. Prion protein protects mice from lethal infection with influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007049. [PMID: 29723291 PMCID: PMC5953499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, designated PrPC, is a membrane glycoprotein expressed abundantly in brains and to a lesser extent in other tissues. Conformational conversion of PrPC into the amyloidogenic isoform is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases. However, the physiological functions of PrPC remain largely unknown, particularly in non-neuronal tissues. Here, we show that PrPC is expressed in lung epithelial cells, including alveolar type 1 and 2 cells and bronchiolar Clara cells. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, PrPC-null mice (Prnp0/0) were highly susceptible to influenza A viruses (IAVs), with higher mortality. Infected Prnp0/0 lungs were severely injured, with higher inflammation and higher apoptosis of epithelial cells, and contained higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) than control WT lungs. Treatment with a ROS scavenger or an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), a major ROS-generating enzyme in IAV-infected lungs, rescued Prnp0/0 mice from the lethal infection with IAV. Moreover, Prnp0/0 mice transgenic for PrP with a deletion of the Cu-binding octapeptide repeat (OR) region, Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice, were also highly susceptible to IAV infection. These results indicate that PrPC has a protective role against lethal infection with IAVs through the Cu-binding OR region by reducing ROS in infected lungs. Cu content and the activity of anti-oxidant enzyme Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, SOD1, were lower in Prnp0/0 and Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 lungs than in WT lungs. It is thus conceivable that PrPC functions to maintain Cu content and regulate SOD1 through the OR region in lungs, thereby reducing ROS in IAV-infected lungs and eventually protecting them from lethal infection with IAVs. Our current results highlight the role of PrPC in protection against IAV infection, and suggest that PrPC might be a novel target molecule for anti-influenza therapeutics. Influenza A virus (IAV) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus, causing seasonal epidemic outbreaks of influenza. Anti-influenza agents targeting viral molecules, such as neuraminidase inhibitors, are currently available. However, these agents have accelerated emergence of mutant IAVs that are resistant to these agents among human populations. Development of new types of anti-influenza agents is awaited. We show that the cellular prion protein PrPC has a protective role against lethal infection with IAVs through the octapeptide repeat (OR) region by abrogating lung epithelial cell apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected lungs. We also show that PrPC could reduce ROS in IAV-infected lungs through the OR region by maintaining Cu ion homeostasis and thereby activating Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, SOD1. These results highlight the protective role of PrPC in IAV infection. Elucidation of the exact mechanism underlying the PrPC-mediated protection against IAV infection would be important for further understanding the pathogenesis of IAV infection and could be useful for development of new types of anti-influenza therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masashi Yano
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nandita Rani Das
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Miyata
- Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that certain misfolded amyloids composed of tau, β-amyloid or α-synuclein can be transferred from cell to cell, suggesting the contribution of mechanisms reminiscent of those by which infective prions spread through the brain. This process of a 'prion-like' spreading between cells is also relevant as a novel putative therapeutic target that could block the spreading of proteinaceous aggregates throughout the brain which may underlie the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases. The relevance of β-amyloid oligomers and cellular prion protein (PrPC) binding has been a focus of interest in Alzheimer's disease (AD). At the molecular level, β-amyloid/PrPC interaction takes place in two differently charged clusters of PrPC. In addition to β-amyloid, participation of PrPC in α-synuclein binding and brain spreading also appears to be relevant in α-synucleopathies. This review summarizes current knowledge about PrPC as a putative receptor for amyloid proteins and the physiological consequences of these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Senior Consultant Neuropathology, Service of Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Role of hypoxia‑mediated cellular prion protein functional change in stem cells and potential application in angiogenesis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5747-5751. [PMID: 28901450 PMCID: PMC5865755 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) can replace other pivotal molecules due to its interaction with several partners in performing a variety of important biological functions that may differ between embryonic and mature stem cells. Recent studies have revealed major advances in elucidating the putative role of PrPC in the regulation of stem cells and its application in stem cell therapy. What is special about PrPC is that its expression may be regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, which is the transcriptional factor of cellular response to hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions have been known to drive cellular responses that can enhance cell survival, differentiation and angiogenesis through adaptive processes. Our group recently reported hypoxia-enhanced vascular repair of endothelial colony-forming cells on ischemic injury. Hypoxia-induced AKT/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation eventually increases neovasculogenesis. In stem cell biology, hypoxia promotes the expression of growth factors. According to other studies, aspects of tissue regeneration and cell function are influenced by hypoxia, which serves an essential role in stem cell HIF-1α signaling. All these data suggest the possibility that hypoxia-mediated PrPC serves an important role in angiogenesis. Therefore, the present review summarizes the characteristics of PrPC, which is produced by HIF-1α in hypoxia, as it relates to angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) causes fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Yet PrPC is highly conserved in mammals, suggesting that it exerts beneficial functions preventing its evolutionary elimination. Ablation of PrPC in mice results in well-defined structural and functional alterations in the peripheral nervous system. Many additional phenotypes were ascribed to the lack of PrPC, but some of these were found to arise from genetic artifacts of the underlying mouse models. Here, we revisit the proposed physiological roles of PrPC in the central and peripheral nervous systems and highlight the need for their critical reassessment using new, rigorously controlled animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Angela Wulf
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Assunta Senatore
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace metal that is required for several important biological processes, however, an excess of copper can be toxic to cells. Therefore, systemic and cellular copper homeostasis is tightly regulated, but dysregulation of copper homeostasis may occur in disease states, resulting either in copper deficiency or copper overload and toxicity. This chapter will give an overview on the biological roles of copper and of the mechanisms involved in copper uptake, storage, and distribution. In addition, we will describe potential mechanisms of the cellular toxicity of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. Finally, we will summarize the current knowledge on the connection of copper toxicity with neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bulcke
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ivo Florin Scheiber
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The roles of zinc and copper sensing in fungal pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 32:128-134. [PMID: 27327380 PMCID: PMC4992176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc and copper are essential trace elements required for cell function. Nutrient Immunity restricts zinc and copper access and mediates toxicity. Divergent fungi integrate zinc and copper responsive regulons for pathogenesis.
All organisms must secure essential trace nutrients, including iron, zinc, manganese and copper for survival and proliferation. However, these very nutrients are also highly toxic if present at elevated levels. Mammalian immunity has harnessed both the essentiality and toxicity of micronutrients to defend against microbial invasion — processes known collectively as ‘nutritional immunity’. Therefore, pathogenic microbes must possess highly effective micronutrient assimilation and detoxification mechanisms to survive and proliferate within the infected host. In this review we compare and contrast the micronutrient homeostatic mechanisms of Cryptococcus and Candida — yeasts which, despite ancient evolutionary divergence, account for over a million life-threatening infections per year. We focus on two emerging arenas within the host–pathogen battle for essential trace metals: adaptive responses to zinc limitation and copper availability.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cingaram PKR, Nyeste A, Dondapati DT, Fodor E, Welker E. Prion Protein Does Not Confer Resistance to Hippocampus-Derived Zpl Cells against the Toxic Effects of Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ Not Supporting a General Protective Role for PrP in Transition Metal Induced Toxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139219. [PMID: 26426582 PMCID: PMC4591282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of transition metals with the prion protein (PrP) are well-documented and characterized, however, there is no consensus on their role in either the physiology of PrP or PrP-related neurodegenerative disorders. PrP has been reported to protect cells from the toxic stimuli of metals. By employing a cell viability assay, we examined the effects of various concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ on Zpl (Prnp-/-) and ZW (Prnp+/+) hippocampus-derived mouse neuronal cells. Prnp-/- Zpl cells were more sensitive to all four metals than PrP-expressing Zw cells. However, when we introduced PrP or only the empty vector into Zpl cells, we could not discern any protective effect associated with the presence of PrP. This observation was further corroborated when assessing the toxic effect of metals by propidium-iodide staining and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. Thus, our results on this mouse cell culture model do not seem to support a strong protective role for PrP against transition metal toxicity and also emphasize the necessity of extreme care when comparing cells derived from PrP knock-out and wild type mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antal Nyeste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Divya Teja Dondapati
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elfrieda Fodor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ervin Welker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arora AS, Zafar S, Kollmar O, Llorens F, Tahir W, Vanselow S, Kumar P, Schmerr MJ, Schmitz M, Zerr I. Application of capillary immunoelectrophoresis revealed an age- and gender-dependent regulated expression of PrPC in liver. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:3026-33. [PMID: 26377521 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a glycoprotein, anchored to the plasma membrane and abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. The expression of PrPC in the peripheral tissues is low and only little information is available on its functions in the nonneuronal tissues. The antioxidant function of PrPC during the activation of hepatic stellate cells has already been reported. Therefore, the aim of the study was to expand our knowledge on the functions of PrPC by detailed characterization of its expressional profile in the liver. In a combined strategy by using capillary immunoelectrophoresis and standard techniques, we have shown a sexually dimorphic expression of PrPC in mice and human liver tissues. Further, we showed a significant age-dependent upregulation of PrPC expression in the liver of 14- and 9-month-old mice as compared to 3 months of age. Therefore, this study may provide new insights into the gender-specific role of PrPC in the liver, which may further be linked to its protective role against oxidative stress during aging. In addition, the current study also shows an application of immunoelectrophoresis with a low coefficient of variation to analyze the miniscule amount of PrPC in the mouse liver tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh Arora
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Otto Kollmar
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Vanselow
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Prateek Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary Jo Schmerr
- Ames Laboratory, USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu S, Jiang W, Zheng W. Age-dependent increase of brain copper levels and expressions of copper regulatory proteins in the subventricular zone and choroid plexus. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:22. [PMID: 26106293 PMCID: PMC4458609 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent data suggest a high accumulation of copper (Cu) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) along the wall of brain ventricles. Anatomically, SVZ is in direct contact with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is secreted by a neighboring tissue choroid plexus (CP). Changes in Cu regulatory gene expressions in the SVZ and CP as the function of aging may determine Cu levels in the CSF and SVZ. This study was designed to investigate the associations between age, Cu levels, and Cu regulatory genes in SVZ and plexus. The SVZ and CP were dissected from brains of 3-week, 10-week, or 9-month old male rats. Analyses by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that the SVZ of adult and old animals contained the highest Cu level compared with other tested brain regions. Significantly positive correlations between age and Cu levels in SVZ and plexus were observed; the SVZ Cu level of old animals was 7.5- and 5.8-fold higher than those of young and adult rats (p < 0.01), respectively. Quantitation by qPCR of the transcriptional expressions of Cu regulatory proteins showed that the SVZ expressed the highest level of Cu storage protein metallothioneins (MTs), while the CP expressed the high level of Cu transporter protein Ctr1. Noticeably, Cu levels in the SVZ were positively associated with type B slow proliferating cell marker Gfap (p < 0.05), but inversely associated with type A proliferating neuroblast marker Dcx (p < 0.05) and type C transit amplifying progenitor marker Nestin (p < 0.01). Dmt1 had significant positive correlations with age and Cu levels in the plexus (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that Cu levels in all tested brain regions are increased as the function of age. The SVZ shows a different expression pattern of Cu-regulatory genes from the CP. The age-related increase of MTs and decrease of Ctr1 may contribute to the high Cu level in this neurogenesis active brain region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherleen Fu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wendy Jiang
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vedamalai M, Periasamy AP, Wang CW, Tseng YT, Ho LC, Shih CC, Chang HT. Carbon nanodots prepared from o-phenylenediamine for sensing of Cu(2+) ions in cells. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13119-25. [PMID: 25250814 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple hydrothermal method was applied to prepare carbon nanodots (C dots) from o-phenylenediamine (OPD). The C dots exhibit photoluminescence at 567 nm when excited at 420 nm. In the presence of Cu(2+) ions, the colour of C dots changes from yellow to orange, with an increased PL intensity as a result of the formation of Cu(OPD)2 complexes on the surfaces of C dots. The D-band to G-band ratios of C dots in the absence and presence of 80 nM Cu(2+) ions are 1.31 and 4.75, respectively. The C dots allow the detection of Cu(2+) ions with linearity over a concentration range of 2-80 nM, with a limit of detection of 1.8 nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The cell viability values of A549, MCF-10A, and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 3 μg mL(-1) of C dots are all greater than 99%, showing their great biocompatibility. Having great water dispersibility, photostability, chemical stability (against NaCl up to 0.5 M), great selectivity, and biocompatibility, the C dots have been employed for the localization of Cu(2+) ions in the cancer cells (A549 cells) treated with 10 μM Cu(2+) ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Vedamalai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zanetti F, Carpi A, Menabò R, Giorgio M, Schulz R, Valen G, Baysa A, Massimino ML, Sorgato MC, Bertoli A, Di Lisa F. The cellular prion protein counteracts cardiac oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:93-102. [PMID: 25139744 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The cellular prion protein, PrP(C), whose aberrant isoforms are related to prion diseases of humans and animals, has a still obscure physiological function. Having observed an increased expression of PrP(C) in two in vivo paradigms of heart remodelling, we focused on isolated mouse hearts to ascertain the capacity of PrP(C) to antagonize oxidative damage induced by ischaemic and non-ischaemic protocols. METHODS AND RESULTS Hearts isolated from mice expressing PrP(C) in variable amounts were subjected to different and complementary oxidative perfusion protocols. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species, oxidation of myofibrillar proteins, and cell death were evaluated. We found that overexpressed PrP(C) reduced oxidative stress and cell death caused by post-ischaemic reperfusion. Conversely, deletion of PrP(C) increased oxidative stress during both ischaemic preconditioning and perfusion (15 min) with H2O2. Supporting its relation with intracellular systems involved in oxidative stress, PrP(C) was found to influence the activity of catalase and, for the first time, the expression of p66(Shc), a protein implicated in oxidative stress-mediated cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PrP(C) contributes to the cardiac mechanisms antagonizing oxidative insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Carpi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Menabò
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institut für Physiologie, Justus-Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Guro Valen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anton Baysa
- Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Maria Catia Sorgato
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Scheiber IF, Mercer JF, Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of copper in brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:33-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Zinc, the most abundant trace metal in the brain, has numerous functions in health and disease. It is released into the synaptic cleft alongside glutamate and this connection between zinc and glutamatergic neurotransmission allows the ion to modulate overall excitability of the brain and influence synaptic plasticity. To maintain healthy synapses, extracellular zinc levels need to be tightly regulated. We recently reported that the cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ) can directly influence neuronal zinc concentrations by promoting zinc uptake via AMPA receptors. The octapeptide repeat region of PrP (C) is involved in zinc sensing or scavenging and the AMPA receptor provides the channel for transport of the metal across the membrane, facilitated by a direct interaction between the N-terminal polybasic region of PrP (C) and AMPA receptors. PrP (C) has been evolutionarily linked to the Zrt/Irt-like protein (ZIP) metal ion transport family with the C-terminus of PrP (C) sharing sequence similarities with the N-terminal extracellular domains of ZIP 5, 6 and 10. By incorporating the properties of ZIP transporters (both zinc sensing and zinc transport) into two existing neuronal proteins, (PrP (C) as zinc sensor, AMPA receptor as zinc transporter), neuronal cells are enhancing their biological efficiency and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Watt
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cerchiaro G, Manieri TM, Bertuchi FR. Analytical methods for copper, zinc and iron quantification in mammalian cells. Metallomics 2013; 5:1336-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Gaier ED, Eipper BA, Mains RE. Copper signaling in the mammalian nervous system: synaptic effects. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:2-19. [PMID: 23115049 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential metal present at high levels in the CNS. Its role as a cofactor in mitochondrial ATP production and in essential cuproenzymes is well defined. Menkes and Wilson's diseases are severe neurodegenerative conditions that demonstrate the importance of Cu transport into the secretory pathway. In the brain, intracellular levels of Cu, which is almost entirely protein bound, exceed extracellular levels by more than 100-fold. Cu stored in the secretory pathway is released in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and can transiently reach concentrations over 100 μM at synapses. The ability of low micromolar levels of Cu to bind to and modulate the function of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels contributes to its effects on synaptic transmission. Cu also binds to amyloid precursor protein and prion protein; both proteins are found at synapses and brain Cu homeostasis is disrupted in mice lacking either protein. Especially intriguing is the ability of Cu to affect AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a monitor of cellular energy status. Despite this, few investigators have examined the direct effects of Cu on synaptic transmission and plasticity. Although the variability of results demonstrates complex influences of Cu that are highly method sensitive, these studies nevertheless strongly support important roles for endogenous Cu and new roles for Cu-binding proteins in synaptic function/plasticity and behavior. Further study of the many roles of Cu in nervous system function will reveal targets for intervention in other diseases in which Cu homeostasis is disrupted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E D Gaier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3401, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Samanovic MI, Ding C, Thiele DJ, Darwin KH. Copper in microbial pathogenesis: meddling with the metal. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:106-15. [PMID: 22341460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese are essential for the growth and development of organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. Numerous studies have focused on the impact of iron availability during bacterial and fungal infections, and increasing evidence suggests that copper is also involved in microbial pathogenesis. Not only is copper an essential cofactor for specific microbial enzymes, but several recent studies also strongly suggest that copper is used to restrict pathogen growth in vivo. Here, we review evidence that animals use copper as an antimicrobial weapon and that, in turn, microbes have developed mechanisms to counteract the toxic effects of copper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie I Samanovic
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Medical Science Building 236, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Copper(II)-Induced Secondary Structure Changes and Reduced Folding Stability of the Prion Protein. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:369-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in vascular cells under oxidative stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Pushie MJ, Pickering IJ, Martin GR, Tsutsui S, Jirik FR, George GN. Prion protein expression level alters regional copper, iron and zinc content in the mouse brain. Metallomics 2011; 3:206-14. [PMID: 21264406 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The central role of the prion protein (PrP) in a family of fatal neurodegenerate diseases has garnered considerable research interest over the past two decades. Moreover, the role of PrP in neuronal development, as well as its apparent role in metal homeostasis, is increasingly of interest. The host-encoded form of the prion protein (PrP(C)) binds multiple copper atoms via its N-terminal domain and can influence brain copper and iron levels. The importance of PrP(C) to the regulation of brain metal homeostasis and metal distribution, however, is not fully understood. We therefore employed synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence imaging to map the level and distributions of several key metals in the brains of mice that express different levels of PrP(C). Brain sections from wild-type, prion gene knockout (Prnp(-/-)) and PrP(C) over-expressing mice revealed striking variation in the levels of iron, copper, and even zinc in specific brain regions as a function of PrP(C) expression. Our results indicate that one important function of PrP(C) may be to regulate the amount and distribution of specific metals within the central nervous system. This raises the possibility that PrP(C) levels, or its activity, might regulate the progression of diseases in which altered metal homeostasis is thought to play a pathogenic role such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases and disorders such as hemochromatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jake Pushie
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The prion protein is well known because of its association with prion diseases. These diseases, which include variant CJD, are unusual because they are neurodegenerative diseases that can be transferred between individuals experimentally. The prion protein is also widely known as a copper binding protein. The binding of copper to the prion protein is possibly necessary for its normal cellular function. The prion protein has also been suggested to bind other metals, and among these, manganese. Despite over ten years of research on manganese and prion disease, this interaction has often been dismissed or at best seen as a poor cousin to the involvement of copper. However, recent data has shown that manganese could stabilise prions in the environment and that chelation therapy specifically aimed at manganese can extend the life of animals with prion disease. This article reviews the evidence for a link between prions and manganese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UKBA2 7AY.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Singh N, Singh A, Das D, Mohan ML. Redox control of prion and disease pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1271-94. [PMID: 19803746 PMCID: PMC2864664 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance of brain metal homeostasis and associated oxidative stress by redox-active metals like iron and copper is an important trigger of neurotoxicity in several neurodegenerative conditions, including prion disorders. Whereas some reports attribute this to end-stage disease, others provide evidence for specific mechanisms leading to brain metal dyshomeostasis during disease progression. In prion disorders, imbalance of brain-iron homeostasis is observed before end-stage disease and worsens with disease progression, implicating iron-induced oxidative stress in disease pathogenesis. This is an unexpected observation, because the underlying cause of brain pathology in all prion disorders is PrP-scrapie (PrP(Sc)), a beta-sheet-rich conformation of a normal glycoprotein, the prion protein (PrP(C)). Whether brain-iron dyshomeostasis occurs because of gain of toxic function by PrP(Sc) or loss of normal function of PrP(C) remains unclear. In this review, we summarize available evidence suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in prion-disease pathogenesis. Subsequently, we review the biology of PrP(C) to highlight its possible role in maintaining brain metal homeostasis during health and the contribution of PrP(Sc) in inducing brain metal imbalance with disease progression. Finally, we discuss possible therapeutic avenues directed at restoring brain metal homeostasis and alleviating metal-induced oxidative stress in prion disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Miura T, Yoda M, Tsutsumi C, Murayama K, Takeuchi H. [Conformational regulation of amyloid beta-peptide by lipid membranes and metal ions]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:495-501. [PMID: 20371992 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conformational transition of monomeric amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) to a self-associated beta-sheet structure is considered to be an initial step in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that physiologically abundant lipid membranes and metal ions are involved in this step. We have demonstrated that Abeta binds to the phosphatidylcholine membrane in the lamellar gel phase but not in the liquid crystalline phase by using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The membrane-bound Abeta molecule takes alpha-helical or beta-sheet structure depending on the temperature. Tightly packed phosphatidylcholine membranes appear to serve as a platform for non-electrostatic binding and self-association of Abeta. We have also examined Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding modes of Abeta by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra demonstrate that three histidine residues in the N-terminal region of Abeta provide primary metal binding sites. Zn(II) binds to the N(tau) atom of histidine and the peptide aggregates through intermolecular His-Zn-His bridges. In contrast, Cu(II) ion is chelated by the N(pi) atom of histidine and deprotonated main-chain amide nitrogens to form a soluble complex. Our findings on the conformational regulation of Abeta may help in better understanding the molecular basis for the development of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kozlowski H, Luczkowski M, Remelli M. Prion proteins and copper ions. Biological and chemical controversies. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:6371-85. [PMID: 20422067 DOI: 10.1039/c001267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Prion protein (PrP(c)) involvement in some neurodegenerative diseases is well assessed although its "normal" biological role is not completely understood. It is known that PrP(C) can bind Cu(II) ions with high specificity but the order of magnitude of the corresponding affinity constant(s) is still highly debated. This perspective is an attempt to collect the current knowledge on these topics and to build up a bridge between the biological and the chemical points of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Kozlowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lutsenko S, Bhattacharjee A, Hubbard AL. Copper handling machinery of the brain. Metallomics 2010; 2:596-608. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
31
|
Scheiber IF, Mercer JFB, Dringen R. Copper accumulation by cultured astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:451-60. [PMID: 20004225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To study copper transport in brain astrocytes, we have used astrocyte-rich primary cultures as model system. Cells in these cultures contained a basal copper content of 1.1+/-0.4 nmol per mg protein. The cellular copper content increased strongly after application of copper chloride in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Analysis of the linear copper accumulation during the first 5 min of copper exposure revealed that cultured astrocytes accumulated copper with saturable kinetics with apparent K(M)- and V(max)-values of 9.4+/-1.8 microM and 0.76+/-0.13 nmol/(min x mg protein), respectively. In contrast, incubation of astrocytes with copper in the presence of ascorbate caused a linear increase of the copper accumulation rates for copper concentrations of up to 30 microM. In addition, copper accumulation was strongly inhibited by the presence of an excess of zinc or of various other divalent metal ions. The presence of mRNA and of immunoreactivity of the copper transport protein Ctr1 in astrocyte cultures suggests that Ctr1 contributes to the observed copper accumulation. However, since some characteristics of the observed copper accumulation are not consistent with Ctr1-mediated copper transport, additional Ctr1-independent mechanism(s) are likely to be involved in astrocytic copper accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F Scheiber
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Metal ion physiopathology in neurodegenerative disorders. Neuromolecular Med 2009; 11:223-38. [PMID: 19946766 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal dyshomeostasis in the brain (BMD) has often been proposed as a possible cause for several neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Nevertheless, the precise nature of the biochemical mechanisms of metal involvement in NDs is still largely unknown. Mounting evidence suggests that normal aging itself is characterized by, among other features, a significant degree of metal ion dysmetabolism in the brain. This is probably the result of a progressive deterioration of the metal regulatory systems and, at least in some cases, of life-long metal exposure and brain accumulation. Although alterations of metal metabolism do occur to some extent in normal aging, they appear to be highly enhanced under various neuropathological conditions, causing increased oxidative stress and favoring abnormal metal-protein interactions. Intriguingly, despite the fact that most common NDs have a distinct etiological basis, they share striking similarities as they are all characterized by a documented brain metal impairment. This review will primarily focus on the alterations of metal homeostasis that are observed in normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease. We also present a brief survey on BMD in other NDs (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Prion Protein disease) in order to highlight what represents the most reliable evidence supporting a crucial involvement of metals in neurodegeneration. The opportunities for metal-targeted pharmacological strategies in the major NDs are briefly outlined as well.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are inevitably lethal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a large variety of animals. The infectious agent responsible for TSEs is the prion, an abnormally folded and aggregated protein that propagates itself by imposing its conformation onto the cellular prion protein (PrPC) of the host. PrPCis necessary for prion replication and for prion-induced neurodegeneration, yet the proximal causes of neuronal injury and death are still poorly understood. Prion toxicity may arise from the interference with the normal function of PrPC, and therefore, understanding the physiological role of PrPCmay help to clarify the mechanism underlying prion diseases. Here we discuss the evolution of the prion concept and how prion-like mechanisms may apply to other protein aggregation diseases. We describe the clinical and the pathological features of the prion diseases in human and animals, the events occurring during neuroinvasion, and the possible scenarios underlying brain damage. Finally, we discuss potential antiprion therapies and current developments in the realm of prion diagnostics.
Collapse
|
34
|
New insights into cellular prion protein (PrPc) functions: the "ying and yang" of a relevant protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:170-84. [PMID: 19523487 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of cellular prion protein (PrP(c)), a GPI-anchored protein, into a protease-K-resistant and infective form (generally termed PrP(sc)) is mainly responsible for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), characterized by neuronal degeneration and progressive loss of basic brain functions. Although PrP(c) is expressed by a wide range of tissues throughout the body, the complete repertoire of its functions has not been fully determined. Recent studies have confirmed its participation in basic physiological processes such as cell proliferation and the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Other studies indicate that PrP(c) interacts with several molecules to activate signaling cascades with a high number of cellular effects. To determine PrP(c) functions, transgenic mouse models have been generated in the last decade. In particular, mice lacking specific domains of the PrP(c) protein have revealed the contribution of these domains to neurodegenerative processes. A dual role of PrP(c) has been shown, since most authors report protective roles for this protein while others describe pro-apoptotic functions. In this review, we summarize new findings on PrP(c) functions, especially those related to neural degeneration and cell signaling.
Collapse
|
35
|
Legleiter LR, Spears JW, Liu HC. Copper deficiency in the young bovine results in dramatic decreases in brain copper concentration but does not alter brain prion protein biology1,2. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3069-78. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
36
|
Copper(II) complexes with an avian prion N-terminal region and their potential SOD-like activity. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 103:195-204. [PMID: 19019452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Potentiometric and spectroscopic (UV-Vis, CD and EPR) studies were carried out on copper(II) complexes with chicken prion protein N-terminal fragments, Ac-(PHNPGY)(4)-NH(2), and the mutated residue, Ac-(PHNPGF)(4)-NH(2), to assess the role of tyrosine in the copper coordination. Both thermodynamic and spectroscopic results indicate that chicken prion fragments are not able to bind more than two copper ions and only with the involvement of side chain tyrosine groups. The prevailing complex shows one copper ion bound to four imidazole nitrogen atoms in the 1:1 metal to ligand ratio systems. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of copper(II) complexes with the avian peptides and mammal analogue, Ac-(PHGGGWGQ)(4)-NH(2), was also investigated by means of Pulse radiolysis. The copper(II) complexes with avian peptides do not display SOD-like activity, while very low activity has been detected for the copper(II) complexes with mammalian tetraoctarepeat.
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland,
| | - Frank Baumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland,
| | - Juliane Bremer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Brentani RR. Physiology of the prion protein. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:673-728. [PMID: 18391177 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), attributed to conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an abnormal conformer that accumulates in the brain. Understanding the pathogenesis of TSEs requires the identification of functional properties of PrP(C). Here we examine the physiological functions of PrP(C) at the systemic, cellular, and molecular level. Current data show that both the expression and the engagement of PrP(C) with a variety of ligands modulate the following: 1) functions of the nervous and immune systems, including memory and inflammatory reactions; 2) cell proliferation, differentiation, and sensitivity to programmed cell death both in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in various cell lines; 3) the activity of numerous signal transduction pathways, including cAMP/protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways, as well as soluble non-receptor tyrosine kinases; and 4) trafficking of PrP(C) both laterally among distinct plasma membrane domains, and along endocytic pathways, on top of continuous, rapid recycling. A unified view of these functional properties indicates that the prion protein is a dynamic cell surface platform for the assembly of signaling modules, based on which selective interactions with many ligands and transmembrane signaling pathways translate into wide-range consequences upon both physiology and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Que EL, Domaille DW, Chang CJ. Metals in neurobiology: probing their chemistry and biology with molecular imaging. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1517-49. [PMID: 18426241 DOI: 10.1021/cr078203u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1527] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Que
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
The chemistry of copper binding to PrP: is there sufficient evidence to elucidate a role for copper in protein function? Biochem J 2008; 410:237-44. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20071477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an enormous body of literature published in the last 10 years concerning copper and PrP (prion protein). Despite this, there is still no generally accepted role for copper in the function of PrP or any real consensus as to how and to what affinity copper associates with the protein. The present review attempts to look at all the evidence for the chemistry, co-ordination and affinity of copper binding to PrP, and then looks at what effect this has on the protein. We then connect this evidence with possible roles for PrP when bound to copper. No clear conclusions can be made from the available data, but it is clear from the present review what aspects of copper association with PrP need to be re-investigated.
Collapse
|
41
|
Klewpatinond M, Davies P, Bowen S, Brown DR, Viles JH. Deconvoluting the Cu2+ Binding Modes of Full-length Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1870-81. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708472200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
42
|
Paterson AWJ, Curtis JC, Macleod NK. Complex I specific increase in superoxide formation and respiration rate by PrP-null mouse brain mitochondria. J Neurochem 2007; 105:177-91. [PMID: 17999717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance in free radical production and removal is considered by many to be an important factor in the etiology of many degenerative diseases. Since mitochondria are a major source of free radicals, we have examined mitochondrial free radical production in relation to oxidative phosphorylation in PrP-null mice. Quantitative electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed up to a 70% increase in superoxide production from Complex I of submitochondrial particles prepared from PrP-null mice. This was accompanied by elevated respiratory capacity through Complex I without any discernible alteration in respiratory efficiency. These differences are associated with changes in superoxide dismutase levels and defects in mitochondrial morphology, confirming previously reported results. Our results demonstrate a clear difference in free radical production and oxygen consumption by mitochondrial Complex I between PrP-null mice and wild-type controls, pointing to Complex I as a potential target for pathological change, suggesting similarities between prion-related and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W J Paterson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Legleiter LR, Liu HC, Lloyd KE, Hansen SL, Fry RS, Spears JW. Exposure to low dietary copper or low copper coupled with high dietary manganese for one year does not alter brain prion protein characteristics in the mature cow1,2. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2895-903. [PMID: 17644786 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that abnormal prion proteins are the likely causative agent in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Cellular prion proteins (PrP(c)) bind Cu, which appears to be required to maintain functional characteristics of the protein. The replacement of Cu on PrP(c) with Mn has resulted in loss of function and increased protease resistance. Twelve mature cows were used to determine the effects of Cu deficiency, alone and coupled with high dietary Mn, on brain Cu and Mn concentrations and on PrP(c) functional characteristics. Copper-adequate cows were randomly assigned to treatments: 1) control (adequate in Cu and Mn), 2) Cu-deficient (-Cu), and 3) Cu-deficient plus high dietary Mn (-Cu+Mn). Cows assigned to treatments -Cu and -Cu+Mn received no supplemental Cu and were supplemented with Mo to further induce Cu deficiency. After 360 d, Cu-deficient cows (-Cu and -Cu+Mn) tended to have lesser concentrations of Cu (P = 0.09) in the obex region of the brain stem. Brain Mn tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in -Cu+Mn cattle compared with -Cu cattle. Western blots revealed that PrP(c) relative optical densities, proteinase K degradability, elution profiles, molecular weights, and glycoform distributions were not different among treatments. The concentration of PrP(c), as determined by ELISA, was similar across treatment groups. Brain tissue (obex) Mn superoxide dismutase activity was greatest (P = 0.04) in cattle receiving -Cu+Mn, whereas immunopurified PrP(c) had similar superoxide dismutase-like activities among treatments. Immunopurified PrP(c) had similar Cu concentrations across treatments, whereas Mn was undetectable. We concluded that Cu deficiency, coupled with excessive Mn intake, in the bovine may decrease brain Cu and increase brain Mn. Copper deficiency, alone or coupled with high dietary Mn, did not cause detectable alterations in PrP(c) functional characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Legleiter
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) arise from conversion of the membrane-bound prion protein from PrP(C) to PrP(Sc). Examples of the TSEs include mad cow disease, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, scrapie in goats and sheep, and kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Although the precise function of PrP(C) in healthy tissues is not known, recent research demonstrates that it binds Cu(II) in an unusual and highly conserved region of the protein termed the octarepeat domain. This review describes recent connections between copper and PrP(C), with an emphasis on the electron paramagnetic resonance elucidation of the specific copper-binding sites, insights into PrP(C) function, and emerging connections between copper and prion disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Klewpatinond M, Viles J. Fragment length influences affinity for Cu2+ and Ni2+ binding to His96 or His111 of the prion protein and spectroscopic evidence for a multiple histidine binding only at low pH. Biochem J 2007; 404:393-402. [PMID: 17331076 PMCID: PMC1896292 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is a Cu2+-binding cell-surface glycoprotein. Using various PrP fragments and spectroscopic techniques, we show that two Cu2+ ions bind to a region between residues 90 and 126. This region incorporates the neurotoxic portion of PrP, vital for prion propagation in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Pentapeptides PrP-(92-96) and PrP-(107-111) represent the minimum motif for Cu2+ binding to the PrP-(90-126) fragment. Consequently, we were surprised that the appearance of the visible CD spectra for two fragments of PrP, residues 90-126 and 91-115, are very different. We have shown that these differences do not arise from a change in the co-ordination geometry within the two fragments; rather, there is a change in the relative preference for the two binding sites centred at His111 and His96. These preferences are metal-, pH- and chain-length dependent. CD indicates that Cu2+ initially fills the site at His111 within the PrP-(90-126) fragment. The pH-dependence of the Cu2+ co-ordination is studied using EPR, visible CD and absorption spectroscopy. We present evidence that, at low pH (5.5) and sub-stoichiometric amounts of Cu2+, a multiple histidine complex forms, but, at neutral pH, Cu2+ binds to individual histidine residues. We have shown that changes in pH and levels of extracellular Cu2+ will affect the co-ordination mode, which has implications for the affinity, folding and redox properties of Cu-PrP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Klewpatinond
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - John H. Viles
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Aguzzi A, Heikenwalder M, Polymenidou M. Insights into prion strains and neurotoxicity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:552-61. [PMID: 17585315 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by prions and affect humans and many animal species. It is now widely accepted that the infectious agent that causes TSEs is PrP(Sc), an aggregated moiety of the host-derived membrane glycolipoprotein PrP(C). Although PrP(C) is encoded by the host genome, prions themselves encipher many phenotypic TSE variants, known as prion strains. Prion strains are TSE isolates that, after inoculation into distinct hosts, cause disease with consistent characteristics, such as incubation period, distinct patterns of PrP(Sc) distribution and spongiosis and relative severity of the spongiform changes in the brain. The existence of such strains poses a fascinating challenge to prion research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Watts JC, Westaway D. The prion protein family: Diversity, rivalry, and dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:654-72. [PMID: 17562432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prion gene family currently consists of three members: Prnp which encodes PrP(C), the precursor to prion disease associated isoforms such as PrP(Sc); Prnd which encodes Doppel, a testis-specific protein involved in the male reproductive system; and Sprn which encodes the newest PrP-like protein, Shadoo, which is expressed in the CNS. Although the identification of numerous candidate binding partners for PrP(C) has hinted at possible cellular roles, molecular interpretations of PrP(C) activity remain obscure and no widely-accepted view as to PrP(C) function has emerged. Nonetheless, studies into the functional interrelationships of prion proteins have revealed an interesting phenomenon: Doppel is neurotoxic to cerebellar cells in a manner which can be blocked by either PrP(C) or Shadoo. Further examination of this paradigm may help to shed light on two prominent unanswered questions in prion biology: the functional role of PrP(C) and the neurotoxic pathways initiated by PrP(Sc) in prion disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Watts
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Westergard L, Christensen HM, Harris DA. The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)): its physiological function and role in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1772:629-44. [PMID: 17451912 PMCID: PMC1986710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are caused by conversion of a normal cell-surface glycoprotein (PrP(C)) into a conformationally altered isoform (PrP(Sc)) that is infectious in the absence of nucleic acid. Although a great deal has been learned about PrP(Sc) and its role in prion propagation, much less is known about the physiological function of PrP(C). In this review, we will summarize some of the major proposed functions for PrP(C), including protection against apoptotic and oxidative stress, cellular uptake or binding of copper ions, transmembrane signaling, formation and maintenance of synapses, and adhesion to the extracellular matrix. We will also outline how loss or subversion of the cytoprotective or neuronal survival activities of PrP(C) might contribute to the pathogenesis of prion diseases, and how similar mechanisms are probably operative in other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A. Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shields SB, Franklin SJ. Investigation of the affinity and selectivity of avian prion hexarepeat peptides for physiological divalent metal ions. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:783-8. [PMID: 17346797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To further the understanding of the biological importance of metal-binding by avian prion proteins, we have investigated the affinity and selectivity of peptides Hx1 [Ac-HNPGYP-nh] and Hx2 [Ac-NPGYPHNPGYPH-nh] with a range of physiological metals via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tyrosine fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Both the hexamer Hx1 and the "dimer" peptide Hx2 bind only one equivalent of Cu(II), although only the latter peptide binds copper with significant affinity (Hx1 K(d)=150+/-35 microM; Hx2 K(d)=1.07+/-0.78 microM, pH 7.0 in 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer). Both peptides are selective for Cu(II) over divalent Ca, Co, Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Cyclic voltammetry was used to estimate Cu(II/I) solution potentials at pH 6.8, which were very similar for the two peptides (CuHx1 E degrees'=+350 mV, CuHx2 E degrees'=+320 mV vs. normal hydrogen electrode). These results suggest similar binding modes for the two peptides, and relative stabilization of Cu(I) relative to similar His-Gly-rich peptides in the literature.
Collapse
|
50
|
Steele AD, Lindquist S, Aguzzi A. The prion protein knockout mouse: a phenotype under challenge. Prion 2007; 1:83-93. [PMID: 19164918 DOI: 10.4161/pri.1.2.4346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The key pathogenic event in prion disease involves misfolding and aggregation of the cellular prion protein (PrP). Beyond this fundamental observation, the mechanism by which PrP misfolding in neurons leads to injury and death remains enigmatic. Prion toxicity may come about by perverting the normal function of PrP. If so, understanding the normal function of PrP may help to elucidate the molecular mechansim of prion disease. Ablation of the Prnp gene, which encodes PrP, was instrumental for determining that the continuous production of PrP is essential for replicating prion infectivity. Since the structure of PrP has not provided any hints to its possible function, and there is no obvious phenotype in PrP KO mice, studies of PrP function have often relied on intuition and serendipity. Here, we enumerate the multitude of phenotypes described in PrP deficient mice, many of which manifest themselves only upon physiological challenge. We discuss the pleiotropic phenotypes of PrP deficient mice in relation to the possible normal function of PrP. The critical question remains open: which of these phenotypes are primary effects of PrP deletion and what do they tell us about the function of PrP?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Steele
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|