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Cui X, Li CG, Gao H, Cheng M, Jiang F. Boosting regulatory T cell-dependent immune tolerance by activation of p53. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111167. [PMID: 37931392 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have critical roles in maintaining immune hemostasis and have important anti-inflammatory functions in diseases. Recently, we identified that CX-5461 (a selective RNA polymerase I inhibitor and p53 activator) acted as a potent immunosuppressive agent, which prevented allogeneic acute rejection in animal models via a molecular mechanism distinct from all those of conventional immunosuppressive drugs. Unexpectedly, we discovered that CX-5461 could promote Treg differentiation. In this review, we have summarized the evidence for a potential role of p53 in mediating Treg differentiation and its possible mechanisms, including regulation of FoxP3 transcription, regulation of the expression of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), as well as protein-protein interaction with the transcription factor STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5). Evidence also suggests that pharmacological p53 activators may potentially be used to boost Treg-mediated immune tolerance. Based on these data, we argue that novel p53 activators such as CX-5461 may represent a distinct class of immunosuppressants that repress conventional T cell-mediated alloimmunity with concomitant boosting of Treg-dependent immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Cui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chun-Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Haiqing Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Akama-Garren EH, Miller P, Carroll TM, Tellier M, Sutendra G, Buti L, Zaborowska J, Goldin RD, Slee E, Szele FG, Murphy S, Lu X. Regulation of immunological tolerance by the p53-inhibitor iASPP. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:84. [PMID: 36746936 PMCID: PMC9902554 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immunological homeostasis between tolerance and autoimmunity is essential for the prevention of human diseases ranging from autoimmune disease to cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that p53 can mitigate phagocytosis-induced adjuvanticity thereby promoting immunological tolerance following programmed cell death. Here we identify Inhibitor of Apoptosis Stimulating p53 Protein (iASPP), a negative regulator of p53 transcriptional activity, as a regulator of immunological tolerance. iASPP-deficiency promoted lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis, while iASPP-deficient mice were less susceptible to autoimmune disease. Immune responses to iASPP-deficient tumors exhibited hallmarks of immunosuppression, including activated regulatory T cells and exhausted CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, iASPP-deficient tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, CD4+, and γδ T cells expressed elevated levels of PD-1H, a recently identified transcriptional target of p53 that promotes tolerogenic phagocytosis. Identification of an iASPP/p53 axis of immune homeostasis provides a therapeutic opportunity for both autoimmune disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Paul Miller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Thomas M Carroll
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael Tellier
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Ludovico Buti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Charles River Laboratories, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Justyna Zaborowska
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Elizabeth Slee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Ma B, Miao W, Xiao J, Chen X, Xu J, Li Y. The Role of FOXP3 on Tumor Metastasis and Its Interaction with Traditional Chinese Medicine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196706. [PMID: 36235242 PMCID: PMC9570879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an important transcription factor for regulatory T cells (Tregs) and plays an important role in their immunosuppressive function. In recent years, studies have found that FOXP3 is expressed in many kinds of tumors and plays different roles in tumors' biological behaviors, including tumor proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and prognosis. However, the effects of FOXP3 on tumor metastasis and its interaction with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain unclear. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the effects of FOXP3 on tumor metastasis and its relationship with TCM, which can provide evidence for further research and therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxu Ma
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Wenjun Miao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmarceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricutural University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jieqiong Xiao
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence:
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Chasov V, Zaripov M, Mirgayazova R, Khadiullina R, Zmievskaya E, Ganeeva I, Valiullina A, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Promising New Tools for Targeting p53 Mutant Cancers: Humoral and Cell-Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707734. [PMID: 34484205 PMCID: PMC8411701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor and oncosuppressor protein p53 is considered as one of the most promising molecular targets that remains a high-hanging fruit in cancer therapy. TP53 gene encoding the p53 protein is known to be the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. The loss of transcriptional functions caused by mutations in p53 protein leads to deactivation of intrinsic tumor suppressive responses associated with wild-type (WT) p53 and acquisition of new pro-oncogenic properties such as enhanced cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Hotspot mutations of p53 are often immunogenic and elicit intratumoral T cell responses to mutant p53 neoantigens, thus suggesting this protein as an attractive candidate for targeted anti-cancer immunotherapies. In this review we discuss the possible use of p53 antigens as molecular targets in immunotherapy, including the application of T cell receptor mimic (TCRm) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a novel powerful approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Chasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Zaripov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Regina Mirgayazova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Raniya Khadiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aigul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Fouad MA, Sayed-Ahmed MM, Huwait EA, Hafez HF, Osman AMM. Epigenetic immunomodulatory effect of eugenol and astaxanthin on doxorubicin cytotoxicity in hormonal positive breast Cancer cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:8. [PMID: 33509300 PMCID: PMC7842008 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed molecular subtype of breast cancer; which showed good response to doxorubicin (DOX)-based chemotherapy. Eugenol (EUG) and astaxanthin (AST) are natural compounds with proved epigenetic and immunomodulatory effects in several cancer cell lines. This study has been initiated to investigate the molecular mechanism (s) whereby EUG and AST could enhance DOX cytotoxicity in MCF7 cells. METHODS Cytotoxic activity of DOX alone and combined with either 1 mM EUG or 40 μM AST was performed using sulphorhodamine-B assay in MCF7 cells. Global histones acetylation and some immunological markers were investigated using ELISA, western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR techniques. Functional assay of multidrug resistance was performed using rhodamine 123 and Hoechst 3342 dyes. Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide were used to assess the change in cell cycle and apoptosis along with the expression of some differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy proteins. RESULTS DOX alone resulted in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with IC50 of 0.5 μM. Both EUG and AST significantly increased DOX cytotoxicity which is manifested as a significant decrease in DOX IC50 from 0.5 μM to 0.088 μM with EUG and to 0.06 μM with AST. Combinations of DOX with 1 mM EUG or 40 μM AST significantly increased the level of histones acetylation and histone acetyl transferase expression, while reduced the expression of aromatase and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) when compared with 0.25 μM DOX alone. Also both combinations showed higher uptake of rhodamine but lower of Hoechst stains, along with increased the percentage of caspase 3, and decreased the expression of CK7 and LC3BI/II ratio. EUG combination induced IFγ but reduced TNFα causing shifting of cells from G2/M to S and G0/ G1 phases. Combination of DOX with EUG induced apoptosis through the higher BAX/ BCl2 ratio, while with AST was through the increase in caspase 8 expressions. CONCLUSION EUG and AST potentiated the anticancer activity of DOX through epigenetic histones acetylation along with the immunonomodulation of different apoptotic approaches in MCF7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam A Fouad
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Sayed-Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Etimad A Huwait
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafez F Hafez
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Moneim M Osman
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt.
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Hippo pathway and tumoral FOXP3 expression correlate with tumor growth in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153003. [PMID: 32534707 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of FOXP3 in tumors is associated with proliferation, migration, and invasion, has been implicated in cancer prognosis, and may be related to metastatic potential. The Hippo signaling pathway is known to regulate tissue homeostasis and organ size through cell proliferation and apoptosis. We investigated tumoral FOXP3, Lats2, and YAP expression related to the Hippo pathway in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. METHODS Between 1983 and 2006, 149 cases of SCC were diagnosed and surgically resected at Kyung Hee University Hospital. Immunohistochemical staining for FOXP3, YAP, and Lats2 was done. RESULTS Tumor size was inversely correlated with tumoral FOXP3 expression (p = 0.015), Treg count (p < 0.0001), and positive Lats2 expression (p = 0.028). YAP expression was inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.039). Positive tumoral FOXP3 expression was significantly associated with infiltrated Treg count (p = 0.001) and positive Lats2 expression (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Tumoral FOXP3 has the potential to suppress tumor function in SCC of the lung. The decrease or loss of FOXP3 expression in cancer cells is thought to contribute to SCC tumorigenesis and progression in the lung. The tumor suppressor function of FOXP3 in SCC of the lung was related to Lats2 and YAP expression in the Hippo pathway.
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Agupitan AD, Neeson P, Williams S, Howitt J, Haupt S, Haupt Y. P53: A Guardian of Immunity Becomes Its Saboteur through Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3452. [PMID: 32414156 PMCID: PMC7278985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the importance of immunity in controlling cancer development triggered research into the impact of its key oncogenic drivers on the immune response, as well as their value as targets for immunotherapy. At the heart of tumour suppression is p53, which was discovered in the context of viral infection and now emerges as a significant player in normal and cancer immunity. Wild-type p53 (wt p53) plays fundamental roles in cancer immunity and inflammation. Mutations in p53 not only cripple wt p53 immune functions but also sinisterly subvert the immune function through its neomorphic gain-of-functions (GOFs). The prevalence of mutant p53 across different types of human cancers, which are associated with inflammatory and immune dysfunction, further implicates mutant p53 in modulating cancer immunity, thereby promoting tumorigenesis, metastasis and invasion. In this review, we discuss several mutant p53 immune GOFs in the context of the established roles of wt p53 in regulating and responding to tumour-associated inflammation, and regulating innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the capacity of mutant p53 to alter the tumour milieu to support immune dysfunction, modulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways to disrupt innate immunity and subvert cell-mediated immunity in favour of immune privilege and survival. Furthermore, we expose the potential and challenges associated with mutant p53 as a cancer immunotherapy target and underscore existing therapies that may benefit from inquiry into cancer p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjelle Decasa Agupitan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Paul Neeson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Jason Howitt
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne 3122, Victoria, Australia;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia
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FOXP3 and CTLA-4 genetic variants' influence on the susceptibility and clinical course of basal cell carcinoma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 38:455-460. [PMID: 34377128 PMCID: PMC8330848 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.93368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is multifactorial and not fully elucidated. Previous studies showed that behaviour of the tumour may be influenced by the immune system and identified CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) as dominant immune cells in BCC microenvironment. The function and development of Tregs is regulated by FOXP3, encoding transcription factor Forkhead box P3. FOXP3 regulates transcription of many genes, including up-regulation of cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 gene (CTLA-4). Expressed on Tregs, CTLA-4 interacts with antigen-presenting cells to inhibit T-cell activation. Aim To investigate the role of two polymorphisms (rs3761548 and rs2232365) of FOXP3 and CTLA-4 polymorphism (rs5742909) in BCC patients from northern Poland. Material and methods We analysed 280 unrelated patients with BCC of mean age 70.93 ±11.53 (70.54 ±12.55 women, 71.38 ±10.26 men) and 200 healthy, unrelated age- and sex-matched volunteers. Results The differences in the occurrence of BCC between genotypes and alleles of the analysed polymorphisms were not statistically significant. In the studied group, the presence of the CC genotype in CTLA-4 rs5742909 polymorphism was statistically more frequent in patients with multiple BCCs. Conclusions It seems that the analysed FOXP3 and CTLA-4 polymorphisms do not influence the BCC susceptibility. CTLA-4 rs5742909 polymorphism may influence the susceptibility to multiple BCCs.
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Kim JH, Hwang J, Jung JH, Lee HJ, Lee DY, Kim SH. Molecular networks of FOXP family: dual biologic functions, interplay with other molecules and clinical implications in cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:180. [PMID: 31815635 PMCID: PMC6900861 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though Forkhead box P (FOXP) transcription factors comprising of FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3 and FOXP4 are involved in the embryonic development, immune disorders and cancer progression, the underlying function of FOXP3 targeting CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and the dual roles of FOXP proteins as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor are unclear and controversial in cancers to date. Thus, the present review highlighted research history, dual roles of FOXP proteins as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, their molecular networks with other proteins and noncoding RNAs, cellular immunotherapy targeting FOXP3, and clinical implications in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Hwang
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Won KY, Kim GY, Kim HK, Song MJ, Choi SI, Bae GE, Lim SJ. The expression of C-MYC in gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with PD-L1 and FOXP3 expression: C-MYC overexpression is a good prognostic factor. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152639. [PMID: 31582185 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-MYC appears to initiate and maintain tumorigenesis through modulation of immune regulatory molecules such as PD-L1. The aim of our research was to evaluate the clinical implication of C-MYC expression in gastric adenocarcinoma in relation to the expression of the immune regulatory molecules PD-L1 and FOXP3. METHODS Tissue samples were acquired from 182 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma that were surgically resected at Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong from 2006 to 2012. Immunohistochemical staining for C-MYC, PD-L1, CD8 and FOXP3 was done. RESULTS C-MYC overexpression showed a significant correlation with smaller tumor size, lower T category, lower N category, lower recurrence rate, and less lymphatic invasion. And C-MYC overexpression was negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression. The tumoral FOXP3 was positively correlated with C-MYC overexpression and Tregs count. PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with Tregs, CD8 + T cells, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Tregs count was positively correlated with CD8 + T cells and TIL. CD8 + T cells was positively correlated with TIL. CONCLUSION We discovered that the immune regulatory effect of C-MYC and PD-L1, and the tumor suppressor function of tumoral FOXP3 had a significant influence on the tumor microenvironment (Tregs, CD8 + T cells, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) in a complex manner. The C-MYC overexpression is a good prognostic factor in gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Yeoun Won
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gou Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Song
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Il Choi
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Go Eun Bae
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jig Lim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Afifi AM, El-Husseiny AM, Tabashy RH, Khalil MA, El-Houseini ME. Sorafenib- Taurine Combination Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells: Immunological Aspects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3007-3013. [PMID: 31653148 PMCID: PMC6982677 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.10.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib (Sor) is a multi-kinase inhibitor. It is recommended for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, Sor has severe and marked side effects. On the other hand, taurine (Tau) has been shown to enhance the therapeutic effects of cancer chemotherapy and also to enhance the function of leukocytes. Here, we aimed to investigate the enhancing efficacy of Sor as well as minimizing its marked side effects by using Tau in combination in an immunological aspect. We evaluated the influence of Sor and Tau combination on the expression pattern of FOXP3 gene in HepG2 cells compared to peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs) as control normal cells. Also, the levels of TGF-β and IL-10 released in culture media of both cells were determined. Our results revealed that, Tau reduced cytotoxicity of Sor on PBMC indicated by lactic dehyrogenase (LDH) release assay. In addition, Sor-Tau combination led to FOXP3 down-regulation in hepatic cancer cells (HepG2). The results showed also that, TGF-β levels decreased significantly in their culture media. In contrary, the cytokine increased in PBMCs culture media. Moreover, IL-10 was significantly elevated in the culture media of both cells. This study could open new avenues for the improvement of therapeutic efficacy of Sorafenib treated HCC patients by using Tau in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Afifi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Husseiny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reda H Tabashy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khalil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Motawa E El-Houseini
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Assoun S, Theou-Anton N, Nguenang M, Cazes A, Danel C, Abbar B, Pluvy J, Gounant V, Khalil A, Namour C, Brosseau S, Zalcman G. Association of TP53 mutations with response and longer survival under immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 132:65-71. [PMID: 31097096 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor mutational burden (TMB) correlates with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). We hypothesized that TP53 mutations could reflect TMB and be associated with ICI benefit. METHODS TP53 mutations were assessed by next-generation sequencing in aNSCLC patients treated with programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockers. Clinical data, tumor programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, and KRAS mutational status were collected. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). RESULTS In total, 72 patients (median [interquartile range] age: 61 [33-83] years) were included; 52 (72%) were male; 39 (54%) had performance status 0-1; 53 (74%) had adenocarcinoma; 20 (28%) received first-line ICI, 52 (72%) second line or more. In 65 patients with available data, 36 (55%) expressed PD-L1 in ≥50% of tumor cells, 20 (31%) in 1-49% of cells, and nine (14%) were PD-L1-negative. Non-synonymous TP53 mutations were observed in 41 (57%) and 25 (35%) harbored KRAS-mutated tumors. After a median follow-up of 15.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.3-17.4 m), the median OS in the TP53-mutated group was 18.1 months (95% CI 6.6-not reached), vs. 8.1 months (95% CI 2.2-14.5, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.48; 95% CI 0.25-0.95, p = 0.04) in the TP53-wild-type group. Median progression-free survival was significantly longer in TP53-mutated patients (4.5 months, 95% CI 2.8-18.1 versus 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-3.5; p = 0.03), although TP53 mutation status failed to significantly influence PFS in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.32). Objective response rate (ORR) was higher in patients with TP53 mutation (51.2% vs. 20.7%; p = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, TP53 mutations independently associated with longer OS (HR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.77, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS TP53-mutated status correlated with immunotherapy OS benefit in aNSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Assoun
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France; U830 INSERM "Genetics and biology of cancers", Research Centre, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Theou-Anton
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Marina Nguenang
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Claire Danel
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Abbar
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Johan Pluvy
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Gounant
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Khalil
- Radiology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Céline Namour
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Solenn Brosseau
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France; U830 INSERM "Genetics and biology of cancers", Research Centre, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France; Medicine Faculty, University Paris-Diderot, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France; U830 INSERM "Genetics and biology of cancers", Research Centre, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France; Medicine Faculty, University Paris-Diderot, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
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13
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Melnik BC, John SM, Chen W, Plewig G. T helper 17 cell/regulatory T-cell imbalance in hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa: the link to hair follicle dissection, obesity, smoking and autoimmune comorbidities. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:260-272. [PMID: 29573406 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disintegration of the infundibula of terminal hair follicles (HFs) in intertriginous skin areas exhibits the histological hallmark of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)/acne inversa, featuring a dissecting terminal hair folliculitis. Elevated serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and local increase in the ratio of proinflammatory T helper (Th)17 cells and anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been reported. Perifollicular Tregs play a key role in HF stem cell homeostasis and infundibular integrity. OBJECTIVES In this review, we evaluate the Th17/Treg ratio in HS, its aggravating conditions and associated comorbidities. Furthermore, we intended to clarify whether drugs with reported beneficial effects in the treatment of HS readjust the deviated Th17/Treg axis. METHODS PubMed-listed, peer-reviewed original research articles characterizing Th17/Treg regulation in HS/acne inversa and associated comorbidities were selected for this review. RESULTS This review presents HS as a disease that exhibits an increased Th17/Treg ratio. Perifollicular deficiencies in Treg numbers or function may disturb HF stem cell homeostasis, initiating infundibular dissection of terminal HFs and perifollicular inflammation. The Th17/Treg imbalance is aggravated by obesity, smoking and decreased Notch signalling. In addition, HS-associated autoimmune diseases exhibit a disturbed Th17/Treg axis resulting in a Th17-dominant state. All drugs that have beneficial effects in the treatment of HS normalize the Th17/Treg ratio. CONCLUSIONS HS immunopathogenesis is closely related to deviations of the Th17/Treg balance, which may negatively affect Treg-controlled HF stem cell homeostasis and infundibular integrity. Pharmacological intervention should not only attenuate Th17/IL-17 signalling, but should also improve Treg function in order to stabilize HF stem cell homeostasis and infundibular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - S M John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - W Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - G Plewig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Pal S, Kozono D, Yang X, Fendler W, Fitts W, Ni J, Alberta JA, Zhao J, Liu KX, Bian J, Truffaux N, Weiss WA, Resnick AC, Bandopadhayay P, Ligon KL, DuBois SG, Mueller S, Chowdhury D, Haas-Kogan DA. Dual HDAC and PI3K Inhibition Abrogates NFκB- and FOXM1-Mediated DNA Damage Response to Radiosensitize Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4007-4021. [PMID: 29760046 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant chromatin remodeling and activation of the PI3K pathway have been identified as important mediators of pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) pathogenesis. As inhibition of these pathways are promising therapeutic avenues and radiation is the only modality to prolong survival of patients with DIPG, we sought to explore radiosensitizing functions of such inhibition and to explore mechanisms of action of such agents. Here, we demonstrate that combined treatment with radiotherapy and CUDC-907, a novel first-in-class dual inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC) and PI3K, evokes a potent cytotoxic response in pHGG and DIPG models. CUDC-907 modulated DNA damage response by inhibiting radiation-induced DNA repair pathways including homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining. The radiosensitizing effects of CUDC-907 were mediated by decreased NFκB/Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) recruitment to promoters of genes involved in the DNA damage response; exogenous expression of NFκB/FOXM1 protected from CUDC-907-induced cytotoxicity. Together, these findings reveal CUDC-907 as a novel radiosensitizer with potent antitumor activity in pHGG and DIPG and provide a preclinical rationale for the combination of CUDC-907 with radiotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy against pHGG and DIPG. More globally, we have identified NFκB and FOXM1 and their downstream transcriptional elements as critical targets for new treatments for pHGG and DIPG.Significance: These findings describe the radiosensitizing effect of a novel agent in pediatric high-grade gliomas, addressing a critical unmet need of increasing the radiation sensitivity of these highly aggressive tumors. Cancer Res; 78(14); 4007-21. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Kozono
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jing Ni
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John A Alberta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin X Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jie Bian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathalene Truffaux
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam C Resnick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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15
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Shrestha D, Kim N, Song K. Stathmin/Op18 depletion induces genomic instability and leads to premature senescence in human normal fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2381-2395. [PMID: 28885720 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stathmin/oncoprotein18 regulates microtubule dynamics and participates in mitotic entry and exit. We isolated stathmin as a physically interacting partner of KIFC1, a minus-end-directed kinesin functioning in bipolar spindle formation and maintenance. We found that stathmin depletion leads to multipolar spindle formation in IMR-90 normal human fibroblasts. Stathmin-depleted IMR-90 cells showed early mitotic delay but managed to undergo chromosome segregation by forming multiple poles or pseudo-bipoles. Consistent with these observations, lagging chromosomes, and micronuclei were elevated in stathmin-depleted IMR-90 cells, demonstrating that stathmin is essential for maintaining genomic stability during mitosis in human cells. Genomic instability induced by stathmin depletion led to premature senescence without any indication of cell death in normal IMR-90 cells. Double knock-down of both stathmin and p53 also did not induce cell death in IMR-90 cells, while the stathmin knock-down triggered apoptosis in p53-proficient human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Our results suggest that stathmin is essential in bipolar spindle formation to maintain genomic stability during mitosis, and the depletion of stathmin prevents the initiation of chromosome instability by inducing senescence in human normal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Won KY, Kim GY, Kim HK, Choi SI, Kim SH, Bae GE, Lim JU, Lim SJ. Tumoral FOXP3 expression is associated with favorable clinicopathological variables and good prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma: the tumor suppressor function of tumoral FOXP3 is related with the P21 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2017; 68:112-118. [PMID: 28882702 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The function and contribution of tumoral FOXP3 in gastric cancer development remain poorly understood. Thus, we studied the expression of tumoral FOXP3 and its relationship with the well-known tumor suppressor proteins P21 and P53 in gastric adenocarcinoma. The tissue microarray was constructed from 182 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma. The immunohistochemistry was performed on 4-μm tissue sections from each tissue microarray block. We found that positive tumoral FOXP3 expression was significantly correlated with a lower T category, a lower N category, a lower recurrence rate, and less lymphatic invasion. Furthermore, the survival analysis revealed that the tumoral FOXP3-positive group had significantly increased overall survival and disease-free survival rates compared with the tumoral FOXP3-negative group. Additionally, P21 expression showed a significant positive correlation with tumoral FOXP3 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that tumoral FOXP3 expression is associated with favorable clinicopathological variables and good prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma through increased expression of the tumor suppression protein P21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Yeoun Won
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Gou Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Il Choi
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Bae
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 21431, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Uk Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, 14754, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jig Lim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Chaudhary R, Lal A. Long noncoding RNAs in the p53 network. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 8. [PMID: 27990773 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor protein p53 is activated in response to numerous cellular stresses including DNA damage. p53 functions primarily as a sequence-specific transcription factor that controls the expression of hundreds of protein-coding genes and noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). While the role of protein-coding genes and miRNAs in mediating the effects of p53 has been extensively studied, the physiological function and molecular mechanisms by which p53-regulated lncRNAs act is beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss recent studies on lncRNAs that are directly or indirectly regulated by p53 and how they contribute to the biological outcomes of p53 activation. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1410. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1410 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Chaudhary
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Fierabracci A, Pellegrino M. The Double Role of p53 in Cancer and Autoimmunity and Its Potential as Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121975. [PMID: 27897991 PMCID: PMC5187775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a sequence-specific short-lived transcription factor expressed at low concentrations in various tissues while it is upregulated in damaged, tumoral or inflamed tissue. In normally proliferating cells, p53 protein levels and function are tightly controlled by main regulators, i.e., MDM2 (mouse double minute 2) and MDM4 proteins. p53 plays an important role due to its ability to mediate tumor suppression. In addition to its importance as a tumor suppressor, p53 coordinates diverse cellular responses to stress and damage and plays an emerging role in various physiological processes, including fertility, cell metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, autophagy, cell adhesion, stem cell maintenance and development. Interestingly, it has been recently implicated in the suppression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in both mice and humans. In this review based on current knowledge on the functional properties of p53 and its regulatory pathways, we discuss the potential utility of p53 reactivation from a therapeutic perspective in oncology and chronic inflammatory disorders leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marsha Pellegrino
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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19
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Mandinova A, Aaronson SA, Lee SW. Emerging roles of p53 and other tumour-suppressor genes in immune regulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:741-750. [PMID: 27667712 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-suppressor genes are indispensable for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Recently, several of these genes, including those encoding p53, PTEN, RB1 and ARF, have been implicated in immune responses and inflammatory diseases. In particular, the p53 tumour- suppressor pathway is involved in crucial aspects of tumour immunology and in homeostatic regulation of immune responses. Other studies have identified roles for p53 in various cellular processes, including metabolism and stem cell maintenance. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of p53 and other tumour-suppressor genes in tumour immunology, as well as in additional immunological settings, such as virus infection. This relatively unexplored area could yield important insights into the homeostatic control of immune cells in health and disease and facilitate the development of more effective immunotherapies. Consequently, tumour-suppressor genes are emerging as potential guardians of immune integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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20
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Zhao Z, Chen C, Lin J, Zeng W, Zhao J, Liang Y, Tan Q, Yang C, Li H. Synergy between von Hippel-Lindau and P53 contributes to chemosensitivity of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2785-90. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Kim JE, Shin JS, Moon JH, Hong SW, Jung DJ, Kim JH, Hwang IY, Shin YJ, Gong EY, Lee DH, Kim SM, Lee EY, Kim YS, Kim D, Hur D, Kim TW, Kim KP, Jin DH, Lee WJ. Foxp3 is a key downstream regulator of p53-mediated cellular senescence. Oncogene 2016; 36:219-230. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Zhang H, Prado K, Zhang KX, Peek EM, Lee J, Wang X, Huang J, Li G, Pellegrini M, Chin AI. Biased Expression of the FOXP3Δ3 Isoform in Aggressive Bladder Cancer Mediates Differentiation and Cisplatin Chemotherapy Resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5349-5361. [PMID: 27189164 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The transcriptional regulation mediating cancer cell differentiation into distinct molecular subtypes and modulating sensitivity to existing treatments is an enticing therapeutic target. Our objective was to characterize the ability of the forkhead/winged transcription factor FOXP3 to modulate the differentiation of bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of FOXP3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tumor microarray of 587 samples and overall survival in a subset of 187 patients following radical cystectomy. Functional assays were performed in SW780 and HT1376 cell lines in vitro and in vivo and gene expression profiling performed by RNA-Seq. Validation was undertaken using gene expression profiles of 131 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium in bladder cancer. RESULTS FOXP3 expression correlates with bladder cancer stage and inversely with overall survival, with biased expression of the FOXP3Δ3 isoform. Functional assays of FOXP3Δ3 demonstrated resistance to chemotherapy in vitro, whereas subcutaneous xenografts overexpressing FOXP3Δ3 developed larger and more poorly differentiated bladder cancers. RNA expression profiling revealed a unique FOXP3Δ3 gene signature supporting a role in chemotherapy resistance. Accordingly, knockdown of Foxp3 by siRNA in HT1376 cells conferred sensitivity to cisplatin- and gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity. Validation in TCGA dataset demonstrated increased expression of FOXP3 in subtypes II to IV and skewing of molecular subtypes based on FOXP3Δ3-specific gene expression. CONCLUSIONS (i) Biased expression of the FOXP3Δ3 isoform in bladder cancer inversely correlates with overall survival, (ii) FOXP3Δ3 induces a unique gene program that mediates cancer differentiation, and (iii) FOXP3Δ3 may augment chemotherapy resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 22(21); 5349-61. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kris Prado
- Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin X Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Jane Lee
- Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arnold I Chin
- Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California. .,Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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23
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Zhang D, Chen Y, Chen L, Yang R, Wang L, Liu W, Zhai Z, Shen Z. Ultraviolet irradiation promotes FOXP3 transcription via p53 in psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:513-8. [PMID: 26781862 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The decrease of forkhead box P3-positive (FOXP3 + ) regulatory T cells (Tregs) causes an immune imbalance with effector T cells in psoriasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that in addition to its known effects on keratinocytes and effector T cells, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation alleviates psoriasis via the upregulation of FOXP3 + Tregs. However, the mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that FOXP3 + T cells were increased in psoriatic lesions after UVB irradiation (t' = 3.7006, P < 0.01), as determined by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the levels of FOXP3 and p53, one of the downstream targets of UV irradiation, showed accordant changes after UV irradiation. Experiments that used a MAPK inhibitor, p53 mutant cell lines, p53 inhibitor and p53 shRNA showed a decrease in FOXP3 levels, suggesting that p53 is required for UV-induced FOXP3 transcription. Next, we demonstrated that there are two binding sites for p53 on FOXP3 by informatics tools, a dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. One binding site (-1771 to -1583) is located at the promoter region and is adjacent to a previously reported p53-binding region in breast cancer cells. The other (+3845 to +4042) is located within the first intron and has not been previously reported. Our study demonstrated that FOXP3 is regulated, at least in part, by the binding of p53 to several binding sites in the promoter and intron regions following UV irradiation in psoriasis. It will be helpful to further clarify the regulatory mechanism of FOXP3 transcription and to provide new insights into the mechanisms that mediate the effects of UV irradiation in autoimmune skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Riyao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifang Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yang Y, Cheng J, Ren H, Zhao H, Gong W, Shan C. Tumor FOXP3 represses the expression of long noncoding RNA 7SL. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 472:432-6. [PMID: 26718402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA 7SL was over-expressed in tumor cells to promote cell growth through repressing translation of P53. However, the regulatory mechanism of 7SL remains to be defined. FOXP3 was identified as a suppressor in several tumors in addition to be a marker of regulatory T cells. In this study, we detected that over-expression of FOXP3 repressed the transcription of 7SL RNA and contributed to inhibiting tumor growth. Knock down of FOXP3 in MCF-10A normal mammary breast cells up-regulated the transcription of 7SL RNA. Chromatin Immuno-precipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that FOXP3 directly bound to the Forkhead/HNF-3 domain DNA binding sites (-789 to -795) relative to the transcription start site. Meanwhile, Luciferase analysis showed that FOXP3 repressed the full-length 7SL promoter activity, but this suppressive effect was reversed after mutation of the FOXP3 binding site. Further studies showed that FOXP3 promoted the expression of P53 at translational levels through repressing 7SL RNA. In conclusion, this study suggests that 7SL RNA is a direct target of FOXP3 and may be involved in the formation of FOXP3/P53 feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Jingli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Huizhu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, 300134, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Chunyan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China.
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Suh JH, Won KY, Kim GY, Bae GE, Lim SJ, Sung JY, Park YK, Kim YW, Lee J. Expression of tumoral FOXP3 in gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with favorable clinicopathological variables and related with Hippo pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:14608-14618. [PMID: 26823784 PMCID: PMC4713570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 is a transcription factor and well-known hallmark of immune suppressive T regulatory cells (Tregs). Recent studies indicate that, in addition to its association with Treg function in the immune system, FOXP3 plays an important role in tumor development. And important tumor suppressor relay between the FOXP3 and Hippo pathways was found in human cancer. Thus, we investigated tumoral FOXP3, infiltrated Tregs count, Lats2, and YAP expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, and the relationships between expression of these three proteins and p53, Ki67, and other clinicopathological variables. We used 118 gastric adenocarcinoma tissues via immunohistochemical analysis, using a tissue microarray, in relation to survival and other clinicopathological factors. We report the several novel observations about the relationship between tumoral FOXP3 and Hippo pathway components in gastric adenocarcinoma. Positive tumoral FOXP3 expression was significantly related with smaller tumor size, tubular tumor type, lower histological grade, lower T stage, lower recurrence rate, less lymphatic invasion, and less neural invasion. Furthermore, patients with positive tumoral FOXP3 experienced significantly better disease-free and overall survival compared to patients with negative tumoral FOXP3. These findings show that tumoral FOXP3 expression is associated with favorable clinicopathological variables in gastric adenocarcinoma. And we report the novel observation of a relationship between tumoral FOXP3 and Hippo pathway components in gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumoral FOXP3 expression, infiltrated Tregs count, and Lats2 expression were all positively correlated with YAP expression. These findings suggest that the Hippo pathway in gastric adenocarcinoma might be influenced by both tumoral FOXP3 and infiltrated Tregs. In conclusion, the loss of FOXP3 expression in cancer cells is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis and progression of gastric adenocarcinoma. The expression of FOXP3 in gastric adenocarcinoma is related with Lats2 and YAP expression of the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Yeoun Won
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Gou Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Go Eun Bae
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jig Lim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Sung
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Koo Park
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Youn Wha Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Juhie Lee
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Yoon KW, Byun S, Kwon E, Hwang SY, Chu K, Hiraki M, Jo SH, Weins A, Hakroush S, Cebulla A, Sykes DB, Greka A, Mundel P, Fisher DE, Mandinova A, Lee SW. Control of signaling-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells by the tumor suppressor p53. Science 2015; 349:1261669. [PMID: 26228159 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inefficient clearance of dying cells can lead to abnormal immune responses, such as unresolved inflammation and autoimmune conditions. We show that tumor suppressor p53 controls signaling-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells through its target, Death Domain1α (DD1α), which suggests that p53 promotes both the proapoptotic pathway and postapoptotic events. DD1α appears to function as an engulfment ligand or receptor that engages in homophilic intermolecular interaction at intercellular junctions of apoptotic cells and macrophages, unlike other typical scavenger receptors that recognize phosphatidylserine on the surface of dead cells. DD1α-deficient mice showed in vivo defects in clearing dying cells, which led to multiple organ damage indicative of immune dysfunction. p53-induced expression of DD1α thus prevents persistence of cell corpses and ensures efficient generation of precise immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Wan Yoon
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eunjeong Kwon
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - So-Young Hwang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kiki Chu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Masatsugu Hiraki
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Jo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Astrid Weins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samy Hakroush
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Angelika Cebulla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anna Greka
- Department of Medicine, Glom-NExT Center for Glomerular Kidney Disease and Novel Experimental Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Mundel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Classification of Five Uremic Solutes according to Their Effects on Renal Tubular Cells. Int J Nephrol 2014; 2014:512178. [PMID: 25431671 PMCID: PMC4241681 DOI: 10.1155/2014/512178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims. Uremic solutes, which are known to be retained in patients with chronic kidney disease, are considered to have deleterious effects on disease progression. Among these uremic solutes, indoxyl sulfate (IS) has been extensively studied, while other solutes have been studied less to state. We conducted a comparative study to examine the similarities and differences between IS, p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), phenyl sulfate (PhS), hippuric acid (HA), and indoleacetic acid (IAA). Methods. We used LLC-PK1 cells to evaluate the effects of these solutes on viable cell number, cell cycle progression, and cell death. Results. All the solutes reduced viable cell number after 48-hour incubation. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine inhibited this effect induced by all solutes except HA. At the concentration that reduced the cell number to almost 50% of vehicle control, IAA induced apoptosis but not cell cycle delay, whereas other solutes induced delay in cell cycle progression with marginal impact on apoptosis. Phosphorylation of p53 and Chk1 and expression of ATF4 and CHOP genes were detected in IS-, PCS-, and PhS-treated cells, but not in IAA-treated cells. Conclusions. Taken together, the adverse effects of PCS and PhS on renal tubular cells are similar to those of IS, while those of HA and IAA differ.
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Douglass S, Meeson AP, Overbeck-Zubrzycka D, Brain JG, Bennett MR, Lamb CA, Lennard TWJ, Browell D, Ali S, Kirby JA. Breast cancer metastasis: demonstration that FOXP3 regulates CXCR4 expression and the response to CXCL12. J Pathol 2014; 234:74-85. [PMID: 24870556 DOI: 10.1002/path.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The X-linked transcription factor FOXP3 is expressed by epithelial cells of organs including the breast, where it is considered a tumour suppressor. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 also regulates the development of breast cancer by stimulating cell migration towards CXCL12-expressing sites of metastatic spread. During activation, human T cells show reciprocal regulation of FOXP3 and CXCR4. This study was designed to examine the role FOXP3 plays in metastatic breast cancer, with a particular focus on its potential to regulate CXCR4. Human breast cancer samples showed significantly decreased FOXP3 protein expression but an increased number of CXCR4 transcripts. In comparison with normal primary breast epithelial cells, FOXP3 was down-regulated at both transcript and protein levels in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. In the invasive MDA-MB-231 cells, the remaining FOXP3 was located predominately within the cytoplasm. Following stable FOXP3 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells, significant decreases were observed in the expression of ErbB2/HER2, SKP2, c-MYC, and CXCR4. In contrast, an increase in p21 expression led to inhibition of cell proliferation, with a greater proportion in the G1 phase of the cell cycle suggesting the induction of senescence. Specific knockdown of FOXP3 in normal human breast epithelial cells with siRNA significantly increased ErbB2/HER2, SKP2, c-MYC, and CXCR4, and decreased p21 expression. These cells also showed a significantly increased chemotactic response towards CXCL12, consistent with a role for FOXP3 in the regulation of cell migration. Results from this study are consistent with FOXP3 functioning as an important tumour suppressor in breast cancer. Indeed, the potential functions of FOXP3 in breast epithelium can now be extended to include regulation of CXCR4 expression and response to the pro-metastatic chemokine CXCL12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Douglass
- Applied Immunobiology Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Ugolini C, Elisei R, Proietti A, Pelliccioni S, Lupi C, Borrelli N, Viola D, Leocata P, Vitti P, Miccoli P, Toniolo A, Basolo F. FoxP3 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a possible resistance biomarker to iodine 131 treatment. Thyroid 2014; 24:339-46. [PMID: 23915122 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forkhead transcription factor FoxP3 plays an important role in regulatory T cell (Treg) functions. Tregs are critical in maintaining immunologic tolerance. It has been shown that vaccination against FoxP3-expressing cells is associated with enhancement of tumor immunity. Tregs appear to be increased in blood and in the tumor microenvironment of patients with different cancer types. Tumor cells themselves can express FoxP3. The present study investigates the possible role of FoxP3 expression in a series of human papillary thyroid cancers with a mean follow-up time of 15 years. METHODS One hundred five cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) were investigated, and FoxP3 expression was evaluated in both tumor cells and tumor-associated infiltrates. For all patients, clinical/pathologic features were considered and the results analyzed by statistical tests. RESULTS Of the 105 PTC cases, 45 (43%) scored FoxP3-positive and 60 (57%) were negative. FoxP3 staining was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. In some cases, both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was seen in infiltrating cells. FoxP3 expression in tumor cells was correlated with the presence of extrathyroid invasion (p=0.04) and distant metastasis (p=0.04), but not with overall survival. Interestingly, FoxP3 expression in neoplastic cells was significantly associated with a resistance phenotype to radioiodine treatment (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS The data show an association of FoxP3 expression with features of PTC that seem to have a specific impact on radioiodine sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ugolini
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana , Pisa, Italy
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Morris G, Maes M. A neuro-immune model of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:523-40. [PMID: 22718491 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a neuro-immune model for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). A wide range of immunological and neurological abnormalities have been reported in people suffering from ME/CFS. They include abnormalities in proinflammatory cytokines, raised production of nuclear factor-κB, mitochondrial dysfunctions, autoimmune responses, autonomic disturbances and brain pathology. Raised levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), together with reduced levels of antioxidants are indicative of an immuno-inflammatory pathology. A number of different pathogens have been reported either as triggering or maintaining factors. Our model proposes that initial infection and immune activation caused by a number of possible pathogens leads to a state of chronic peripheral immune activation driven by activated O&NS pathways that lead to progressive damage of self epitopes even when the initial infection has been cleared. Subsequent activation of autoreactive T cells conspiring with O&NS pathways cause further damage and provoke chronic activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways. The subsequent upregulation of proinflammatory compounds may activate microglia via the vagus nerve. Elevated proinflammatory cytokines together with raised O&NS conspire to produce mitochondrial damage. The subsequent ATP deficit together with inflammation and O&NS are responsible for the landmark symptoms of ME/CFS, including post-exertional malaise. Raised levels of O&NS subsequently cause progressive elevation of autoimmune activity facilitated by molecular mimicry, bystander activation or epitope spreading. These processes provoke central nervous system (CNS) activation in an attempt to restore immune homeostatsis. This model proposes that the antagonistic activities of the CNS response to peripheral inflammation, O&NS and chronic immune activation are responsible for the remitting-relapsing nature of ME/CFS. Leads for future research are suggested based on this neuro-immune model.
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Won KY, Kim HS, Sung JY, Kim GY, Lee J, Park YK, Kim YW, Suh JH, Lim SJ. Tumoral FOXP3 has potential oncogenic function in conjunction with the p53 tumor suppressor protein and infiltrated Tregs in human breast carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:767-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kawashima H, Takatori H, Suzuki K, Iwata A, Yokota M, Suto A, Minamino T, Hirose K, Nakajima H. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits systemic autoimmune diseases by inducing regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3614-23. [PMID: 24006461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in tumor suppression by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and DNA repair. In addition to the antitumor functions of p53, accumulating evidence using systemic p53-deficient mice suggests that p53 suppresses autoimmunity. However, it remains unknown how p53 suppresses autoimmunity. In this study, we generated T cell-specific p53-deficient mice (CD4-Cre p53(fl/fl) mice, or p53 conditional knockout [cKO] mice) and found that aged p53-cKO mice spontaneously developed inflammatory lesions in various organs, including lung, liver, stomach, thyroid gland, submandibular gland, and kidney. Additionally, anti-nuclear Abs and autoantibodies against gastric parietal cells were detected in p53-cKO mice but not in control p53(fl/fl) mice (p53 wild-type mice). Importantly, the number of Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen and lung as well as in vitro differentiation of induced Tregs was significantly reduced in p53-cKO mice as compared with that in p53 wild-type mice. Regarding the mechanisms underlying p53-mediated Treg induction, p53 enhanced the transcription of Foxp3 by binding to the promoter and the conserved noncoding DNA sequence-2 of the Foxp3 gene. Taken together, these results suggest that p53 expressed in T cells functions as a suppressor for autoimmunity by inducing Treg differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Kawashima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Droeser RA, Obermann EC, Wolf AM, Wallner S, Wolf D, Tzankov A. Negligible Nuclear FOXP3 Expression in Breast Cancer Epithelial Cells Compared With FOXP3-Positive T Cells. Clin Breast Cancer 2013; 13:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
The transcription factor FOXP3 is widely known for its role in the development and function of immunoregulatory T cells. However, it has been discovered recently that FOXP3 is also expressed in epithelial cells of the normal human breast, ovary and prostate. Aggressive cancer of these epithelial tissues often correlates with abnormal expression of FOXP3, which can be either absent or underexpressed at transcript or protein levels. It is becoming clear that this failure of normal FOXP3 expression can result in dysregulation of the expression of a range of oncogenes which have been implicated in the development and metastasis of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that FOXP3 might also regulate chemokine receptor expression, providing a possible explanation for the chemokine-driven, tissue-specific spread that is characteristic of many cancers. This review first summarises the general structure, function and properties of FOXP3. This is followed by an analysis of the tumour-suppressive properties of this transcription factor, with particular reference to the development and chemokine-mediated spread of human breast cancer. A final section focuses on potential applications of this new knowledge for therapeutic intervention.
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Abstract
In this review, we introduce the IPEX syndrome and its relationship with germline mutations of the FOXP3 gene. We then describe the multiple functional roles of FOXP3 in regulatory T cells and epithelial cells as well as in IPEX syndrome and tumor progression. Potential mechanisms of FOXP3 inactivation and transcriptional regulation are discussed with recent advances. Finally, we point out current issues and a potential FOXP3-mediated therapeutic strategy as well as the reactivation of FOXP3 in patients with IPEX syndrome and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Silin Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Wei-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia 31404, USA
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Park JS, Lim MA, Cho ML, Ryu JG, Moon YM, Jhun JY, Byun JK, Kim EK, Hwang SY, Ju JH, Kwok SK, Kim HY. p53 controls autoimmune arthritis via STAT-mediated regulation of the Th17 cell/Treg cell balance in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:949-59. [PMID: 23280308 DOI: 10.1002/art.37841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the connection between p53 and interleukin-17-producing Th17 cell/Treg cell balance in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Th17 cell and Treg cell frequencies were analyzed by flow cytometry, and cytokine levels in the supernatant were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The expression of transcription factors was analyzed by immunostaining and Western blotting, and the interactions between p53 and STAT-3 or STAT-5 were determined by immunoprecipitation-Western blot analysis. A p53 agonist was administered in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, and the effects in vivo were determined. RESULTS CD4+ T cells from p53-/- mice decreased the activity of STAT-5, lowered the level of phosphorylated STAT-5, and compromised Treg cell differentiation. The protein p53 bound STAT-5 directly, and this interaction was enhanced with increasing p53 activity. Under inflammatory conditions, p53 suppressed Th17 cell differentiation and skewed T cells toward Treg cell differentiation through the activation of STAT-5 signaling cascades. In mice with CIA, injection of a p53 overexpression vector or an antagonist of Mdm2 had the effect of controlling arthritis development in vivo. The regulatory effect of p53 was recapitulated in the cells of RA patients, with more pronounced suppression due to the repressed status of p53 in RA. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a link between p53-mediated and STAT-mediated regulation of Th17 cells/Treg cells in RA. Our results suggest that factors involved in this pathway might constitute novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sil Park
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institute of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Takenaka M, Seki N, Toh U, Hattori S, Kawahara A, Yamaguchi T, Koura K, Takahashi R, Otsuka H, Takahashi H, Iwakuma N, Nakagawa S, Fujii T, Sasada T, Yamaguchi R, Yano H, Shirouzu K, Kage M. FOXP3 expression in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with breast cancer prognosis. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:625-632. [PMID: 24649219 PMCID: PMC3915667 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) transcription factor is highly expressed in tumor cells as well as in regulatory T cells (Tregs). It plays a tumor-enhancing role in Tregs and suppresses carcinogenesis as a potent repressor of several oncogenes. The clinical prognostic value of FOXP3 expression has not yet been elucidated. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the prognostic significance of FOXP3 expression in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer patients. Of the 100 tumor specimens obtained from primary invasive breast carcinoma, 63 and 57% were evaluated as FOXP3+ tumor cells and as being highly infiltrated by FOXP3+ lymphocytes, respectively. Although FOXP3 expression in tumor cells was of no prognostic significance, FOXP3+ lymphocytes were significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (n=98, log-rank test P=0.008). FOXP3 exhibited a heterogeneous subcellular localization in tumor cells (cytoplasm, 31%; nucleus, 26%; both, 6%) and, although cytoplasmic FOXP3 was associated with poor OS (P= 0.058), nuclear FOXP3 demonstrated a significant association with improved OS (P=0.016). Furthermore, when patients were grouped according to their expression of tumor cytoplasmic FOXP3 and lymphocyte FOXP3, there were notable differences in the Kaplan-Meier curves for OS (P<0.001), with a high infiltration of FOXP3+ lymphocytes accompanied by a cytoplasmic FOXP3+ tumor being the most detrimental phenotype. These findings indicated that FOXP3 expression in lymphocytes as well as in tumor cells may be a prognostic marker for breast cancer. FOXP3 in tumor cells may have distinct biological activities and prognostic values according to its localization, which may help establish appropriate cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Takenaka
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan ; ; Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Naoko Seki
- Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Uhi Toh
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hattori
- Biostatistical Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawahara
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Keiko Koura
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan ; ; Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ryuji Takahashi
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroko Otsuka
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Iwakuma
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shino Nakagawa
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Fujii
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan ; ; Multidisciplinary Treatment Center, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Rin Yamaguchi
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shirouzu
- Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kage
- Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan ; ; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Clinical significance of FOXP3 expression in human gliomas. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:36-43. [PMID: 23579918 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have demonstrated that the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is expressed not only in regulatory T cells, but also in some cancer cells. This study aims to clarify whether or not FOXP3 expression occurs in human gliomas and investigate the clinical significance of this expression in gliomas. METHODS We detected FOXP3 protein expression in 40 glioma samples, 3 normal brain tissue samples, and 4 normal tonsil tissue samples using immunohistochemical staining and western blot. The expression of FOXP3 protein was also detected in five glioma cell lines by western blot. We also evaluated the association of FOXP3 expression with clinical pathological grades, prognosis, and recurrence. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that the expression of FOXP3 protein was upregulated in high-grade glioma (HGGS) samples compared with low-grade samples. The cell line U87 showed the highest FOXP3 expression, while U373 had the lowest expression. Immunohistochemical analysis detected FOXP3 protein in 35 out of the 40 (87.5 %) glioma samples and high levels of FOXP3 were observed in 26 out of the 27 (96.3 %) high-grade gliomas samples. Statistical analysis suggested that the upregulation of FOXP3 is significantly correlated with the histologic grade of gliomas (P < 0.05) and that patients with high expression of FOXP3 protein exhibit a poorer prognosis than those with low FOXP3 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that FOXP3 expression in glioma cells has a crucial function in the development of HGGS and is associated with the malignant biological behavior of HGGS.
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Li W, Katoh H, Wang L, Yu X, Du Z, Yan X, Zheng P, Liu Y. FOXP3 regulates sensitivity of cancer cells to irradiation by transcriptional repression of BRCA1. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2170-80. [PMID: 23319807 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3 is an X-linked tumor suppressor gene and a master regulator in T regulatory cell function. This gene has been found to be mutated frequently in breast and prostate cancers and to inhibit tumor cell growth, but its functional significance in DNA repair has not been studied. We found that FOXP3 silencing stimulates homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair and also repair of γ-irradiation-induced DNA damage. Expression profiling and chromatin-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that FOXP3 regulated the BRCA1-mediated DNA repair program. Among 48 FOXP3-regulated DNA repair genes, BRCA1 and 12 others were direct targets of FOXP3 transcriptional control. Site-specific interaction of FOXP3 with the BRCA1 promoter repressed its transcription. Somatic FOXP3 mutants identified in breast cancer samples had reduced BRCA1 repressor activity, whereas FOXP3 silencing and knock-in of a prostate cancer-derived somatic FOXP3 mutant increased the radioresistance of cancer cells. Together our findings provide a missing link between FOXP3 function and DNA repair programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Held-Feindt J, Hattermann K, Sebens S, Krautwald S, Mehdorn HM, Mentlein R. The transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is expressed in glioma cells and associated with increased apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:731-9. [PMID: 23211717 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead transcription factor FoxP3 is critically involved in the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that populate tumors and are considered as powerful parts of their immune evasion. However, also tumor cells are reported to express FoxP3. Since gliomas are particularly immunosuppressive tumors, we investigated the occurrence and possible functions of FoxP3 in these malignant cells. By quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and FACS analysis, we detected FoxP3 in glioma cells in situ and in vitro. After exposure of glioma cell lines to chemotherapeutics, expression of FoxP3 was significantly enhanced, and it was dislocated from more nuclear to perinuclear localization. Overexpression of FoxP3 in glioma cell lines considerably favored apoptotic damage of nuclei, DNA fragmentation, increased cleavage of the pro-apoptotic enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and basal activities of effector caspases-3/7. In FoxP3-transfected cells, apoptotic stimuli like Camptothecin, Temozolomide or tumor necrosis factor-α synergistically enhanced caspases-3/7-activities over controls. Taking together, FoxP3 occurs in glioma cells, is induced by chemotherapeutics, and its expression is correlated with increased apoptosis of glioma cells, especially when propagated by apoptotic stimuli. Thus, FoxP3 is a novel pro-apoptotic transcription factor in gliomas that is critically involved in the action of apoptotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Ma GF, Chen SY, Sun ZR, Miao Q, Liu YM, Zeng XQ, Luo TC, Ma LL, Lian JJ, Song DL. FoxP3 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by activating the apoptotic signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23201402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead Box Protein 3 (FoxP3) was identified as a key transcription factor to the occurring and function of the regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, limited evidence indicated its function in tumor cells. To elucidate the precise roles and underlying molecular mechanism of FoxP3 in gastric cancer (GC), we examined the expression of FoxP3 and the consequences of interfering with FoxP3 gene in human GC cell lines, AGS and MKN45, by multiple cellular and molecular approaches, such as immunofluorescence, gene transfection, CCK-8 assay, clone formation assay, TUNEL assay, Flow cytometry, immunoassay and quantities polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As a result, FoxP3 was expressed both in nucleus and cytoplasm of GC cells. Up-regulation of FoxP3 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. Overexpression of FoxP3 increased the protein and mRNA levels of proapoptotic molecules, such as poly ADP-ribose polymerase1 (PARP), caspase-3 and caspase-9, and repressed the expression of antiapoptotic molecules, such as cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (c-IAP1) and the long isoform of B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Furthermore, silencing of FoxP3 by siRNA in GC cells reduced the expression of proapoptotic genes, such as PARP, caspase-3 and caspase-9. Collectively, our findings identify the novel roles of FoxP3 in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in GC cells by regulating apoptotic signaling, which could be a promising therapeutic approach for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fen Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Cancer cells silence autosomal tumor suppressor genes by Knudson's two-hit mechanism in which loss-of-function mutations and then loss of heterozygosity occur at the tumor suppressor gene loci. However, the identification of X-linked tumor suppressor genes has challenged the traditional theory of 'two-hit inactivation' in tumor suppressor genes, introducing the novel concept that a single genetic hit can cause loss of tumor suppressor function. The mechanism through which these genes are silenced in human cancer is unclear, but elucidating the details will greatly enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of human cancer. Here, we review the identification of X-linked tumor suppressor genes and discuss the potential mechanisms of their inactivation. In addition, we also discuss how the identification of X-linked tumor suppressor genes can potentially lead to new approaches in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Liu
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mandy Kain
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Ladoire S, Mignot G, Dalban C, Chevriaux A, Arnould L, Rébé C, Apetoh L, Boidot R, Penault-Llorca F, Fumoleau P, Roché H, Spielmann M, Levy C, Lortholary A, Eichler F, Mesleard C, Bonnetain F, Ghiringhelli F. FOXP3 expression in cancer cells and anthracyclines efficacy in patients with primary breast cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy in the phase III UNICANCER-PACS 01 trial. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2552-2561. [PMID: 22431701 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive markers of response to chemotherapy are lacking in breast cancer patients. Forkhead Box Protein 3 (FOXP3) is an anti-oncogene whose absence in cancer cells could confer resistance to DNA damaging agent. So we made the hypothesis that FOXP3 expression predicts the response to anthracyclines in breast cancer patients and that adjuvant chemotherapy adding taxanes to anthracyclines confers an overall survival (OS) benefit over anthracyclines alone, in patients with FOXP3-negative tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Expression of FOXP3 in cancer cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tumor samples from 1097 patients who participated in the PACS01 randomized trial that evaluated in adjuvant setting the adjunction of docetaxel (Taxotere) to anthracyclines in patients with localized breast cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression model were used to assess OS according to the presence or absence of FOXP3 expression in tumor cells. RESULTS Four hundred and five tumors were found to express FOXP3 (37%). FOXP3 expression in breast cancer cells was associated with better OS (P = 0.003). Uni- and multivariate survival analyses according to treatment arm revealed that FOXP3 expression in breast cancer cells is independently associated with improved OS in patients treated with anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy, but not in patients treated with sequential anthracycline-taxane. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that FOXP3 induction in breast cancer cell lines using histone deacetylase inhibitor enhances anthracyclines efficacy. CONCLUSION FOXP3 expression in tumor cells may be an accurate predictive biomarker of anthracycline efficacy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ladoire
- Department of Medical Oncology. Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Avenir Team INSERM, CRI-866 University of Burgundy, Dijon
| | - G Mignot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Avenir Team INSERM, CRI-866 University of Burgundy, Dijon
| | - C Dalban
- Biostatistics and Epidemiological Unit, EA 4184, Dijon
| | - A Chevriaux
- Department of Medical Oncology. Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Avenir Team INSERM, CRI-866 University of Burgundy, Dijon
| | - L Arnould
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Tumors
| | - C Rébé
- Department of Medical Oncology. Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Avenir Team INSERM, CRI-866 University of Burgundy, Dijon
| | - L Apetoh
- Department of Medical Oncology. Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Avenir Team INSERM, CRI-866 University of Burgundy, Dijon
| | - R Boidot
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon
| | | | - P Fumoleau
- Department of Medical Oncology. Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon
| | - H Roché
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse
| | - M Spielmann
- Department of Medicine and Translational Research Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif
| | - C Levy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen
| | - A Lortholary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Paul Papin, Angers
| | - F Eichler
- Department of Medical Oncology; Hopital Civil, Strasbourg
| | - C Mesleard
- Comité sein (PACS), UNICANCER, Paris, France
| | - F Bonnetain
- Biostatistics and Epidemiological Unit, EA 4184, Dijon
| | - F Ghiringhelli
- Department of Medical Oncology. Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Avenir Team INSERM, CRI-866 University of Burgundy, Dijon.
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Chen L, Shen Z, Wu J. Effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure on FOXP3+ infiltration in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2012; 27:297-303. [PMID: 22092733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the prevalence and significance of FOXP3+ infiltration into (pre)malignant skin carcinomas following ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. The possible pathways that UVR impacts on FOXP3 are to be discussed. BACKGROUND FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (FOXP3+ Tregs) are correlated to cutaneous squamous tumor progression. However, there is no information describing the prevalence of FOXP3+ infiltration in cutaneous premalignant and malignant squamous carcinomas with UVR exposure. METHODS We investigated the prevalence of FOXP3+ infiltration in 14 patients with Bowen's disease, 40 squamous cell carcinoma SCC patients and 21 patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The percentages of FOXP3+ vs. total peri-neoplasm infiltration cells (FOXP3+ PCT) were significantly higher in Bowen's disease and well-differentiated SCC that were exposed to UVR than these diseases not exposed to UVR (t = 3.5776, P = 0.0038; t' = 5.9214, P < 0.01, respectively). FOXP3+ PCT was also higher in less pigmented than pigmented sites in BCC (t = 3.369, P = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS This study shed some light on the effect of UVR on FOXP3+ infiltration in skin (pre)malignant carcinomas. Our data suggested that FOXP3+ infiltration was positively related to UVR exposure. The mechanisms merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Battle Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Lan F, Zhang L, Wu J, Zhang J, Zhang S, Li K, Qi Y, Lin P. IL-23/IL-23R: potential mediator of intestinal tumor progression from adenomatous polyps to colorectal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26:1511-8. [PMID: 21547355 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin 23 (IL-23) affects tumor growth by regulating Th cells and plays a vital role in immunosuppression in tumor tissues. However, whether tumor cells are IL-23R positive or whether IL-23 has the potential to influence the growth of cancer cells directly remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the molecular expression patterns of IL-23, IL-23R, and Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) in normal tissues adjacent to cancer, in intestinal polyps (IP), and in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and to infer the relationship between the expression patterns of these three molecules and the progress of intestinal tumors from adenomatous polyps to colorectal cancer. METHODS The levels of IL-23A, IL-23R, and FOXP3 were evaluated in normal tissues adjacent to cancer (NT, n = 13), IP (n = 26), and CRC (n = 13) using real-time PCR, ELISA, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The expression of IL-23 and FOXP3 increased progressively from NT through to CRC. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that IL-23R was highly positive in carcinoma cells of the CRC group, whereas it was partially positive in cells of other groups. In addition, the human CRC cell line SW-480 exhibited weak IL-23R immunocytochemical positivity. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the IL-23/IL-23R pathway is a potential route to facilitate the malignant progression of cancers. The relationship between IL-23 and FOXP3 in the microenvironment of carcinoma led us to deduce that these two molecules may interact with each other. Although the exact mechanism underlying this interaction remains a mystery, we are convinced that these two molecules are relevant in cancer progression and that IL-23 could be a potential target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lan
- Division of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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McInnes N, Sadlon TJ, Brown CY, Pederson S, Beyer M, Schultze JL, McColl S, Goodall GJ, Barry SC. FOXP3 and FOXP3-regulated microRNAs suppress SATB1 in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2011; 31:1045-54. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tao H, Mimura Y, Aoe K, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto H, Matsuda E, Okabe K, Matsumoto T, Sugi K, Ueoka H. Prognostic potential of FOXP3 expression in non-small cell lung cancer cells combined with tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells. Lung Cancer 2011; 75:95-101. [PMID: 21719142 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 characterizes regulatory T cells (Tregs) that engage in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Intra-tumoral accumulation of Tregs is associated with unfavorable prognosis in several kinds of cancers. Recently, expression of FOXP3 and its association with prognosis have also been shown in some cancer cells in clinical studies. For non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, prognostic significance of tumor FOXP3 expression and its relationship with Tregs remain unknown. FOXP3 expression in cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was examined by immunohistochemical staining of surgical specimens from 87 patients with NSCLC. Prognostic values of the tumor-infiltrating Treg count and tumor FOXP3 expression status were evaluated retrospectively. FOXP3-positive cancer cells were observed in 27 of 87 (31.0%) patients. There was no significant relationship between Treg count and tumor FOXP3 status. Increased Treg counts were associated with worse overall and relapse-free survival whereas the influence of tumor FOXP3 status on survival was not significant. However, when FOXP3-positive cancer cells were present, the relationship between Treg accumulation and worse prognosis was attenuated. In contrast, patients without tumor FOXP3 expression and high Treg count had significantly worse overall and relapse-free survival (hazard ratio: 3.118 and 3.325, p=0.028 and 0.024, respectively) than other groups. These results suggest that tumor FOXP3 expression has a better prognostic potential in NSCLC and that in combination with tumor-infiltrating Treg count the absence of tumor FOXP3 allows the selection of high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan.
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Redpath M, Xu B, van Kempen LC, Spatz A. The dual role of the X-linked FoxP3 gene in human cancers. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:156-63. [PMID: 21489891 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The FoxP3 (forkhead box P3) gene is an X-linked gene that is submitted to inactivation. It is an essential transcription factor in CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3 regulatory T cells, which are therapeutic targets in disseminated cutaneous melanoma. Moreover, FoxP3 is an important tumor suppressor gene in carcinomas and has putative cancer suppressor gene function in cutaneous melanoma as well. Therefore understanding the structure and function of the FoxP3 gene is crucial to gaining insight into the biology of melanoma to better develop immunotherapeutics and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Redpath
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kim MS, Chung NG, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. No mutation in the FOXP3 gene in acute leukemias. Leuk Res 2010; 35:e10. [PMID: 20933283 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Katoh H, Zheng P, Liu Y. Signalling through FOXP3 as an X-linked tumor suppressor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1784-7. [PMID: 20678582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The FOXP3 (forkhead box P3) gene is a member of forkhead winged helix family transcription factors and functions as both a transcriptional activator and a repressor. FOXP3 dysfunction is responsible for an X-linked autoimmune syndrome: immune dysregulation, polyendopathy, enterophathy, X-linked syndrome. In addition to its role as an essential transcription factor in regulatory T cells, the FOXP3 gene is an epithelial cell-intrinsic tumor suppressor for breast and prostate cancers. We will focus on the FOXP3 signalling pathway in epithelial cells and discuss how genetic and/or epigenetic inactivation of the FOXP3 contributes to the malignant transformation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Katoh
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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