1
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Mistry HD, Klossner R, Scaife PJ, Eisele N, Kurlak LO, Kallol S, Albrecht C, Gennari-Moser C, Briggs LV, Broughton Pipkin F, Mohaupt MG. Alterations of Placental Sodium in Preeclampsia: Trophoblast Responses. Hypertension 2024; 81:1924-1934. [PMID: 38966986 PMCID: PMC11319085 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that increasing salt intake in pregnancy lowers blood pressure, protecting against preeclampsia. We hypothesized that sodium (Na+) evokes beneficial placental signals that are disrupted in preeclampsia. METHODS Blood and urine were collected from nonpregnant women of reproductive age (n=26) and pregnant women with (n=50) and without (n=55) preeclampsia, along with placental biopsies. Human trophoblast cell lines and primary human trophoblasts were cultured with varying Na+ concentrations. RESULTS Women with preeclampsia had reduced placental and urinary Na+ concentrations, yet increased urinary angiotensinogen and reduced active renin, aldosterone concentrations, and osmotic response signal TonEBP (tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein) expression. In trophoblast cell cultures, TonEBP was consistently increased upon augmented Na+ exposure. Mechanistically, inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase or adding mannitol evoked the TonEBP response, whereas inhibition of cytoskeletal signaling abolished it. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced Na+ availability induced osmotic gradient-dependent cytoskeletal signals in trophoblasts, resulting in proangiogenic responses. As placental salt availability is compromised in preeclampsia, adverse systemic responses are thus conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiten D. Mistry
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom (H.D.M.)
| | - Rahel Klossner
- Teaching Hospital Internal Medicine, Lindenhofgruppe, Switzerland (R.K., M.G.M.)
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paula J. Scaife
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology (P.J.S.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Eisele
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lesia O. Kurlak
- Stroke Trials Unit (School of Medicine) (L.O.K.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sampada Kallol
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland (S.K., C.A.)
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland (S.K., C.A.)
| | - Carine Gennari-Moser
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Louise V. Briggs
- Advanced Material Research Group, Faculty of Engineering (L.V.B.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Markus G. Mohaupt
- Teaching Hospital Internal Medicine, Lindenhofgruppe, Switzerland (R.K., M.G.M.)
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (R.K., N.E., C.G.-M., M.G.M.), University of Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Crozier L, Foy R, Adib R, Kar A, Holt JA, Pareri AU, Valverde JM, Rivera R, Weston WA, Wilson R, Regnault C, Whitfield P, Badonyi M, Bennett LG, Vernon EG, Gamble A, Marsh JA, Staples CJ, Saurin AT, Barr AR, Ly T. CDK4/6 inhibitor-mediated cell overgrowth triggers osmotic and replication stress to promote senescence. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4062-4077.e5. [PMID: 37977118 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal increases in cell size are associated with senescence and cell cycle exit. The mechanisms by which overgrowth primes cells to withdraw from the cell cycle remain unknown. We address this question using CDK4/6 inhibitors, which arrest cells in G0/G1 and are licensed to treat advanced HR+/HER2- breast cancer. We demonstrate that CDK4/6-inhibited cells overgrow during G0/G1, causing p38/p53/p21-dependent cell cycle withdrawal. Cell cycle withdrawal is triggered by biphasic p21 induction. The first p21 wave is caused by osmotic stress, leading to p38- and size-dependent accumulation of p21. CDK4/6 inhibitor washout results in some cells entering S-phase. Overgrown cells experience replication stress, resulting in a second p21 wave that promotes cell cycle withdrawal from G2 or the subsequent G1. We propose that the levels of p21 integrate signals from overgrowth-triggered stresses to determine cell fate. This model explains how hypertrophy can drive senescence and why CDK4/6 inhibitors have long-lasting effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Crozier
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Reece Foy
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rozita Adib
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Ananya Kar
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Aanchal U Pareri
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Juan M Valverde
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rene Rivera
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Rona Wilson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clement Regnault
- Glasgow Polyomics College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Phil Whitfield
- Glasgow Polyomics College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Mihaly Badonyi
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura G Bennett
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Brambell Building, Deiniol Rd, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Ellen G Vernon
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Brambell Building, Deiniol Rd, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Amelia Gamble
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Brambell Building, Deiniol Rd, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Joseph A Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Staples
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Brambell Building, Deiniol Rd, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Alexis R Barr
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Tony Ly
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, UK; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Glasgow Polyomics College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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3
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Darwish T, Swaidan NT, Emara MM. Stress Factors as Possible Regulators of Pluripotent Stem Cell Survival and Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1119. [PMID: 37627003 PMCID: PMC10452095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research efforts have been directed toward pluripotent stem cells, primarily due to their remarkable capacity for pluripotency. This unique attribute empowers these cells to undergo self-renewal and differentiate into various cell types originating from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers. The delicate balance and precise regulation of self-renewal and differentiation are essential for the survival and functionality of these cells. Notably, exposure to specific environmental stressors can activate numerous transcription factors, initiating a diverse array of stress response pathways. These pathways play pivotal roles in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis, ultimately aiming to preserve cell survival and maintain cellular functions. Reactive oxygen species, heat shock, hypoxia, osmotic stress, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mechanical stress are among the examples of such stressors. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the impact of environmental stressors on the growth of embryonic cells. Furthermore, we provide a summary of the distinct stress response pathways triggered when pluripotent stem cells are exposed to different environmental stressors. Additionally, we highlight recent discoveries regarding the role of such stressors in the generation, differentiation, and self-renewal of induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed M. Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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4
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Liu M, Su C, Zhu L, Dong F, Shu H, Zhang H, Wang M, Wang F, Man D. Highly expressed FYN promotes the progression of placenta accreta by activating STAT3, p38, and JNK signaling pathways. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:151991. [PMID: 36563468 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Placenta accreta is an abnormality of the placenta caused by the chorionic villi invading the muscular layer, which can cause serious bleeding, infection, shock, bladder invasion, uterine perforation, and even death. However, the etiology of placental accreta is not entirely clear. In the present study, high-throughput sequencing results showed that FYN is highly expressed in the placental accreta position in the placenta accreta group and is a key regulator of cell invasion and migration. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the role and potential molecular mechanism of FYN in placenta accreta. The results showed that FYN was highly expressed in the placenta tissues of the placenta accreta group. Furthermore, the levels of phosphorylated STAT3, p38, and JNK in the placenta accreta group were remarkably increased compared with those in the control group. In addition, FYN knockdown considerably decreased the migration and invasion rates of trophoblast cells (HTR8/SVneo) and inhibited the levels of phosphorylated STAT3, p38, and JNK. After subsequently blocking these signaling pathways, the invasion and migration abilities of HTR8/SVneo cells were substantially decreased. In conclusion, FYN may promote excessive trophocyte cell invasion by activating STAT3, p38, and JNK pathways and can be a new target for placenta accreta prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Chunlong Su
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Liangxi Zhu
- Department of Obstetric, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Fangxiang Dong
- Department of Obstetric, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Shu
- Department of Obstetric, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Obstetric, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Fengge Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China; Department of Obstetric, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongmei Man
- Department of Obstetric, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
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5
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Tuong ZK, Stewart BJ, Guo SA, Clatworthy MR. Epigenetics and tissue immunity-Translating environmental cues into functional adaptations. Immunol Rev 2021; 305:111-136. [PMID: 34821397 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation that many innate and adaptive immune cell subsets permanently reside within non-lymphoid organs, playing a critical role in tissue homeostasis and defense. The best characterized are macrophages and tissue-resident T lymphocytes that work in concert with organ structural cells to generate appropriate immune responses and are functionally shaped by organ-specific environmental cues. The interaction of tissue epithelial, endothelial and stromal cells is also required to attract, differentiate, polarize and maintain organ immune cells in their tissue niche. All of these processes require dynamic regulation of cellular transcriptional programmes, with epigenetic mechanisms playing a critical role, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications. A failure to appropriately regulate immune cell transcription inevitably results in inadequate or inappropriate immune responses and organ pathology. Here, with a focus on the mammalian kidney, an organ which generates differing regional environmental cues (including hypersalinity and hypoxia) due to its physiological functions, we will review the basic concepts of tissue immunity, discuss the technologies available to profile epigenetic modifications in tissue immune cells, including those that enable single-cell profiling, and consider how these mechanisms influence the development, phenotype, activation and function of different tissue immune cell subsets, as well as the immunological function of structural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Shuang Andrew Guo
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Kim GN, Hah YS, Seong H, Yoo WS, Choi MY, Cho HY, Yun SP, Kim SJ. The Role of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 5 in Hyperosmotic Stress-Exposed Human Lens Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126296. [PMID: 34208226 PMCID: PMC8230750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) under hyperosmotic conditions in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). Hyperosmotic stress decreased the viability of human lens epithelial B-3 cells and significantly increased NFAT5 expression. Hyperosmotic stress-induced cell death occurred to a greater extent in NFAT5-knockout (KO) cells than in NFAT5 wild-type (NFAT5 WT) cells. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression was down-regulated in NFAT5 WT cells and NFAT5 KO cells under hyperosmotic stress. Pre-treatment with a necroptosis inhibitor (necrostatin-1) significantly blocked hyperosmotic stress-induced death of NFAT5 KO cells, but not of NFAT5 WT cells. The phosphorylation levels of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3, which indicate the occurrence of necroptosis, were up-regulated in NFAT5 KO cells, suggesting that death of these cells is predominantly related to the necroptosis pathway. This finding is the first to report that necroptosis occurs when lens epithelial cells are exposed to hyperosmolar conditions, and that NFAT5 is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-N.K.); (H.S.); (W.-S.Y.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Young-Sool Hah
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hyemin Seong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-N.K.); (H.S.); (W.-S.Y.); (M.-Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Woong-Sun Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-N.K.); (H.S.); (W.-S.Y.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Mee-Young Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-N.K.); (H.S.); (W.-S.Y.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Hee-Young Cho
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.P.Y.); (S.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8071 (S.P.Y.); +82-55-750-8468 (S.-J.K.)
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-N.K.); (H.S.); (W.-S.Y.); (M.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.Y.); (S.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8071 (S.P.Y.); +82-55-750-8468 (S.-J.K.)
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7
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NFAT5-Mediated Signalling Pathways in Viral Infection and Cardiovascular Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094872. [PMID: 34064510 PMCID: PMC8124654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) is well known for its sensitivity to cellular osmolarity changes, such as in the kidney medulla. Accumulated evidence indicates that NFAT5 is also a sensitive factor to stress signals caused by non-hypertonic stimuli such as heat shock, biomechanical stretch stress, ischaemia, infection, etc. These osmolality-related and -unrelated stimuli can induce NFAT5 upregulation, activation and nuclear accumulation, leading to its protective role against various detrimental effects. However, dysregulation of NFAT5 expression may cause pathological conditions in different tissues, leading to a variety of diseases. These protective or pathogenic effects of NFAT5 are dictated by the regulation of its target gene expression and activation of its signalling pathways. Recent studies have found a number of kinases that participate in the phosphorylation/activation of NFAT5 and related signal proteins. Thus, this review will focus on the NFAT5-mediated signal transduction pathways. As for the stimuli that upregulate NFAT5, in addition to the stresses caused by hyperosmotic and non-hyperosmotic environments, other factors such as miRNA, long non-coding RNA, epigenetic modification and viral infection also play an important role in regulating NFAT5 expression; thus, the discussion in this regard is another focus of this review. As the heart, unlike the kidneys, is not normally exposed to hypertonic environments, studies on NFAT5-mediated cardiovascular diseases are just emerging and rapidly progressing. Therefore, we have also added a review on the progress made in this field of research.
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8
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Urso SJ, Lamitina T. The C. elegans Hypertonic Stress Response: Big Insights from Shrinking Worms. Cell Physiol Biochem 2021; 55:89-105. [PMID: 33626269 DOI: 10.33594/000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell volume is one of the most aggressively defended physiological set points in biology. Changes in intracellular ion and water concentrations, which are induced by changes in metabolism or environmental exposures, disrupt protein folding, enzymatic activity, and macromolecular assemblies. To counter these challenges, cells and organisms have evolved multifaceted, evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms to restore cell volume and repair stress induced damage. However, many unanswered questions remain regarding the nature of cell volume 'sensing' as well as the molecular signaling pathways involved in activating physiological response mechanisms. Unbiased genetic screening in the model organism C. elegans is providing new and unexpected insights into these questions, particularly questions relating to the hypertonic stress response (HTSR) pathway. One surprising characteristic of the HTSR pathway in C. elegans is that it is under strong negative regulation by proteins involved in protein homeostasis and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The role of the ECM in particular highlights the importance of studying the HTSR in the context of a live organism where native ECM-tissue associations are preserved. A second novel and recently discovered characteristic is that the HTSR is regulated at the post-transcriptional level. The goal of this review is to describe these discoveries, to provide context for their implications, and to raise outstanding questions to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarel J Urso
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Physiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Todd Lamitina
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Physiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, .,University of Pittsburgh, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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NFAT5 directs hyperosmotic stress-induced fibrin deposition and macrophage infiltration via PAI-1 in endothelium. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:3661-3679. [PMID: 33410782 PMCID: PMC7906158 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although stress can significantly promote atherosclerosis, the underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. Here we successfully unveiled that high salt-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) control the endothelial-dependent fibrinolytic activity and the inflammatory adhesion-related molecules expression through regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). We first observed that high salt diets instigated the expression of NFAT5 and PAI-1 in the endothelium which brought about the fibrin deposition and macrophage infiltration in the atherosclerotic arteries of ApoE-/- mice. Overexpression of NFAT5 increased PAI-1-mediated antifibrinolytic activity and activated inflammatory adhesion-related genes in endothelial cells. Knockdown of NFAT5 by siRNA inhibited the expression of PAI-1, antifibrinolytic and adhesive molecules. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that high salt intake significantly promoted the binding of NFAT5 to PAI-1 promoter (TGGAATTATTT) in endothelial cells. Our study identified that NFAT5 has great potential to activate the PAI-1-mediated fibrinolytic dysfunction and inflammatory cell adhesion, thus promoting high salt-induced atherosclerosis disease.
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10
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Timucin AC. Structure based peptide design, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies for targeting C terminal dimerization of NFAT5 DNA binding domain. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 103:107804. [PMID: 33248341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NFAT5 as a transcription factor with an established role in osmotic stress response, has also been revealed to be active under numerous settings, including pathological conditions such as diabetic microvascular complications, chronic arthritis and cancer. Despite these links, current strategies for downregulating NFAT5 activity only relies on indirect modulators, not directly targeting NFAT5, itself. With this study, through using a computational approach, an original peptide was explored to directly target C terminal dimerization of NFAT5 RHR, located in its DNA binding domain. At first, homodimeric NFAT5 RHR bound to its consensus DNA was used for prediction of a preliminary peptide sequence. Possible amino acid replacements for this preliminary peptide were predicted for optimization, which was followed by addition of a cell penetrating peptide sequence. These attempts yielded a small peptide library, which was further investigated for peptide affinities towards C terminal of NFAT5 RHR through molecular docking, 50 ns and 250 ns molecular dynamics simulations, followed by estimation of MM-PBSA based relative binding free energies. Results indicated that after receiving mutations on the preliminary peptide sequence for optimization, a unique peptide could target C terminal dimerization region of NFAT5 RHR through using its cell penetrating peptide sequence. In conclusion, this is the first study presenting computational evidence on identification of a novel peptide capable of directly targeting NFAT5 dimerization. Besides, future implications of these observations were also discussed in terms of methodology and possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Can Timucin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Üsküdar University, Turkey; Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPARC), Üsküdar University, Turkey.
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11
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Cen L, Xing F, Xu L, Cao Y. Potential Role of Gene Regulator NFAT5 in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:6927429. [PMID: 33015193 PMCID: PMC7512074 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6927429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), a Rel/nuclear factor- (NF-) κB family member, is the only known gene regulator of the mammalian adaptive response to osmotic stress. Exposure to elevated glucose increases the expression and nuclear translocation of NFAT5, as well as NFAT5-driven transcriptional activity in vivo and in vitro. Increased expression of NFAT5 is closely correlated with the progression of diabetes in patients. The distinct structure of NFAT5 governs its physiological and pathogenic roles, indicating its opposing functions. The ability of NFAT5 to maintain cell homeostasis and proliferation is impaired in patients with diabetes. NFAT5 promotes the formation of aldose reductase, pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, and insulin resistance. Additionally, NFAT5 activates inflammation at a very early stage of diabetes and induces persistent inflammation. Recent studies revealed that NFAT5 is an effective therapeutic target for diabetes. Here, we describe the current knowledge about NFAT5 and its relationship with diabetes, focusing on its diverse regulatory functions, and highlight the importance of this protein as a potential therapeutic target in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Cen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengling Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Youdian Rd. 54th, Hangzhou 310006, China
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12
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Ma P, Zha S, Shen X, Zhao Y, Li L, Yang L, Lei M, Liu W. NFAT5 mediates hypertonic stress-induced atherosclerosis via activating NLRP3 inflammasome in endothelium. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:102. [PMID: 31429763 PMCID: PMC6701070 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How high-salt intake leads to the occurrence of many cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis is a fundamental question in pathology. Here we postulated that high-salt-induced NFAT5 controls the inflammasome activation by directly regulating NLRP3, which mediates the expression of inflammatory- and adhesion-related genes in vascular endothelium, resulting in the formation of atherosclerosis. METHODS Atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice which accumulate cholesterol ester-enriched particles in the blood due to poor lipoprotein clearance capacity were used as the atherosclerosis model in vivo. Cultured endothelial cells (ECs) and monocytes under high-salt condition were used to explore the atheroprone role of the activation of NFAT5-NLRP3 inflammasome in vascular endothelium in vitro. Bioinformatic analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to identify the DNA binding sites of NFAT5 on promoters of NLRP3 and IL-1β. RESULTS We first observe that high-salt intake promotes atherosclerosis formation in the aortas of ApoE-/- mice, through inducing the expression of NFAT5, NLRP3, and IL-1β in endothelium. Overexpression of NFAT5 activates NLRP3-inflammasome and increases the secretion of IL-1β in ECs partly via ROS. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrates that NFAT5 directly binds to the promoter regions of NLRP3 and IL-1β in endothelial cells subjected to the high-salt environment. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies NFAT5 as a new and essential transcription factor that is required for the early activation of NLRP3-inflammasome-mediated endothelium innate immunity, contributing to the formation of atherosclerosis under hypertonic stress induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shenfang Zha
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xinkun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Institute of New Drug Development, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Wanqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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13
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Cvetkovic L, Perisic S, Titze J, Jäck HM, Schuh W. The Impact of Hyperosmolality on Activation and Differentiation of B Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:828. [PMID: 31057551 PMCID: PMC6482216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes, as a central part of adaptive immune responses, have the ability to fight against an almost unlimited numbers of pathogens. Impairment of B cell development, activation and differentiation to antibody secreting plasma cells can lead to malignancy, allergy, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. However, the impact of environmental factors, such as hyperosmolality or osmotic stress caused by varying salt concentrations in different lymphoid organs, on these processes is not well-understood. Here, we report that B cells respond to osmotic stress in a biphasic manner. Initially, increased osmolality boosted B cell activation and differentiation as shown by an untimely downregulation of Pax5 as well as upregulation of CD138. However, in the second phase, we observed an increase in cell death and impaired plasmablast differentiation. Osmotic stress resulted in impaired class switch to IgG1, inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase and a delayed NFAT5 response. Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of microenvironmental hyperosmolality and osmotic stress caused by NaCl for B cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Cvetkovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stojan Perisic
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Titze
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Aramburu J, López-Rodríguez C. Regulation of Inflammatory Functions of Macrophages and T Lymphocytes by NFAT5. Front Immunol 2019; 10:535. [PMID: 30949179 PMCID: PMC6435587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NFAT5, also known as TonEBP, belongs to the family of Rel homology domain-containing factors, which comprises the NF-κB proteins and the calcineurin-dependent NFAT1 to NFAT4. NFAT5 shares several structural and functional features with other Rel-family factors, for instance it recognizes DNA elements with the same core sequence as those bound by NFAT1 to 4, and like NF-κB it responds to Toll-like receptors (TLR) and activates macrophage responses to microbial products. On the other hand, NFAT5 is quite unique among Rel-family factors as it can be activated by hyperosmotic stress caused by elevated concentrations of extracellular sodium ions. NFAT5 regulates specific genes but also others that are inducible by NF-κB and NFAT1 to 4. The ability of NFAT5 to do so in response to hypertonicity, microbial products, and inflammatory stimuli may extend the capabilities of immune cells to mount effective anti-pathogen responses in diverse microenvironment and signaling conditions. Recent studies identifying osmostress-dependent and -independent functions of NFAT5 have broadened our understanding of how NFAT5 may modulate immune function. In this review we focus on the role of NFAT5 in macrophages and T cells in different contexts, discussing findings from in vivo mouse models of NFAT5 deficiency and reviewing current knowledge on its mechanisms of regulation. Finally, we propose several questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Aramburu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Yang XL, Wang X, Peng BW. NFAT5 Has a Job in the Brain. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:289-300. [PMID: 30391952 DOI: 10.1159/000493789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) has recently been classified as a new member of the Rel family. In addition, there are 5 more well-defined members (NF-κB and NFAT1-4) in the Rel family, which participate in regulating the expression of immune and inflammatory response-related genes. NFAT5 was initially identified in renal medullary cells where it regulated the expression of osmoprotective-related genes during the osmotic response. Many studies have demonstrated that NFAT5 is highly expressed in the nuclei of neurons in fetal and adult brains. Additionally, its expression is approximately 10-fold higher in fetal brains. With the development of detection technologies (laser scanning confocal microscopy, transgene technology, etc.), recent studies suggest that NFAT5 is also expressed in glial cells and plays a more diverse functional role. This article aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the expression of NFAT5, its regulation of activation, and varied biological functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Liang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,
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16
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Zhu H, Cao W, Zhao P, Wang J, Qian Y, Li Y. Hyperosmotic stress stimulates autophagy via the NFAT5/mTOR pathway in cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3459-3466. [PMID: 30221680 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress may be initiated during a diverse range pathological circumstances, which in turn results in tissue damage. In this process, the activation of survival signaling, which has the capacity to restore cell homeostasis, determines cell fate. Autophagy is responsible for cell survival and is activated by various pathological stimuli. However, its interplay with hyperosmotic stress and its effect on terminally differentiated cardiac myocytes is unknown. Nuclear factor of activated T‑cells 5 (NFAT5), an osmo‑sensitive transcription factor, mediates the expression of cell survival associated‑genes under hyperosmotic conditions. The present study investigated whether NFAT5 signaling is required in hyperosmotic stress‑induced autophagy. It was demonstrated that the presence of a hyperosmotic stress induced an increase in NFAT5 expression, which in turn triggered autophagy through autophagy‑related protein 5 (Atg5) activation. By contrast, NFAT5 silencing inhibited DNA damage response 1 protein expression, which then initiated the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Therefore, the balance between NFAT5‑induced apoptosis and autophagy may serve a critical role in the determination of the fate of cardiomyocytes under hyperosmotic stress. These data suggest that autophagy activation is a beneficial adaptive response to attenuate hyperosmotic stress‑induced cell death. Therefore, increasing autophagy through activation of NFAT5 may provide a novel cardioprotective strategy against hyperosmotic stress‑induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jieyu Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
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17
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Lee S, Kong JS, You S, Kwon HM, Yoo SA, Cho CS, Kim WU. Transcription Factor NFAT5 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Rheumatoid Synoviocytes via Coagulation Factor III and CCL2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:359-370. [PMID: 29794013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a key role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a primary component of invasive hypertrophied pannus. FLSs of RA patients (RA-FLSs) exhibit cancer-like features, including promigratory and proinvasive activities that largely contribute to joint cartilage and bone destruction. In this study, we hypothesized that the NF of activated T cell 5 (NFAT5), a transcription factor involving tumor invasiveness, would control the migration and invasion of RA-FLSs. Analyses of transcriptomes demonstrated the significant involvement of NFAT5 in locomotion of RA-FLSs and that tissue factor (TF; also known as coagulation factor III) and CCL2 were the major downstream target genes of NFAT5 involving FLS migration and invasion. In cultured RA-FLSs, IL-1β and TGF-β increased TF and CCL2 expression by upregulating NFAT5 expression via p38 MAPK. Functional assays demonstrated that NFAT5- or TF-deficient RA-FLSs displayed decreased lamellipodia formation, cell migration, and invasion under IL-1β- or TGF-β-stimulated conditions. Conversely, factor VIIa, a specific activator of TF, increased migration of RA-FLSs, which was blocked by NFAT5 knockdown. Recombinant CCL2 partially restored the decrease in migration and invasion of NFAT5-deficient RA-FLSs stimulated with IL-1β. NFAT5-knockout mouse FLSs also showed decreased expressions of TF and CCL2 and reduced cell migration. Moreover, KRN2, a specific inhibitor of NFAT5, suppressed migration of FLSs stimulated with TGF-β. Conclusively, to our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence of a functional link between osmoprotective NFAT5 and TF in the migration and invasion of RA-FLSs and supports a role for NFAT5 blockade in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saseong Lee
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Kong
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Sungyong You
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - H Moo Kwon
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea; and
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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18
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Farnesoid X receptor is essential for the survival of renal medullary collecting duct cells under hypertonic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5600-5605. [PMID: 29739889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803945115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertonicity in renal medulla is critical for the kidney to produce concentrated urine. Renal medullary cells have to survive high medullary osmolarity during antidiuresis. Previous study reported that farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor transcription factor activated by endogenous bile acids, increases urine concentrating ability by up-regulating aquaporin 2 expression in medullary collecting duct cells (MCDs). However, whether FXR is also involved in the maintenance of cell survival of MCDs under dehydration condition and hypertonic stress remains largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that 24-hours water restriction selectively up-regulated renal medullary expression of FXR with little MCD apoptosis in wild-type mice. In contrast, water deprivation caused a massive apoptosis of MCDs in both global FXR gene-deficient mice and collecting duct-specific FXR knockout mice. In vitro studies showed that hypertonicity significantly increased FXR and tonicity response enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) expression in mIMCD3 cell line and primary cultured MCDs. Activation and overexpression of FXR markedly increased cell viability and decreased cell apoptosis under hyperosmotic conditions. In addition, FXR can increase gene expression and nuclear translocation of TonEBP. We conclude that FXR protects MCDs from hypertonicity-induced cell injury very likely via increasing TonEBP expression and nuclear translocation. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanism by which FXR enhances urine concentration via maintaining cell viability of MCDs under hyperosmotic condition.
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19
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Choi H, Chaiyamongkol W, Doolittle AC, Johnson ZI, Gogate SS, Schoepflin ZR, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. COX-2 expression mediated by calcium-TonEBP signaling axis under hyperosmotic conditions serves osmoprotective function in nucleus pulposus cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8969-8981. [PMID: 29700115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus pulposus (NP) of intervertebral discs experiences dynamic changes in tissue osmolarity because of diurnal loading of the spine. TonEBP/NFAT5 is a transcription factor that is critical in osmoregulation as well as survival of NP cells in the hyperosmotic milieu. The goal of this study was to investigate whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is osmoresponsive and dependent on TonEBP, and whether it serves an osmoprotective role. NP cells up-regulated COX-2 expression in hyperosmotic media. The induction of COX-2 depended on elevation of intracellular calcium levels and p38 MAPK pathway, but independent of calcineurin signaling as well as MEK/ERK and JNK pathways. Under hyperosmotic conditions, both COX-2 mRNA stability and its proximal promoter activity were increased. The proximal COX-2 promoter (-1840/+123 bp) contained predicted binding sites for TonEBP, AP-1, NF-κB, and C/EBP-β. While COX-2 promoter activity was positively regulated by both AP-1 and NF-κB, AP-1 had no effect and NF-κB negatively regulated COX-2 protein levels under hyperosmotic conditions. On the other hand, TonEBP was necessary for both COX-2 promoter activity and protein up-regulation in response to hyperosmotic stimuli. Ex vivo disc organ culture studies using hypomorphic TonEBP+/- mice confirmed that TonEBP is required for hyperosmotic induction of COX-2. Importantly, the inhibition of COX-2 activity under hyperosmotic conditions resulted in decreased cell viability, suggesting that COX-2 plays a cytoprotective and homeostatic role in NP cells for their adaptation to dynamically loaded hyperosmotic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Choi
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Weera Chaiyamongkol
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Alexandra C Doolittle
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Zariel I Johnson
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Shilpa S Gogate
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Zachary R Schoepflin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
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20
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zou X, Chan AW, Zhang R, Lee TKW, Liu H, Lau EYT, Ho NPY, Lai PB, Cheung YS, To KF, Wong HK, Choy KW, Keng VW, Chow LM, Chan KK, Cheng AS, Ko BC. The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-forkhead box protein M1 axis regulates tumour growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2017; 243:418-430. [PMID: 28862757 PMCID: PMC5725705 DOI: 10.1002/path.4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF) is a DNA‐binding protein that interacts with a large number of highly divergent target sequences throughout the genome. It is implicated in a variety of functions, including chromatin organization and transcriptional control. The functional role of CTCF in tumour pathogenesis remains elusive. We showed that CTCF is frequently upregulated in a subset of primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) as compared with non‐tumoural liver. Overexpression of CTCF was associated with shorter disease‐free survival of patients. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐mediated suppression of CTCF inhibited cell proliferation, motility and invasiveness in HCC cell lines; these effects were correlated with prominent reductions in the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the shelterin complex member telomerase repeat‐binding factor 1, and forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1). In contrast, upregulation of CTCF was positively correlated with FOXM1 and TERT expression in clinical HCC biopsies. Depletion of CTCF resulted in reduced motility and invasiveness in HCC cells that could be reversed by ectopic expression of FOXM1, suggesting that FOXM1 is one of the important downstream effectors of CTCF in HCC. Reporter gene analysis suggested that depletion of CTCF is associated with reduced FOXM1 and TERT promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis further revealed occupancy of the FOXM1 promoter by CTCF in vivo. Importantly, depletion of CTCF by shRNA significantly inhibited tumour progression and metastasis in HCC mouse models. Our work uncovered a novel functional role of CTCF in HCC pathogenesis, which suggests that targeting CTCF could be further explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Anthony Wh Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Terence Kin-Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Eunice Yuen-Ting Lau
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Nicole Pui-Yu Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Paul Bs Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Yue-Sun Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Hoi Kin Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Kwong Wai Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Vincent W Keng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Larry Mc Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Kenrick Ky Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Alfred S Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Ben Cb Ko
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
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21
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Bittner S, Knoll G, Ehrenschwender M. Hyperosmotic stress enhances cytotoxicity of SMAC mimetics. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2967. [PMID: 28771230 PMCID: PMC5596546 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins contribute to cell death resistance in malignancies and emerged as promising targets in cancer therapy. Currently, small molecules mimicking the IAP-antagonizing activity of endogenous second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) are evaluated in phase 1/2 clinical trials. In cancer cells, SMAC mimetic (SM)-mediated IAP depletion induces tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion and simultaneously sensitizes for TNF-induced cell death. However, tumor cells lacking SM-induced autocrine TNF release survive and thus limit therapeutic efficacy. Here, we show that hyperosmotic stress boosts SM cytotoxicity in human and murine cells through hypertonicity-induced upregulation of TNF with subsequent induction of apoptosis and/or necroptosis. Hypertonicity allowed robust TNF-dependent killing in SM-treated human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, which under isotonic conditions resisted SM treatment due to poor SM-induced TNF secretion. Mechanistically, hypertonicity-triggered TNF release bypassed the dependency on SM-induced TNF production to execute SM cytotoxicity, effectively reducing the role of SM to TNF-sensitizing, but not necessarily TNF-inducing agents. Perspectively, these findings could extend the clinical application of SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bittner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Martin Ehrenschwender
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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22
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Shellhammer JP, Morin-Kensicki E, Matson JP, Yin G, Isom DG, Campbell SL, Mohney RP, Dohlman HG. Amino acid metabolites that regulate G protein signaling during osmotic stress. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006829. [PMID: 28558063 PMCID: PMC5469498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells respond to osmotic stress by implementing molecular signaling events to protect the organism. Failure to properly adapt can lead to pathologies such as hypertension and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated in response to osmotic stress, as well as by signals acting through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). For proper adaptation, the action of these kinases must be coordinated. To identify second messengers of stress adaptation, we conducted a mass spectrometry-based global metabolomics profiling analysis, quantifying nearly 300 metabolites in the yeast S. cerevisiae. We show that three branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolites increase in response to osmotic stress and require the MAPK Hog1. Ectopic addition of these BCAA derivatives promotes phosphorylation of the G protein α subunit and dampens G protein-dependent transcription, similar to that seen in response to osmotic stress. Conversely, genetic ablation of Hog1 activity or the BCAA-regulatory enzymes leads to diminished phosphorylation of Gα and increased transcription. Taken together, our results define a new class of candidate second messengers that mediate cross talk between osmotic stress and GPCR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Shellhammer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Jacob P. Matson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guowei Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Isom
- The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Mohney
- Metabolon, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Henrik G. Dohlman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jin F, Li C. Seawater-drowning-induced acute lung injury: From molecular mechanisms to potential treatments. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2591-2598. [PMID: 28587319 PMCID: PMC5450642 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drowning is a crucial public safety problem and is the third leading cause of accidental fatality, claiming ~372,000 lives annually, worldwide. In near-drowning patients, acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common complications. Approximately 1/3 of near-drowning patients fulfill the criteria for ALI or ARDS. In the present article, the current literature of near-drowning, pathophysiologic changes and the molecular mechanisms of seawater-drowning-induced ALI and ARDS was reviewed. Seawater is three times more hyperosmolar than plasma, and following inhalation of seawater the hyperosmotic seawater may cause serious injury in the lung and alveoli. The perturbing effects of seawater may be primarily categorized into insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant, blood-air barrier disruption, formation of pulmonary edema, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis and various other hypertonic stimulation. Potential treatments for seawater-induced ALI/ARDS were also presented, in addition to suggestions for further studies. A total of nine therapeutic strategies had been tested and all had focused on modulating the over-activated immunoreactions. In conclusion, seawater drowning is a complex injury process and the exact mechanisms and potential treatments require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faguang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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Han EJ, Kim HY, Lee N, Kim NH, Yoo SA, Kwon HM, Jue DM, Park YJ, Cho CS, De TQ, Jeong DY, Lim HJ, Park WK, Lee GH, Cho H, Kim WU. Suppression of NFAT5-mediated Inflammation and Chronic Arthritis by Novel κB-binding Inhibitors. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:261-273. [PMID: 28396011 PMCID: PMC5405180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including cancer and arthritis. However, therapeutic agents inhibiting NFAT5 activity are currently unavailable. To discover NFAT5 inhibitors, a library of > 40,000 chemicals was screened for the suppression of nitric oxide, a direct target regulated by NFAT5 activity, through high-throughput screening. We validated the anti-NFAT5 activity of 198 primary hit compounds using an NFAT5-dependent reporter assay and identified the novel NFAT5 suppressor KRN2, 13-(2-fluoro)-benzylberberine, and its derivative KRN5. KRN2 inhibited NFAT5 upregulation in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and repressed the formation of NF-κB p65-DNA complexes in the NFAT5 promoter region. Interestingly, KRN2 selectively suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including Nos2 and Il6, without hampering high-salt-induced NFAT5 and its target gene expressions. Moreover, KRN2 and KRN5, the latter of which exhibits high oral bioavailability and metabolic stability, ameliorated experimentally induced arthritis in mice without serious adverse effects, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Particularly, orally administered KRN5 was stronger in suppressing arthritis than methotrexate, a commonly used anti-rheumatic drug, displaying better potency and safety than its original compound, berberine. Therefore, KRN2 and KRN5 can be potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of chronic arthritis. We identify a novel NFAT5 suppressor KRN2, 13-(2-fluoro)-benzylberberine, and its derivative KRN5 to inhibit NFAT5 activity. KRN2 inhibits the transcriptional activation of NFAT5 and the pro-inflammatory responses. KRN2 and KRN5 suppress experimentally induced arthritis in mice.
NFAT5 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of arthritis. However, therapeutic agents specifically inhibiting NFAT5 activity are currently unavailable. To discover NFAT5 inhibitors, a library of > 40,000 chemicals was screened, leading to the discovery of novel berberine-based NFAT5 suppressors, KRN2 and its oral derivative KRN5. KRN2 inhibited the transcriptional activation of NFAT5 by blocking NF-κB binding to the NFAT5 promoter region, thereby reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Moreover, KRN2 and KRN5 ameliorated experimentally induced arthritis in mice without serious adverse effects. Therefore, we propose that KRN2 and KRN5 may be potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Han
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeun Lee
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hoon Kim
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Moo Kwon
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Myung Jue
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yune-Jung Park
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Quang De
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Jeong
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Lim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyu Park
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ge Hyeong Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeong Cho
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Huang Z, Hong Q, Zhang X, Xiao W, Wang L, Cui S, Feng Z, Lv Y, Cai G, Chen X, Wu D. Aldose reductase mediates endothelial cell dysfunction induced by high uric acid concentrations. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:3. [PMID: 28057038 PMCID: PMC5217275 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid (UA) is an antioxidant found in human serum. However, high UA levels may also have pro-oxidant functions. According to previous research, aldose reductase (AR) plays a vital role in the oxidative stress-related complications of diabetes. We sought to determine the mechanism by which UA becomes deleterious at high concentrations as well as the effect of AR in this process. METHOD and vWF levels were measured in vivo. RESULTS production in hyperuricemic mice and protected endothelial cell function. CONCLUSIONS could protect endothelial function and maintain the antioxidant activities of UA. These findings provide new insight into the role of UA in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nephrology, The 175th Hospital of PLA, Zhangzhou Fujian, 36300, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wenzhen Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
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Warcoin E, Clouzeau C, Brignole-Baudouin F, Baudouin C. Hyperosmolarité : effets intracellulaires et implication dans la sécheresse oculaire. J Fr Ophtalmol 2016; 39:641-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Alberdi M, Iglesias M, Tejedor S, Merino R, López-Rodríguez C, Aramburu J. Context-dependent regulation of Th17-associated genes and IFNγ expression by the transcription factor NFAT5. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:56-67. [PMID: 27479742 PMCID: PMC5215110 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress-activated transcription factors influence T-cell function in different physiopathologic contexts. NFAT5, a relative of nuclear factor κB and the calcineurin-activated NFATc transcription factors, protects mammalian cells from hyperosmotic stress caused by the elevation of extracellular sodium levels. In T cells exposed to hypernatremia, NFAT5 not only induces osmoprotective gene products but also cytokines and immune receptors, which raises the question of whether this factor could regulate other T-cell functions in osmostress-independent contexts. Here we have used mice with a conditional deletion of Nfat5 in mature T lymphocytes to explore osmostress-dependent and -independent functions of this factor. In vitro experiments with CD4 T cells stimulated in hyperosmotic medium showed that NFAT5 enhanced the expression of IL-2 and the Th17-associated gene products RORγt and IL-23R. By contrast, NFAT5-deficient CD4 T cells activated in vivo by anti-CD3 antibody exhibited a different activation profile and were skewed towards enhanced interferon γ (IFNγ) and IL-17 expression and attenuated Treg responses. Using a model of experimental colitis, we observed that mice lacking NFAT5 in T cells exhibited exacerbated intestinal colitis and enhanced expression of IFNγ in draining lymph nodes and colon. These results show that NFAT5 can modulate different T-cell responses depending on stress conditions and stimulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alberdi
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Iglesias
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Santander, Spain
| | - Sonia Tejedor
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Jose Aramburu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou X, Naguro I, Ichijo H, Watanabe K. Mitogen-activated protein kinases as key players in osmotic stress signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2037-52. [PMID: 27261090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osmotic stress arises from the difference between intracellular and extracellular osmolality. It induces cell swelling or shrinkage as a consequence of water influx or efflux, which threatens cellular activities. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play central roles in signaling pathways in osmotic stress responses, including the regulation of intracellular levels of inorganic ions and organic osmolytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes the cellular osmotic stress response and the function and regulation of the vertebrate MAPK signaling pathways involved. We also describe recent findings regarding apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 3 (ASK3), a MAP3K member, to demonstrate its regulatory effects on signaling molecules beyond MAPKs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MAPKs are rapidly activated by osmotic stress and have diverse roles, such as cell volume regulation, gene expression, and cell survival/death. There is significant cell type specificity in the function and regulation of MAPKs. Based on its activity change during osmotic stress and its regulation of the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1 pathway, ASK3 is expected to play important roles in osmosensing mechanisms and cellular functions related to osmoregulation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MAPKs are essential for various cellular responses to osmotic stress; thus, the identification of the upstream regulators of MAPK pathways will provide valuable clues regarding the cellular osmosensing mechanism, which remains elusive in mammals. The elucidation of in vivo MAPK functions is also important because osmotic stress in physiological and pathophysiological conditions often results from changes in the intracellular osmolality. These studies potentially contribute to the establishment of therapeutic strategies against diseases that accompany osmotic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Isao Naguro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kengo Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Chua OWH, Wong KKL, Ko BC, Chung SK, Chow BKC, Lee LTO. Role of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 in regulating hypertonic-mediated secretin receptor expression in kidney collecting duct cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:922-32. [PMID: 27080132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that secretin (SCT) is an important element in the osmoregulatory pathway. It is interesting to note that both SCT and its receptor (SCTR) gene are activated upon hyperosmolality in the kidney. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of the SCTR gene expression in response to changes in osmolality have yet to be clarified. Detailed DNA sequence analysis of the promoter regions of the SCTR gene reveals the presence of multiple osmotic response elements (ORE). The ORE is the binding site of a key osmosensitive transactivator, namely, the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5). SCTR and NFAT5 are co-expressed in the kidney cortex and medulla collecting duct cells. We therefore hypothesize that NFAT5 is responsible for modulating SCTR expression in hypertonic environments. In this study, we found hypertonicity stimulates the promoter activities and endogenous gene expression of SCTR in mouse kidney cortex collecting duct cells (M1) and inner medulla collecting duct cells (mIMCD3). The overexpression and silencing of NFAT5 further confirmed it to be responsible for the up-regulation of the SCTR gene under hypertonic conditions. A significant increase in the interaction between NFAT5 and the SCTR promoter was also observed following chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In vivo, osmotic stress up-regulates the SCTR gene in the kidney cortex and medulla of wild-type mice, but does not do so in NFAT5(+/-) animals. Hence, this study provides comprehensive information on how NFAT5 regulates SCTR expression in different osmotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W H Chua
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K L Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben C Ko
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HBHA Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo T O Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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Zhou X. How do kinases contribute to tonicity-dependent regulation of the transcription factor NFAT5? World J Nephrol 2016; 5:20-32. [PMID: 26788461 PMCID: PMC4707165 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NFAT5 plays a critical role in maintaining the renal functions. Its dis-regulation in the kidney leads to or is associated with certain renal diseases or disorders, most notably the urinary concentration defect. Hypertonicity, which the kidney medulla is normally exposed to, activates NFAT5 through phosphorylation of a signaling molecule or NFAT5 itself. Hypotonicity inhibits NFAT5 through a similar mechanism. More than a dozen of protein and lipid kinases have been identified to contribute to tonicity-dependent regulation of NFAT5. Hypertonicity activates NFAT5 by increasing its nuclear localization and transactivating activity in the early phase and protein abundance in the late phase. The known mechanism for inhibition of NFAT5 by hypotonicity is a decrease of nuclear NFAT5. The present article reviews the effect of each kinase on NFAT5 nuclear localization, transactivation and protein abundance, and the relationship among these kinases, if known. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus suppress immune reactions by inhibiting the phosphatase calcineurin-dependent activation of NFAT1. It is hoped that this review would stimulate the interest to seek explanations from the NFAT5 regulatory pathways for certain clinical presentations and to explore novel therapeutic approaches based on the pathways. On the basic science front, this review raises two interesting questions. The first one is how these kinases can specifically signal to NFAT5 in the context of hypertonicity or hypotonicity, because they also regulate other cellular activities and even opposite activities in some cases. The second one is why these many kinases, some of which might have redundant functions, are needed to regulate NFAT5 activity. This review reiterates the concept of signaling through cooperation. Cells need these kinases working in a coordinated way to provide the signaling specificity that is lacking in the individual one. Redundancy in regulation of NFAT5 is a critical strategy for cells to maintain robustness against hypertonic or hypotonic stress.
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31
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Küper C, Beck FX, Neuhofer W. Dual effect of lithium on NFAT5 activity in kidney cells. Front Physiol 2015; 6:264. [PMID: 26441681 PMCID: PMC4585311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium salts are used widely for treatment of bipolar and other mental disorders. Lithium therapy is accompanied frequently by renal side effects, such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are still poorly understood. In the present study we examined the effect of lithium on the activity of the osmosensitive transcriptional activator nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5, also known as TonEBP), which plays a key role in renal cellular osmoprotection and urinary concentrating ability. Interestingly, we found different effects of lithium on NFAT5 activity, depending on medium osmolality and incubation time. When cells were exposed to lithium for a relative short period (24 h), NFAT5 activity was significantly increased, especially under isosmotic conditions, resulting in an enhanced expression of the NFAT5 target gene heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Further analysis revealed that the increase of NFAT5 activity depended primarily on an enhanced activity of the c-terminal transactivation domain (TAD), while NFAT5 protein abundance was largely unaffected. Enhanced activity of the TAD is probably mediated by lithium-induced inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), which is in accordance with previous studies. When cells were exposed to lithium for a longer period (96 h), cellular NFAT5 activity and subsequently expression of HSP70 significantly decreased under hyperosmotic conditions, due to diminished NFAT5 protein abundance, also resulting from GSK-3β inhibition. Taken together, our results provide evidence that lithium has opposing effects on NFAT5 activity, depending on environmental osmolality and exposure duration. The potential impacts of these observations on the diverse effects of lithium on kidney function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Küper
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Medical Clinic V, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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32
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Cutaneous Na+ storage strengthens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense. Cell Metab 2015; 21:493-501. [PMID: 25738463 PMCID: PMC4350016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells regulate a hypertonic microenvironment in the skin; however, the biological advantage of increased skin Na(+) concentrations is unknown. We found that Na(+) accumulated at the site of bacterial skin infections in humans and in mice. We used the protozoan parasite Leishmania major as a model of skin-prone macrophage infection to test the hypothesis that skin-Na(+) storage facilitates antimicrobial host defense. Activation of macrophages in the presence of high NaCl concentrations modified epigenetic markers and enhanced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK)-dependent nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) activation. This high-salt response resulted in elevated type-2 nitric oxide synthase (Nos2)-dependent NO production and improved Leishmania major control. Finally, we found that increasing Na(+) content in the skin by a high-salt diet boosted activation of macrophages in a Nfat5-dependent manner and promoted cutaneous antimicrobial defense. We suggest that the hypertonic microenvironment could serve as a barrier to infection.
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Abstract
The protein kinase Hog1 (high osmolarity glycerol 1) was discovered 20 years ago, being revealed as a central signaling mediator during osmoregulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Homologs of Hog1 exist in all evaluated eukaryotic organisms, and this kinase plays a central role in cellular responses to external stresses and stimuli. Here, we highlight the mechanism by which cells sense changes in extracellular osmolarity, the method by which Hog1 regulates cellular adaptation, and the impacts of the Hog1 pathway upon cellular growth and morphology. Studies that have addressed these issues reveal the influence of the Hog1 signaling pathway on diverse cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay L Brewster
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263, USA.
| | - Michael C Gustin
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77251, USA
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Kim NH, Choi S, Han EJ, Hong BK, Choi SY, Kwon HM, Hwang SY, Cho CS, Kim WU. The xanthine oxidase-NFAT5 pathway regulates macrophage activation and TLR-induced inflammatory arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2721-36. [PMID: 25044064 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NFAT5 (nuclear factor of activated T cells), a well-known osmoprotective factor, can be activated by isotonic stimuli such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering. However, it is unclear how NFAT5 discriminates between isotonic and hypertonic stimuli to produce different functional and molecular outcomes. Here, we identified a novel XO-ROS-p38 MAPK-NFAT5 pathway (XO is xanthine oxidase, ROS is reactive oxygen species) that is activated in RAW 264.7 macrophages upon isotonic TLR stimulation. Unlike what is seen under hypertonic conditions, XO-derived ROS were selectively required for the TLR-induced NFAT5 activation and NFAT5 binding to the IL-6 promoter in RAW 264.7 macrophages under isotonic conditions. In mouse peritoneal macrophages and human macrophages, TLR ligation also induced NFAT5 activation, which was dependent on XO and p38 kinase. The involvement of XO in NFAT5 activation by TLR was confirmed in RAW 264.7 macrophages implanted in BALB/c mice. Moreover, allopurinol, an XO inhibitor, suppressed arthritis severity and decreased the expression of NFAT5 and IL-6 in splenic macrophages in C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, these data support a novel function of the XO-NFAT5 axis in macrophage activation and TLR-induced arthritis, and suggest that XO inhibitor(s) could serve as a therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hoon Kim
- POSTECH-CATHOLIC BioMedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Hdud IM, Mobasheri A, Loughna PT. Effect of osmotic stress on the expression of TRPV4 and BKCa channels and possible interaction with ERK1/2 and p38 in cultured equine chondrocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C1050-7. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic activity of articular chondrocytes is influenced by osmotic alterations that occur in articular cartilage secondary to mechanical load. The mechanisms that sense and transduce mechanical signals from cell swelling and initiate volume regulation are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the expression of two putative osmolyte channels [transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa)] in chondrocytes is modulated in different osmotic conditions and to examine a potential role for MAPKs in this process. Isolated equine articular chondrocytes were subjected to anisosmotic conditions, and TRPV4 and BKCa channel expression and ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK protein phosphorylation were investigated using Western blotting. Results indicate that the TRPV4 channel contributes to the early stages of hypo-osmotic stress, while the BKCa channel is involved in responding to elevated intracellular Ca2+ and mediating regulatory volume decrease. ERK1/2 is phosphorylated by hypo-osmotic stress ( P < 0.001), and p38 MAPK is phosphorylated by hyperosmotic stress ( P < 0.001). In addition, this study demonstrates the importance of endogenous ERK1/2 phosphorylation in TRPV4 channel expression, where blocking ERK1/2 by a specific inhibitor (PD98059) prevented increased levels of the TRPV4 channel in cells exposed to hypo-osmotic stress and decreased TRPV4 channel expression to below control levels in iso-osmotic conditions ( P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M. Hdud
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul T. Loughna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Jantsch J, Binger KJ, Müller DN, Titze J. Macrophages in homeostatic immune function. Front Physiol 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 24847274 PMCID: PMC4017126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are not only involved in inflammatory and anti-infective processes, but also play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent evidence investigating the role of macrophages in controlling angiogenesis, metabolism as well as salt and water balance. Particularly, we summarize the importance of macrophage tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP, also termed nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 [NFAT5]) expression in the regulation of salt and water homeostasis. Further understanding of homeostatic macrophage function may lead to new therapeutic approaches to treat ischemia, hypertension and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jantsch
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrina J Binger
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité Medical Faculty Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité Medical Faculty Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Titze
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research and Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany ; Divison of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
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Izumi Y, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. 14-3-3-β and -{varepsilon} contribute to activation of the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT5 by increasing its protein abundance and its transactivating activity. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e12000. [PMID: 24771694 PMCID: PMC4001879 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Having previously found that high NaCl causes rapid exit of 14‐3‐3 isoforms from the nucleus, we used siRNA‐mediated knockdown to test whether 14‐3‐3s contribute to the high NaCl‐induced increase in the activity of the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT5. We find that, when NaCl is elevated, knockdown of 14‐3‐3‐β and/or 14‐3‐3‐ε decreases NFAT5 transcriptional activity, as assayed both by luciferase reporter and by the mRNA abundance of the NFAT5 target genes aldose reductase and the sodium‐ and chloride‐dependent betaine transporter, BGT1. Knockdown of other 14‐3‐3 isoforms does not significantly affect NFAT5 activity. 14‐3‐3‐β and/or 14‐3‐3‐ε do not act by affecting the nuclear localization of NFAT5, but by at least two other mechanisms: (1) 14‐3‐3‐β and 14‐3‐3‐ε increase protein abundance of NFAT5 and (2) they increase NFAT5 transactivating activity. When NaCl is elevated, knockdown of 14‐3‐3‐β and/or 14‐3‐3‐ε reduces the protein abundance of NFAT5, as measured by Western blot, without affecting the level of NFAT5 mRNA, and the knockdown also decreases NFAT5 transactivating activity, as measured by luciferase reporter. The 14‐3‐3s increase NFAT5 protein, not by increasing its translation, but by decreasing the rate at which it is degraded, as measured by cycloheximide chase. It is not clear at this point whether the 14‐3‐3s affect NFAT5 directly or indirectly through their effects on other proteins that signal activation of NFAT5. e12000 When NaCl is elevated, knockdown of 14‐3‐3‐β and/or 14‐3‐3‐ε reduces the protein abundance of NFAT5, as measured by Western blot, without affecting the level of NFAT5 mRNA, and the knockdown also decreases NFAT5 transactivating activity, as measured by luciferase reporter. The 14‐3‐3s increase NFAT5 protein, not by increasing its translation, but by decreasing the rate at which it is degraded, as measured by cycloheximide chase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Izumi
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Zhou X, Wang H, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. High NaCl-induced inhibition of PTG contributes to activation of NFAT5 through attenuation of the negative effect of SHP-1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F362-9. [PMID: 23720348 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00218.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor NFAT5 by high NaCl involves changes in phosphorylation. By siRNA screening, we previously found that protein targeting to glycogen (PTG), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase1 (PP1), contributes to regulation of high NaCl-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activity. The present study addresses the mechanism involved. We find that high NaCl-induced inhibition of PTG elevates NFAT5 activity by increasing NFAT5 transactivating activity, protein abundance, and nuclear localization. PTG acts via a catalytic subunit PP1γ. PTG associates physically with PP1γ, and NaCl reduces both this association and remaining PTG-associated PP1γ activity. High NaCl-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and SHP-1 contributes to activation of NFAT5. Knockdown of PTG does not affect phosphorylation of p38 or ERK. However, PTG and PP1γ bind to SHP-1, and knockdown of either PTG or PP1γ increases high NaCl-induced phosphorylation of SHP-1-S591, which inhibits SHP-1. Mutation of SHP-1-S591 to alanine, which cannot be phosphorylated, increases inhibition of NFAT5 by SHP-1. Thus high NaCl reduces the stimulatory effect of PTG and PP1γ on SHP-1, which in turn reduces the inhibitory effect of SHP-1 on NFAT5. Our findings add to the known functions of PTG, which was previously recognized only for its glycogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Cheung CY, Ko BC. NFAT5 in cellular adaptation to hypertonic stress - regulations and functional significance. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:5. [PMID: 23618372 PMCID: PMC3655004 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells-5 (NFAT5), also known as OREBP or TonEBP, is a member of the nuclear factors of the activated T cells family of transcription factors. It is also the only known tonicity-regulated transcription factor in mammals. NFAT5 was initially known for its role in the hypertonic kidney inner medulla for orchestrating a genetic program to restore the cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that NFAT5 might play a more diverse functional role, including a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases. Despite the growing significance of NFAT5 in physiology and diseases, our understanding of how its activity is regulated remains very limited. Furthermore, how changes in tonicities are converted into functional outputs via NFAT5 remains elusive. Therefore, this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the functional roles of NFAT5 in osmotic stress adaptation and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Yk Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, and The State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Rm 38019, Clinical Sciences Building, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Caron MMJ, van der Windt AE, Emans PJ, van Rhijn LW, Jahr H, Welting TJM. Osmolarity determines the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation capacity of progenitor cells via nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5. Bone 2013; 53:94-102. [PMID: 23219947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that human articular chondrocytes in vitro are osmolarity-responsive and increase matrix synthesis under cartilage-specific physiological osmolarity. The effects of increased osmolarity on chondrogenesis of progenitor cells in vitro are largely unknown. We therefore aimed to elucidate whether hyperosmolarity facilitates their chondrogenic differentiation and whether Nfat5 is involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS ATDC5 cells and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) were differentiated in the chondrogenic lineage in control and increased osmolarity conditions. Chondrogenic outcome was measured by gene- and protein expression analysis. RNAi was used to determine the role of Nfat5 in chondrogenic differentiation under normal and increased osmolarity. RESULTS Increasing the osmolarity of differentiation medium with 100mOsm resulted in significantly increased chondrogenic marker expression (Col2a1, Col10a1, Acan, Sox9, Runx2 and GAGs) during chondrogenic differentiation of the two chondroprogenitors, ATDC5 and hBMSCs. Nfat5 knockdown under both control and increased osmolarity affected chondrogenic differentiation and suppressed the osmolarity-induced chondrogenic induction. Knockdown of Nfat5 in early differentiation significantly decreased early Sox9 expression, whereas knockdown of Sox9 in early differentiation did not affect early Nfat5 expression. CONCLUSIONS Increasing the osmolarity of chondrogenic culture media by 100mOsm significantly increased chondrogenic gene expression during the course of chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. Nfat5 may be involved in regulating chondrogenic differentiation of these cells under both normal and increased osmolarities and might regulate chondrogenic differentiation through influencing early Sox9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M J Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for public health and primary care, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Zhou X, Wang H, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. Inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β by AKT, PKA, and PI3K contributes to high NaCl-induced activation of the transcription factor NFAT5 (TonEBP/OREBP). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F908-17. [PMID: 23324178 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00591.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High NaCl activates the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), leading to increased transcription of osmoprotective target genes. Kinases PKA, PI3K, AKT1, and p38α were known to contribute to the high NaCl-induced increase of NFAT5 activity. We now identify another kinase, GSK-3β. siRNA-mediated knock-down of GSK-3β increases NFAT5 transcriptional and transactivating activities without affecting high NaCl-induced nuclear localization of NFAT5 or NFAT5 protein expression. High NaCl increases phosphorylation of GSK-3β-S9, which inhibits GSK-3β. In GSK-3β-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts transfection of GSK-3β, in which serine 9 is mutated to alanine, so that it cannot be inhibited by phosphorylation at that site, inhibits high NaCl-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activity more than transfection of wild-type GSK-3β. High NaCl-induced phosphorylation of GSK-3β-S9 depends on PKA, PI3K, and AKT, but not p38α. Overexpression of PKA catalytic subunit α or of catalytically active AKT1 reduces inhibition of NFAT5 by GSK-3β, but overexpression of p38α together with its catalytically active upstream kinase, MKK6, does not. Thus, GSK-3β normally inhibits NFAT5 by suppressing its transactivating activity. When activated by high NaCl, PKA, PI3K, and AKT1, but not p38α, increase phosphorylation of GSK-3β-S9, which reduces the inhibitory effect of GSK-3β on NFAT5, and thus contributes to activation of NFAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Hernández-Ochoa EO, Robison P, Contreras M, Shen T, Zhao Z, Schneider MF. Elevated extracellular glucose and uncontrolled type 1 diabetes enhance NFAT5 signaling and disrupt the transverse tubular network in mouse skeletal muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1068-83. [PMID: 22966145 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) is a key protector from hypertonic stress in the kidney, but its role in skeletal muscle is unexamined. Here, we evaluate the effects of glucose hypertonicity and hyperglycemia on endogenous NFAT5 activity, transverse tubular system morphology and Ca(2+) signaling in adult murine skeletal muscle fibers. We found that exposure to elevated glucose (25-50 mmol/L) increased NFAT5 expression and nuclear translocation, and NFAT-driven transcriptional activity. These effects were insensitive to the inhibition of calcineurin A, but sensitive to both p38α mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase inhibition. Fibers exposed to elevated glucose exhibited disrupted transverse tubular morphology, characterized by swollen transverse tubules and an increase in longitudinal connections between adjacent transverse tubules. Ca(2+) transients elicited by a single, brief electric field stimuli were increased in amplitude in fibers challenged by elevated glucose. Muscle fibers from type 1 diabetic mice exhibited increased NFAT5 expression and transverse tubule disruptions, but no differences in electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients. Our results suggest the hypothesis that these changes in skeletal muscle could play a role in the pathophysiology of acute and severe hyperglycemic episodes commonly observed in uncontrolled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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NFAT5 is activated by hypoxia: role in ischemia and reperfusion in the rat kidney. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39665. [PMID: 22768306 PMCID: PMC3388090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current hypothesis postulates that NFAT5 activation in the kidney's inner medulla is due to hypertonicity, resulting in cell protection. Additionally, the renal medulla is hypoxic (10–18 mmHg); however there is no information about the effect of hypoxia on NFAT5. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we evaluated the effect of reducing the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) on NFAT5 activity. We found that 1) Anoxia increased NFAT5 expression and nuclear translocation in primary cultures of IMCD cells from rat kidney. 2) Anoxia increased transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of NFAT5 in HEK293 cells. 3) The dose-response curve demonstrated that HIF-1α peaked at 2.5% and NFAT5 at 1% of O2. 4) At 2.5% of O2, the time-course curve of hypoxia demonstrated earlier induction of HIF-1α gene expression than NFAT5. 5) siRNA knockdown of NFAT5 increased the hypoxia-induced cell death. 6) siRNA knockdown of HIF-1α did not affect the NFAT5 induction by hypoxia. Additionally, HIF-1α was still induced by hypoxia even when NFAT5 was knocked down. 7) NFAT5 and HIF-1α expression were increased in kidney (cortex and medulla) from rats subjected to an experimental model of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). 7) Experimental I/R increased the NFAT5-target gene aldose reductase (AR). 8) NFAT5 activators (ATM and PI3K) were induced in vitro (HEK293 cells) and in vivo (I/R kidneys) with the same timing of NFAT5. 8) Wortmannin, which inhibits ATM and PI3K, reduces hypoxia-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activation in HEK293 cells. These results demonstrate for the first time that NFAT5 is induced by hypoxia and could be a protective factor against ischemic damage.
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van der Windt AE, Haak E, Kops N, Verhaar JAN, Weinans H, Jahr H. Inhibiting calcineurin activity under physiologic tonicity elevates anabolic but suppresses catabolic chondrocyte markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1929-39. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hypertonic stress regulates amino acid transport and cell cycle proteins in chick embryo hepatocytes. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:203-13. [PMID: 21906028 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress affects cell growth, decreasing cell volume and increasing the uptake of organic osmolytes. However, the sensitivity of embryonic cells to osmotic treatment remains to be established. We have analysed some aspects of cell-cycle control and amino-acid transport in hypertonic conditions during prenatal life. The effects of hyperosmotic stress on amino-acid uptake mediated by system A, (3)H-thymidine incorporation, and regulation of cell-cycle proteins were analysed in chick embryo hepatocytes. Hypertonic stress increased system A activity and caused cell-cycle delay. Effects on amino-acid transport involved p38 kinase activation and new carrier synthesis. Cyclin D1, cdk4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4) and PCNA (proliferating-cell nuclear antigen) levels decreased, whereas cyclin E, p21 and p53 levels were unchanged. Incorporation of (3)H-leucine indicated decreased synthesis of cyclin D1. In contrast, analysis of mRNA by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) showed a net increase of cyclin D1 transcripts, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. The data show that chick embryo hepatocytes respond to hyperosmotic conditions by arresting cell growth to prevent DNA damage and increasing osmolyte uptake to regulate cell volume, indicating that the adaptive response to environmental stress exists during prenatal life.
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Ranjbar S, Jasenosky LD, Chow N, Goldfeld AE. Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dependent HIV-1 transcription reveals a new role for NFAT5 in the toll-like receptor pathway. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002620. [PMID: 22496647 PMCID: PMC3320587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) disease in HIV co-infected patients contributes to increased mortality by activating innate and adaptive immune signaling cascades that stimulate HIV-1 replication, leading to an increase in viral load. Here, we demonstrate that silencing of the expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) by RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb)-stimulated HIV-1 replication in co-infected macrophages. We show that NFAT5 gene and protein expression are strongly induced by MTb, which is a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, and that an intact NFAT5 binding site in the viral promoter of R5-tropic HIV-1 subtype B and subtype C molecular clones is required for efficent induction of HIV-1 replication by MTb. Furthermore, silencing by RNAi of key components of the TLR pathway in human monocytes, including the downstream signaling molecules MyD88, IRAK1, and TRAF6, significantly inhibits MTb-induced NFAT5 gene expression. Thus, the innate immune response to MTb infection induces NFAT5 gene and protein expression, and NFAT5 plays a crucial role in MTb regulation of HIV-1 replication via a direct interaction with the viral promoter. These findings also demonstrate a general role for NFAT5 in TLR- and MTb-mediated control of gene expression. The major cause of AIDS deaths globally has been tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Co-infection with MTb exacerbates human immunodeficiency virus type1 (HIV-1) replication and disease progression via both innate and adaptive host immune responses to MTb infection. In this report, we present evidence that the transcription factor NFAT5 plays a crucial role in MTb-induced HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood cells and monocytes. We also show that MTb infection itself stimulates NFAT5 gene expression in human monocytes and that its expression involves the TLR signalling pathway and requires the downstream adaptor proteins MyD88, IRAK1, and TRAF6. This identification of a novel role for NFAT5 in TB/HIV-1 co-infection reveals that NFAT5 is a major mediator of TLR-dependent gene expression and thus provides a potential new therapeutic target for treatment of HIV-1 and possibly other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ranjbar
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luke D. Jasenosky
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy Chow
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arroyo JA, Garcia-Jones P, Graham A, Teng CC, Battaglia FC, Galan HL. Placental TonEBP/NFAT5 osmolyte regulation in an ovine model of intrauterine growth restriction. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:94. [PMID: 22190709 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.094797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
TonEBP/NFAT5 (the tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein/nuclear factor of activated T cells) modulates cellular response to osmotic changes by accumulating inositol and sorbitol inside the cells. Our objective was to assess placental osmolytes, TonEBP/NFAT5 RNA and protein expression, and signaling molecules across gestation between control and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ovine pregnancies. Pregnant sheep were placed in hyperthermic conditions to induce IUGR. Placental tissues were collected at 55, 95, and 130 days gestational age (dGA) to measure inositol, sorbitol, TonEBP/NFAT5 (NFAT5), sodium-dependent myo-inositol transporter (SMIT; official symbol SLC5A3), aldose reductase (AR), and NADPH (official symbol DE-CR1). Placental weight was reduced in IUGR compared to controls at 95 and 130 dGA. Osmolyte concentrations were similar between control and IUGR placentas, but both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in inositol concentration and an increase in sorbitol concentration with advancing gestation. Cytosolic NFAT5 protein decreased significantly from 55 to 95 dGA in both groups, and nuclear NFAT5 protein increased only at 130 dGA in the IUGR group, but no differences were seen between groups for either cytosolic or nuclear NFAT5 protein concentrations. DE-CR1 concentrations were similar between groups and increased significantly with advancing gestational age. AR was lowest at 55dGA, and SLC5A3 increased with advancing gestational age. We conclude that both placental osmolytes inositol and sorbitol (and their corresponding proteins SLC5A3 and AR) change with gestational age and are regulated, at least in part, by NFAT5 and DE-CR1 (NADPH). The inverse relationship between each osmolyte across gestation (e.g., inositol higher in early gestation and sorbitol higher in late gestation) may reflect nutritional needs that change across gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Arroyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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Buxadé M, Lunazzi G, Minguillón J, Iborra S, Berga-Bolaños R, Del Val M, Aramburu J, López-Rodríguez C. Gene expression induced by Toll-like receptors in macrophages requires the transcription factor NFAT5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:379-93. [PMID: 22312110 PMCID: PMC3280876 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
NFAT5 regulates the induction of TLR-stimulated genes with constitutive binding to the Tnf promoter regardless of TLR ligation and recruitment to Nos2 and Il6 dependent on TLR activation and IKKb. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) engage networks of transcriptional regulators to induce genes essential for antimicrobial immunity. We report that NFAT5, previously characterized as an osmostress responsive factor, regulates the expression of multiple TLR-induced genes in macrophages independently of osmotic stress. NFAT5 was essential for the induction of the key antimicrobial gene Nos2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) in response to low and high doses of TLR agonists but is required for Tnf and Il6 mainly under mild stimulatory conditions, indicating that NFAT5 could regulate specific gene patterns depending on pathogen burden intensity. NFAT5 exhibited two modes of association with target genes, as it was constitutively bound to Tnf and other genes regardless of TLR stimulation, whereas its recruitment to Nos2 or Il6 required TLR activation. Further analysis revealed that TLR-induced recruitment of NFAT5 to Nos2 was dependent on inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) β activity and de novo protein synthesis, and was sensitive to histone deacetylases. In vivo, NFAT5 was necessary for effective immunity against Leishmania major, a parasite whose clearance requires TLRs and iNOS expression in macrophages. These findings identify NFAT5 as a novel regulator of mammalian anti-pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buxadé
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Mak KMC, Lo ACY, Lam AKM, Yeung PKK, Ko BCB, Chung SSM, Chung SK. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 deficiency increases the severity of neuronal cell death in ischemic injury. Neurosignals 2012; 20:237-51. [PMID: 23172129 DOI: 10.1159/000331899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) has been implicated in regulating several genes that are thought to be neuroprotective in ischemic injury. Because of the embryonic lethality of NFAT5 knockout (NFAT5(-/-)) mice, the heterozygous (NFAT5(+/-)) mice were used to study the in vivo role of NFAT5 in hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) condition. The NFAT5(+/-) mice exhibited more severe neurological deficits, larger infarct area and edema formation associated with increased aquaporin 4 expressions in the brain. Under in vitro H/I condition, increased apoptotic cell death was found in NFAT5(-/-) neurons. Moreover, SMIT, a downstream to NFAT5, was upregulated in NFAT5(+/+) neurons, while the SMIT level could not be upregulated in NFAT5(-/-) neurons under H/I condition. The elevation of reactive oxygen species generation in NFAT5(-/-) neurons under H/I condition further confirmed that NFAT5(-/-) neurons were more susceptible to oxidative stress. The present study demonstrated that activation of NFAT5 and its downstream SMIT induction is important in protecting neurons from ischemia-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Man Chi Mak
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Yoon HJ, You S, Yoo SA, Kim NH, Kwon HM, Yoon CH, Cho CS, Hwang D, Kim WU. NF-AT5 is a critical regulator of inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1843-52. [PMID: 21717420 DOI: 10.1002/art.30229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of NF-AT5, an osmoprotective transcription factor, in synovial hyperplasia and angiogenesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The expression of NF-AT5 in synovial tissue and synoviocytes from RA patients was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, respectively. Messenger RNA (mRNA) in RA synoviocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) transfected with dummy small interfering RNA (siRNA) or NF-AT5 siRNA were profiled using microarray technology. Assays to determine synoviocyte apoptosis and proliferation were performed in the presence of NF-AT5 siRNA. VEGF₁₆₅-induced angiogenesis was assessed by measuring the proliferation, tube formation, and wound migration of HUVECs. Experimental arthritis was induced in mice by injection of anti-type II collagen antibody. RESULTS NF-AT5 was highly expressed in rheumatoid synovium, and its activity was increased by proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α. The mRNA profiling of synoviocytes and HUVECs transfected with NF-AT5-targeted siRNA revealed 3 major changes in cellular processes associated with the pathogenesis of RA: cell cycle and survival, angiogenesis, and cell migration. Consistent with these results, NF-AT5 knockdown in RA synoviocytes and HUVECs inhibited their proliferation/survival and impeded angiogenic processes in HUVECs. Mice with NF-AT5 haploinsufficiency (NF-AT5(+/-)) developed a very limited degree of synovial proliferation, as seen on histologic analysis, and decreased angiogenesis, and they exhibited a nearly complete suppression of experimentally induced arthritis. CONCLUSION NF-AT5 regulates synovial proliferation and angiogenesis in chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ju Yoon
- Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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