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Leone P, Malerba E, Susca N, Favoino E, Perosa F, Brunori G, Prete M, Racanelli V. Endothelial cells in tumor microenvironment: insights and perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367875. [PMID: 38426109 PMCID: PMC10902062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a highly complex and dynamic mixture of cell types, including tumor, immune and endothelial cells (ECs), soluble factors (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors), blood vessels and extracellular matrix. Within this complex network, ECs are not only relevant for controlling blood fluidity and permeability, and orchestrating tumor angiogenesis but also for regulating the antitumor immune response. Lining the luminal side of vessels, ECs check the passage of molecules into the tumor compartment, regulate cellular transmigration, and interact with both circulating pathogens and innate and adaptive immune cells. Thus, they represent a first-line defense system that participates in immune responses. Tumor-associated ECs are involved in T cell priming, activation, and proliferation by acting as semi-professional antigen presenting cells. Thus, targeting ECs may assist in improving antitumor immune cell functions. Moreover, tumor-associated ECs contribute to the development at the tumor site of tertiary lymphoid structures, which have recently been associated with enhanced response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). When compared to normal ECs, tumor-associated ECs are abnormal in terms of phenotype, genetic expression profile, and functions. They are characterized by high proliferative potential and the ability to activate immunosuppressive mechanisms that support tumor progression and metastatic dissemination. A complete phenotypic and functional characterization of tumor-associated ECs could be helpful to clarify their complex role within the tumor microenvironment and to identify EC specific drug targets to improve cancer therapy. The emerging therapeutic strategies based on the combination of anti-angiogenic treatments with immunotherapy strategies, including ICI, CAR T cells and bispecific antibodies aim to impact both ECs and immune cells to block angiogenesis and at the same time to increase recruitment and activation of effector cells within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leone
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Malerba
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-(DiMePRe-J), Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Susca
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Favoino
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliano Brunori
- Centre for Medical Sciences, University of Trento and Nephrology and Dialysis Division, Santa Chiara Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Centre for Medical Sciences, University of Trento and Internal Medicine Division, Santa Chiara Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy
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2
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Clahsen T, Hadrian K, Notara M, Schlereth SL, Howaldt A, Prokosch V, Volatier T, Hos D, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Heindl LM, Steven P, Bosch JJ, Steinkasserer A, Rokohl AC, Liu H, Mestanoglu M, Kashkar H, Schumacher B, Kiefer F, Schulte-Merker S, Matthaei M, Hou Y, Fassbender S, Jantsch J, Zhang W, Enders P, Bachmann B, Bock F, Cursiefen C. The novel role of lymphatic vessels in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101157. [PMID: 36759312 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the eye has been considered as an organ free of lymphatic vessels. In recent years, however, it became evident, that lymphatic vessels or lymphatic-like vessels contribute to several ocular pathologies at various peri- and intraocular locations. The aim of this review is to outline the pathogenetic role of ocular lymphatics, the respective molecular mechanisms and to discuss current and future therapeutic options based thereon. We will give an overview on the vascular anatomy of the healthy ocular surface and the molecular mechanisms contributing to corneal (lymph)angiogenic privilege. In addition, we present (i) current insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms occurring during pathological neovascularization of the cornea triggered e.g. by inflammation or trauma, (ii) the role of lymphatic vessels in different ocular surface pathologies such as dry eye disease, corneal graft rejection, ocular graft versus host disease, allergy, and pterygium, (iii) the involvement of lymphatic vessels in ocular tumors and metastasis, and (iv) the novel role of the lymphatic-like structure of Schlemm's canal in glaucoma. Identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms and of novel modulators of lymphangiogenesis will contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ocular diseases associated with pathological lymphangiogenesis in the future. The preclinical data presented here outline novel therapeutic concepts for promoting transplant survival, inhibiting metastasis of ocular tumors, reducing inflammation of the ocular surface, and treating glaucoma. Initial data from clinical trials suggest first success of novel treatment strategies to promote transplant survival based on pretransplant corneal lymphangioregression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clahsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karina Hadrian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simona L Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Antonia Howaldt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Volatier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Steven
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacobus J Bosch
- Centre for Human Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Mestanoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Matthaei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanhong Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sonja Fassbender
- IUF‒Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany; Immunology and Environment, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Enders
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Bachmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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HIV-1 Tat Protein Enters Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells via Integrins and Renders Them Permissive to Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010317. [PMID: 33396807 PMCID: PMC7796023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the Tat protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 is released by acutely infected cells in a biologically active form and enters dendritic cells upon the binding of its arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) domain to the α5β1, αvβ3, and αvβ5 integrins. The up-regulation/activation of these integrins occurs in endothelial cells exposed to inflammatory cytokines that are increased in HIV-infected individuals, leading to endothelial cell dysfunction. Here, we show that inflammatory cytokine-activated endothelial cells selectively bind and rapidly take up nano-micromolar concentrations of Tat, as determined by flow cytometry. Protein oxidation and low temperatures reduce Tat entry, suggesting a conformation- and energy-dependent process. Consistently, Tat entry is competed out by RGD-Tat peptides or integrin natural ligands, and it is blocked by anti-α5β1, -αvβ3, and -αvβ5 antibodies. Moreover, modelling–docking calculations identify a low-energy Tat-αvβ3 integrin complex in which Tat makes contacts with both the αv and β3 chains. It is noteworthy that internalized Tat induces HIV replication in inflammatory cytokine-treated, but not untreated, endothelial cells. Thus, endothelial cell dysfunction driven by inflammatory cytokines renders the vascular system a target of Tat, which makes endothelial cells permissive to HIV replication, adding a further layer of complexity to functionally cure and/or eradicate HIV infection.
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Nagl L, Horvath L, Pircher A, Wolf D. Tumor Endothelial Cells (TECs) as Potential Immune Directors of the Tumor Microenvironment - New Findings and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:766. [PMID: 32974337 PMCID: PMC7466447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in cancer development and progression. It represents a complex network of cancer cell (sub-)clones and a variety of stromal cell types. Recently, new technology platforms shed light on the cellular composition of the TME at very high resolution and identified a complex landscape of multi-lineage immune cells (e.g., T and B lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and dendritic cells), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and tumor endothelial cells (TECs). A growing body of evidence suggests that metabolically, genetically and on their transcriptomic profile TECs exhibit unique phenotypic and functional characteristics when compared to normal endothelial cells (NECs). Furthermore, the functional role of TECs is multifaceted as they are not only relevant for promoting tumor angiogenesis but have also evolved as key mediators of immune regulation in the TME. Regulatory mechanisms are complex and profoundly impact peripheral immune cell trafficking into the tumor compartment by acting as major gatekeepers of cellular transmigration. Moreover, TECs are associated with T cell priming, activation and proliferation by acting as antigen-presenting cells themselves. TECs are also essential for the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within the tumor, which have recently been associated with treatment response to checkpoint antibody therapy. Further essential characteristics of TECs compared to NECs are their high proliferative potential as well as greatly altered gene expression profile (e.g., upregulation of pro-angiogenic, extracellular matrix remodeling, and stemness genes), which results in enhanced secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines and altered cell-surface receptors [e.g., major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immune checkpoints]. The TEC phenotype may be rooted in an aggressive tumor micro-milieu based on cellular stress via hypoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Vice versa TECs might modulate TME immunogenicity thereby fostering cancer-associated immune suppression. This review aims to elucidate the currently emergent pathophysiological aspects of TECs with a particular focus on their potential role as regulators of immune cell function in the TME. It is a main future challenge to deeply characterize the phenotypic and functional profile of TECs to illuminate their complex role within the TME. The ultimate goal is the identification of TEC-specific drug targets to improve cancer (immuno-)therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Nagl
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena Horvath
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Haematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immunoncology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
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5
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Morrissey ME, Byrne R, Nulty C, McCabe NH, Lynam-Lennon N, Butler CT, Kennedy S, O'Toole D, Larkin J, McCormick P, Mehigan B, Cathcart MC, Lysaght J, Reynolds JV, Ryan EJ, Dunne MR, O'Sullivan J. The tumour microenvironment of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract differentially influences dendritic cell maturation. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:566. [PMID: 32552799 PMCID: PMC7302160 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only 10–30% of oesophageal and rectal adenocarcinoma patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy have a complete pathological response. Inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in the tumour microenvironment (TME) may enable evasion of anti-tumour immune responses. Methods The TME influence on infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) was modelled by treating immature monocyte-derived DCs with Tumour Conditioned Media (TCM) from distinct gastrointestinal sites, prior to LPS-induced maturation. Results Cell line conditioned media from gastrointestinal cell lines inhibited LPS-induced DC markers and TNF-α secretion. TCM generated from human tumour biopsies from oesophageal, rectal and colonic adenocarcinoma induced different effects on LPS-induced DC markers - CD54, CD80, HLA-DR, CD86 and CD83 were enhanced by oesophageal cancer; CD80, CD86 and CD83 were enhanced by rectal cancer, whereas CD54, HLA-DR, CD86, CD83 and PD-L1 were inhibited by colonic cancer. Notably, TCM from all GI cancer types inhibited TNF-α secretion. Additionally, TCM from irradiated biopsies inhibited DC markers. Profiling the TCM showed that IL-2 levels positively correlated with maturation marker CD54, while Ang-2 and bFGF levels negatively correlated with CD54. Conclusion This study identifies that there are differences in DC maturational capacity induced by the TME of distinct gastrointestinal cancers. This could potentially have implications for anti-tumour immunity and response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Morrissey
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Róisín Byrne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Celina Nulty
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Niamh H McCabe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Clare T Butler
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Dermot O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Mary-Clare Cathcart
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Oesophageal Unit, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth J Ryan
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co., Limerick, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Li Y, Li Y, Yang T, Wang M. Dioscin attenuates oxLDL uptake and the inflammatory reaction of dendritic cells under high glucose conditions by blocking p38 MAPK. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:304-310. [PMID: 31746382 PMCID: PMC6896274 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioscin has been shown to affect the regulation of metabolic diseases, including diabetes; however, the mechanism of action is still unclear. Under high glucose (HG) conditions, the expression of scavenger receptors and the uptake of oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are upregulated in dendritic cells (DCs), which are critical steps in atherogenesis and inflammation. In this study, the focus was on the impact of dioscin on the function of DCs. Immature DCs were cultured with: 5.5 mM glucose medium (control group); 30 mM glucose medium (HG group); HG + 10 mM dioscin; HG + 20 mM dioscin; HG + 30 mM dioscin; and HG + 40 mM dioscin. For subsequent experiments, 30 mM dioscin was used as the experimental concentration. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence was used to measure the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in DCs. The expression levels of the scavenger receptors, including class A scavenger receptors (SR‑A), CD36 and lectin‑like oxidized low‑density lipoprotein receptor‑1 (LOX‑1) were determined via quantitative PCR. The protein expression of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) was determined by western blotting. Furthermore, ELISA was used to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑10 and IL‑12. Finally, DCs were incubated with diOlistic (Dil)‑labeled oxLDL, and flow cytometry analysis was used to investigate the Dil‑oxLDL‑incorporated fraction. The incubation of DCs with dioscin inhibited the induction of ROS production, in a dose‑dependent manner, under HG conditions. The upregulation of SR‑A, CD36 and LOX‑1 genes was partially abolished by dioscin, which also partially reversed p38 MAPK protein upregulation. Furthermore, increased secretion of IL‑6 and IL‑12, and decreased secretion of IL‑10 in DCs, induced by HG, was also reversed by dioscin. To conclude, dioscin could attenuate the production of ROS, inflammatory cytokine secretion and oxLDL uptake by DCs in HG conditions by preventing the expression of scavenger receptors and p38 MAPK, thus playing a positive role in preventing atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Cardiovascular Department, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Cardiovascular Department, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, P.R. China
| | - Te Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, P.R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, P.R. China
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Hsu MC, Pan MR, Hung WC. Two Birds, One Stone: Double Hits on Tumor Growth and Lymphangiogenesis by Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030270. [PMID: 30901976 PMCID: PMC6468620 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) has been known for its involvement in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. The VEGFR3 signaling is stimulated by its main cognate ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), which in turn promotes tumor progression. Activation of VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) was shown to enhance the proliferation of LECs and the formation of lymphatic vessels, leading to increased lymphatic metastasis of tumor cells. In the past decade, the expression and pathological roles of VEGFR3 in tumor cells have been described. Moreover, the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 axis has been implicated in regulating immune tolerance and suppression. Therefore, the inhibition of the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 axis has emerged as an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we discuss the current findings related to VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling in cancer progression and recent advances in the development of therapeutic drugs targeting VEGF-C/VEGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ren Pan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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8
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Smith RJ, Yi T, Nasiri B, Breuer CK, Andreadis ST. Implantation of VEGF-functionalized cell-free vascular grafts: regenerative and immunological response. FASEB J 2019; 33:5089-5100. [PMID: 30629890 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801856r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, our group demonstrated that immobilized VEGF can capture flowing endothelial cells (ECs) from the blood in vitro and promote endothelialization and patency of acellular tissue-engineered vessels (A-TEVs) into the arterial system of an ovine animal model. Here, we demonstrate implantability of submillimeter diameter heparin and VEGF-decorated A-TEVs in a mouse model and discuss the cellular and immunologic response. At 1 mo postimplantation, the graft lumen was fully endothelialized, as shown by expression of EC markers such as CD144, eNOS, CD31, and VEGFR2. Interestingly, the same cells coexpressed leukocyte/macrophage (Mϕ) markers CD14, CD16, VEGFR1, CD38, and EGR2. Notably, there was a stark difference in the cellular makeup between grafts containing VEGF and those containing heparin alone. In VEGF-containing grafts, infiltrating monocytes (MCs) converted into anti-inflammatory M2-Mϕs, and the grafts developed well-demarcated luminal and medial layers resembling those of native arteries. In contrast, in grafts containing only heparin, MCs converted primarily into M1-Mϕs, and the endothelial and smooth muscle layers were not well defined. Our results indicate that VEGF may play an important role in regulating A-TEV patency and regeneration, possibly by regulating the inflammatory response to the implants.-Smith, R. J., Jr., Yi, T., Nasiri, B., Breuer, C. K., Andreadis, S. T. Implantation of VEGF-functionalized cell-free vascular grafts: regenerative and immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, USA
| | - Tai Yi
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bita Nasiri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, USA; and
| | | | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, USA; and.,Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, USA
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9
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Presta M, Foglio E, Churruca Schuind A, Ronca R. Long Pentraxin-3 Modulates the Angiogenic Activity of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2327. [PMID: 30349543 PMCID: PMC6187966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing ones, plays a key role in various physiological and pathological conditions. Alteration of the angiogenic balance, consequent to the deranged production of angiogenic growth factors and/or natural angiogenic inhibitors, is responsible for angiogenesis-dependent diseases, including cancer. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) represents the prototypic member of the FGF family, able to induce a complex “angiogenic phenotype” in endothelial cells in vitro and a potent neovascular response in vivo as the consequence of a tight cross talk between pro-inflammatory and angiogenic signals. The soluble pattern recognition receptor long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a member of the pentraxin family produced locally in response to inflammatory stimuli. Besides binding features related to its role in innate immunity, PTX3 interacts with FGF2 and other members of the FGF family via its N-terminal extension, thus inhibiting FGF-mediated angiogenic responses in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, PTX3 inhibits the growth and vascularization of FGF-dependent tumors and FGF2-mediated smooth muscle cell proliferation and artery restenosis. Recently, the characterization of the molecular bases of FGF2/PTX3 interaction has allowed the identification of NSC12, the first low molecular weight pan-FGF trap able to inhibit FGF-dependent tumor growth and neovascularization. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the impact of PTX3 and PTX3-derived molecules on the angiogenic, inflammatory, and tumorigenic activity of FGF2 and their potential implications for the development of more efficacious anti-FGF therapeutic agents to be used in those clinical settings in which FGFs play a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Foglio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ander Churruca Schuind
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Leman JKH, Sandford SK, Rhodes JL, Kemp RA. Multiparametric analysis of colorectal cancer immune responses. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2995-3005. [PMID: 30038466 PMCID: PMC6054948 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i27.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease, with a diverse and plastic immune cell infiltrate. These immune cells play an important role in regulating tumour growth - progression or elimination. Some populations of cells have a strong correlation with disease-free survival, making them useful prognostic markers. In particular, the infiltrate of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells into CRC tumours has been validated worldwide as a valuable indicator of patient prognosis. However, the heterogeneity of the immune response, both between patients with tumours of different molecular subtypes, and within the tumour itself, necessitates the use of multiparametric analysis in the investigation of tumour-specific immune responses. This review will outline the multiparametric analysis techniques that have been developed and applied to studying the role of immune cells in the tumour, with a focus on colorectal cancer. Because much of the data in this disease relates to T cell subsets and heterogeneity, we have used T cell populations as examples throughout. Flow and mass cytometry give a detailed representation of the cells within the tumour in a single-cell suspension on a per-cell basis. Imaging technologies, such as imaging mass cytometry, are used to investigate increasing numbers of markers whilst retaining the spatial and structural information of the tumour section and the infiltrating immune cells. Together, the analyses of multiple immune parameters can provide valuable information to guide clinical decision-making in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia KH Leman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
| | - Sarah K Sandford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
| | - Janet L Rhodes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
| | - Roslyn A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
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11
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Dendritic cells in inflammatory angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:180-186. [PMID: 29879585 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) expansion during inflammation is essential to establish immune responses and relies on the development of blood and lymph vessels. Human dendritic cells (DCs), subdivided into two main subsets, namely conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), are professional antigen presenting cells endowed with the capability to produce soluble mediators regulating inflammation and tissue repair. cDCs support angiogenesis in secondary LNs both directly and indirectly through the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C and the production of several other mediators endowed with angiogenic properties. Finally, cDCs can affect neovascular formation via a transdifferentiation process. At variance with cDCs, the angiogenic properties of pDCs still remain poorly explored.
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12
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is primarily known as a proangiogenic factor and is one of the most important growth and survival factors affecting the vascular endothelium. However, recent studies have shown that VEGF also plays a vital role in the immune environment. In addition to the traditional growth factor role of VEGF and VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), they have a complicated relationship with various immune cells. VEGF also reportedly inhibits the differentiation and function of immune cells during hematopoiesis. Dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and lymphocytes further express certain types of VEGF receptors. VEGF can be secreted as well by tumor cells through the autocrine pathway and can stimulate the function of cancer stemness. This review will provide a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of VEGF/VEGFR signaling in the immune and cancer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Research Center of Lung Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiu-Bao Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Research Center of Lung Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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13
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Lotfi R, Kaltenmeier C, Lotze MT, Bergmann C. Until Death Do Us Part: Necrosis and Oxidation Promote the Tumor Microenvironment. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:120-32. [PMID: 27226794 DOI: 10.1159/000444941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor proliferation is concomitant with autophagy, limited apoptosis, and resultant necrosis. Necrosis is associated with the release of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which act as 'danger signals', recruiting inflammatory cells, inducing immune responses, and promoting wound healing. Most of the current treatment strategies for cancer (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy) promote DAMP release following therapy-induced tumor death by necroptosis and necrosis. Myeloid cells (monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and granulocytes), as well as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) belong to the early immigrants in response to unscheduled cell death, initiating and modulating the subsequent inflammatory response. Responding to DAMPs, MSCs, and DCs promote an immunosuppressive milieu, while eosinophils induce oxidative conditions limiting the biologic activity of DAMPs over time and distance. Regulatory T cells are strongly affected by pattern recognition receptor signaling in the tumor microenvironment and limit immune reactivity coordinately with myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Means to 'aerobically' oxidize DAMPs provide a novel strategy for limiting tumor progression. The present article summarizes our current understanding of the impact of necrosis on the tumor microenvironment and the influence of oxidative conditions found within this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christof Kaltenmeier
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences G.27A Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences G.27A Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Bergmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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14
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Wu WK, Georgiadis A, Copland DA, Liyanage S, Luhmann UFO, Robbie SJ, Liu J, Wu J, Bainbridge JW, Bates DO, Ali RR, Nicholson LB, Dick AD. IL-4 regulates specific Arg-1(+) macrophage sFlt-1-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2324-35. [PMID: 26079814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the main drivers for neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration is activation of innate immunity in the presence of macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that T helper cell type 2 cytokines and, in particular, IL-4 condition human and murine monocyte phenotype toward Arg-1(+), and their subsequent behavior limits angiogenesis by increasing soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) gene expression. We document that T helper cell type 2 cytokine-conditioned murine macrophages neutralize vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial cell proliferation (human umbilical vein endothelial cell and choroidal vasculature) in a sFlt-1-dependent manner. We demonstrate that in vivo intravitreal administration of IL-4 attenuates laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (L-CNV) due to specific IL-4 conditioning of macrophages. IL-4 induces the expression of sFlt-1 by resident CD11b(+) retinal microglia and infiltrating myeloid cells but not from retinal pigment epithelium. IL-4-induced suppression of L-CNV is not prevented when sFlt-1 expression is attenuated in retinal pigment epithelium. IL-4-mediated suppression of L-CNV was abrogated in IL-4R-deficient mice and in bone marrow chimeras reconstituted with myeloid cells that had undergone lentiviral-mediated shRNA silencing of sFlt-1, demonstrating the critical role of this cell population. Together, these data establish how lL-4 directly drives macrophage sFlt-1 production expressing an Arg-1(+) phenotype and support the therapeutic potential of targeted IL-4 conditioning within the tissue to regulate disease conditions such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Wu
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Copland
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sidath Liyanage
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich F O Luhmann
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J Robbie
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahui Wu
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James W Bainbridge
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R Ali
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Dick
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Characterization of bone marrow mononuclear cells on biomaterials for bone tissue engineering in vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:762407. [PMID: 25802865 PMCID: PMC4352750 DOI: 10.1155/2015/762407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are suitable for bone tissue engineering. Comparative data regarding the needs of BMC for the adhesion on biomaterials and biocompatibility to various biomaterials are lacking to a large extent. Therefore, we evaluated whether a surface coating would enhance BMC adhesion and analyze the biocompatibility of three different kinds of biomaterials. BMCs were purified from human bone marrow aspirate samples. Beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, without coating or coated with fibronectin or human plasma), demineralized bone matrix (DBM), and bovine cancellous bone (BS) were assessed. Seeding efficacy on β-TCP was 95% regardless of the surface coating. BMC demonstrated a significantly increased initial adhesion on DBM and β-TCP compared to BS. On day 14, metabolic activity was significantly increased in BMC seeded on DBM in comparison to BMC seeded on BS. Likewise increased VEGF-synthesis was observed on day 2 in BMC seeded on DBM when compared to BMC seeded on BS. The seeding efficacy of BMC on uncoated biomaterials is generally high although there are differences between these biomaterials. Beta-TCP and DBM were similar and both superior to BS, suggesting either as suitable materials for spatial restriction of BMC used for regenerative medicine purposes in vivo.
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16
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Porat Y, Assa-Kunik E, Belkin M, Krakovsky M, Lamensdorf I, Duvdevani R, Sivak G, Niven MJ, Bulvik S. A novel potential therapy for vascular diseases: blood-derived stem/progenitor cells specifically activated by dendritic cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:623-34. [PMID: 24638886 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in diabetic patients. Stem/progenitor cell treatments with bone marrow-derived cells show safety and promising outcomes, albeit not without some preprocedural adverse events related to cell collection and mobilization. We describe a novel technology for generating a therapeutic population (BGC101) of enriched endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from non-mobilized blood, using dendritic cells to specifically direct stem/progenitor cell activity in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Selected immature plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells from 24 healthy and two diabetic donors were activated with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic molecules to induce specific activation signals. Co-culturing of activated dendritic cells with stem/progenitor cells for 12-66 h generated 83.7 ± 7.4 × 10(6) BGC101 cells with 97% viability from 250 mL of blood. BGC101, comprising 52.4 ± 2.5% EPCs (expressing Ulex-lectin, AcLDL uptake, Tie2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2, and CD31), 16.1 ± 1.9% stem/progenitor cells (expressing CD34 and CD184) and residual B and T helper cells, demonstrated angiogenic and stemness potential and secretion of interleukin-8, interleukin-10, vascular endothelial growth factor and osteopontin. When administered to immunodeficient mice with limb ischemia (n = 40), BGC101 yielded a high safety profile and significantly increased blood perfusion, capillary density and leg function after 21 days. Cell tracking and biodistribution showed that engraftment was restricted to the ischemic leg. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide preliminary evidence that alternatively activated dendritic cells can promote the generation of EPC-enriched stem/progenitor cells within a 1-day culture. The resulting product BGC101 has the potential for treatment of various vascular conditions such as coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Porat
- BioGenCell Ltd, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel; Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
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Xia L, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Song X, Sun M, Hu Y, Liu S, Wang K, Qu X, Wei F. Interleukin-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mediates the upregulation of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in RAW264.7 cells-a process in which p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling has an important role. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 49:344-51. [PMID: 25132397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR1) antagonizes angiogenesis by inhibiting the biological function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Immature dendritic cells (imDCs) express high levels of sVEGFR1 during development and are antiangiogenic. This study aimed to investigate the changes in VEGFR1, sVEGFR1, and VEGF levels during the development of imDCs and explore the underlying signaling mechanisms. METHODS To model the differentiation of imDCs from monocytes, RAW264.7 cells, a murine monocyte/macrophage cell line, were stimulated by interleukin-4 (IL-4; 10 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, and 40 ng/mL) and/or by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 10 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, and 50 ng/mL) and/or pretreated by the p38 inhibitor SB203580. The levels of VEGFR1, sVEGFR1, and VEGF were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS IL-4 increased the VEGFR1 mRNA and sVEGFR1 levels in RAW264.7 (p < 0.05). This increase was inhibited by SB203580. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increased the sVEGFR1 levels, but it had no significant effect on VEGFR1 mRNA levels. SB203580 decreased the expression of VEGFR1 mRNA induced by GM-CSF, whereas sVEGFR1 was unaffected. IL-4 had a greater effect on sVEGFR1 levels, compared to GM-CSF. CONCLUSION IL-4 and GM-CSF increased sVEGFR1 levels, but did not significantly effect VEGF expression, and led to the antiangiogenesis properties of monocytes. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling has an important role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China; Department of Stomatology, Shuguang Branch of Shanghai Baoshan Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics in Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Song
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ketao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xun Qu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics in Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fengcai Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Donegá M, Giusto E, Mallucci G, Marchetti B, Pluchino S. The role of the immune system in central nervous system plasticity after acute injury. Neuroscience 2014; 283:210-221. [PMID: 24785677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute brain injuries cause rapid cell death that activates bidirectional crosstalk between the injured brain and the immune system. In the acute phase, the damaged CNS activates resident and circulating immune cells via the local and systemic release of soluble mediators. This early immune activation is necessary to confine the injured tissue and foster the clearance of cellular debris, thus bringing the inflammatory reaction to a close. In the chronic phase, a sustained immune activation has been described in many CNS disorders, and the degree of this prolonged response has variable effects on spontaneous brain regenerative processes. The challenge for treating acute CNS damage is to understand how to optimally engage and modify these immune responses, thus providing new strategies that will compensate for tissue lost to injury. Herein we have reviewed the available information regarding the role and function of the innate and adaptive immune responses in influencing CNS plasticity during the acute and chronic phases of after injury. We have examined how CNS damage evolves along the activation of main cellular and molecular pathways that are associated with intrinsic repair, neuronal functional plasticity and facilitation of tissue reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Donegá
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Elena Giusto
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Giulia Mallucci
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences.,Department of Brain and Behavioural sciences, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.,OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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Eldesoqi K, Seebach C, Nguyen Ngoc C, Meier S, Nau C, Schaible A, Marzi I, Henrich D. High calcium bioglass enhances differentiation and survival of endothelial progenitor cells, inducing early vascularization in critical size bone defects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79058. [PMID: 24244419 PMCID: PMC3828289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early vascularization is a prerequisite for successful bone healing and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), seeded on appropriate biomaterials, can improve vascularization. The type of biomaterial influences EPC function with bioglass evoking a vascularizing response. In this study the influence of a composite biomaterial based on polylactic acid (PLA) and either 20 or 40% bioglass, BG20 and BG40, respectively, on the differentiation and survival of EPCs in vitro was investigated. Subsequently, the effect of the composite material on early vascularization in a rat calvarial critical size defect model with or without EPCs was evaluated. Human EPCs were cultured with β-TCP, PLA, BG20 or BG40, and seeding efficacy, cell viability, cell morphology and apoptosis were analysed in vitro. BG40 released the most calcium, and improved endothelial differentiation and vitality best. This effect was mimicked by adding an equivalent amount of calcium to the medium and was diminished in the presence of the calcium chelator, EGTA. To analyze the effect of BG40 and EPCs in vivo, a 6-mm diameter critical size calvarial defect was created in rats (n = 12). Controls (n = 6) received BG40 and the treatment group (n = 6) received BG40 seeded with 5×105 rat EPCs. Vascularization after 1 week was significantly improved when EPCs were seeded onto BG40, compared to implanting BG40 alone. This indicates that Ca2+ release improves EPC differentiation and is useful for enhanced early vascularization in critical size bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Eldesoqi
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Goethe- University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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20
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LU JING, BAI RUIHUA, QIN ZHENZHU, ZHANG YANYAN, ZHANG XIAOYAN, JIANG YANAN, YANG HONGYAN, HUANG YOUTIAN, LI GANG, ZHAO MINGYAO, DONG ZIMING. Differentiation of immature DCs into endothelial-like cells in human esophageal carcinoma tissue homogenates. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:739-44. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Mayr M, Watkins MT. Endothelial seeding for abdominal aortic aneurysms: lessons learned from the past and present. Circulation 2013; 127:1847-9. [PMID: 23572501 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Campioni D, Zauli G, Gambetti S, Campo G, Cuneo A, Ferrari R, Secchiero P. In vitro characterization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells isolated from patients with acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56377. [PMID: 23409178 PMCID: PMC3569417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The current understanding of the functional characteristics of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) is limited, especially in patients affected by cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we have analyzed the in vitro clonogenic capacity of circulating EPC, also known as endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC), in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in comparison to the colony forming unit-endothelial-like cells (CFU-EC) of hematopoietic/monocytic origin. Methodology/Principal Findings By culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with ACS (n = 70), CFU-EC were frequently isolated (from 77% of ACS patients), while EPC/ECFC were obtained only in a small subset (13%) of PBMC samples, all harvested between 7–14 days after the acute cardiovascular event. Notably, ex-vivo generation of EPC/ECFC was correlated to a higher in vitro release of PDGF-AA by the corresponding ACS patient PBMC. By using specific endothelial culture media, EPC/ECFC displayed in vitro expansion capacity, allowing the phenotypic and functional characterization of the cells. Indeed, after expansion, EPC/ECFC exhibited a normal diploid chromosomal setting by FISH analysis and an immunophenotype characterized by: i) uniform positivity for the expression of CD105, CD31, CD146 and Factor VIII, i) variable expression of the CD34, CD106 and CD184 markers, and iii) negativity for CD45, CD90, CD117 and CD133. Of interest, in single-cell replanting assays EPC/ECFC exhibited clonogenic expansion capacity, forming secondary colonies characterized by variable proliferation capacities. Conclusion/Significance Our data indicate that a careful characterization of true EPC is needed in order to design future studies in the clinical autologous setting of patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campioni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale Sant’Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Gambetti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Section, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale Sant’Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Section, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale Sant’Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale Sant’Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Section, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale Sant’Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Berger S, Dyugovskaya L, Polyakov A, Lavie L. Short-term fibronectin treatment induces endothelial-like and angiogenic properties in monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells: Involvement of intracellular VEGF and MAPK regulation. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:640-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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VEGFR-3 is expressed on megakaryocyte precursors in the murine bone marrow and plays a regulatory role in megakaryopoiesis. Blood 2012; 120:1899-907. [PMID: 22797697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-376657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGFR-3 is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by its ligands VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Although VEGFR-3 has been linked primarily to the regulation of lymphangiogenesis, in the present study, we demonstrate a role for VEGFR-3 in megakaryopoiesis. Using a human erythroleukemia cell line and primary murine BM cells, we show that VEGFR-3 is expressed on megakaryocytic progenitor cells through to the promegakaryoblast stage. Functionally, specific activation of VEGFR-3 impaired the transition to polyploidy of CD41+ cells in primary BM cultures. Blockade of VEGFR-3 promoted endoreplication consistently. In vivo, long-term activation or blockade of VEGFR-3 did not affect steady-state murine megakaryopoiesis or platelet counts significantly. However, activation of VEGFR-3 in sublethally irradiated mice resulted in significantly elevated numbers of CD41+ cells in the BM and a significant increase in diploid CD41+ cells, whereas the number of polyploid CD41+ cells was reduced significantly. Moreover, activation of VEGFR-3 increased platelet counts in thrombopoietin-treated mice significantly and modulated 5-fluorouracil-induced thrombocytosis strongly, suggesting a regulatory role for VEGFR-3 in megakaryopoiesis.
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25
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Zhao YC, Ni XJ, Wang MH, Zha XM, Zhao Y, Wang S. Tumor-derived VEGF-C, but not VEGF-D, promotes sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis prior to metastasis in breast cancer patients. Med Oncol 2012; 29:2594-600. [PMID: 22562155 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer usually initially metastases to the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor cells induce SLN lymphangiogenesis before metastasis in several malignancies. In addition, tumor-derived VEGF-C or VEGF-D may induce lymphangiogenesis and promote lymph node metastasis. To explore the mechanisms of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, we investigated whether primary tumors induce SLN lymphangiogenesis before metastasis and determined the function of tumor-derived VEGF-C and VEGF-D in SLN lymphangiogenesis. Expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D was examined using immunohistochemistry in 63 primary breast tumors. No significant relationships between VEGF-C and VEGF-D (P=0.420), and VEGF-C or VEGF-D expression and clinical parameters (age, tumor size, grade, hormonal receptor status, her-2 status) were observed (P>0.05). Expression of the lymphatic-specific markers VEGFR-3, Prox-1 and LYVE-1 was measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR in uninvolved SLNs from 63 patients and compared to control lymph nodes from patients with benign breast disease. Expression of Prox-1 and LYVE-1 mRNA was significantly higher in uninvolved SLNs from breast cancer patients than that in control lymph nodes (P<0.01). Interestingly, expression of VEGFR-3, Prox-1 and LYVE-1 was significantly higher in SLNs from patients with high VEGF-C-expressing tumors than low VEGF-C-expressing tumors (P<0.05), but not VEGF-D-high-expressing tumors (P>0.05). This study demonstrates that primary breast tumors induce SLN lymphangiogenesis before metastasis occurs and that tumor-derived VEGF-C, but not VEGF-D, plays an important role in SLN lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
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26
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Dendritic cells the tumor microenvironment and the challenges for an effective antitumor vaccination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:425476. [PMID: 22505809 PMCID: PMC3312387 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinical trials have been carried out or are in progress to assess the therapeutic potential of dendritic-cell- (DC-) based vaccines on cancer patients, and recently the first DC-based vaccine for human cancer was approved by the FDA. Herewith, we describe the general characteristics of DCs and different strategies to generate effective antitumor DC vaccines. In recent years, the relevance of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of cancer has been highlighted. It has been shown that the tumor microenvironment is capable of inactivating various components of the immune system responsible for tumor clearance. In particular, the effect of the tumor microenvironment on antigen-presenting cells, such as DCs, does not only render these immune cells unable to induce specific immune responses, but also turns them into promoters of tumor growth. We also describe strategies likely to increase the efficacy of DC vaccines by reprogramming the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment.
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Osterbur J, Sprague L, Muccioli M, Pate M, Mansfield K, McGinty J, Li Y, Li Y, Shirure V, Courreges MC, Benencia F. Adhesion to substrates induces dendritic cell endothelization and decreases immunological response. Immunobiology 2012; 218:64-75. [PMID: 22551928 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells capable of inducing specific immune responses against microbial infections, transplant antigens, or tumors. DCs have been shown to possess a high plasticity showing different phenotypes in response to their microenvironment. For example, tumor-associated DCs can acquire an angiogenic phenotype thus promoting tumor growth. Further, DCs cultured in vitro under different conditions are able to upregulate the expression of endothelial markers and to express angiogenic factors. Indeed, it has been shown that soluble factors such as VEGF of PGE-2, that are present in the microenvironment of several tumors, affect the biology of these cells. We hypothesize that in addition to soluble factors the adhesion to different substrates will also define the phenotype and function of DCs. Herewith we demonstrate that murine myeloid(m) DCs upregulate endothelial markers such as VE-Cadherin, and to a lesser extent TIE-2, and decrease their immune capabilities when cultured on solid surfaces as compared with the same cells cultured on ultra-low binding (ULB) surfaces. On the other hand, the expression of angiogenic molecules at the level of RNA was not different among these cultures. In order to further investigate this phenomenon we used the murine ID8 model of ovarian cancer which can generate solid tumors when cancer cells are injected subcutaneously or a malignant ascites when they are injected intraperitoneally. This model gave us the unique opportunity to investigate DCs in suspension or attached to solid surfaces under the influence of the same tumor cells. We were able to determine that DCs present in solid tumors showed higher levels of expression of endothelial markers and angiogenic molecules but were not able to respond to inflammatory stimuli at the same extent as DCs recovered from ascites. Moreover, mDCs cultured on ULB surfaces in the presence of tumor factors do not expressed endothelial markers. Taking into account all these data we consider that tumor factors might be responsible for inducing angiogenic properties in DCs, but that in some settings the expression of endothelial markers such as VE-Cadherin and TIE-2 might be a function of attachment to solid surfaces and independent of the angiogenic properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Osterbur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Koneru R, Kobiler D, Lehrer S, Li J, van Rooijen N, Banerjee D, Glod J. Macrophages play a key role in early blood brain barrier reformation after hypothermic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2011; 501:148-51. [PMID: 21782894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response following traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) includes the infiltration of large numbers of macrophages. This response has been implicated in both ongoing tissue damage as well as recovery following CNS injury. We investigated the role of invading macrophages on one important aspect of tissue repair in the brain, the reformation of the blood brain barrier (BBB). We used liposomal clodronate to deplete monocytes and tissue macrophages. This method led to a marked reduction in the accumulation of F4/80-expressing cells at sites of hypothermic brain injury in a murine model. The integrity of the blood brain barrier over time following injury was assessed by permeability of fluorescent labeled albumin. The reduction in macrophages at the injury site was accompanied by a delay in early reformation of the blood brain barrier. In control animals the permeability of the BBB to FITC-labeled albumin returned to normal levels by seven days post-injury. In macrophage-depleted mice leakage of albumin was still observed at seven days post-injury. These results suggest that macrophages play an important role in early post-traumatic reformation of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeth Koneru
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA
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29
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Schultheiss J, Seebach C, Henrich D, Wilhelm K, Barker JH, Frank J. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) growth and adhesion in six different bone graft substitutes. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2011; 37:635-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-011-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Sprague L, Muccioli M, Pate M, Meles E, McGinty J, Nandigam H, Venkatesh AK, Gu MY, Mansfield K, Rutowski A, Omosebi O, Courreges MC, Benencia F. The interplay between surfaces and soluble factors define the immunologic and angiogenic properties of myeloid dendritic cells. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:35. [PMID: 21645356 PMCID: PMC3124423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells capable of inducing specific immune responses against microbial infections, transplant antigens, or tumors. Interestingly, microenvironment conditions such as those present in tumor settings might induce a DC phenotype that is poorly immunogenic and with the capability of promoting angiogenesis. We hypothesize that this plasticity may be caused not only by the action of specific cytokines or growth factors but also by the properties of the surfaces with which they interact, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components. RESULTS Herewith we studied the effect of different surfaces and soluble factors on the biology of DCs. To accomplish this, we cultured murine myeloid(m) DCs on surfaces coated with fibronectin, collagen I, gelatin, and Matrigel using poly-D-lysine and polystyrene as non-biological surfaces. Further, we cultured these cells in the presence of regular DC medium (RPMI 10% FBS) or commercially available endothelial medium (EGM-2). We determined that mDCs could be kept in culture up to 3 weeks in these conditions, but only in the presence of GM-CSF. We were able to determine that long-term DC cultures produce an array of angiogenic factors, and that some of these cultures still retain the capability to induce T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Altogether these data indicate that in order to design DC-based vaccines or treatments focused on changing the phenotype of DCs associated with diseases such as cancer or atherosclerosis, it becomes necessary to fully investigate the microenvironment in which these cells are present or will be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Sprague
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, USA
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Muccioli M, Pate M, Omosebi O, Benencia F. Generation and labeling of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells with Qdot nanocrystals for tracking studies. J Vis Exp 2011:2785. [PMID: 21673641 PMCID: PMC3197051 DOI: 10.3791/2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4. Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muccioli
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, USA
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Marcos-Campos I, Asín L, Torres TE, Marquina C, Tres A, Ibarra MR, Goya GF. Cell death induced by the application of alternating magnetic fields to nanoparticle-loaded dendritic cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:205101. [PMID: 21444956 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/20/205101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the capability of primary, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to uptake iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is assessed and a strategy to induce selective cell death in these MNP-loaded DCs using external alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) is reported. No significant decrease in the cell viability of MNP-loaded DCs, compared to the control samples, was observed after five days of culture. The number of MNPs incorporated into the cytoplasm was measured by magnetometry, which confirmed that 1-5 pg of the particles were uploaded per cell. The intracellular distribution of these MNPs, assessed by transmission electron microscopy, was found to be primarily inside the endosomic structures. These cells were then subjected to an AMF for 30 min and the viability of the blank DCs (i.e. without MNPs), which were used as control samples, remained essentially unaffected. However, a remarkable decrease of viability from approximately 90% to 2-5% of DCs previously loaded with MNPs was observed after the same 30 min exposure to an AMF. The same results were obtained using MNPs having either positive (NH(2)(+)) or negative (COOH(-)) surface functional groups. In spite of the massive cell death induced by application of AMF to MNP-loaded DCs, the number of incorporated magnetic particles did not raise the temperature of the cell culture. Clear morphological changes at the cell structure after magnetic field application were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, local damage produced by the MNPs could be the main mechanism for the selective cell death of MNP-loaded DCs under an AMF. Based on the ability of these cells to evade the reticuloendothelial system, these complexes combined with an AMF should be considered as a potentially powerful tool for tumour therapy.
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Lu J, Zhao J, Zhao J, Ma J, Liu K, Yang H, Huang Y, Qin Z, Bai R, Li P, Yan W, Zhao M, Dong Z. VEGF-A-induced immature DCs not mature DCs differentiation into endothelial-like cells through ERK1/2-dependent pathway. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:294-302. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lymphocyte subpopulation and dendritic cell phenotyping during antineoplastic therapy in human solid tumors. Clin Exp Med 2010; 11:199-210. [PMID: 21161672 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-010-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cancer show variable levels of immunosuppression at the time of the presentation, and cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy is the primary contributor to the clinical immunodeficiency often observed during the course of the disease. In both hematological and solid tumors, this phenomenon is primarily related to the T-cell depletion associated with inhibition of dendritic cell ability to induce both primary and secondary T- and B-cell responses. Complete restoration of immunocompetence following antineoplastic therapy implicates the progressive recovery of various cell subpopulations, and it is a complex process that also depends on the type, the dose, the scheduling, and the associations of the employed drugs. In the era of target therapies, several antiangiogenic drugs are increasingly used in combination with standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Their clinical efficacy has been recently related not only to the specific antiangiogenic properties but also to an indirect hypothetical effect on the host immune system. In the present work, we have reviewed the most recent information regarding (1) the capacity of standard antineoplastic therapy to induce and maintain an immunodeficiency in patients with solid tumors and (2) the influence of the antiangiogenic treatment in association with standard chemotherapy on lymphocyte and dendritic cell subsets and the possible resulting additional antitumor mechanism.
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35
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Zhang Y, Zhang C. Role of dendritic cells in cardiovascular diseases. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:357-64. [PMID: 21179302 PMCID: PMC3006471 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i11.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent work has elucidated the DC life cycle, including several important stages such as maturation, migration and homeostasis, as well as DC classification and subsets/locations, which provided etiological insights on the role of DCs in disease processes. DCs have a close relationship to endothelial cells and they interact with each other to maintain immunity. DCs are deposited in the atherosclerotic plaque and contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In addition, the necrotic cardiac cells induced by ischemia activate DCs by Toll-like receptors, which initiate innate and adaptive immune responses to renal, hepatic and cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Furthermore, DCs are involved in the acute/chronic rejection of solid organ transplantation and mediate transplant tolerance as well. Advancing our knowledge of the biology of DCs will aid development of new approaches to treat many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, cardiac IRI and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Yi Zhang, Cuihua Zhang, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Henrich D, Seebach C, Sterlepper E, Tauchmann C, Marzi I, Frank J. RIA reamings and hip aspirate: a comparative evaluation of osteoprogenitor and endothelial progenitor cells. Injury 2010; 41 Suppl 2:S62-8. [PMID: 21144931 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(10)70012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autologous bone grafting represents the gold standard modality to treat atrophic non-unions by virtue of its osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. The common harvest site is the iliac crest, but there are major concerns due to limited volume and considerable donor site morbidity. Alternative autologous bone graft can be harvested from the femoral bone cavity using a newly developed 'Reamer Irrigator Aspirator' (RIA). Osseous aspirated particles can be recovered with a filter and used as auto-graft. The purpose of this study was to compare the concentration and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) harvested with the RIA technique or from the iliac crest, respectively. RIA aspirate was collected from 26 patients undergoing intramedullary nailing of femur fractures. Iliac crest aspirate was collected from 38 patients undergoing bone graft transplantation. Concentration of MSC and EPC were assessed by means of the MSC colony assay, EPC culture assay and flowcytometry (CD34, CD133, VEGF-R2), respectively. Osteogenic differentiation of MSC's was measured by von Kossa staining. Patients in both groups did not significantly differ regarding their age, gender or pre-existing health conditions. In comparison to aspirates obtained from iliac crest the RIA aspirates from the femur contained a significantly higher percentage of CD34+ progenitor cells, a significantly higher concentration of MSC and a significantly higher concentration of early EPC. The percentage of late EPC did not differ between both sites. Moreover, the capability of MSC for calcium deposition was significantly enhanced in MSC obtained with RIA. Our results show that RIA aspirate is a rich source for different types of autologous progenitor cells, which can be used to accelerate healing of bone and other musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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37
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Lu J, Zhao J, Liu K, Zhao J, Yang H, Huang Y, Qin Z, Bai R, Li P, Ma J, Yan W, Zhao M, Dong Z. MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling mediates endothelial-like differentiation of immature DCs in the microenvironment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2091-106. [PMID: 20221785 PMCID: PMC11115913 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-like differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) is a new phenomenon, and the mechanism is still elusive. Here, we show that the tumor microenvironment derived from the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line EC9706 can induce immature DCs (iDCs) differentiate toward endothelial cells, and become endothelial-like cells, but it has no obvious influence on mature DCs. During the course of endothelial-like differentiation of iDCs, a sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracelluar signal-regulated kinase1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was detected. Incubation of iDCs with MEK phosphorylation inhibitor PD98059 blocked the MAPK/ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation as well as the endothelial-like differentiation of iDCs. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in the microenvironment with its antibody blocked the endothelial-like differentiation and the phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK1/2 and CREB. These data suggest that MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway activated by VEGF-A could mediate endothelial-like differentiation of iDCs in the ESCC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Ishii H, Chikamatsu K, Sakakura K, Miyata M, Furuya N, Masuyama K. Primary tumor induces sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:373-8. [PMID: 20308006 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The main factor that affects the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is regional lymph node metastases, which usually spreads first to the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor cells in several malignancies can induce lymphangiogenesis in SLNs before metastasizing. To elucidate the mechanisms of tumor dissemination of OSCC, we investigated whether primary tumors induce lymphangiogenesis within SLNs in patients with OSCC. The mRNA expression of lymphatic-specific markers, including VEGFR-3, Prox-1, and LYVE-1 in 23 metastasis-negative SLNs obtained from 10 patients with OSCC, was investigated using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay, and compared with control lymph nodes from patients with non-cancerous diseases. In addition, VEGF-C and VEGF-D expressions of the primary tumor were examined by immunohistochemistry. In SLNs, there were highly significant correlations between the three lymphatic markers examined. Interestingly, the level of LYVE-1 expression in SLNs, despite the absence of metastasis, was significantly higher than in control lymph nodes. Moreover, SLNs from patients with VEGF-C-positive tumor showed a significantly higher expression of VEGFR-3 than those from patients with VEGF-C-negative tumor. Our findings suggest that in OSCC, the primary tumor actively induces lymphangiogenesis in SLNs prior to the onset of metastases, and where tumor-derived VEGF-C plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Henrich D, Seebach C, Kaehling C, Scherzed A, Wilhelm K, Tewksbury R, Powerski M, Marzi I. Simultaneous cultivation of human endothelial-like differentiated precursor cells and human marrow stromal cells on beta-tricalcium phosphate. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 15:551-60. [PMID: 19199563 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The size of a bone defect limits the ingrowth of bone-forming cells. Endothelial cell-like differentiated precursor cells (endothelial progenitor cells, EPC) enhance the neovascularization, while marrow stromal cells (MSC) promote the repair of bone defects. Our aim was to evaluate if both types of cells can be cocultivated on a beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) matrix and maintain their differentiation capacity as well as to analyze the biologic activity of these cell constructs in vivo. METHODS MSC from human bone marrow and EPC from buffy coat were used. EPC and MSC, alone or in combination, were seeded on fibronectin-coated beta-TCP. After 2, 6, and 10 days the metabolic activity and the endothelial differentiation were tested. On day 10 real-time RT-PCRs for endothelial genes (von Willebrandt factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor 2), osteogenic genes (osteocalcin, cbfa-1, and collagen-1alpha), and the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were performed. Cell-containing constructs were implanted into the critical-size defect of the femur of the nude rat. Bone formation and vascularization was determined after 1 week. RESULTS MSC and EPC on beta-TCP remain metabolically active over 10 days. They maintain their differentiation as measured by means of Dil-ac-LDL uptake (EPC) and gene expression of lineage typical genes (EPC + MSC). Although a potential osteogenic differentiation of MSC was maybe affected negatively, constructs loaded with MSC resulted in an increase of new bone mass. Constructs containing EPC resulted in an improved vasculogenesis in vivo. DISCUSSION MSC and EPC can be cultivated in combination on a fibronectin-coated beta-TCP, thereby partly maintaining their lineage typical gene expression. The results of the in vivo examinations suggest that beta-TCP combined with EPC and MSC can used as a suitable tool to foster bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University , Frankfurt/Main, Germany .
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Barrientos G, Tirado-González I, Klapp B, Karimi K, Arck P, Garcia M, Blois S. The impact of dendritic cells on angiogenic responses at the fetal–maternal interface. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 83:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Roncal C, Buysschaert I, Gerdes N, Georgiadou M, Ovchinnikova O, Fischer C, Stassen JM, Moons L, Collen D, De Bock K, Hansson GK, Carmeliet P. Short-term delivery of anti-PlGF antibody delays progression of atherosclerotic plaques to vulnerable lesions. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 86:29-36. [PMID: 19952000 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Placental growth factor (PlGF), a homologue of vascular endothelial growth factor, is a pleiotropic cytokine with a pro-inflammatory activity. Previous gene-inactivation studies revealed that the loss of PlGF delays atherosclerotic lesion development and inhibits macrophage infiltration, but the activity of an anti-PlGF antibody (alphaPlGF mAb) has not been evaluated yet. METHODS AND RESULTS We characterized the potential of short-term delivery of alphaPlGF mAb in inhibiting lesion development in ApoE-deficient mice (apoE(-/-)) and in CD4:TGFbetaRII(DN) x apoE(-/-) mice, a more severe atherosclerosis model. Short-term treatment of alphaPlGF mAb reduces early atherosclerotic plaque size and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lesion. CONCLUSION These pharmacological alphaPlGF mAb results confirm previous genetic evidence that inhibition of PlGF slows down early atherosclerotic lesion development. Furthermore, the phenocopy of genetic and pharmacological loss-of-function strategies underscores that alphaPlGF acts by selectively neutralizing PlGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Roncal
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, KULeuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Box 912, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Pulaski HL, Spahlinger G, Silva IA, McLean K, Kueck AS, Reynolds RK, Coukos G, Conejo-Garcia JR, Buckanovich RJ. Identifying alemtuzumab as an anti-myeloid cell antiangiogenic therapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2009; 7:49. [PMID: 19545375 PMCID: PMC2704183 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Murine studies suggest that myeloid cells such as vascular leukocytes (VLC) and Tie2+ monocytes play a critical role in tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Myeloid cells are a primary cause of resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. The elimination of these cells from the tumor microenvironment significantly restricts tumor growth in both spontaneous and xenograft murine tumor models. Thus animal studies indicate that myeloid cells are potential therapeutic targets for solid tumor therapy. Abundant VLC and Tie2+ monocytes have been reported in human cancer. Unfortunately, the importance of VLC in human cancer growth remains untested as there are no confirmed therapeutics to target human VLC. Methods We used FACS to analyze VLC in ovarian and non-ovarian tumors, and characterize the relationship of VLC and Tie2-monocytes. We performed qRT-PCR and FACS on human VLC to assess the expression of the CD52 antigen, the target of the immunotherapeutic Alemtuzumab. We assessed Alemtuzumab's ability to induce complement-mediated VLC killing in vitro and in human tumor ascites. Finally we assessed the impact of anti-CD52 immuno-toxin therapy on murine ovarian tumor growth. Results Human VLC are present in ovarian and non-ovarian tumors. The majority of VLC appear to be Tie2+ monocytes. VLC and Tie2+ monocytes express high levels of CD52, the target of the immunotherapeutic Alemtuzumab. Alemtuzumab potently induces complement-mediated lysis of VLC in vitro and ex-vivo in ovarian tumor ascites. Anti-CD52 immunotherapy targeting VLC restricts tumor angiogenesis and growth in murine ovarian cancer. Conclusion These studies confirm VLC/myeloid cells as therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer. Our data provide critical pre-clinical evidence supporting the use of Alemtuzumab in clinical trials to test its efficacy as an anti-myeloid cell antiangiogenic therapeutic in ovarian cancer. The identification of an FDA approved anti-VLC agent with a history of clinical use will allow immediate proof-of-principle clinical trials in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Pulaski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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A novel function for dendritic cell: clearance of VEGF via VEGF receptor-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:243-8. [PMID: 19167346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the plasma levels of VEGF in tumor patients decreased during dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Our current report demonstrates that VEGF levels were significantly decreased in the supernatants of DCs incubated with rhVEGF or tumor conditioned medium (TCM) while the intracellular VEGF in DCs was increased. The increased intracellular VEGF was not due to the de novo VEGF synthesis by DCs because exogenous VEGF inhibited the mRNA expression of VEGF in DCs. More direct evidence was provided to demonstrate that Cy3-labeled VEGF could be internalized by DCs specifically and efficiently. In addition, the activity of DCs to internalize VEGF was abolished by neutralizing antibody against VEGF receptor-1 (Flt-1) and inhibitors of endocytosis such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and genistein. This study highlights a novel function of DCs and allows a better understanding of the DC-VEGF interaction.
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Roca FJ, Mulero I, López-Muñoz A, Sepulcre MP, Renshaw SA, Meseguer J, Mulero V. Evolution of the inflammatory response in vertebrates: fish TNF-alpha is a powerful activator of endothelial cells but hardly activates phagocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5071-81. [PMID: 18802111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha is conserved in all vertebrate classes and has been identified in all taxonomic groups of teleost fish. However, its biological activities and its role in infection are largely unknown. Using two complementary fish models, gilthead seabream and zebrafish, we report here that the main proinflammatory effects of fish TNF-alpha are mediated through the activation of endothelial cells. Thus, TNF-alpha promotes the expression of E-selectin and different CC and CXC chemokines in endothelial cells, thus explaining the recruitment and activation of phagocytes observed in vivo in both species. We also found that TLR ligands, and to some extent TNF-alpha, were able to increase the expression of MHC class II and CD83 in endothelial cells, which might suggest a role for fish endothelial cells and TNF-alpha in Ag presentation. Lastly, we found that TNF-alpha increases the susceptibility of the zebrafish to viral (spring viremia of carp virus) and bacterial (Streptococcus iniae) infections. Although the powerful actions of fish TNF-alpha on endothelial cells suggest that it might facilitate pathogen dissemination, it was found that TNF-alpha increased antiviral genes and, more importantly, had little effect on the viral load in early infection. In addition, the stimulation of ZF4 cells with TNF-alpha resulted in increased viral replication. Together, these results indicate that fish TNF-alpha displays different sorts of bioactivity to their mammalian counterparts and point to the complexity of the evolution that has taken place in the regulation of innate immunity by cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Roca
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Krenning G, Strate BWAVD, Schipper M, van Seijen XJGY, Fernandes BCA, van Luyn MJA, Harmsen MC. CD34+ cells augment endothelial cell differentiation of CD14+ endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2521-2533. [PMID: 18752636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization by endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) for the treatment of ischaemic diseases has been a topic of intense research. The CD34(+) cell is often designated as EPC, because it contributes to repair of ischaemic injuries through neovascularization. However, incorporation of CD34(+) cells into the neovasculature is limited, suggesting another role which could be paracrine. CD14(+) cells can also differentiate into endothelial cells and contribute to neovascularization. However, the low proliferative capacity of CD14(+) cell-derived endothelial cells hampers their use as therapeutic cells. We made the assumption that an interaction between CD34(+) and CD14(+) cells augments endothelial differentiation of the CD14(+) cells. In vitro, the influence of CD34(+) cells on the endothelial differentiation capacity of CD14(+) cells was investigated. Endothelial differentiation was analysed by expression of endothelial cell markers CD31, CD144, von Willebrand Factor and endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. Furthermore, we assessed proliferative capacity and endothelial cell function of the cells in culture. In monocultures, 63% of the CD14(+)-derived cells adopted an endothelial cell phenotype, whereas in CD34(+)/CD14(+) co-cultures 95% of the cells showed endothelial cell differentiation. Proliferation increased up to 12% in the CD34(+)/CD14(+) co-cultures compared to both monocultures. CD34-conditioned medium also increased endothelial differentiation of CD14(+) cells. This effect was abrogated by hepatocyte growth factor neutralizing antibodies, but not by interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 neutralizing antibodies. We show that co-culturing of CD34(+) and CD14(+) cells results in a proliferating population of functional endothelial cells, which may be suitable for treatment of ischaemic diseases such as myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krenning
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B W A van der Strate
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Schipper
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - X J Gallego Y van Seijen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B C A Fernandes
- Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M J A van Luyn
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M C Harmsen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Saeki K, Yogiashi Y, Nakahara M, Nakamura N, Matsuyama S, Koyanagi A, Yagita H, Koyanagi M, Kondo Y, Yuo A. Highly efficient and feeder-free production of subculturable vascular endothelial cells from primate embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:261-80. [PMID: 18551514 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial cell (VEC) differentiation from primate embryonic stem (ES) cells has critical problems: low differentiation efficiencies (<2%) and/or subculture incapability. We report a novel feeder-free culture method for high efficiency production of subculturable VECs from cynomolgus monkey ES cells. Spheres, which were generated from ES cells in the presence of cytokine cocktail, were cultured on gelatin-coated plates. Cobblestone-shaped cells spread out after a few days, which were followed by an emergence of a sac-like structure containing hematopoietic cells. All adherent cells including sac walls cells and surrounding cobblestone cells expressed vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) at intercellular junctions. Subculture of these cells resulted in a generation of homogeneous spindle-shaped population bearing cord-forming activities and a uniform acetylated low density lipoprotein-uptaking capacity with von Willbrand factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase expressions. They were freeze-thaw-tolerable and subculturable up to eight passages. Co-existence of pericytes or immature ES cells was ruled out. When introduced in a collagen sponge plug implanted intraperitoneally in mice, ES-derived cells recruited into neovascularity. Although percentages of surface VE-cadherin-positive population varied from 20% to 80% as assessed by flow cytometry, the surface VE-cadherin-negative population showed intracellular VE-cadherin expression and mature functions, as we call it as atypical VECs. When sorted, the surface VE-cadherin-positive population expanded as almost pure (>90%) VE-cadherin/PECAM-1-positive VECs by 160-fold after five passages. Thus, our system provides pure production of functional, subculturable and freeze-thaw-tolerable VECs, including atypical VECs, from primate ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Saeki
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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McLean K, Buckanovich RJ. Myeloid cells functioning in tumor vascularization as a novel therapeutic target. Transl Res 2008; 151:59-67. [PMID: 18201673 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels to sustain growth, is an important new target in solid tumor therapy. Initial studies focused on the role of the tumor cell in promoting angiogenesis; yet more recent work has demonstrated that host cells in the tumor microenvironment also play a critical role in tumor vascularization. Additionally, vasculogenesis in which new blood vessels develop from vascular progenitor cells also contributes to tumor growth. Recent studies propose a central role for cells of the myeloid lineage in triggering vessel growth by releasing angiogenic factors and perhaps by incorporating directly into nascent blood vessels. We will review studies that support a critical role for myeloid cells in neovascularization, with a focus on cells that express various monocytic/dendritic cell markers, including vascular leukocytes (VLCs), Tie2+ monocytes, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)+ monocytes, among others. The evidence that these myeloid cells represent bona fide therapeutic targets for solid tumors will be reviewed. Finally, we will address some controversies and challenges in the field with a focus on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McLean
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA
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Mimura K, Kono K, Takahashi A, Kawaguchi Y, Mizukami Y, Fujii H. Vascular endothelial growth factor partially inhibits the trastuzumab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of human monocytes. Oncology 2007; 72:172-80. [PMID: 18097168 DOI: 10.1159/000112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is produced by almost all cancer cells and VEGF receptor 1 (R1) (Flt-1) is abundantly expressed on human monocytes. In the present study, we investigated whether VEGF affects the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human monocytes mediated by trastuzumab. METHODS HER-2-expressing tumor cell lines (MKN-7, TE-4 and SKOV-3) were evaluated for trastuzumab-mediated ADCC of human monocytes in the presence of VEGF(165). The trastuzumab-mediated, monocyte-derived ADCC were treated with the anti-human blocking VEGF R1 or VEGF R2 mAb. VEGF-induced intracellular signaling on monocytes was quantified with ELISA kits. RESULTS VEGF partially inhibited the ADCC of human monocytes mediated by trastuzumab. The VEGF-induced deficiency of human monocytes for ADCC was completely recovered by the anti-human blocking VEGF R1 mAb, while the anti-VEGF R2 blocking mAb did not have any effect. Furthermore, VEGF treatment enhanced the phospho-Erk 1/2 in human monocytes. CONCLUSION VEGF partially inhibited the ADCC of human monocytes mediated by trastuzumab, and this inhibition was mainly mediated by VEGF R1 (Flt-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Mimura
- First Department of Surgery, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Henrich D, Seebach C, Wilhelm K, Marzi I. High dosage of simvastatin reduces TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells but fails to prevent apoptosis induced by IL-1beta in vitro. J Surg Res 2007; 142:13-9. [PMID: 17716606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) could provide a possible source for the improvement of neovascularization in injured tissues following multiple trauma. Recently, it became obvious that at least two types of EPC can be cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this work we focused on the fraction of the easily accessible early EPC, which can be generated in clinically relevant amounts within 5 days. Periods of hyper-inflammation, systemic or local, often occur during a multiple trauma. Thus, this study was conducted to elucidate the influence of the prototypical proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the survival of early EPC. In the past years it was observed that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) exert protective effects during inflammatory processes. Therefore, the effect of a preconditioning of early EPC with simvastatin on the survival of EPC under proinflammatory conditions was tested as well. Incubation with 50 mu/mL TNF-alpha [0.45 ng/mL] or IL-1beta [0.25 ng/mL] resulted in a 3-fold (18.4 +/- 2.9%), respectively, 4-fold (25.5 +/- 3.4%) increase of apoptotic EPC in comparison to the untreated control (6.1 +/- 1.6%). In accordance, 24 h after the cytokines had been added, the EPC number per high power field decreased significantly. A preconditioning with simvastatin [25 microM] resulted in significant inhibition of the TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis, whereas the IL-1beta-mediated apoptosis was only slightly reduced. In conclusion, this study shows clearly that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are harmful to early EPC and that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin protects EPC from TNF-alpha- and eventually from IL-1beta-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that simvastatin has protective effects on EPC survival and differentiation in a hyperinflammatory situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Fainaru O, Adini A, Benny O, Adini I, Short S, Bazinet L, Nakai K, Pravda E, Hornstein MD, D'Amato RJ, Folkman J. Dendritic cells support angiogenesis and promote lesion growth in a murine model of endometriosis. FASEB J 2007; 22:522-9. [PMID: 17873101 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9034com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis affects 10-15% of women and is associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Angiogenesis plays an essential role in its pathogenesis. Dendritic cells (DCs) were recently implicated in supporting tumor angiogenesis. As both tumors and endometriosis lesions depend on angiogenesis, we investigated the possibility that DCs may also play a role in endometriosis. We induced endometriosis in 8-wk-old female C57BL/6 mice by implantation of autologous endometrium into the peritoneal cavity. We observed an abundance of CD11c(+) DCs infiltrating sites of angiogenesis in endometriosis lesions. We noticed a similar pattern of infiltrating DCs at sites of angiogenesis in the peritoneal Lewis lung carcinoma tumor model. These DCs were immature (major histocompatability complex class II(low)) and expressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Peritoneal implanted bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) incorporated into both endometriosis lesions and into B16 melanoma tumors and enhanced their growth at 8 days compared with controls (5.1+/-2.5 vs. 1.5+/-0.5 mm(2), n=4 and 4, P<0.0001 for endometriosis; 67.6+/-15.1 vs. 22.7+/-14.6 mm(2), n=5 and 7, P=0.0004 for mouse melanoma). Finally, immature BMDCs but not mature BMDCs enhanced microvascular endothelial cell migration in vitro (219+/-51 vs. 93+/-32 cells, P=0.02). Based on these findings, we suggest a novel role for DCs in supporting angiogenesis and promoting lesion growth both in endometriosis and in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Fainaru
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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