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Abstract
Enteric viral and bacterial infections continue to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in low-income and middle-income countries, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Vaccines are considered an effective and practical preventive approach against the predominantly fecal-to-oral transmitted gastroenteritis particularly in the resource-limited countries or regions where implementation of sanitation systems and supply of safe drinking water are not quickly achievable. While vaccines are available for a few enteric pathogens including rotavirus and cholera, there are no vaccines licensed for many other enteric viral and bacterial pathogens. Challenges in enteric vaccine development include immunological heterogeneity among pathogen strains or isolates, a lack of animal challenge models to evaluate vaccine candidacy, undefined host immune correlates to protection, and a low protective efficacy among young children in endemic regions. In this article, we briefly updated the progress and challenges in vaccines and vaccine development for the leading enteric viral and bacterial pathogens including rotavirus, human calicivirus, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), cholera, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter, and introduced a novel epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform known as MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) and the application of MEFA for developing broadly protective multivalent vaccines against heterogenous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesuk Seo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Qiangde Duan
- University of Yangzhou, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA,CONTACT Weiping Zhang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Iritani N, Yamamoto SP, Abe N, Kanbayashi D, Kubo H, Uema M, Noda M, Kaida A. GII.17 norovirus infections in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan during two decades. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2101-2107. [PMID: 31368535 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, and GII.4 has been the predominant genotype worldwide since the mid-1990s. During the 2014 to 2015 winter, a rare genotype, NoV GII.17, emerged and became prevalent mainly in East Asia. Over the past two decades, NoV molecular surveillance in Osaka City, Japan, has revealed that NoV GII.17 was detected for the first time in February 2001 and that NoV GII.17-associated outbreaks remarkably increased during the 2014 to 2015 season, with higher incidence recorded in January to March 2015. Genetic analysis indicated that 28 GII.17 outbreak strains were closely related to the novel GII.P17-GII.17 variants represented by the Kawasaki308/2015/JP strain, similar to that in other regions. Statistical analysis showed that NoV GII.17 infections were more common in adults than GII.3 and GII.4 infections, suggesting that the affected adults most likely did not have antibodies against NoV GII.17 and the novel GII.17 variant had recently appeared. Regarding transmission, food was one of the most important factors involved in the spread of NoV GII.17 among adults; 61% of GII.17 outbreaks were foodborne, with oysters being the most common vehicle. Interplay between pathogens, hosts, and environmental factors was considered to be important in the 2014 to 2015 NoV GII.17 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Iritani
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji P Yamamoto
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Niichiro Abe
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Kanbayashi
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Uema
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mamoru Noda
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
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Steyer A, Konte T, Sagadin M, Kolenc M, Škoberne A, Germ J, Dovč-Drnovšek T, Arnol M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M. Intrahost Norovirus Evolution in Chronic Infection Over 5 Years of Shedding in a Kidney Transplant Recipient. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:371. [PMID: 29552005 PMCID: PMC5840165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, and they can affect humans of all age groups. In immunocompromised patients, norovirus infections can develop into chronic diarrhea or show prolonged asymptomatic virus shedding. Chronic norovirus infections are frequently reported for solid organ transplant recipients, with rapid intrahost norovirus evolution seen. In this report, we describe a case of chronic norovirus infection in an immunocompromised patient who was followed up for over 5 years. The purpose of the study was to specify the norovirus evolution in a chronically infected immunocompromised host and identify possible selection sites in norovirus capsid protein. During the follow-up period, 25 sequential stool samples were collected and nine of them were selected to generate amplicons covering viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and viral capsid protein (VP1) genes. Amplicons were sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were defined, which demonstrated a nearly 3-fold greater mutation rate in the VP1 genome region compared to the RdRp genome region (7.9 vs. 2.8 variable sites/100 nucleotides, respectively). This indicates that mutations in the virus genome were not accumulated randomly, but are rather the result of mutant selection during the infection cycle. Using ShoRAH software we were able to reconstruct haplotypes occurring in each of the nine selected samples. The deduced amino-acid haplotype sequences were aligned and the positions were analyzed for selective pressure using the Datamonkey program. Only 12 out of 25 positive selection sites were within the commonly described epitopes A, B, C, and D of the VP1 protein. New positive selection sites were determined that have not been described before and might reflect adaptation of the norovirus toward optimal histo-blood-group antigen binding, or modification of the norovirus antigenic properties. These data provide new insights into norovirus evolutionary dynamics and indicate new putative epitope “hot-spots” of modified and optimized norovirus–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Steyer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Konte
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Sagadin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kolenc
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Škoberne
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julija Germ
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Miha Arnol
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Poljšak-Prijatelj
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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He Y, Jin M, Chen K, Zhang H, Yang H, Zhuo F, Zhao D, Zeng H, Yao X, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhou Y, Duan ZJ. Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Associated with the Emergence of the New GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Variant during the Epidemic of 2012/13 in Shenzhen City, China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165880. [PMID: 27829005 PMCID: PMC5102426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans worldwide. Since late 2012, a new GII.4 variant Sydney 2012 has caused a significant increase in NoV epidemics in several countries. From November of 2012 to January of 2013, three gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in two social welfare homes (Outbreaks A and B) and a factory (Outbreak C) in Shenzhen city of China. Feces and swabs were collected for laboratory tests for causative agents. While no bacterial pathogen was identified, all three outbreaks were caused by NoVs with detection rates of 26.2% (16/61) at Outbreak A, 35.2% (38/108) at Outbreak B), and 59.3% (16/27) at Outbreaks C. For Outbreak B, 25 of the 29 symptomatic individuals (86.2%) and 13 of the 79 asymptomatic individuals (16.5%) were found NoV-positive. For Outbreak C, an asymptomatic food handler was NoV-positive. All thirteen NoV sequences from the three outbreaks were classified into genogroup II and genotype 4 (GII.4), which we identified to be the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant. The genome of two isolates from Outbreaks A and B were recombinant with the opening reading frame (ORF) 1 of GII.4 Osaka 2007 and ORF2 and 3 of the GII.4 New Orleans. Our study indicated that the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant emerged and caused the outbreaks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing He
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Kena Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Zhuo
- Shenzhen Luohu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huatang Zeng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangjie Yao
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanping Zhou
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (ZJD); (YPZ)
| | - Zhao-jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZJD); (YPZ)
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Xue Y, Pan H, Hu J, Wu H, Li J, Xiao W, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Wu F. Epidemiology of norovirus infections among diarrhea outpatients in a diarrhea surveillance system in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:183. [PMID: 25884557 PMCID: PMC4438334 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus is an important cause of gastroenteritis both in children and adults. In China, few studies have been conducted on adult populations. This study aimed to determine the contribution of norovirus to gastroenteritis, characterize the features of norovirus infections, compare them with other pathogens, and test the effectiveness of the surveillance system. Methods A citywide surveillance network on diarrhea patients was established. Samples were collected with intervals from both children and adults among diarrhea outpatients in hospitals and tested for viruses using rRT-PCR and for bacteria in CDCs. Patient information was acquired through interviews and recorded into a dedicated online system. The Pearsonχ2 test, multivariate logistic regression models and discriminant models were fitted into its comparisons with the non-norovirus group and other pathogens. Results Norovirus was detected in 22.91% of sampled diarrhea patients. The seasonal distribution of norovirus infections was different from non-norovirus patients (p < 0.001), with a half-year peak. Higher proportions of males (p = 0.001, OR = 1.303, 95% CI = 1.110-1.529), local citizens (p < 0.001) and officials/clerks (p = 0.001, OR = 1.348, 95% CI = 1.124-1.618) were affected with norovirus when compared with non-norovirus patients. Diarrhea patients affected with norovirus featured nausea (p < 0.001, OR = 1.418, 95% CI = 1.176-1.709) and vomiting (p < 0.001, OR = 1.969, 95% CI = 1.618-2.398), while fewer manifested fever (p = 0.046, OR = 0.758, 95% CI = 0.577-0.996) and abdominal pain (p = 0.018, OR = 0.815, 95% CI = 0.689-0.965). Children were more vulnerable to rotavirus (p = 0.008, OR = 1.637, 95% CI = 1.136-2.358) and bacteria (p = 0.027, OR = 1.511, 95% CI = 1.053-2.169) than norovirus. There was a seasonal difference between the GI and GII genotypes (p < 0.001). Officials or clerks were more easily affected with GI than GII (p = 0.006, OR = 1.888, 95% CI = 1.205-2.958). Conclusions This study was based on a citywide hospital-sentinel surveillance system with multiple enteric pathogens included. Norovirus was recognized as the most prevalent enteric pathogen in Shanghai. The seasonal peak was from October to April. Males had a higher prevalence than females. Local citizens and officials/clerks were more vulnerable to norovirus than other pathogens. Compared with rotavirus and bacteria, children were less frequently affected by norovirus. Nausea and vomiting were typical of norovirus, whereas fever and abdominal pain were uncommon symptoms of this pathogen. GI and GII infections were centered in different seasons. Officials and clerks were more easily affected by GI than GII. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0922-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Jiayu Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Huanyu Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Wenjia Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Zheng'an Yuan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
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Lindesmith LC, Ferris MT, Mullan CW, Ferreira J, Debbink K, Swanstrom J, Richardson C, Goodwin RR, Baehner F, Mendelman PM, Bargatze RF, Baric RS. Broad blockade antibody responses in human volunteers after immunization with a multivalent norovirus VLP candidate vaccine: immunological analyses from a phase I clinical trial. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001807. [PMID: 25803642 PMCID: PMC4371888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis and are characterized by antigenic variation between genogroups and genotypes and antigenic drift of strains within the predominant GII.4 genotype. In the context of this diversity, an effective NoV vaccine must elicit broadly protective immunity. We used an antibody (Ab) binding blockade assay to measure the potential cross-strain protection provided by a multivalent NoV virus-like particle (VLP) candidate vaccine in human volunteers. METHODS AND FINDINGS Sera from ten human volunteers immunized with a multivalent NoV VLP vaccine (genotypes GI.1/GII.4) were analyzed for IgG and Ab blockade of VLP interaction with carbohydrate ligand, a potential correlate of protective immunity to NoV infection and illness. Immunization resulted in rapid rises in IgG and blockade Ab titers against both vaccine components and additional VLPs representing diverse strains and genotypes not represented in the vaccine. Importantly, vaccination induced blockade Ab to two novel GII.4 strains not in circulation at the time of vaccination or sample collection. GII.4 cross-reactive blockade Ab titers were more potent than responses against non-GII.4 VLPs, suggesting that previous exposure history to this dominant circulating genotype may impact the vaccine Ab response. Further, antigenic cartography indicated that vaccination preferentially activated preexisting Ab responses to epitopes associated with GII.4.1997. Study interpretations may be limited by the relevance of the surrogate neutralization assay and the number of immunized participants evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with a multivalent NoV VLP vaccine induces a broadly blocking Ab response to multiple epitopes within vaccine and non-vaccine NoV strains and to novel antigenic variants not yet circulating at the time of vaccination. These data reveal new information about complex NoV immune responses to both natural exposure and to vaccination, and support the potential feasibility of an efficacious multivalent NoV VLP vaccine for future use in human populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01168401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Clancy W. Mullan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Ferreira
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jesica Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - Frank Baehner
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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What has molecular epidemiology ever done for wildlife disease research? Past contributions and future directions. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Particle conformation regulates antibody access to a conserved GII.4 norovirus blockade epitope. J Virol 2014; 88:8826-42. [PMID: 24872579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01192-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED GII.4 noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of epidemic viral acute gastroenteritis. One primary obstacle to successful NoV vaccination is the extensive degree of antigenic diversity among strains. The major capsid protein of GII.4 strains is evolving rapidly, resulting in the emergence of new strains with altered blockade epitopes. In addition to characterizing these evolving blockade epitopes, we have identified monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize a blockade epitope conserved across time-ordered GII.4 strains. Uniquely, the blockade potencies of MAbs that recognize the conserved GII.4 blockade epitope were temperature sensitive, suggesting that particle conformation may regulate functional access to conserved blockade non-surface-exposed epitopes. To map conformation-regulating motifs, we used bioinformatics tools to predict conserved motifs within the protruding domain of the capsid and designed mutant VLPs to test the impacts of substitutions in these motifs on antibody cross-GII.4 blockade. Charge substitutions at residues 310, 316, 484, and 493 impacted the blockade potential of cross-GII.4 blockade MAbs with minimal impact on the blockade of MAbs targeting other, separately evolving blockade epitopes. Specifically, residue 310 modulated antibody blockade temperature sensitivity in the tested strains. These data suggest access to the conserved GII.4 blockade antibody epitope is regulated by particle conformation, temperature, and amino acid residues positioned outside the antibody binding site. The regulating motif is under limited selective pressure by the host immune response and may provide a robust target for broadly reactive NoV therapeutics and protective vaccines. IMPORTANCE In this study, we explored the factors that govern norovirus (NoV) cross-strain antibody blockade. We found that access to the conserved GII.4 blockade epitope is regulated by temperature and distal residues outside the antibody binding site. These data are most consistent with a model of NoV particle conformation plasticity that regulates antibody binding to a distally conserved blockade epitope. Further, antibody "locking" of the particle into an epitope-accessible conformation prevents ligand binding, providing a potential target for broadly effective drugs. These observations open lines of inquiry into the mechanisms of human NoV entry and uncoating, fundamental biological questions that are currently unanswerable for these noncultivatable pathogens.
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Xiang Z, Tian S, Tong W, Chang H, Su J, Zhang L, Liu X, Li Y, Wei Q, Liu Y. MNV primarily surveillance by a recombination VP1-derived ELISA in Beijing area in China. J Immunol Methods 2014; 408:70-7. [PMID: 24857757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) was first found as a surrogate for human norovirus study. However, MNV infection was mostly prevalent in laboratory mice, and its immunomodulatory properties may affect the outcome of animal experiments. MNV surveillance had been performed in Europe, North America and some other countries, but not in China. Nowadays, the complete MNV virions had been used as antigen in MNV serological detection. However, the complexity in the preparation of virions might affect the antigen stability, and the virulence recovery of virion antigen had also been detected. In this study, the caspid VP1 protein was proved to be the mostly predominant antigen in MNV virions. An ELISA method using the recombination VP1 as antigen was developed (rVP1 ELISA). The rVP1 ELISA is more sensitive and less specific than the MNV virion-derived IFA method. To address the prevalence of MNV in China, a totally 600 mouse serum samples from Beijing area were tested by rVP1 ELISA and confirmed by IFA and WB. The MNV infection rate was 11.67%, but most of the MNV-positive samples were from experimental facilities (MNV rate=30.94%), not from commercial vendors (MNV rate=0.27%). Collectively, a sensitive rVP1 ELISA was developed in the current study, and the MNV investigation by rVP1 ELISA showed that MNV infection was mostly prevalent in the laboratory mice, especially the mice from experimental facilities in Beijing area in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shengnan Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingfen Su
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xianju Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yunbo Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China.
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Molecular epidemiology of norovirus from patients with acute gastroenteritis in northwestern Spain. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:316-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe high incidence of norovirus (NoV) infections seems to be related to the emergence of new variants that evolved by genetic drift of the capsid gene. In this work, that represents a first effort to describe the molecular epidemiology of NoV in the northwest of Spain, a total of eight different NoV genotypes (GII.1, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13, GII.14) were detected. The major genotypes observed were GII.4 (45·42%) and GII.14 (34·9%), being detected in all age groups. In addition, and although most of GII.4 sequences belonged to 2006b (7·2%) and 2010 (50·35%) variants, the presence of new NoV variants was observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a high number of GII.4 sequences (35·24%) could be assigned to the newly emerging Sydney 2012 variant, even during late 2010. The high prevalence of NoV GII.14 observed in this study may indicate the emergence of this genotype in Spain.
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Debbink K, Costantini V, Swanstrom J, Agnihothram S, Vinjé J, Baric R, Lindesmith L. Human norovirus detection and production, quantification, and storage of virus-like particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:15K.1.1-15K.1.45. [PMID: 24510290 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15k01s31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses constitute a significant worldwide disease burden. Each year, noroviruses cause over 267 million infections, deaths in over 200,000 children under the age of five, and over 50% of U.S. food-borne illness. Due to the absence of a tissue culture model or small animal model to study human norovirus, virus-like particles (VLPs) and ELISA-based biological assays have been used to answer questions about norovirus evolution and immunity as well to provide a potential vaccine platform. This chapter outlines the protocols for norovirus detection in stool, as well as norovirus VLP design, production, purification, and storage using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE)-based virus replicon particle (VRP) expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Debbink
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Jan Vinjé
- Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ralph Baric
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Fletcher S, Van Hal S, Andresen D, McLaws ML, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Gastrointestinal pathogen distribution in symptomatic children in Sydney, Australia. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2013; 3:11-21. [PMID: 23856534 PMCID: PMC7320378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the causes of paediatric diarrhoea in Sydney. This cross-sectional study used clinical and microbiological data to describe the clinical features and pathogens associated with gastrointestinal illnesses for children presenting to two major public hospitals in Sydney with diarrhoea, for the period January 2007-December 2010. Of 825 children who tested positive for an enteric pathogen, 430 medical records were reviewed. Adenovirus, norovirus and rotavirus were identified in 20.8%, 20.3% and 21.6% of reviewed cases, respectively. Younger children were more likely to have adenovirus and norovirus compared with rotavirus (P=0.001). More viruses were detected in winter than in the other three seasons (P=0.001). Rotavirus presented a distinct seasonal pattern with the lowest rates occurring in the warm months and peaking in the cooler months. Adenovirus showed a less consistent monthly trend, and norovirus detection increased in the cooler months (P=0.008). A decline in the number of rotavirus cases was observed after mid-2008. The majority of childhood diarrhoeal illnesses leading to hospital presentations in Sydney are caused by enteric viruses with most infections following clear seasonal patterns. However, a sustained decrease in the incidence of rotavirus infections has been observed over the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fletcher
- The iThree Institute and School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Sebastian Van Hal
- The iThree Institute and School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Liverpool Hospital, Locked Bag 7103, Liverpool NSW 1871, Australia
| | - David Andresen
- Department of Microbiology, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, NSW, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise McLaws
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- The iThree Institute and School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, Australia
- Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Harkness
- The iThree Institute and School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, Australia
- Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- The iThree Institute and School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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Emergence of a norovirus GII.4 strain correlates with changes in evolving blockade epitopes. J Virol 2012; 87:2803-13. [PMID: 23269783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03106-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major capsid protein of norovirus GII.4 strains is evolving rapidly, resulting in epidemic strains with altered antigenicity. GII.4.2006 Minerva strains circulated at pandemic levels in 2006 and persisted at lower levels until 2009. In 2009, a new GII.4 variant, GII.4.2009 New Orleans, emerged and since then has become the predominant strain circulating in human populations. To determine whether changes in evolving blockade epitopes correlate with the emergence of the GII.4.2009 New Orleans strains, we compared the antibody reactivity of a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against GII.4.2006 and GII.4.2009 virus-like particles (VLPs). Both anti-GII.4.2006 and GII.4.2009 MAbs effectively differentiated the two strains by VLP-carbohydrate ligand blockade assay. Most of the GII.4.2006 MAbs preferentially blocked GII.4.2006, while all of the GII.4.2009 MAbs preferentially blocked GII.4.2009, although 8 of 12 tested blockade MAbs blocked both VLPs. Using mutant VLPs designed to alter predicted antigenic epitopes, binding of seven of the blockade MAbs was impacted by alterations in epitope A, identifying residues 294, 296, 297, 298, 368, and 372 as important antigenic sites in these strains. Convalescent-phase serum collected from a GII.4.2009 outbreak confirmed the immunodominance of epitope A, since alterations of epitope A affected serum reactivity by 40%. These data indicate that the GII.4.2009 New Orleans variant has evolved a key blockade epitope, possibly allowing for at least partial escape from protective herd immunity and provide epidemiological support for the utility of monitoring changes in epitope A in emergent strain surveillance.
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Iritani N, Kaida A, Abe N, Sekiguchi JI, Kubo H, Takakura KI, Goto K, Ogura H, Seto Y. Increase of GII.2 norovirus infections during the 2009-2010 season in Osaka City, Japan. J Med Virol 2012; 84:517-25. [PMID: 22246841 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the 2009-2010 season, a significant numerical increase of genotype GII.2 norovirus (NoV)-associated outbreaks was observed in Osaka City, Japan. The most common genotype in that season was GII.2 (44.6%), followed by GII.4 (39.2%). Mostly, GII.2 strains were associated with outbreaks in children and with person-to-person contact. The National Infectious Disease Surveillance Center reported that GII.2 NoV infections were widespread in Japan in that season. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid sequences revealed that this GII.2 epidemic resulted from two genetic strains. The first, GII.2p2 strains, had an identical genotype in the RdRp and capsid genes. GII.2p2 strains in the 2009-2010 season were a different genetic cluster from the strains of spring 2004, the previous epidemic of GII.2 NoV, but showed no unique amino acid change. The second, GII.2 chimera virus (GII.2p16), had GII.16 RdRp and GII.2 capsid genotypes, suggesting prior recombination at the junction of ORF1 and ORF2. GII.2p16 strains had four significant amino acid changes in the P2 subdomain, suggesting antigenic changes. Before the 2009-2010 season, GII.2 chimera viruses had been observed only sporadically. This spreading of GII.2p16 strains in the 2009-2010 season might be the first epidemic of GII.2 chimera virus. This study revealed that the NoV epidemic in the 2009-2010 season differed considerably from the prior season, when GII.4 was predominant. Furthermore, GII.2 strains persisted in human populations by drastic recombination and gradual accumulation of mutations, indicating a prevalent pattern of non-GII.4 genotypes with genetic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Iritani
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Lindesmith LC, Beltramello M, Donaldson EF, Corti D, Swanstrom J, Debbink K, Lanzavecchia A, Baric RS. Immunogenetic mechanisms driving norovirus GII.4 antigenic variation. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002705. [PMID: 22615565 PMCID: PMC3355092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the principal cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide with GII.4 strains accounting for 80% of infections. The major capsid protein of GII.4 strains is evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic strains with altered antigenic potentials. To test if antigenic drift may contribute to GII.4 persistence, human memory B cells were immortalized and the resulting human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) characterized for reactivity to a panel of time-ordered GII.4 virus-like particles (VLPs). Reflecting the complex exposure history of the volunteer, human anti-GII.4 mAbs grouped into three VLP reactivity patterns; ancestral (1987-1997), contemporary (2004-2009), and broad (1987-2009). NVB 114 reacted exclusively to the earliest GII.4 VLPs by EIA and blockade. NVB 97 specifically bound and blocked only contemporary GII.4 VLPs, while NBV 111 and 43.9 exclusively reacted with and blocked variants of the GII.4.2006 Minerva strain. Three mAbs had broad GII.4 reactivity. Two, NVB 37.10 and 61.3, also detected other genogroup II VLPs by EIA but did not block any VLP interactions with carbohydrate ligands. NVB 71.4 cross-neutralized the panel of time-ordered GII.4 VLPs, as measured by VLP-carbohydrate blockade assays. Using mutant VLPs designed to alter predicted antigenic epitopes, two evolving, GII.4-specific, blockade epitopes were mapped. Amino acids 294-298 and 368-372 were required for binding NVB 114, 111 and 43.9 mAbs. Amino acids 393-395 were essential for binding NVB 97, supporting earlier correlations between antibody blockade escape and carbohydrate binding variation. These data inform VLP vaccine design, provide a strategy for expanding the cross-blockade potential of chimeric VLP vaccines, and identify an antibody with broadly neutralizing therapeutic potential for the treatment of human disease. Moreover, these data support the hypothesis that GII.4 norovirus evolution is heavily influenced by antigenic variation of neutralizing epitopes and consequently, antibody-driven receptor switching; thus, protective herd immunity is a driving force in norovirus molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Eric F. Donaldson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Davide Corti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs Biomed SA, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jesica Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Romani S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Azimzadeh P, Vahedi M, Derakhshan F, Zali MR. Prevalence of norovirus infection in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis, Tehran, Iran, 2008-2009. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:1-5. [PMID: 23412762 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-011-9071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are one of important agents that cause acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. These viruses are belonging to Caliciviridae family and are genetically diverse. To date, there is no valuable data about prevalence of norovirus infection and the dominant genogroup/genotype among Iranian population. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of norovirus infection in Iranian patients with gastroenteritis referred to three hospitals of Tehran and to specify the dominant genogroup/genotype of this virus among our study population. A total of 293 patients with acute gastroenteritis were included in the study. Detection of norovirus was performed using RT-PCR method and confirmed by direct sequencing with specific designed primers for capsid region of norovirus genome. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method. Norovirus strains identified in our study were subsequently categorized according to previously defined genogroup/genotypes. Of these, norovirus GII was dominant genogroup. Sixty-five percent (17 of 26) of positive samples were determined as GII and 35% (9 of 26) were determined as GI, respectively, in 2008-2009. And among 8 sequenced strains of genogroup II the most frequent genotype was GII.3. The results of this study indicated that norovirus must be considered as one of the infectious causes of acute gastroenteritis among Iranian population. We also found that GII.3 is more prevalent in our study population. To the best of our knowledge there is limited data about the role of noroviruses in children and adults' acute gastroenteritis among Iranian patients and this prevalence and genotyping report of norovirus infection could be remarkable for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Romani
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Molecular characterization of a new intergenotype Norovirus GII recombinant. Virus Genes 2011; 44:237-43. [PMID: 22173981 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs) of the Caliciviridae family are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. The NoV genus is genetically diverse and recombination of viral RNA is known to depend upon various immunological and intracellular constraints that may allow the emergence of viable recombinants. In the present study, we report the development of a broadly reactive RT-PCR assay, which allowed the characterization of strain A6 at molecular level, established its genetic relationship at the sub-genogroup level and classified A6 strain at the sub-genotype level. The detection was carried out initially by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the subsequent detection and molecular characterization of NoV strain was achieved by reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Based on the sequence analysis, A6 strain was revealed to belong to the GII genogroup of NoVs. Partial ORF1 gene sequencing analysis and complete ORF2 gene sequencing revealed that ORF1 and ORF2 belonged to two distinct genotypes GII/9 and GII/6, respectively, making obvious that A6 strain is a rare intergenotypic recombinant within the genogroup GII between GII.9 and GII.6 genotypes. A6 strain represents the first human NoV from Greece, whose genome has been partially (ORF1&ORF3) and completed (ORF2) sequenced. To our knowledge the recombination event GII.9/GII.6 in RdRp and capsid gene, respectively, that was revealed in the present study is reported for the first time.
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Abstract
Noroviruses are the primary cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans, and GII.4 strains cause ∼80% of the overall disease burden. Surrogate neutralization assays using sera and mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) suggest that antigenic variation maintains GII.4 persistence in the face of herd immunity, as the emergence of new pandemic strains is accompanied by newly evolved neutralization epitopes. To potentially identify specific blockade epitopes that are likely neutralizing and evolving between pandemic strains, mice were hyperimmunized with GII.4-2002 virus-like particles (VLPs) and the resulting MAbs were characterized by biochemical and immunologic assays. All of the MAbs but one recognized GII.4 VLPs representing strains circulating from 1987 to 2009. One MAb weakly recognized GII.4-1987 and -1997 while strongly interacting with 2002 VLPs. This antibody was highly selective and effective at blocking only GII.4-2002-ligand binding. Using bioinformatic analyses, we predicted an evolving GII.4 surface epitope composed of amino acids 407, 412, and 413 and subsequently built mutant VLPs to test the impact of the epitope on MAb binding and blockade potential. Replacement of the 2002 epitope with the epitopes found in 1987 or 2006 strains either reduced or ablated enzyme immunoassay recognition by the GII.4-2002-specific blockade MAb. These data identify a novel, evolving blockade epitope that may be associated with protective immunity, providing further support for the hypotheses that GII.4 norovirus evolution results in antigenic variation that allows the virus to escape from protective herd immunity, resulting in new epidemic strains.
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21
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Iritani N, Kaida A, Kubo H, Abe N, Goto K, Ogura H, Seto Y. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in seasonal outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan, from 1996-1997 to 2008-2009. J Med Virol 2010; 82:2097-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Noroviruses are the principal cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Multiple reports have concluded that the major capsid proteins of GII.4 strains, which cause 80% of norovirus infections worldwide, are evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic strains. Surrogate neutralization assays using sera from outbreaks and from immunized mice suggest that, as with influenza virus, antigenic variation maintains GII.4 persistence in the face of human population herd immunity. To test this hypothesis, mice were hyperimmunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) representing an early (GII.4-1987) and a contemporary (GII.4-2006) GII.4 strain. Anti-GII.4-1987 IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) strongly reacted with GII.4 VLPs derived between only 1987 and 2002. Ligand binding blockade was more efficient with GII.4-1987 and GII.4-1997 VLPs than with GII.4-2002. Anti-GII.4-2006 IgG MAbs recognized either a broad panel of GII.4 VLPs (1987 to 2006) or a subset of contemporary (2004 to 2006) VLPs. Most 2006 antibodies did not recognize or only poorly recognized GII.4 VLPs of 2007 or 2008, documenting rapid antigenic evolution of GII.4 capsids. Generally, 2006 MAbs blocked homotypic VLP-ligand binding but were unable to block VLPs representing strains primarily circulating during or earlier than 2002. These analyses demonstrate that both subtle and significant evolutionary change has occurred within antibody epitopes between epidemic strains, providing direct evidence that the GII.4 noroviruses are undergoing antigenic variation, likely in response to herd immunity. As with influenza virus, HIV, and hepatitis C virus, norovirus antigenic variation will significantly influence the design of efficacious vaccines and immunotherapeutics against these important human pathogens.
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Kim EJ, Cheon DS, Jeong HS, Park SH, Kim CK, Choi SS, Oh SA, Cho SJ, Han KY, Kim MY. Genetic diversity of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Seoul. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yun SI, Kim JK, Song BH, Jeong AY, Jee YM, Lee CH, Paik SY, Koo Y, Jeon I, Byun SJ, Lee YM. Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a recombinant Korean norovirus, CBNU1, recovered from a 2006 outbreak. Virus Res 2010; 152:137-52. [PMID: 20599576 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the RNA genome of CBNU1, a human norovirus (NoV) recovered from a 2006 outbreak in South Korea. The genome of 7547 nucleotides, excluding a 3'-poly(A) tail of 11-105 nucleotides, encodes three overlapping open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 (nucleotides 5-5104), ORF2 (nucleotides 5085-6731), and ORF3 (nucleotides 6731-7495). In a comparison to 108 other currently available completely sequenced NoVs representing all five genogroups (GI-GV) except GIV, the CBNU1 strain was highly similar to GII.3 NoVs. Multiple sequence alignments of the completely sequenced NoV genomes revealed five hypervariable regions throughout their genomes: two in ORF1, one in ORF2, and two in ORF3. At both the nucleotide and amino acid levels, genome-based phylogenetic analyses invariably showed that the CBNU1 strain was most closely related to three GII.3 NoVs: the American Texas/TCH04-577 and the two Japanese Saitama U18 and Saitama U201 strains; furthermore, these genome-based phylogenetic topologies corresponded most closely to those based on the ORF2 genes, as compared to those based on the ORF1 and ORF3 genes. Subsequent ORF2-based phylogenetic analyses of a selection of 126 other NoVs representing all 19 GII genotypes, in combination with genome-based Simplot analyses, showed that the CBNU1 strain was a recombinant GII.3 NoV with a breakpoint at the ORF1/ORF2 junction between two putative parent-like strains, Guangzhou/NVgz01 and Texas/TCH04-577. Overall, the CBNU1 strain represents the first Korean human NoV whose genome has been completely sequenced and for which its relationship with a large panel of genetically diverse NoVs has been extensively characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Im Yun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
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25
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Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that norovirus is one of the most frequent causes of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing are the means by which the hundreds of norovirus strains have been identified, named, and classified into genogroups and genetic clusters. They are also the means by which a particular strain is traced from the source of an outbreak throughout its spread. These molecular techniques have been combined with classic epidemiology to investigate norovirus outbreaks in diverse settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, dining locations, schools, daycare centers, and vacation venues. Outbreaks are difficult to control because of the apparent ease of transmission through food, water, person-to-person contact, and environmental surfaces. Almost all patients with norovirus gastroenteritis recover completely, but hospital and nursing home outbreaks have been associated with morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic and management approach to an individual patient is to use clinical and epidemiologic findings to rule out "not norovirus." At the first sign that there is an outbreak, strict compliance with cleaning, disinfection, and work release guidelines is important to prevent further spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Goodgame
- Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Room 525-D, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Le VP, Jung YC, Kang KS, Lim I, Myung SC, Kim W. Genetic characterization of norovirus GII.4 2006b variants from Jeju island, South Korea. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1065-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Phillips G, Tam CC, Conti S, Rodrigues LC, Brown D, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gray J, Lopman B. Community incidence of norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease in England: improved estimates using viral load for norovirus diagnosis. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:1014-22. [PMID: 20360244 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing estimates of the incidence of infectious intestinal disease (IID) caused by norovirus are based on electron microscopy or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither method accurately represents norovirus disease burden: Electron microscopy has poor diagnostic sensitivity, and RT-PCR has poor diagnostic specificity. In this study, viral load measurements were used to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and to produce new incidence estimates for England. IID cases were ascertained in the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England (1993-1996), and stool specimens were tested by semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR for norovirus. The age-adjusted community incidence of norovirus-associated IID was 4.5/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 3.8, 5.2), equating to 2 million episodes/year. Among children aged less than 5 years, the community incidence was 21.4/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 15.9, 27.7), and the incidence of consultations to general practitioners for norovirus-associated IID was 3.2/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 2.6, 3.8), with 100,000 children visiting their general practitioner for norovirus-associated IID each year. Norovirus is the most common cause of IID in the community in England and is responsible for a similar number of pediatric primary care consultations as rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Phillips
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
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Liu LJ, Liu W, Liu YX, Xiao HJ, Jia N, Liu G, Tong YG, Cao WC. Identification of norovirus as the top enteric viruses detected in adult cases with acute gastroenteritis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:717-22. [PMID: 20348525 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the importance of the norovirus and other enteric viruses, and the difference of the genetic relatedness on norovirus between the outbreak and sporadic cases, a total of 557 stool samples, consisting of 503 sporadic cases and 54 samples of 4 outbreaks were collected and tested for norovirus and other enteric viruses in Beijing, China, July 2007-June 2008. The data showed norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus, were detected in 26.6%, 6.1%, 1.8%, and 0.5%, respectively. Norovirus was detected almost throughout the surveillance period, norovirus co-infecting with rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus, respectively, were identified both in outbreak and the sporadic cases. GII.4/2006 was identified as the predominant strain circulating both in outbreak and sporadic cases. The results showed that norovirus was rather the important agent than other enteric viruses affected adults with acute gastroenteritis; no significant genetic relatedness of the dominant strains was found between the outbreak and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Endocytosis of murine norovirus 1 into murine macrophages is dependent on dynamin II and cholesterol. J Virol 2010; 84:6163-76. [PMID: 20375172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00331-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although noroviruses cause the vast majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, little is known about their life cycle, including viral entry. Murine norovirus (MNV) is the only norovirus to date that efficiently infects cells in culture. To elucidate the productive route of infection for MNV-1 into murine macrophages, we used a neutral red (NR) infectious center assay and pharmacological inhibitors in combination with dominant-negative (DN) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) constructs to show that clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not play a role in entry. In addition, we showed that phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, flotillin-1, and GRAF1 are not required for the major route of MNV-1 uptake. However, MNV-1 genome release occurred within 1 h, and endocytosis was significantly inhibited by the cholesterol-sequestering drugs nystatin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, the dynamin-specific inhibitor dynasore, and the dominant-negative dynamin II mutant K44A. Therefore, we conclude that the productive route of MNV-1 entry into murine macrophages is rapid and requires host cholesterol and dynamin II.
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30
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High-resolution x-ray structure and functional analysis of the murine norovirus 1 capsid protein protruding domain. J Virol 2010; 84:5695-705. [PMID: 20335262 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00316-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine noroviruses (MNV) are closely related to the human noroviruses (HuNoV), which cause the majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Unlike HuNoV, MNV grow in culture and in a small-animal model that represents a tractable model to study norovirus biology. To begin a detailed investigation of molecular events that occur during norovirus binding to cells, the crystallographic structure of the murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) capsid protein protruding (P) domain has been determined. Crystallization of the bacterially expressed protein yielded two different crystal forms (Protein Data Bank identifiers [PDB ID], 3LQ6 and 3LQE). Comparison of the structures indicated a large degree of structural mobility in loops on the surface of the P2 subdomain. Specifically, the A'-B' and E'-F' loops were found in open and closed conformations. These regions of high mobility include the known escape mutation site for the neutralizing antibody A6.2 and an attenuation mutation site, which arose after serial passaging in culture and led to a loss in lethality in STAT1(-/-) mice, respectively. Modeling of a Fab fragment and crystal structures of the P dimer into the cryoelectron microscopy three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction of the A6.2/MNV-1 complex indicated that the closed conformation is most likely bound to the Fab fragment and that the antibody contact is localized to the A'-B' and E'-F' loops. Therefore, we hypothesize that these loop regions and the flexibility of the P domains play important roles during MNV-1 binding to the cell surface.
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Arias C, Sala MR, Domínguez A, Torner N, Ruíz L, Martínez A, Bartolomé R, de Simón M, Buesa J. Epidemiological and clinical features of norovirus gastroenteritis in outbreaks: a population-based study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:39-44. [PMID: 19548928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most frequent cause of acute gastroenteritis in the community. In Catalonia, it is not clear how this type of viral gastroenteritis is evolving, and the objective of this prospective population-based study was to describe the incidence and epidemiological and clinical features of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus in Catalonia between October 2004 and October 2005. Incidence rates were calculated using the estimated population of Catalonia in 2005. For each outbreak, the mode of transmission, the number of persons affected, demographic variables, clinical presentation, the date and time of onset of symptoms and the duration of symptoms, physician visits and hospitalizations were collected. Sixty viral outbreaks affecting 1791 people were identified, with no distinct seasonality. The mean number of outbreaks per month was 4.6. The global incidence was 24.6 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence was higher in women (25.7 per 100 000 person-years) and in the 5-11 years (52.4 per 100 000 person-years) and > or =65 years (42.4 per 100 000 person-years) age groups. The prevalence of vomiting, abdominal pain and general malaise was higher in children and adolescents, whereas the prevalence of diarrhoea and myalgia was higher in adults. These results suggest that norovirus infection has an important public health impact in Catalonia and that prevention strategies should be designed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arias
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit of the Central Region of Catalonia, Department of Health, Generalitat of Catalonia, Carreterade Torrebonica s/n, Terrassa, Spain.
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Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 138:1454-8. [PMID: 20196905 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of infectious intestinal disease, and a substantial prevalence of asymptomatic infection has been reported. We describe the prevalence, seasonality and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in England. Healthy individuals were recruited at random from the general population during the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease (1993-1996). Norovirus was identified using real-time RT-PCR. The age-adjusted prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection was 12%; prevalence was highest in children aged <5 years and showed wintertime seasonality. More work is needed to understand whether asymptomatic infections are important for norovirus transmission leading to sporadic illness and outbreaks.
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Gutiérrez-Escolano AL, Velázquez FR, Escobar-Herrera J, Saucedo CL, Torres J, Estrada-García T. Human caliciviruses detected in Mexican children admitted to hospital during 1998-2000, with severe acute gastroenteritis not due to other enteropathogens. J Med Virol 2010; 82:632-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Heterotypic humoral and cellular immune responses following Norwalk virus infection. J Virol 2009; 84:1800-15. [PMID: 20007270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02179-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus immunity is poorly understood as the limited data available on protection after infection are often contradictory. In contrast to the more prominent GII noroviruses, GI norovirus infections are less frequent in outbreaks. The GI noroviruses display very complex patterns of heterotypic immune responses following infection, and many individuals are highly susceptible to reinfection. To study the immune responses and mechanisms of GI.1 persistence, we built structural models and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) of five GI strains: GI.1-1968, GI.1-2001, GI.2-1999, GI.3-1999, and GI.4-2000. Structural models of four GI genotype capsid P domain dimers suggested that intragenotype structural variation is limited, that the GI binding pocket is mostly preserved between genotypes, and that a conserved, surface-exposed epitope may allow for highly cross-reactive immune responses. GI VLPs bound to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) including fucose, Lewis, and A antigens. Volunteers infected with GI.1-1968 (n = 10) had significant increases between prechallenge and convalescent reactive IgG for all five GI VLPs measured by enzyme immunoassay. Potential cross-neutralization of GI VLPs was demonstrated by convalescent-phase serum cross-blockade of GI VLP-HBGA interaction. Although group responses were significant for all GI VLPs, each individual volunteer demonstrated a unique VLP blockade pattern. Further, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with each of the VLPs, and secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was measured. As seen with blockade responses, IFN-gamma secretion responses differed by individual. Sixty percent responded to at least one GI VLP, with only two volunteers responding to GI.1 VLP. Importantly, four of five individuals with sufficient PBMCs for cross-reactivity studies responded more robustly to other GI VLPs. These data suggest that preexposure history and deceptive imprinting may complicate PBMC and B-cell immune responses in some GI.1-1968-challenged individuals and highlight a potential complication in the design of efficacious norovirus vaccines.
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Yao L, Wu Q, Wang D, Kou X, Zhang J. Development of monoclonal antibody-coated immunomagnetic beads for separation and detection of norovirus (genogroup II) in faecal extract samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:173-8. [PMID: 19453950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study is to develop an RT-PCR assay combined with immunomagnetic beads (IMS/RT-PCR) coating monoclonal antibody (Mab) for separation and detection of norovirus (genogroup II) in faecal samples. We furthermore compare its detection limits with IMS/RT-PCR using polyclonal antibody (Pab) and the TRIzol extraction method followed by RT-PCR (TRIzol-RT-PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS Mab-coated beads and Pab-coated beads were added to a series of tenfold dilutions of faecal extract containing norovirus in 1 ml PBS. After incubation and collection, the RNA was released by heating from virus separated by beads. The tenfold dilutions of faecal were also extracted with TRIzol reagent. The RNA was used as the template for RT-PCR detection (primers: JV12-JV13). IMS/RT-PCR using Mab showed an endpoint in the 10(-7) dilution and was 10(2) times more sensitive than IMS/RT-PCR using Pab and was at least 10(3) times more sensitive than TRIzol-RT-PCR method. CONCLUSIONS IMS/RT-PCR using Mab proved to be a more sensitive method of noroviruses (NVs) detection than IMS/RT-PCR using Pab and the TRIzol-RT-PCR method. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to detect NVs with IMS/RT-PCR using Mab, and could serve as a model for future assays when broadly reactive NVs-specific Mabs are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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L’Homme Y, Sansregret R, Plante-Fortier É, Lamontagne AM, Lacroix G, Ouardani M, Deschamps J, Simard G, Simard C. Genetic diversity of porcine Norovirus and Sapovirus: Canada, 2005–2007. Arch Virol 2009; 154:581-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mathematical model for the control of nosocomial norovirus. J Hosp Infect 2009; 71:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ganglioside-linked terminal sialic acid moieties on murine macrophages function as attachment receptors for murine noroviruses. J Virol 2009; 83:4092-101. [PMID: 19244326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02245-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. However, little is known regarding the norovirus life cycle, including cell binding and entry. In contrast to human noroviruses, the recently discovered murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) readily infects murine macrophages and dendritic cells in culture. Many viruses, including the related feline calicivirus, use terminal sialic acids (SA) as receptors for infection. Therefore, we tested whether SA moieties play a role during MNV-1 infection of murine macrophages. Competition with SA-binding lectins and neuraminidase treatment led to a reduction in MNV-1 binding and infection in cultured and primary murine macrophages, suggesting a role for SA during the initial steps of the MNV-1 life cycle. Because SA moieties can be attached to glycolipids (i.e., gangliosides), we next determined whether MNV-1 uses gangliosides during infection. The gangliosides GD1a, GM1, and asialo-GM1 (GA1) are natural components of murine macrophages. MNV-1 bound to ganglioside GD1a, which is characterized by an SA on the terminal galactose, but not to GM1 or asialo-GM1 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The depletion of gangliosides using an inhibitor of glycosylceramide synthase (d-threo-P4) led to a reduction of MNV-1 binding and infection in cultured and primary murine macrophages. This defect was specifically rescued by the addition of GD1a. A similar phenotype was observed for MNV field strains WU11 (GV/WU11/2005/USA) and S99 (GV/Berlin/2006/DE). In conclusion, our data indicate that MNV can use terminal SA on gangliosides as attachment receptors during binding to murine macrophages.
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Georgiev VS. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, NIH 2009. [PMCID: PMC7122639 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging diseases include outbreaks of previously unknown diseases or known diseases whose incidence in humans has significantly increased in the past two decades. Re-emerging diseases are known diseases that have reappeared after a significant decline in incidence (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/emerging).
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Fumian TM, Leite JPG, Marin VA, Miagostovich MP. A rapid procedure for detecting noroviruses from cheese and fresh lettuce. J Virol Methods 2009; 155:39-43. [PMID: 18951920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are recognized as the most common agents of outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis and the efficiency of different methods for detection of NoVs from food matrices have been tested in several laboratories worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for recovery of NoVs by using a filtration concentration method followed by PCR amplification for detection of NoVs from cheese and fresh lettuce. Experimentally, a fecal suspension containing different number of NoVs copies was spiked in the food surface and extracted by a direct elution using a Stomacher apparatus. An Ozone-Safe solvent Vertrel XF treatment was included for cheese samples for removing particulate matter. The watery phase was collected and the viral concentration was performed by the adsorption-elution method using negatively charged membranes with inorganic solvents in a Stericup and afterwards ultrafiltered using a Centriprep Concentrator 50 to obtain a final volume of 2ml. RNA isolation was carried out with the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit available commercially and reverse transcription was carried out with a Pd(N6) random primer. Real time quantitative PCR (TaqMan) and qualitative PCR were used for molecular detection of NoVs. The recovery rate of NoVs ranged from 5.2 to 72.3% in lettuce and from 6 to 56.3% in cheese. The results indicate that this method is suitable for detection of NoVs contamination in food and will help establish the cause and source of NoVs outbreaks of food-borne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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41
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Mladenova Z, Korsun N, Geonova T, Di Bartolo I, Fiore L, Ruggeri FM. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in outbreak and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Bulgaria. J Med Virol 2008; 80:2161-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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42
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Jin M, Xie HP, Duan ZJ, Liu N, Zhang Q, Wu BS, Li HY, Cheng WX, Yang SH, Yu JM, Xu ZQ, Cui SX, Zhu L, Tan M, Jiang X, Fang ZY. Emergence of the GII4/2006b variant and recombinant noroviruses in China. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1997-2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Wu TC, Liu HH, Chen YJ, Tang RB, Hwang BT, Yuan HC. Comparison of clinical features of childhood norovirus and rotavirus gastroenteritis in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2008; 71:566-70. [PMID: 19015054 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(08)70170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral gastroenteritis is a common acute infectious disease in infants and young children. This study compared the incidence and clinical features of childhood norovirus (NV) and rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis in Taiwan. METHODS Stool specimens were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis aged 6 months to 14 years who were treated at the Children's Medical Center of Taipei Veterans General Hospital between January 2004 and March 2005. The incidence, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings of childhood NV gastroenteritis were analyzed and compared with those of patients with RV gastroenteritis. Patients with underlying diseases associated with diarrhea or those diagnosed with bacterial gastroenteritis were excluded. Stool specimens were tested for NV and RV using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). NV genogroups were determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Among the 201 patients included in this study, NV was detected in 44 (21.9%) by 1 or more tests (22 by EIA). Five of these isolates were genogroup I (11.3%), and 39 were genogroup II (88.7%). Fifty-two (25.9%) specimens had a positive EIA result for RV. Compared with NV, patients with RV gastroenteritis had a significantly higher percentage of diarrhea (94 vs. 69%, p < 0.001), fever (82 vs. 26.2%, p < 0.001), and longer hospital stay (3.81 vs. 2.93 days, p = 0.048). Laboratory studies showed significantly higher liver enzymes and C-reactive protein levels in patients with RV infection. In contrast, white blood cell counts were significantly higher in patients with NV infection. CONCLUSION Norovirus is one of the leading agents of acute gastroenteritis in children in Taiwan, and genogroup II is the predominant type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzee-Chung Wu
- Children's Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital,Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Buesa J, Montava R, Abu-Mallouh R, Fos M, Ribes JM, Bartolomé R, Vanaclocha H, Torner N, Domínguez A. Sequential evolution of genotype GII.4 norovirus variants causing gastroenteritis outbreaks from 2001 to 2006 in Eastern Spain. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1288-95. [PMID: 18461627 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Norovirus outbreaks were surveyed in Catalonia and the region of Valencia (Eastern Spain) between January 2001 and December 2006 as part of the European Union funded network "Food-borne viruses in Europe". During this time the etiology and epidemiological features of 194 outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis were investigated and norovirus was identified as causing 169 (87.1%) of them. Molecular epidemiology of viral strains was studied by RT-PCR and sequencing part of the RNA polymerase gene in ORF1 from 153 outbreak strains. The most commonly identified norovirus genotype was GII.4 (71.9% of the characterized outbreak strains), which is also the predominant genotype worldwide. During this survey five genetic variants of GII.4 genotype have been sequentially detected and identified as 1996, 2002, 2004, 2006a, and 2006b variants. The transition from one variant to a new one always took place over a short period of time, and thereafter the replacement of strains circulating previously was observed. These new GII.4 variants may have arisen as a consequence of viral evasion from the host immune responses, although apparently there is a lack of long-term immunity after norovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, and Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.
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Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are considered to be a major cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The NoV genus is genetically diverse, and genotype GII.4 has been most commonly identified worldwide in recent years. In this study we analyzed the complete capsid gene of NoV strains belonging to the less prevalent genotype GII.2. We compared a total of 36 complete capsid sequences of GII.2 sequences obtained from the GenBank (n = 5) and from outbreaks or sporadic cases that occurred in The Netherlands (n = 10) and in Osaka City, Japan (n = 21), between 1976 and 2005. Alignment of all capsid sequences did not show fixation of amino acid substitutions over time as an indication for genetic drift. In contrast, when strains previously recognized as recombinants were excluded from the alignment, genetic drift was observed. Substitutions were found at five informative sites (two in the P1 subdomain and three in the P2 subdomain), segregating strains into five genetic groups (1994 to 1997, 1999 to 2000, 2001 to 2003, 2004, and 2005). Only one amino acid position changed consistently between each group (position 345). Homology modeling of the GII.2 capsid protein showed that the five amino acids were located on the surface of the capsid and close to each other at the interface of two monomers. The data suggest that these changes were induced by selective pressure, driving virus evolution. Remarkably, this was observed only for nonrecombinant genomes, suggesting differences in behavior with recombinant strains.
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Martinez A, Dominguez A, Torner N, Ruiz L, Camps N, Barrabeig I, Arias C, Alvarez J, Godoy P, Balaña PJ, Pumares A, Bartolome R, Ferrer D, Perez U, Pinto R, Buesa J. Epidemiology of foodborne norovirus outbreaks in Catalonia, Spain. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:47. [PMID: 18410687 PMCID: PMC2383902 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noroviruses are one of the principal biological agents associated with the consumption of contaminated food. The objective of this study was to analyse the size and epidemiological characteristics of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Catalonia, a region in the northeast of Spain. Methods In all reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with food consumption, faecal samples of persons affected were analysed for bacteria and viruses and selectively for parasites. Study variables included the setting, the number of people exposed, age, sex, clinical signs and hospital admissions. The study was carried out from October 2004 to October 2005. Results Of the 181 outbreaks reported during the study period, 72 were caused by Salmonella and 30 by norovirus (NoV); the incidence rates were 14.5 and 9.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In 50% of the NoV outbreaks and 27% of the bacterial outbreaks (p = 0.03) the number of persons affected was ≥10; 66.7% of NoV outbreaks occurred in restaurants; no differences in the attack rates were observed according to the etiology. Hospitalizations were more common (p = 0.03) in bacterial outbreaks (8.6%) than in NoV outbreaks (0.15%). Secondary cases accounted for 4% of cases in NoV outbreaks compared with 0.3% of cases in bacterial outbreaks (p < 0.001) Conclusion Norovirus outbreaks were larger but less frequent than bacterial outbreaks, suggesting that underreporting is greater for NoV outbreaks. Food handlers should receive training on the transmission of infections in diverse situations. Very strict control measures on handwashing and environmental disinfection should be adopted in closed or partially-closed institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martinez
- Department of Health, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
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Molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in South Korea in November 2005 through November 2006. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1474-7. [PMID: 18272704 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02282-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections were detected in 114 of 762 children with acute gastroenteritis in South Korea from November 2005 to November 2006. Seasonality peaks in December, March, and October were also assessed in this study. We identified seven noroviral genotypes (GI-6, GII-2, GII-3, GII-4, GII-5, GII-6, and GII-8) and a C1-120 strain showing low identity (79.3%) with GII-13 and GII-17.
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Establishment of a national database to link epidemiological and molecular data from norovirus outbreaks in Ireland. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:1472-9. [PMID: 18252027 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268808000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective study of norovirus outbreaks in Ireland was carried out over a 1-year period from 1 October 2004 to 30 September 2005. Epidemiological and molecular data on norovirus outbreaks in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI) were collected and combined in real time in a common database. Most reported outbreaks occurred in hospitals and residential institutions and person-to-person spread was the predominant mode of transmission. The predominant circulating norovirus strain was the GII.4-2004 strain with a small number of outbreaks due to GII.2. This study represents the first time that enhanced epidemiological and virological data on norovirus outbreaks in Ireland have been described. The link established between the epidemiological and virological institutions during the course of this study has been continued and the data is being used as a source of data for the Foodborne Viruses in Europe Network (DIVINE-NET).
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Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, LoBue AD, Cannon JL, Zheng DP, Vinje J, Baric RS. Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus persistence in human populations. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e31. [PMID: 18271619 PMCID: PMC2235898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are the leading cause of viral acute gastroenteritis in humans, noted for causing epidemic outbreaks in communities, the military, cruise ships, hospitals, and assisted living communities. The evolutionary mechanisms governing the persistence and emergence of new norovirus strains in human populations are unknown. Primarily organized by sequence homology into two major human genogroups defined by multiple genoclusters, the majority of norovirus outbreaks are caused by viruses from the GII.4 genocluster, which was first recognized as the major epidemic strain in the mid-1990s. Previous studies by our laboratory and others indicate that some noroviruses readily infect individuals who carry a gene encoding a functional alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase (FUT2) and are designated "secretor-positive" to indicate that they express ABH histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a highly heterogeneous group of related carbohydrates on mucosal surfaces. Individuals with defects in the FUT2 gene are termed secretor-negative, do not express the appropriate HBGA necessary for docking, and are resistant to Norwalk infection. These data argue that FUT2 and other genes encoding enzymes that regulate processing of the HBGA carbohydrates function as susceptibility alleles. However, secretor-negative individuals can be infected with other norovirus strains, and reinfection with the GII.4 strains is common in human populations. In this article, we analyze molecular mechanisms governing GII.4 epidemiology, susceptibility, and persistence in human populations. METHODS AND FINDINGS Phylogenetic analyses of the GII.4 capsid sequences suggested an epochal evolution over the last 20 y with periods of stasis followed by rapid evolution of novel epidemic strains. The epidemic strains show a linear relationship in time, whereby serial replacements emerge from the previous cluster. Five major evolutionary clusters were identified, and representative ORF2 capsid genes for each cluster were expressed as virus-like particles (VLPs). Using salivary and carbohydrate-binding assays, we showed that GII.4 VLP-carbohydrate ligand binding patterns have changed over time and include carbohydrates regulated by the human FUT2 and FUT3 pathways, suggesting that strain sensitivity to human susceptibility alleles will vary. Variation in surface-exposed residues and in residues that surround the fucose ligand interaction domain suggests that antigenic drift may promote GII.4 persistence in human populations. Evidence supporting antigenic drift was obtained by measuring the antigenic relatedness of GII.4 VLPs using murine and human sera and demonstrating strain-specific serologic and carbohydrate-binding blockade responses. These data suggest that the GII.4 noroviruses persist by altering their HBGA carbohydrate-binding targets over time, which not only allows for escape from highly penetrant host susceptibility alleles, but simultaneously allows for immune-driven selection in the receptor-binding region to facilitate escape from protective herd immunity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the surface-exposed carbohydrate ligand binding domain in the norovirus capsid is under heavy immune selection and likely evolves by antigenic drift in the face of human herd immunity. Variation in the capsid carbohydrate-binding domain is tolerated because of the large repertoire of similar, yet distinct HBGA carbohydrate receptors available on mucosal surfaces that could interface with the remodeled architecture of the capsid ligand-binding pocket. The continuing evolution of new replacement strains suggests that, as with influenza viruses, vaccines could be targeted that protect against norovirus infections, and that continued epidemiologic surveillance and reformulations of norovirus vaccines will be essential in the control of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric F Donaldson
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anna D LoBue
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Cannon
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Du-Ping Zheng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jan Vinje
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph S Baric
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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50
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Leon JS, Souza M, Wang Q, Smith ER, Saif LJ, Moe CL. Immunology of Norovirus Infection. IMMUNITY AGAINST MUCOSAL PATHOGENS 2008. [PMCID: PMC7120028 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8412-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite their discovery over three decades ago, little is known about the host immune response to norovirus infection. The purpose of this chapter is to review the field of norovirus immunology and discuss the contributions of outbreak investigations, human and animal challenge studies and population-based studies. This chapter will survey both humoral and cellular immunity as well as recent advances in norovirus vaccine development.
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