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Torok VA, Hodgson KR, Jolley J, Turnbull A. Investigation of F-RNA Bacteriophage as a Tool in Re-Opening Australian Oyster Growing Areas Following Sewage Spills. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:203-217. [PMID: 33548027 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oysters contaminated with human enteric viruses from sewage are implicated in foodborne outbreaks globally. Bacteriophages have been identified as potential indicators for these viruses, but have not been used in shellfish management outside of the USA. This study aimed to determine the background levels of F-RNA phage in five Australian oyster growing areas with a history of sewage spills and closures, over an 18-month period. In addition, oysters from five growing areas impacted by adverse sewage events were investigated for F-RNA phage, Escherichia coli, norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). F-RNA phage ≤ 60 pfu/100 gm shellfish flesh were found to represent a conservative background level in the surveyed areas. Following two of the five sewage spills, elevated phage levels were observed in most sample sites less than 4 days post spill. By 7 days, most sites from all events had phage < 30 pfu/100 gm. NoV was detected in day 1 and day 6 samples from one event when all phage were ≤ 30 pfu/100 gm. NoV was also detected in a day 3 sample from another event with < 30 phage pfu/100 gm, however, multiple replicate samples had elevated phage levels. The results of this study add evidence on the potential use of F-RNA phage as a tool in early re-opening of oyster harvest areas post sewage spills. However, it also highlights the need to better understand situations where phage testing may be ineffectual, and the importance of sampling at multiple sites and over multiple time points, to effectively capture evidence of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Torok
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Kate R Hodgson
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Jolley
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Turnbull
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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2
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Strubbia S, Schaeffer J, Besnard A, Wacrenier C, Le Mennec C, Garry P, Desdouits M, Le Guyader FS. Metagenomic to evaluate norovirus genomic diversity in oysters: Impact on hexamer selection and targeted capture-based enrichment. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 323:108588. [PMID: 32200157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human virus transmission through food consumption has been identified since many years and the international trade increases the risk of dissemination of viral pathogens. The development of metagenomic approach holds many promises for the surveillance of viruses in food and water. This work aimed to analyze norovirus diversity and to evaluate strain-dependent accumulation patterns in three oyster types by using a metagenomic approach. Different hexamer sets to prime cDNA were evaluated before capture-based approach to enhance virus reads recovery during deep sequencing. The study includes the use of technical replicates of artificially contaminated oysters and the analysis of multiple negatives controls. Results showed a clear impact of the hexamer set used for cDNA synthesis. A set of In-house designed (I-HD) hexamers, selected to lower mollusk amplification, gave promising results in terms of viral reads abundancy. However, the best correlation between CT values, thus concentrations, and number of reads was observed using random hexamers. Random hexamers also provided the highest numbers of reads and allowed the identification of sequence of different human enteric viruses. Regarding human norovirus, different genogroups and genotypes were identified among contigs longer than 500 bp. Two full genomes and six sequences longer than 3600 bases were obtained allowing a precise strain identification. The use of technical triplicates was found valuable to increase the chances to sequence viral strains present at low concentrations. Analyzing viral contamination in shellfish samples is quite challenging, however this work demonstrates that the recovery of full genome or long contigs, allowing clear identification of viral strains is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alban Besnard
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie LSEM-SG2M, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Garry
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie LSEM-SG2M, France
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3
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Tunyakittaveeward T, Rupprom K, Pombubpa K, Howteerakul N, Kittigul L. Norovirus Monitoring in Oysters Using Two Different Extraction Methods. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:374-382. [PMID: 31342414 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of noroviruses in bivalve shellfish is difficult because of the low concentration of norovirus and the presence of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR inhibitors. This study aimed to assess the presence of noroviruses in oysters extracted using a proteinase K extraction (ISO 15216 method) and an adsorption-elution method. Seventy oyster samples were extracted using the two extraction methods and evaluated using RT-nested PCR. The results showed norovirus detection rates at an equal frequency of 28.6%, of which a total of 48 (68.6%) samples had corresponding positive or negative results, while there were 22 (31.4%) samples with discrepant results. Norovirus genogroup (G)I, GII, and mixed GI and GII were detected in 20%, 4.3%, and 4.3% of samples, respectively, by the proteinase K extraction method, which comprised of GI.2, GI.5b, GI.6b, GII.4, and GII.17 genotypes. With the adsorption-elution method noroviruses were detected in 17.1%, 8.6%, and 2.9% of samples, respectively, which comprised of GI.2, GII.2, GII.4, and GII.17 genotypes. All norovirus-positive oyster samples were further estimated for genome copy number using RT-quantitative PCR. The oyster samples processed using the adsorption-elution method contained norovirus GI of 3.36 × 101-1.06 × 105 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues and GII of 1.29 × 103-1.62 × 104 RNA copies/g. Only GII (2.20 × 101 and 7.83 × 101 RNA copies/g) could be quantified in samples prepared using the proteinase K extraction method. The results demonstrate the different performance of the two sample-processing methods, and suggest the use of either extraction method in combination with RT-nested PCR for molecular surveillance of norovirus genotypes in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamapan Tunyakittaveeward
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kitwadee Rupprom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Howteerakul
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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4
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Lowther JA, Cross L, Stapleton T, Gustar NE, Walker DI, Sills M, Treagus S, Pollington V, Lees DN. Use of F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage to Estimate Infectious Norovirus Levels in Oysters. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:247-258. [PMID: 31115869 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of bivalve shellfish, particularly oysters, with norovirus is recognised as a significant food safety risk. Methods for quantification of norovirus in oysters using the quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) are well established, and various studies using RT-qPCR have detected norovirus in a considerable proportion of oyster samples, both in the UK and elsewhere. However, RT-qPCR detects viral genome, and by its nature is unable to discriminate between positive results caused by infectious viruses and those caused by non-infectious remnants including damaged virus particles and naked RNA. As a result, a number of alternative or complementary approaches to RT-qPCR testing have been proposed, including the use of infectious viral indicator organisms, most frequently F-specific RNA bacteriophage (F-RNA phage). In this study, we investigated the relationships between F-RNA phage and norovirus in digestive tissues from two sets of oyster samples, one randomly collected at retail (630 samples), and one linked to suspected norovirus illness outbreaks (nine samples). A positive association and correlation between PCR-detectable levels of genogroup II F-RNA bacteriophage (associated with human faecal contamination) and norovirus was found in both sets of samples, with more samples positive for genogroup II phage, at generally higher levels than norovirus. Levels of both viruses were higher in outbreak-related than retail samples. Infectious F-RNA phage was detected in 47.8% of all retail samples, and for a subset of 224 samples where characterisation of phage was carried out, infectious GII phage was detected in 30.4%. Infectious GII phage was detected in all outbreak-related samples. Determination of infectivity ratios by comparing levels of PCR-detectable (copies/g) and infectious GII phage (pfu/g) revealed that in the majority of cases less than 10% of virus detected by RT-qPCR was infectious. Application of these ratios to estimate infectious norovirus levels indicated that while 77.8% of outbreak-related samples contained > 5 estimated infectious norovirus/g, only 13.7% of retail samples did. Use of a combination of levels of PCR-detectable norovirus and infectious F-RNA phage showed that while only 7.0% of retail samples contained both > 100 copies/g norovirus and > 10 pfu/g F-RNA phage, these combined levels were present in 77.8% of outbreak-related samples, and 75.9% of retail samples with > 5 estimated infectious norovirus/g. We therefore suggest that combining RT-qPCR testing with a test for infectious F-RNA phage has the potential to better estimate health risks, and to better predict the presence of infectious norovirus than RT-qPCR testing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lowther
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - L Cross
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - T Stapleton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - N E Gustar
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - D I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - M Sills
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - S Treagus
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - V Pollington
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - D N Lees
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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Iritani N, Yamamoto SP, Abe N, Kanbayashi D, Kubo H, Uema M, Noda M, Kaida A. GII.17 norovirus infections in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan during two decades. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2101-2107. [PMID: 31368535 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, and GII.4 has been the predominant genotype worldwide since the mid-1990s. During the 2014 to 2015 winter, a rare genotype, NoV GII.17, emerged and became prevalent mainly in East Asia. Over the past two decades, NoV molecular surveillance in Osaka City, Japan, has revealed that NoV GII.17 was detected for the first time in February 2001 and that NoV GII.17-associated outbreaks remarkably increased during the 2014 to 2015 season, with higher incidence recorded in January to March 2015. Genetic analysis indicated that 28 GII.17 outbreak strains were closely related to the novel GII.P17-GII.17 variants represented by the Kawasaki308/2015/JP strain, similar to that in other regions. Statistical analysis showed that NoV GII.17 infections were more common in adults than GII.3 and GII.4 infections, suggesting that the affected adults most likely did not have antibodies against NoV GII.17 and the novel GII.17 variant had recently appeared. Regarding transmission, food was one of the most important factors involved in the spread of NoV GII.17 among adults; 61% of GII.17 outbreaks were foodborne, with oysters being the most common vehicle. Interplay between pathogens, hosts, and environmental factors was considered to be important in the 2014 to 2015 NoV GII.17 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Iritani
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji P Yamamoto
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Niichiro Abe
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Kanbayashi
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Uema
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mamoru Noda
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
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Meghnath K, Hasselback P, McCormick R, Prystajecky N, Taylor M, McIntyre L, Man S, Whitfield Y, Warshawsky B, McKinley M, Bitzikos O, Hexemer A, Galanis E. Outbreaks of Norovirus and Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with British Columbia Oysters, 2016-2017. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:138-148. [PMID: 30900141 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two outbreaks of norovirus and acute gastroenteritis took place in Canada between November 2016 and April 2017. Both outbreaks were linked to oysters from British Columbia (BC) coastal waters. This paper describes the multi-agency investigations to identify the source and control the outbreak. Public health officials conducted interviews to determine case exposures. Traceback was conducted by collecting oyster tags from restaurants and analyzing them to determine the most common farms. Oyster samples were collected from case homes, restaurants, and harvest sites and tested for the presence of norovirus. Potential environmental pollution sources were investigated to identify the source of the outbreak. Four hundred and 49 cases were identified as part of the two outbreak waves. The oysters were traced to various geographically dispersed farms in BC coastal waters. Twelve farms were closed as a result of the investigations. No environmental pollution sources could be identified as the cause of the outbreak. Similarities in the timeframe, genotype, and geographic distribution of identified oyster farms indicate that they may have been one continuous event. Genotype data indicate that human sewage contamination was the likely cause of the outbreak, although no pollution source was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashmeera Meghnath
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Marsha Taylor
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie Man
- BCCDC Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Bryna Warshawsky
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Eleni Galanis
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Tan DM, Lyu SL, Liu W, Zeng XY, Lan L, Qu C, Zhuge SY, Zhong YX, Xie YH, Li XG. Utility of Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Quantitative Detection of Norovirus in Shellfish, from Production to Consumption in Guangxi, China. Biomed Environ Sci 2018; 31:713-720. [PMID: 30423272 DOI: 10.3967/bes2018.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shellfish are recognized as important vehicles of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. The present study aimed to monitor norovirus contamination in oysters along the farm-to-fork continuum in Guangxi, a major oyster production area in Southwestern China. METHODS Oyster samples were collected monthly from farms, markets, and restaurants, from January to December 2016. Norovirus was detected and quantified by one-step reverse transcription-droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR). RESULTS A total of 480 oyster samples were collected and tested for norovirus genogroups I and II. Norovirus was detected in 20.7% of samples, with genogroup II predominating. No significant difference was observed in norovirus prevalence among different sampling sites. The norovirus levels varied widely, with a geometric mean of 19,300 copies/g in digestive glands. Both norovirus prevalence and viral loads showed obvious seasonality, with a strong winter bias. CONCLUSION This study provides a systematic analysis of norovirus contamination 'from the farm to the fork' in Guangxi. RT-ddPCR can be a useful tool for detection and quantification of low amounts of norovirus in the presence of inhibitors found particularly in foodstuffs. This approach will contribute to the development of strategies for controlling and reducing the risk of human illness resulting from shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mei Tan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Su Ling Lyu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian Ying Zeng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Lan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Cong Qu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Shi Yang Zhuge
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Xu Zhong
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Hong Xie
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu Gui Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
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Bookelaar BE, O'Reilly AJ, Lynch SA, Culloty SC. Role of the intertidal predatory shore crab Carcinus maenas in transmission dynamics of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 130:221-233. [PMID: 30259874 DOI: 10.3354/dao03264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar (OsHV-1 µVar) has been responsible for significant mortalities globally in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. While the impact of this virus on the Pacific oyster has been significant, this pathogen may have wider ecosystem consequences. It has not been definitively determined how the virus is sustaining itself in the marine environment and whether other species are susceptible. The shore crab Carcinus maenas is a mobile predator and scavenger of C. gigas, commonly found at Pacific oyster culture sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the crab in viral maintenance and transmission to the Pacific oyster. A field trial took place over 1 summer at different shore heights at 2 Irish Pacific oyster culture sites that are endemic for OsHV-1 µVar. Infection of OsHV-1 µVar in tissues of C. maenas at both shore heights of both sites was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), in situ hybridization and direct Sanger sequencing. In addition, a laboratory trial demonstrated that transmission of the virus could occur to naïve C. gigas within 4 d, from C. maenas previously exposed to the virus in the wild. These findings provide some insight into the possibility that the virus can be transmitted through marine food webs. The results also suggest viral plasticity in the hosts required by the virus and potential impacts on a range of crustacean species with wider ecosystem impacts if transmission to other species occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Bookelaar
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences & Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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9
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Lowther JA, Gustar NE, Powell AL, O'Brien S, Lees DN. A One-Year Survey of Norovirus in UK Oysters Collected at the Point of Sale. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:278-287. [PMID: 29722006 PMCID: PMC6096945 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of bivalve shellfish, particularly oysters, with norovirus is recognised as a food safety risk and a potential contributor to the overall burden of gastroenteritis in the community. The United Kingdom (UK) has comprehensive national baseline data on the prevalence, levels, and seasonality of norovirus in oysters in production areas resulting from a previous two-year study (2009-2011). However, previously, data on final product as sold to the consumer have been lacking. As part of a wider project to establish the overall burden of foodborne norovirus in the UK, this study aimed to address this data gap. A one-year survey of oysters collected from the point-of-sale to the consumer was carried out from March 2015 to March 2016. A total of 630 samples, originating in five different European Union Member States, were collected from 21 regions across the UK using a randomised sampling plan, and tested for norovirus using a method compliant with ISO 15216-1, in addition to Escherichia coli as the statutory indicator of hygiene status. As in the previous production area study, norovirus RNA was detected in a high proportion of samples (68.7%), with a strong winter seasonality noted. Some statistically significant differences in prevalences and levels in oysters from different countries were noted, with samples originating in the Netherlands showing lower prevalences and levels than those from either the UK or Ireland. Overall, levels detected in positive samples were considerably lower than seen previously. Investigation of potential contributing factors to this pattern of results was carried out. Application of normalisation factors to the data from the two studies based on both the numbers of norovirus illness reports received by national surveillance systems, and the national average environmental temperatures during the two study periods resulted in a much closer agreement between the two data sets, with the notably different numbers of illness reports making the major contribution to the differences observed in norovirus levels in oysters. The large majority of samples (76.5%) contained no detectable E. coli; however, in a small number of samples (2.4%) levels above the statutory end product standard (230 MPN/100 g) were detected. This study both revealed the high prevalence of norovirus RNA in oysters directly available to the UK consumer, despite the high level of compliance with the existing E. coli-based health standards, while also highlighting the difficulty in comparing the results of surveys carried out in different time periods, due to variability in risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lowther
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - N E Gustar
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - A L Powell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - S O'Brien
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - D N Lees
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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10
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Rupnik A, Keaveney S, Devilly L, Butler F, Doré W. The Impact of Winter Relocation and Depuration on Norovirus Concentrations in Pacific Oysters Harvested from a Commercial Production Site. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:288-296. [PMID: 29725931 PMCID: PMC6096948 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Oysters contaminated with norovirus present a significant public health risk when consumed raw. In this study, norovirus genome copy concentrations were determined in Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) harvested from a sewage-impacted production site and then subjected to site-specific management procedures. These procedures consisted of relocation of oysters to an alternative production area during the norovirus high-risk winter periods (November to March) followed by an extended depuration (self-purification) under controlled temperature conditions. Significant differences in norovirus RNA concentrations were demonstrated at each point in the management process. Thirty-one percent of oyster samples from the main harvest area (Site 1) contained norovirus concentrations > 500 genome copies/g and 29% contained norovirus concentrations < 100 genome copies/g. By contrast, no oyster sample from the alternative harvest area (Site 2) or following depuration contained norovirus concentrations > 500 genome copies/g. In addition, 60 and 88% of oysters samples contained norovirus concentrations < 100 genome copies/g in oysters sampled from Site 2 and following depuration, respectively. These data demonstrate that site-specific management processes, supported by norovirus monitoring, can be an effective strategy to reduce, but not eliminate, consumer exposure to norovirus genome copies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francis Butler
- Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Guo P, Yu Y, Pan Y, Yan S, Wang Y. Design and evaluation of nested PCR primers for specific detection of genogroup I noroviruses in oysters. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:40-43. [PMID: 29902509 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A pair of nested PCR universal primers (NGIOF and NGIOR) specific for genogroup I (GI) noroviruses was designed based on all GI sequences available in public databases. The primers were evaluated for their specificity, sensitivity and coverage, which demonstrate their reliable performance upon detection of GI noroviruses in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Shuling Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
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12
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Randazzo W, Piqueras J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Improving efficiency of viability-qPCR for selective detection of infectious HAV in food and water samples. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:958-964. [PMID: 28649706 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To improve the efficacy of intercalating dyes to distinguishing between infectious and inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) in food. METHODS AND RESULTS Different intercalating dyes were evaluated for the discrimination between infectious and thermally inactivated HAV suspensions combining with the RT-qPCR proposed in the ISO 15216. Among them, PMAxx was the best dye in removing the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Applied to lettuce and spinach, PMAxx-Triton pretreatment resulted in complete removal of the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Likewise, this study demonstrates that this pretreatment is suitable for the discrimination of inactivated HAV in shellfish without further sample dilution. In mussels and oysters, the developed viability RT-qPCR method reduced the signal of inactivated HAV between 1·7 and 2·2 logs at high inoculation level, and signal was completely removed at low inoculation level. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the use of PMAxx is an important improvement to assess HAV infectivity by RT-qPCR. It was shown that PMAxx-Triton pretreatment is suitable for the analysis of infectious HAV in complex food samples such as vegetables and shellfish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PMAxx-Triton pretreatment can be easily incorporated to the ISO norm for infectious virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Piqueras
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Clinical Research of the Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Batule BS, Kim SU, Mun H, Choi C, Shim WB, Kim MG. Colorimetric Detection of Norovirus in Oyster Samples through DNAzyme as a Signaling Probe. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:3003-3008. [PMID: 29381353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, norovirus is one of the most associated causes of acute gastroenteritis, which leads to nearly 50 000 child deaths every year in developing countries. Therefore, there is great demand to develop a rapid, low-cost, and accurate detection assay for the foodborne norovirus infection to reduce mortality caused by norovirus. Considering the importance of norovirus, we have demonstrated a highly sensitive and specific colorimetric detection method for analysis of human norovirus genogroups I and II (HuNoV GI and GII) in oyster samples. This is the first report to employ colorimetric HRPzyme-integrated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for direct norovirus detection from the real shellfish samples. We found that the HRPzyme-integrated PCR method is more sensitive than the gel electrophoresis approach and could detect the HuNoV GI and GII genome up to 1 copy/mL. The specificity of the proposed method was successfully demonstrated for HuNoV GI and GII. Further, we performed testing HuNoVs in the spiked oyster samples, and the HRPzyme-integrated PCR method proved to be an ultrasensitive and selective method for detecting HuNoVs in the real samples. By integration of the proposed method with the portable PCR machine, it would be more reliable to improve food safety by detecting HuNoVs in the different types of shellfish, such as oyster and mussel, at the production field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Gyounggi 17546 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science and Technology , Gyeongsang National University , 900 Gajwa-dong , Jinju , Gyeongnam 660-701 , Republic of Korea
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14
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Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, with shellfish consumption being identified as one potential norovirus entry point into the human population. Minimising shellfish norovirus levels is therefore important for both the consumer’s protection and the shellfish industry’s reputation. One method used to reduce microbiological risks in shellfish is depuration; however, this process also presents additional costs to industry. Providing a mechanism to estimate norovirus levels during depuration would therefore be useful to stakeholders. This paper presents a mathematical model of the depuration process and its impact on norovirus levels found in shellfish. Two fundamental stages of norovirus depuration are considered: (i) the initial distribution of norovirus loads within a shellfish population and (ii) the way in which the initial norovirus loads evolve during depuration. Realistic assumptions are made about the dynamics of norovirus during depuration, and mathematical descriptions of both stages are derived and combined into a single model. Parameters to describe the depuration effect and norovirus load values are derived from existing norovirus data obtained from U.K. harvest sites. However, obtaining population estimates of norovirus variability is time-consuming and expensive; this model addresses the issue by assuming a ‘worst case scenario’ for variability of pathogens, which is independent of mean pathogen levels. The model is then used to predict minimum depuration times required to achieve norovirus levels which fall within possible risk management levels, as well as predictions of minimum depuration times for other water-borne pathogens found in shellfish. Times for Escherichia coli predicted by the model all fall within the minimum 42 hours required for class B harvest sites, whereas minimum depuration times for norovirus and FRNA+ bacteriophage are substantially longer. Thus this study provides relevant information and tools to assist norovirus risk managers with future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McMenemy
- Computing Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology Team, CEFAS, Weymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Kleczkowski
- Computing Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nick Taylor
- Epidemiology Team, CEFAS, Weymouth, United Kingdom
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15
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Brake F, Kiermeier A, Ross T, Holds G, Landinez L, McLeod C. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Norovirus and E. coli in Sydney Rock Oysters Following a Sewage Overflow into an Estuary. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:7-15. [PMID: 28685229 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a study of norovirus (NoV) GII distribution and persistence in Sydney rock oysters (SRO) (Saccostrea glomerata) located in an estuary after a pump station sewage overflow. SRO were strategically placed at six sites spanning the length of the estuary from the pump station to the sea. The spatial and temporal distribution of NoV, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in oysters was mapped after the contamination event. NoV GI and GII, HAV and E. coli were quantified for up to 48 days in oysters placed at six sites ranging from 0.05 to 8.20 km from the sewage overflow. NoV GII was detected up to 5.29 km downstream and persisted in oysters for 42 days at the site closest to the overflow. NoV GII concentrations decreased significantly over time; a reduction rate of 8.5% per day was observed in oysters (p < 0.001). NoV GII concentrations decreased significantly as a function of distance at a rate of 5.8% per km (p < 0.001) and the decline in E. coli concentration with distance was 20.1% per km (p < 0.001). HAV and NoV GI were not detected. A comparison of NoV GII reduction rates from oysters over time, as observed in this study and other published research, collectively suggest that GII reduction rates from oysters may be broadly similar, regardless of environmental conditions, oyster species and genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Brake
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture - School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andreas Kiermeier
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture - School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Holds
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lina Landinez
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine McLeod
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Seafood Safety Assessment Ltd, Scotland, UK.
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16
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Nguyen GT, Pu J, Miura T, Ito H, Kazama S, Konta Y, Van Le A, Watanabe T. Oyster Contamination with Human Noroviruses Impacted by Urban Drainage and Seasonal Flooding in Vietnam. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:61-71. [PMID: 29230695 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the level of norovirus contamination in oysters collected at a lagoon receiving urban drainage from Hue City for 17 months (August 2015-December 2016). We also investigated the genetic diversity of norovirus GI and GII in oyster and wastewater samples by using pyrosequencing to evaluate the effect of urban drainage on norovirus contamination of oysters. A total of 34 oyster samples were collected at two sampling sites (stations A and B) in a lagoon. Norovirus GI was more frequently detected than GII (positive rate 79 vs. 41%). Maximum concentrations of GI and GII were 2.4 × 105 and 2.3 × 104 copies/g, respectively. Co-contamination with GI and GII was observed in 35% of samples. Norovirus GII concentration was higher at station A in the flood season than in the dry season (P = 0.04, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Six genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified in both wastewater and oyster samples, and genetically similar or identical sequences were obtained from the two types of samples. These observations suggest that urban drainage and seasonal flooding contribute to norovirus contamination of oysters in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia Thanh Nguyen
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 530000, Vietnam.
- Institute for Community Health Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 530000, Vietnam.
| | - Jian Pu
- Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, 1-7-11 Akabanedai, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0053, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kazama
- Center for Simulation Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Konta
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - An Van Le
- Department of Microbiology & Carlo Urbani Center, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 530000, Vietnam
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
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18
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Chenar SS, Deng Z. Development of artificial intelligence approach to forecasting oyster norovirus outbreaks along Gulf of Mexico coast. Environ Int 2018; 111:212-223. [PMID: 29232561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an artificial intelligence-based model, called ANN-2Day model, for forecasting, managing and ultimately eliminating the growing risk of oyster norovirus outbreaks. The ANN-2Day model was developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Toolbox in MATLAB Program and 15-years of epidemiological and environmental data for six independent environmental predictors including water temperature, solar radiation, gage height, salinity, wind, and rainfall. It was found that oyster norovirus outbreaks can be forecasted with two-day lead time using the ANN-2Day model and daily data of the six environmental predictors. Forecasting results of the ANN-2Day model indicated that the model was capable of reproducing 19years of historical oyster norovirus outbreaks along the Northern Gulf of Mexico coast with the positive predictive value of 76.82%, the negative predictive value of 100.00%, the sensitivity of 100.00%, the specificity of 99.84%, and the overall accuracy of 99.83%, respectively, demonstrating the efficacy of the ANN-2Day model in predicting the risk of norovirus outbreaks to human health. The 2-day lead time enables public health agencies and oyster harvesters to plan for management interventions and thus makes it possible to achieve a paradigm shift of their daily management and operation from primarily reacting to epidemic incidents of norovirus infection after they have occurred to eliminating (or at least reducing) the risk of costly incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shamkhali Chenar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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19
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Polo D, Schaeffer J, Fournet N, Le Saux JC, Parnaudeau S, McLeod C, Le Guyader FS. Digital PCR for Quantifying Norovirus in Oysters Implicated in Outbreaks, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2189-2191. [PMID: 27869597 PMCID: PMC5189157 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Using samples from oysters clearly implicated in human disease, we quantified norovirus levels by using digital PCR. Concentrations varied from 43 to 1,170 RNA copies/oyster. The analysis of frozen samples from the production area showed the presence of norovirus 2 weeks before consumption.
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20
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Hartard C, Leclerc M, Rivet R, Maul A, Loutreul J, Banas S, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages, Especially Members of Subgroup II, Should Be Reconsidered as Good Indicators of Viral Pollution of Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01866-17. [PMID: 29079627 PMCID: PMC5734038 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01866-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to oyster consumption. In this study, we investigated the potential of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) as indicators of viral contamination in oysters by focusing especially on FRNAPH subgroup II (FRNAPH-II). These viral indicators have been neglected because their behavior is sometimes different from that of NoV in shellfish, especially during the depuration processes usually performed before marketing. However, a significant bias needs to be taken into account. This bias is that, in the absence of routine culture methods, NoV is targeted by genome detection, while the presence of FRNAPH is usually investigated by isolation of infectious particles. In this study, by targeting both viruses using genome detection, a significant correlation between the presence of FRNAPH-II and that of NoV in shellfish collected from various European harvesting areas impacted by fecal pollution was observed. Moreover, during their depuration, while the long period of persistence of NoV was confirmed, a similar or even longer period of persistence of the FRNAPH-II genome, which was over 30 days, was observed. Such a striking genome persistence calls into question the relevance of molecular methods for assessing viral hazards. Targeting the same virus (i.e., FRNAPH-II) by culture and genome detection in specimens from harvesting areas as well as during depuration, we concluded that the presence of genomes in shellfish does not provide any information on the presence of the corresponding infectious particles. In view of these results, infectious FRNAPH detection should be reconsidered as a valuable indicator in oysters, and its potential for use in assessing viral hazard needs to be investigated.IMPORTANCE This work brings new data about the behavior of viruses in shellfish, as well as about the relevance of molecular methods for their detection and evaluation of the viral hazard. First, a strong correlation between the presence of F-specific RNA bacteriophages of subgroup II (FRNAPH-II) and that of norovirus (NoV) in shellfish impacted by fecal contamination has been observed when both viruses are detected using molecular approaches. Second, when reverse transcription-PCR and culture are used to detect FRNAPH-II in shellfish, it appears that the genomes of the viruses present a longer period of persistence than infectious virus, and thus, virus genome detection fails to give information about the concomitant presence of infectious viruses. Finally, this study shows that FRNAPH persist at least as long as NoV does. These data are major arguments to reconsider the potential of FRNAPH as indicators of shellfish viral quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartard
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Leclerc
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - R Rivet
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - A Maul
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360, Metz, France
| | - J Loutreul
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - S Banas
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - N Boudaud
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - C Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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21
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Chenar SS, Deng Z. Development of genetic programming-based model for predicting oyster norovirus outbreak risks. Water Res 2018; 128:20-37. [PMID: 29078068 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oyster norovirus outbreaks pose increasing risks to human health and seafood industry worldwide but exact causes of the outbreaks are rarely identified, making it highly unlikely to reduce the risks. This paper presents a genetic programming (GP) based approach to identifying the primary cause of oyster norovirus outbreaks and predicting oyster norovirus outbreaks in order to reduce the risks. In terms of the primary cause, it was found that oyster norovirus outbreaks were controlled by cumulative effects of antecedent environmental conditions characterized by low solar radiation, low water temperature, low gage height (the height of water above a gage datum), low salinity, heavy rainfall, and strong offshore wind. The six environmental variables were determined by using Random Forest (RF) and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) methods within the framework of the GP approach. In terms of predicting norovirus outbreaks, a risk-based GP model was developed using the six environmental variables and various combinations of the variables with different time lags. The results of local and global sensitivity analyses showed that gage height, temperature, and solar radiation were by far the three most important environmental predictors for oyster norovirus outbreaks, though other variables were also important. Specifically, very low temperature and gage height significantly increased the risk of norovirus outbreaks while high solar radiation markedly reduced the risk, suggesting that low temperature and gage height were associated with the norovirus source while solar radiation was the primary sink of norovirus. The GP model was utilized to hindcast daily risks of oyster norovirus outbreaks along the Northern Gulf of Mexico coast. The daily hindcasting results indicated that the GP model was capable of hindcasting all historical oyster norovirus outbreaks from January 2002 to June 2014 in the Gulf of Mexico with only two false positive outbreaks for the 12.5-year period. The performance of the GP model was characterized with the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of 0.86, the true positive rate (sensitivity) of 78.53% and the true negative rate (specificity) of 88.82%, respectively, demonstrating the efficacy of the GP model. The findings and results offered new insights into the oyster norovirus outbreaks in terms of source, sink, cause, and predictors. The GP model provided an efficient and effective tool for predicting potential oyster norovirus outbreaks and implementing management interventions to prevent or at least reduce norovirus risks to both the human health and the seafood industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shamkhali Chenar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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22
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Lowmoung T, Pombubpa K, Duangdee T, Tipayamongkholgul M, Kittigul L. Distribution of Naturally Occurring Norovirus Genogroups I, II, and IV in Oyster Tissues. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:415-422. [PMID: 28550646 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated different tissues of naturally contaminated oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) for the presence of noroviruses. RNA from digestive tissues, gills, and mantle of the oysters was extracted and tested for norovirus genogroup (G) I, GII, and GIV using RT-nested PCR. In spiking experiments with a known norovirus, GII.4, the detection limits were 2.97 × 102 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues, 2.62 × 102 RNA copies/g of gills, and 1.61 × 103 RNA copies/g of mantle. A total of 85 oyster samples were collected from a fresh market in Bangkok, Thailand. Noroviruses were found in the oyster samples (40/85, 47%): GI (29/85, 34.1%), GII (9/85, 10.5%), mixed GI and GII (1/85, 1.2%), and GIV (1/85, 1.2%). All three genogroups were found in the digestive tissues of oysters. Norovirus GI was present in all three tissues with the highest frequency in the mantle, and was additionally detected in multiple tissues in some oysters. GII was also detected in all three tissues, but was not detected in multiple tissues in the same oyster. For genogroup I, only GI.2 could be identified and it was found in all tissues. For genogroup II, three different genotypes were identified, namely GII.4 which was detected in the gills and the mantle, GII.17 which was detected in the digestive tissues, and GII.21 which was detected in the mantle. GIV.1 was identified in the digestive tissues of one oyster. This is the first report on the presence of human GIV.1 in oyster in Thailand, and the results indicate oyster as a possible vehicle for transmission of all norovirus genogroups in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruta Lowmoung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Duangdee
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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23
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Shamkhali Chenar S, Deng Z. Environmental indicators of oyster norovirus outbreaks in coastal waters. Mar Environ Res 2017; 130:275-281. [PMID: 28864396 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an artificial intelligence-based approach to identifying environmental indicators of oyster norovirus outbreaks in coastal waters. It was found that oyster norovirus outbreaks are generally linked to the extreme combination of antecedent environmental conditions characterized by low water temperature, low solar radiation, low gage height, low salinity, strong wind, and heavy precipitation. Among the six environmental indicators, the most important three indicators, including water temperature, solar radiation and gage height, are capable of explaining 77.7% of model-predicted oyster norovirus outbreaks while the extremely low temperature alone may explain 37.2% of oyster norovirus outbreaks. It is, therefore, recommended that water temperature in oyster harvesting areas be monitored in the cold season and particularly the extremely low temperature during a low gage height be used as the primary indicator of oyster norovirus outbreaks. The findings are of profound significance to reducing the public health risk of norovirus outbreaks associated with consumption of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shamkhali Chenar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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24
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Le Mennec C, Parnaudeau S, Rumebe M, Le Saux JC, Piquet JC, Le Guyader SF. Follow-Up of Norovirus Contamination in an Oyster Production Area Linked to Repeated Outbreaks. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:54-61. [PMID: 27613529 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A production area repeatedly implicated in oyster-related gastroenteritis in France was studied for several months over 2 years. Outbreaks and field samples were analyzed by undertaking triplicate extractions, followed by norovirus (NoV) detection using triplicate wells for genomic amplification. This approach allowed us to demonstrate that some variabilities can be observed for samples with a low level of contamination, but most samples analyzed gave reproducible results. At the first outbreak, implicated oysters were collected at the beginning of the contamination event, which was reflected by the higher NoV levels during the first month of the study. During the second year, NoV concentrations in samples implicated in outbreaks and collected from the production area were similar, confirming the failure of the shellfish depuration process. Contamination was detected mainly during winter-spring months, and a high prevalence of NoV GI contamination was observed. A half-life of 18 days was calculated from NoV concentrations detected in oysters during this study, showing a very slow decrease of the contamination in the production area. Preventing the contamination of coastal waters should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Mennec
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Sylvain Parnaudeau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Myriam Rumebe
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources, ODE, Ifremer, Arcachon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Le Saux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Jean-Côme Piquet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - S Françoise Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Pu J, Kazama S, Miura T, Azraini ND, Konta Y, Ito H, Ueki Y, Cahyaningrum EE, Omura T, Watanabe T. Pyrosequencing Analysis of Norovirus Genogroup II Distribution in Sewage and Oysters: First Detection of GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 in Oysters. Food Environ Virol 2016; 8:310-312. [PMID: 27646397 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus GII.3, GII.4, and GII.17 were detected using pyrosequencing in sewage and oysters in January and February 2015, in Japan. The strains in sewage and oyster samples were genetically identical or similar, predominant strains belonging to GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 lineage. This is the first report of GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pu
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Kazama
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miura
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nabila Dhyan Azraini
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yoshimitsu Konta
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - You Ueki
- Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 4-7-2, Saiwaicho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8666, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuo Omura
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
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Kittigul L, Thamjaroen A, Chiawchan S, Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P, Pombubpa K, Diraphat P. Prevalence and Molecular Genotyping of Noroviruses in Market Oysters, Mussels, and Cockles in Bangkok, Thailand. Food Environ Virol 2016; 8:133-40. [PMID: 26872638 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. This study aimed to detect and characterize noroviruses in three bivalve shellfish species: oysters (Saccostrea forskali), cockles (Anadara nodifera), and mussels (Perna viridis). The virus concentration procedure (adsorption-twice elution-extraction) and a molecular method were employed to identify noroviruses in shellfish. RT-nested PCR was able to detect known norovirus GII.4 of 8.8 × 10(-2) genome copies/g of digestive tissues from oyster and cockle concentrates, whereas in mussel concentrates, the positive result was seen at 8.8 × 10(2) copies/g of digestive tissues. From August 2011 to July 2012, a total of 300 shellfish samples, including each of 100 samples from oysters, cockles, and mussels were collected and tested for noroviruses. Norovirus RNA was detected in 12.3 % of shellfish samples. Of the noroviruses, 7.7 % were of the genogroup (G) I, 2.6 % GII, and 2.0 % were mixed GI and GII. The detection rate of norovirus GI was 2.1 times higher than GII. With regards to the different shellfish species, 17 % of the oyster samples were positive, while 14.0 and 6.0 % were positive for noroviruses found in mussels and cockles, respectively. Norovirus contamination in the shellfish occurred throughout the year with the highest peak in September. Seventeen norovirus-positive PCR products were characterized upon a partial sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Based on phylogenetic analysis, five different genotypes of norovirus GI (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, and GI.9) and four different genotypes of GII (GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified. These findings indicate the prevalence and distribution of noroviruses in three shellfish species. The high prevalence of noroviruses in oysters contributes to the optimization of monitoring plans to improve the preventive strategies of acute gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Anyarat Thamjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suwat Chiawchan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornphan Diraphat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Wang J, Deng Z. Modeling and Prediction of Oyster Norovirus Outbreaks along Gulf of Mexico Coast. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:627-33. [PMID: 26528621 PMCID: PMC4858391 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oyster norovirus outbreaks often pose high risks to human health. However, little is known about environmental factors controlling the outbreaks, and little can be done to prevent the outbreaks because they are generally considered to be unpredictable. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a mathematical model for predicting risks of oyster norovirus outbreaks using environmental predictors. METHODS We developed a novel probability-based Artificial Neural Network model, called NORF model, using 21 years of environmental and norovirus outbreak data collected from Louisiana oyster harvesting areas along the Gulf of Mexico coast, USA. The NORF model involves six input variables that were selected through stepwise regression analysis and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS We found that the model-based probability of norovirus outbreaks was most sensitive to gage height (the depth of water in an oyster bed) and water temperature, followed by wind, rainfall, and salinity, respectively. The NORF model predicted all historical oyster norovirus outbreaks from 1994 through 2014. Specifically, norovirus outbreaks occurred when the NORF model probability estimate was > 0.6, whereas no outbreaks occurred when the estimated probability was < 0.5. Outbreaks may also occur when the estimated probability is 0.5-0.6. CONCLUSIONS Our findings require further confirmation, but they suggest that oyster norovirus outbreaks may be predictable using the NORF model. The ability to predict oyster norovirus outbreaks at their onset may make it possible to prevent or at least reduce the risk of norovirus outbreaks by closing potentially affected oyster beds. CITATION Wang J, Deng Z. 2016. Modeling and prediction of oyster norovirus outbreaks along Gulf of Mexico coast. Environ Health Perspect 124:627-633; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509764.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Address correspondence to Z. Deng, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6405 USA. Telephone: (225) 578-6850. E-mail:
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Li Y, Zhang L, Qu T, Li L, Zhang G. Characterization of Oyster Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 2 (VDAC2) Suggests Its Involvement in Apoptosis and Host Defense. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146049. [PMID: 26727366 PMCID: PMC4700975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic studies have revealed a sophisticated and powerful apoptosis regulation network in oyster, highlighting its adaptation to sessile life in a highly stressful intertidal environment. However, the functional molecular basis of apoptosis remains largely unexplored in oysters. In this study, we focused on a representative apoptotic gene encoding voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2), a porin that abounds at the mitochondrial outer membrane. This is the first report on the identification and characterization of a VDAC gene in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (CgVDAC2). The full length of CgVDAC2 was 1,738 bp with an open reading frame of 843 bp that encoded a protein of 281 amino acids. A four-element eukaryotic porin signature motif, a conserved ATP binding motif, and a VKAKV-like sequence were identified in the predicted CgVDAC2. Expression pattern analysis in different tissues and developmental stages as well as upon infection by ostreid herpesvirus 1 revealed the energy supply-related and immunity-related expression of CgVDAC2. CgVDAC2 was co-localized with mitochondria when it was transiently transfected into HeLa cells. Overexpression of CgVDAC2 in HEK293T cells suppressed the UV irradiation-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic function of CgBak. RNA interference induced reduction in CgVDAC2 expression showed a promoted apoptosis level upon UV light irradiation in hemocytes. The yeast two-hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation assay indicated a direct interaction between CgVDAC2 and the pro-apoptotic protein CgBak. This study revealed the function of VDAC2 in oyster and provided new insights into its involvement in apoptosis modulation and host defense in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Qu
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (GZ)
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (GZ)
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Drouaz N, Schaeffer J, Farkas T, Le Pendu J, Le Guyader FS. Tulane Virus as a Potential Surrogate To Mimic Norovirus Behavior in Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5249-56. [PMID: 26025893 PMCID: PMC4495214 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01067-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oyster contamination by noroviruses is an important health and economic problem. The present study aimed to compare the behaviors of Norwalk virus (the prototype genogroup I norovirus) and two culturable viruses: Tulane virus and mengovirus. After bioaccumulation, tissue distributions were quite similar for Norwalk virus and Tulane virus, with the majority of viral particles detected in digestive tissues, while mengovirus was detected in large amounts in the gills and mantle as well as in digestive tissues. The levels of persistence of all three viruses over 8 days were comparable, but clear differences were observed over longer periods, with Norwalk and Tulane viruses displaying rather similar half-lives, unlike mengovirus, which was cleared more rapidly. These results indicate that Tulane virus may be a good surrogate for studying norovirus behavior in oysters, and they confirm the prolonged persistence of Norwalk virus in oyster tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Drouaz
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Tibor Farkas
- Laboratory of Specialized Clinical Studies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, UMR6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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30
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Campos CJA, Avant J, Gustar N, Lowther J, Powell A, Stockley L, Lees DN. Fate of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish and Water Impacted by Frequent Sewage Pollution Events. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:8377-85. [PMID: 26125679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the fate of human noroviruses (NoV) in the marine environment is key to better controlling shellfish-related NoV gastroenteritis. We quantified NoV and Escherichia coli in sewage from storm tank discharges and treated effluent processed by a UV-disinfection plant following activated sludge treatment and studied the fate of these microorganisms in an oyster harvesting area impacted by frequent stormwater discharges and infrequent freshwater discharges. Oyster monitoring sites were positioned at intervals downstream from the wastewater treatment works (WwTW) outfall impacting the harvesting area. The decay rates of NoV in oysters as a function of the distance from the outfall were less rapid than those for E. coli that had concentrations of NoV of the same order of magnitude and were over 7 km away from the outfall. Levels of E. coli in oysters from more tidally influenced areas of the estuary were higher around high water than around low water, whereas tidal flows had no influence on NoV contamination in the oysters. The study provides comparative data on the contamination profiles and loadings of NoV and E. coli in a commercial oyster fishery impacted by a WwTW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J A Campos
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Justin Avant
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Nicole Gustar
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - James Lowther
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Andy Powell
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Louise Stockley
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - David N Lees
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
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31
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Intamaso U, Boonbanjong P, Wisunthorn S, Ong-in N, Keawpo B, Poomipak W. DETECTION BY DUPLEX RT-COUPLED NESTED PCR OF HEPATITIS A AND ROTAVIRUS IN OYSTERS FROM THAILAND EAST COAST. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2015; 46:624-639. [PMID: 26867382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. An efficient and rapid virus detection method is required for routine monitoring and risk assessment in food products. A duplex RT-coupled nested PCR method was developed to detect the simultaneous presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus in commercial oysters from the eastern coast of Thailand. Primers were designed to amplify HAV VP4 and rotavirus VP7 genes. Although excess amounts of target template of one virus type interfered with RT-PCR am- plification of the other, this was overcome by including a nested duplex PCR step. Detection limit for both types of virus of this technique in oyster samples was more than 1,000-fold lower than that of the equivalent monoplex method. Out of 41 oyster samples 63% were positive for either one or both viruses. All rotaviruses belonged to group A G1P[8]. The use of multiplex RT-coupled nested PCR technique provides a cost-effective, rapid, sensitive and efficient tool to detect a wide diversity of viral pathogens and to improve control of virus infection in oysters.
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Ko SM, Vaidya B, Kwon J, Lee HM, Oh MJ, Shin TS, Cho SY, Kim D. Detection of hepatitis A virus in seeded oyster digestive tissue by ricin A-linked magnetic separation combined with reverse transcription PCR. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1046-51. [PMID: 25951406 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections are most frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated oysters. A rapid and selective concentration method is necessary for the recovery of HAV from contaminated oysters prior to detection using PCR. In this study, ricin extracted from castor beans (Ricinus communis) was tested as an alternative to antibody used in immunomagnetic separation while concentrating HAV prior to its detection using reverse transcription PCR. Initially, the extracted proteins from castor beans were fractionated into 13 fractions by gel filtration chromatography. Pretreatment of different protein fractions showed a variation in binding of HAV viral protein (VP) 1 to oyster digestive tissue in the range of 25.9 to 63.9%. The protein fraction, which caused the highest reduction in binding of VP1 to the tissue, was identified as ricin A by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ricin A could significantly inhibit binding of VP1 to the tissue with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 4.5 μg/ml and a maximal inhibitory concentration of 105.2%. The result showed that the rate of inhibition of HAV binding to tissue was higher compared to the rate of ricin itself binding to HAV (slope: 0.0029 versus 0.00059). However, ricin A concentration showed a higher correlation to the relative binding of ricin itself to HAV than the inhibition of binding of HAV to the tissue (coefficient of determination, R(2): 0.9739 versus 0.6804). In conclusion, ricin A-linked magnetic bead separation combined with reverse transcription PCR can successfully detect HAV in artificially seeded oyster digestive tissue up to a 10(-4) dilution of the virus stock (titer: 10(4) 50% tissue culture infective dose per ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mu Ko
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Hee-Min Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agribio Disaster Research Center, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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33
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Andrade KR, Boratto PPVM, Rodrigues FP, Silva LCF, Dornas FP, Pilotto MR, La Scola B, Almeida GMF, Kroon EG, Abrahão JS. Oysters as hot spots for mimivirus isolation. Arch Virol 2014; 160:477-82. [PMID: 25344898 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous organisms, but their role in the ecosystem and their prevalence are still poorly understood. Mimiviruses are extremely complex and large DNA viruses. Although metagenomic studies have suggested that members of the family Mimiviridae are abundant in oceans, there is a lack of information about the association of mimiviruses with marine organisms. In this work, we demonstrate by molecular and virological methods that oysters are excellent sources for mimiviruses isolation. Our data not only provide new information about the biology of these viruses but also raise questions regarding the role of oyster consumption as a putative source of mimivirus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kétyllen R Andrade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Grodzki M, Schaeffer J, Piquet JC, Le Saux JC, Chevé J, Ollivier J, Le Pendu J, Le Guyader FS. Bioaccumulation efficiency, tissue distribution, and environmental occurrence of hepatitis E virus in bivalve shellfish from France. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4269-76. [PMID: 24795382 PMCID: PMC4068666 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00978-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an enteric pathogen of both humans and animals, is excreted by infected individuals and is therefore present in wastewaters and coastal waters. As bivalve molluscan shellfish are known to concentrate viral particles during the process of filter feeding, they may accumulate this virus. The bioaccumulation efficiencies of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), flat oysters (Ostrea edulis), mussels (Mytilus edulis), and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) were compared at different time points during the year. Tissue distribution analysis showed that most of the viruses were concentrated in the digestive tissues of the four species. Mussels and clams were found to be more sensitive to sporadic contamination events, as demonstrated by rapid bioaccumulation in less than 1 h compared to species of oysters. For oysters, concentrations increased during the 24-h bioaccumulation period. Additionally, to evaluate environmental occurrence of HEV in shellfish, an environmental investigation was undertaken at sites potentially impacted by pigs, wild boars, and human waste. Of the 286 samples collected, none were contaminated with hepatitis E virus, despite evidence that this virus is circulating in some French areas. It is possible that the number of hepatitis E viral particles discharged into the environment is too low to detect or that the virus may have a very short period of persistence in pig manure and human waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grodzki
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Ollivier
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- Inserm, U892, CNRS, UMR6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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35
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Nishida T, Nishio O, Kato M, Chuma T, Kato H, Iwata H, Kimura H. Genotyping and Quantitation of Noroviruses in Oysters from Two Distinct Sea Areas in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:177-84. [PMID: 17310085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NV) is a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in humans, and shellfishes including oysters act as major vehicles of the virus. To investigate the genetic characteristics of NVs, we collected 1,512 oysters for raw consumption between October 2002 and March 2005 from two distinct areas (area A: the Sanriku Sea area; area B: the Setouchi Sea area). We detected the capsid gene and subjected it to phylogenetic analysis. By further quantification of the copy number of the genome by using real-time PCR, the NV capcid gene was detected in approximately 5% of the oysters, and they showed wide diversity. Two percent of the oysters from area B showed relatively large number of NVs, i.e., over 100 copies of capsid gene/oyster, whereas this was not observed in area A. Most of the detected NVs from oysters and humans were genetically related when the capsid region was compared. These results suggested that NVs obtained from humans and those obtained from oysters showed a potential relationship to each other and that some populations of Japanese oysters accumulated a relatively large number of NVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nishida
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Research Institute of Public Health, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Flannery J, Keaveney S, Rajko-Nenow P, O'Flaherty V, Doré W. Norovirus and FRNA bacteriophage determined by RT-qPCR and infectious FRNA bacteriophage in wastewater and oysters. Water Res 2013; 47:5222-31. [PMID: 23850211 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV), the leading cause of adult non-bacterial gastroenteritis can be commonly detected in wastewater but the extent of NoV removal provided by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is unclear. We monitored a newly commissioned WWTP with UV disinfection on a weekly basis over a six month period for NoV using RT-qPCR and for FRNA bacteriophage GA using both RT-qPCR (total concentration) and a plaque assay (infectious concentration). Mean concentrations of NoV GI and GII in influent wastewater were reduced by 0.25 and 0.41 log10 genome copies 100 ml(-1), respectively by the WWTP. The mean concentration of total FRNA bacteriophage GA was reduced by 0.35 log genome copies 100 ml(-1) compared to a reduction of infectious FRNA bacteriophage GA of 2.13 log PFU 100 ml(-1). A significant difference between concentrations of infectious and total FRNA bacteriophage GA was observed in treated, but not in untreated wastewaters. We conclude that RT-qPCR in isolation underestimates the reduction of infectious virus during wastewater treatment. We further compared the concentrations of infectious virus in combined sewer overflow (CSO) and UV treated effluents using FRNA bacteriophage GA. A greater percentage (98%) of infectious virus is released in CSO discharges than UV treated effluent (44%). Following a CSO discharge, concentrations of NoV GII and infectious FRNA bacteriophage GA in oysters from less than the limit of detection to 3150 genome copies 100 g(-1) and 1050 PFU 100 g(-1) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co., Galway, Ireland.
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Yuan Q, Li H, Deng X, Mo Y, Fang L, Ke C. [Comparison of two nucleic acid extraction methods for norovirus in oysters]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2013; 33:568-572. [PMID: 23644122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore a convenient and effective method for norovirus nucleic acid extraction from oysters suitable for long-term viral surveillance. METHODS Two methods, namely method A (glycine washing and polyethylene glycol precipitation of the virus followed by silica gel centrifugal column) and method B (protease K digestion followed by application of paramagnetic silicon) were compared for their performance in norovirus nucleic acid extraction from oysters. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect norovirus in naturally infected oysters and in oysters with induced infection. RESULTS The two methods yielded comparable positive detection rates for the samples, but the recovery rate of the virus was higher with method B than with method A. CONCLUSION Method B is a more convenient and rapid method for norovirus nucleic acid extraction from oysters and suitable for long-term surveillance of norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yuan
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Public Health, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Benabbes L, Ollivier J, Schaeffer J, Parnaudeau S, Rhaissi H, Nourlil J, Le Guyader FS. Norovirus and other human enteric viruses in moroccan shellfish. Food Environ Virol 2013; 5:35-40. [PMID: 23412717 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected along the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Coast of Morocco. A total of 77 samples were collected from areas potentially contaminated by human sewage. Noroviruses were detected in 30 % of samples, with an equal representation of GI and GII strains, but were much more frequently found in cockles or clams than in oysters. The method used, including extraction efficiency controls, allowed the quantification of virus concentration. As in previous reports, results showed levels of contamination between 100 and 1,000 copies/g of digestive tissues. Sapoviruses were detected in 13 % of samples mainly in oyster and clam samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in two samples, with concentrations around 100 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues. Only two samples were contaminated with enterovirus and none with norovirus GIV or Aichi virus. This study highlights the interest of studying shellfish samples from different countries and different production areas. A better knowledge of shellfish contamination helps us to understand virus levels in shellfish and to improve shellfish safety, thus protecting consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Benabbes
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
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Karunasagar I, Girisha SK, Venugopal MN, Biswajit M. Bacteriophage application as a management strategy in shrimp hatcheries. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2013; 78:204-205. [PMID: 25141668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Wang J, Deng Z. Detection and forecasting of oyster norovirus outbreaks: recent advances and future perspectives. Mar Environ Res 2012; 80:62-69. [PMID: 22841883 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a highly infectious pathogen that is commonly found in oysters growing in fecally contaminated waters. Norovirus outbreaks can cause the closure of oyster harvesting waters and acute gastroenteritis in humans associated with consumption of contaminated raw oysters. Extensive efforts and progresses have been made in detection and forecasting of oyster norovirus outbreaks over the past decades. The main objective of this paper is to provide a literature review of methods and techniques for detecting and forecasting oyster norovirus outbreaks and thereby to identify the future directions for improving the detection and forecasting of norovirus outbreaks. It is found that (1) norovirus outbreaks display strong seasonality with the outbreak peak occurring commonly in December-March in the U.S. and April-May in the Europe; (2) norovirus outbreaks are affected by multiple environmental factors, including but not limited to precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, wind, and salinity; (3) various modeling approaches may be employed to forecast norovirus outbreaks, including Bayesian models, regression models, Artificial Neural Networks, and process-based models; and (4) diverse techniques are available for near real-time detection of norovirus outbreaks, including multiplex PCR, seminested PCR, real-time PCR, quantitative PCR, and satellite remote sensing. The findings are important to the management of oyster growing waters and to future investigations into norovirus outbreaks. It is recommended that a combined approach of sensor-assisted real time monitoring and modeling-based forecasting should be utilized for an efficient and effective detection and forecasting of norovirus outbreaks caused by consumption of contaminated oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Burge CA, Friedman CS. Quantifying Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) genome copies and expression during transmission. Microb Ecol 2012; 63:596-604. [PMID: 21935610 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenic potential of a new pathogen strain or a known pathogen in a new locale is crucial for management of disease in both wild and farmed animals. The Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1), a known pathogen of early-life-stage Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, has been associated with mortalities of juvenile oysters in many locations around the world including Tomales Bay, California. In two trials, the California OsHV-1 strain was transmitted from infected juvenile C. gigas to naïve C. gigas larvae. Survival of control larvae was high throughout both trials (97-100%) and low among those exposed to OsHV-1. No OsHV-1-exposed larvae survived to day 9 in trial 1, while trial 2 was terminated at day 7 when survival was 36.90 ± 8.66%. To assess the amount of OsHV-1 DNA present, we employed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays based on the A fragment and OsHV-1 catalytic subunit of a DNA polymerase δ (DNA pol) gene. Viral genome copy numbers based on qPCR assays peaked between 3 and 5 days. To measure the presence of viable and actively transcribing virus, the DNA pol gene qPCR assay was optimized for RNA analysis after being reverse transcribed (RT-qPCR). A decline in virus gene expression was measured using RT-qPCR: relative to earlier experimental time points copy numbers were significantly lower on day 9, trial 1 (p < 0.05) and day 7, trial 2 (p < 0.05). Peaks in copies of active virus per genome occurred during two periods in trial 1 (days 1 and 5/7, p < 0.05) and one period in trial 2 (day 1, p < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed OsHV-1 infection; herpesvirus-like nucleocapsids, capsids, and extracellular particles were visualized. We demonstrated the ability to transmit OsHV-1 from infected juvenile oysters to naïve larvae, which indicates the spread of OsHV-1 between infected hosts in the field and between commercial farms is possible. We also developed an important tool (OsHV-1-specific RT-qPCR for an active virus gene) for use in monitoring for active virus in the field and in laboratory based transmission experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notes from the field: norovirus infections associated with frozen raw oysters - Washington, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61:110. [PMID: 22337176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
On October 19, 2011, Public Health - Seattle & King County was contacted regarding a woman who had experienced acute gastroenteritis after dining at a local restaurant with friends. Staff members interviewed the diners and confirmed that three of the seven in the party had consumed a raw oyster dish. Within 18-36 hours after consumption, the three had onsets of aches, nausea, and nonbloody diarrhea lasting 24-48 hours. One ill diner also reported vomiting. The four diners who had not eaten the raw oysters did not become ill.
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Souza DSM, Ramos APD, Nunes FF, Moresco V, Taniguchi S, Leal DAG, Sasaki ST, Bícego MC, Montone RC, Durigan M, Teixeira AL, Pilotto MR, Delfino N, Franco RMB, Melo CMRD, Bainy ACD, Barardi CRM. Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2012; 76:153-61. [PMID: 22036209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Florianópolis, a city located in the Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil, is the national leading producer of bivalve mollusks. The quality of bivalve mollusks is closely related to the sanitary conditions of surrounding waters where they are cultivated. Presently, cultivation areas receive large amounts of effluents derived mainly from treated and non-treated domestic, rural, and urban sewage. This contributes to the contamination of mollusks with trace metals, pesticides, other organic compounds, and human pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough diagnosis of the shellfish growing areas in Florianópolis, on the coast of Santa Catarina. The contamination levels of seawater, sediments, and oysters were evaluated for their microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters at five sea sites in Florianópolis, namely three regular oyster cultivation areas (Sites 1, 2, and oyster supplier), a polluted site (Site 3), and a heavily polluted site (Site 4). Samples were evaluated at day zero and after 14 days. Seawater and sediment samples were collected just once, at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant defenses, which may occur in contaminated environments in response to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by organisms, were analyzed in oysters, as well as organic compounds (in oysters and sediment samples) and microbiological contamination (in oysters and seawater samples). The results showed the presence of the following contaminants: fecal coliforms in seawater samples (four sites), human adenovirus (all sites), human noroviruses GI and GII (two sites), Hepatitis A viruses (one site), JC Polyomavirus in an oyster sample from the oyster supplier, Giardia duodenalis cysts, and Cryptosporidium sp oocysts (one site). Among organochlorine pesticides, only DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in some sediment and oysters samples in very low levels; site 4 had the highest concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) found either in oysters or in sediment samples. The major concentration of fecal sterol coprostanol was found at site 4, followed by site 3. After 14 days of allocation in the four selected sites, there was a significant difference in the enzymes analyzed at the monitored spots. The detection of different contaminants in oysters, seawater, and sediment samples in the present study shows the impact untreated or inadequately treated effluents have on coastal areas. These results highlight the need for public investment in adequate wastewater treatment and adequate treatment of oysters, ensuring safe areas for shellfish production as well as healthier bivalve mollusks for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-970, Brazil
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Wall R, Dymond N, Bell A, Thornley C, Buik H, Cumming D, Petersen N. Two New Zealand outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis linked to commercially farmed oysters. N Z Med J 2011; 124:63-71. [PMID: 22237569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM We report on the investigations of two gastroenteritis outbreaks, which were linked to a common source. METHODS Retrospective cohort studies were conducted for two gastroenteritis outbreaks which occurred in Auckland and in Waikato. Faecal samples and samples of oyster meat were analysed. Environmental surveys of implicated areas were conducted. RESULTS 10 out of 16 people who had eaten at a catered event in Auckland, and 3 out of 15 people who had eaten at a Waikato restaurant, experienced gastroenteritis. The symptoms, duration of illness and incubation periods were consistent with norovirus gastroenteritis in both outbreaks. The consumption of oysters was strongly associated with an increased risk of illness. Faecal samples were positive for norovirus. Oysters from both outbreaks were traced back to the same growing area. Samples of oyster meat from one of the restaurants and from the growing area were positive for norovirus. The growing area was closed for further investigation. A pipe from a waste water treatment plant was later found to be leaking partially treated effluent into a stream discharging near the implicated growing area. CONCLUSION Investigation of these two outbreaks led to the discovery of a common source of norovirus at a commercial oyster growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wall
- Population Health, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Kittigul L, Pombubpa K, Sukonthalux S, Rattanatham T, Utrarachkij F. Noroviruses in oysters from local markets and oyster farms in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42:105-113. [PMID: 21323172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and eighteen oyster samples collected from local markets and oyster farms in southern Thailand were examined for noroviruses (NoVs) and bacterial indicators of fecal contamination (fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli). Using a virus concentration procedure followed by RT-nested PCR, NoVs were detected in 38% of the samples. Oysters collected from oyster farms were found with NoVs at a higher detection rate (25/53 samples) than oysters from local markets (20/65 samples). Of the 45 NoV-positive oyster samples, 67% belonged to NoV genogroup I (GI), 15% to GII, and 18% to both GI and GII. DNA sequencing showed that 2 NoVs belonged to NoV GI-2 genotype. Fecal coliforms in NoV-positive oyster samples were in the range of < 3.0 to 1.5 x 10(4) most probable number (MPN)/g and 33% of NoV-positive oyster samples contained fecal coliforms within the standard acceptable level of raw shellfish (< 20 MPN/g). E. coli was found in the range of < 3.0 to 1.5 x 10(4) MPN/g and 9% of NoV-positive oyster samples were within acceptable levels of E. coli contamination (< 3 MPN/g). These findings indicate that NoV contamination in oysters obtained from both markets and oyster farms might pose a potential risk of acute gastroenteritis associated with raw oyster consumption. Examination for both fecal bacterial indicators and enteric viruses should be conducted for microbiological food safety of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Lee C, Cheong S, Lee HJ, Kwon M, Kang I, Oh EG, Yu HS, Shin SB, Kim SJ. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of primer pairs and the efficiency of RNA extraction procedures to improve noroviral detection from oysters by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Microbiol 2010; 48:586-93. [PMID: 21046335 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the key cause of acute epidemic gastroenteritis, and oysters harvested from NoV-polluted sea areas are considered as the significant vectors of viral transmission. To improve NoV detection from oyster using nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of previously published primer pairs and the efficiency of different RNA extraction procedures. Among the primer pairs used for RT-PCR, the sensitivity of GIF1/GIR1-GIF2/GIR1 and GIIF1/GIIR1-GIIF2/GIIR1 was higher than that of other primer pairs used in nested RT-PCR for the detection of NoV genogroup I (NoV GI) and NoV GII from both NoV-positive stool suspension and NoV-seeded oyster concentrates, respectively; the resulting products showed neither unspecific bands in the positive samples nor false-positive bands in the negative controls. The extraction of NoV RNA from oyster samples using a QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini kit with a QIAshredder™ Homogenizer pretreatment afforded more efficient recovery (mean recovery for NoV GI and GII, 6.4%) and the procedure was less time consuming (<30 min) than most other RNA extraction procedures. The results of RNA extraction procedure and primer pairs evaluated by nested RT-PCR assay in this study can be useful for monitoring NoV contamination in oysters, which is an indicator of possible public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheonghoon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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DePaola A, Jones JL, Woods J, Burkhardt W, Calci KR, Krantz JA, Bowers JC, Kasturi K, Byars RH, Jacobs E, Williams-Hill D, Nabe K. Bacterial and viral pathogens in live oysters: 2007 United States market survey. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2754-68. [PMID: 20190085 PMCID: PMC2863423 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02590-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two samples of market oysters, primarily from retail establishments, were collected twice each month in each of nine states during 2007. Samples were shipped refrigerated overnight to five U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratories on a rotating basis and analyzed by most probable number (MPN) for total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus numbers and for the presence of toxigenic V. cholerae, Salmonella spp., norovirus (NoV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Levels of indicator organisms, including fecal coliforms (MPN), Escherichia coli (MPN), male-specific bacteriophage, and aerobic plate counts, were also determined. V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels were distributed seasonally and geographically by harvest region and were similar to levels observed in a previous study conducted in 1998-1999. Levels of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus were typically several logs lower than total V. parahaemolyticus levels regardless of season or region. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus levels in the Gulf and Mid-Atlantic regions were about two logs greater than the levels observed in the Pacific and North Atlantic regions. Pathogens generally associated with fecal pollution were detected sporadically or not at all (toxigenic V. cholerae, 0%; Salmonella, 1.5%; NoV, 3.9%; HAV, 4.4%). While seasonal prevalences of NoV and HAV were generally greater in oysters harvested from December to March, the low detection frequency obscured any apparent seasonal effects. Overall, there was no relationship between the levels of indicator microorganisms and the presence of enteric viruses. These data provide a baseline that can be used to further validate risk assessment predictions, determine the effectiveness of new control measures, and compare the level of protection provided by the U.S. shellfish sanitation system to those in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo DePaola
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528-0158, USA.
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Kittigul L, Pombubpa K, Sukonthalux S, Rattanatham T, Utrarachkij F, Diraphat P. Detection of hepatitis A virus and bacterial contamination in raw oysters in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010; 41:105-113. [PMID: 20578489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in raw oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) using a virus concentration method and reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR). A total of 220 oyster samples were collected from oyster farms and local markets in Thailand. HAV was found in three oyster samples. Nested PCR products of HAV detected in oysters were characterized further by DNA sequencing of the VP1/2A region and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. All HAV sequences (168 basepairs) were associated with human HAV subgenotype IB (GIB). Fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were determined using the multiple tube fermentation method, to assess the microbiological quality of collected oysters. Among oyster samples tested, 65% had fecal coliforms higher than the standard level for raw shellfish [< 20 Most Probable Numbers (MPN)/g]; MPN values in the range of 21.0-4.6 x 10(4)/g. Most oyster samples (85%) were contaminated with E. coli in the range of 3.0-4.6 x 10(4) MPN/g. One oyster sample with an acceptable level of fecal coliforms contained HAV GIB. E. coli was found in all HAV-positive oyster samples. The results suggest a significant presence of HAV and bacterial indicators of fecal contamination in raw oysters, which are a health risk for consumers and a source of gastrointestinal illness. Enteric viruses should also be tested to assess the microbiological quality of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Gentry J, Vinjé J, Guadagnoli D, Lipp EK. Norovirus distribution within an estuarine environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5474-80. [PMID: 19581478 PMCID: PMC2737928 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00111-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) has been studied extensively as an important cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. While oysters are a primary vehicle for infection, few studies have examined the wider distribution of NoV in the estuarine environment. Active shellfish-harvesting areas in Georgia were examined for the prevalence, genotype diversity, and concentrations of NoV in a variety of estuarine sample types over the course of 1 year. Of the 225 samples (9 oyster, 72 water, 72 63- to 200-microm plankton, and 72 >200-microm plankton) collected from 12 stations across two estuaries, 21 samples (9.3%) tested positive for NoV. By sample type, 55.0% (5/9) of oysters, 8.3% (6/72) of water samples, 11.1% (8/72) of 63- to 200-microm plankton samples, and 2.8% (2/72) of >200-microm plankton samples were positive for human NoV. The two NoV-positive >200-microm plankton samples, which contained mainly zooplankton, had the greatest quantity of NoV genomes (3.5 x 10(13) and 1.7 x 10(15) genomes g(-1)) of any sample tested. The majority, 90.5% (19/21), of the samples tested positive for genogroup I NoV, and only 9.5% (2/21) of the samples tested positive for genogroup II. The high concentrations of NoV in plankton samples compared to water and oyster samples were unexpected and provide new insights into the presence and distribution of human NoV in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gentry
- The University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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