1
|
Kustra K, Trela M, Hejdysz M, Kaczmarek S, Węsierska E, Babuszkiewicz M, Lis MW. A conventional hatchery vs "on-farm" hatching of broiler chickens in terms of microbiological and microclimatic conditions. Animal 2024; 18:101223. [PMID: 39013332 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
"On-farm hatching" is one of the proposed alternatives to conventional hatchery-hatching. This solution reduces distress and improves the welfare of the chicks around the hatching period. Therefore, it seemed interesting to compare conventional hatchery and "on-farm" hatching in terms of microbiological and microclimatic conditions. Hatching eggs (Ross 308) were incubated in a commercial hatchery. The control group (HH, 683 eggs) hatched in a conventional hatcher, while the other eggs were transported into the experimental chicken-hall for on-farm hatching, and set in pens directly on litter (OL, 667 eggs) or plastic trays (OT, 678 eggs). One-day-old chicks were also placed in the experimental hall. Microclimatic parameters were controlled every 12 h. The microbiological status of the surface of the eggshells and the litter was assessed based on the total number of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and also the selected individual genus/species of bacteria. The hatchability of HH was 96.4% in comparison to 93.9% and 95.8% for OL and OT, respectively (P > 0.05). On the other hand, 2.1% of the HH chicks were found injured/dead, while only 0.2-0.3% of the on-farm groups were. The total number of aerobic mesophilic microflora on the surface of as-hatched shells was 4.93 ± 0.629 log CFU/g in HH, while only 1.14 ± 0.995 and 1.93 ± 1.709 log CFU/g in OL and OT, respectively (P < 0.001). Similarly, the total count of bacteria in the litter in the on-farm hatched pens was 1.9-fold lower than in pens set with HH chicks (P < 0.001). In summary, on-farm hatching results in hatchability that is no worse than in a conventional hatcher, while the microbiological status of as-hatched eggshells and litter is significantly better. Therefore, on-farm hatching seems to provide appropriate environmental conditions for newly hatched chicks and poses no epizootic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kustra
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - M Trela
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - M Hejdysz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Science, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - S Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Science, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - E Węsierska
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - M W Lis
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Giovanni AJ, Jones TM, Benson TJ, Ward MP. Embryonic heart rate is higher in species that experience greater nest predation risk during incubation. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11460. [PMID: 38826173 PMCID: PMC11139974 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian eggs develop outside of the female body, and therefore embryonic development is subject to multiple internal (physiological) and external (ecological) factors. Embryonic developmental rate has important consequences for survival. Within species, embryos that develop too quickly often experience deformities, disorders, or mortality, while embryos that develop slowly risk inviability and increase the time they are exposed to various sources of mortality in the nest. These contrasting forces may lead to interspecific variation in developmental rates. We investigated potential factors affecting embryonic heart rate (EHR), a proxy of development, across 14 passerine species in the field. More specifically, we investigated if nest predation risk, clutch size, seasonality, and egg volume influenced EHR. From previous research, we expected, and found, that EHR was positively associated with embryonic age and egg temperature. Species with greater nest predation risk had higher EHR, shorter incubation periods, and lower nest temperature variance. EHR increased as the season progressed and with egg volume, while EHR declined with clutch size. Bird species exhibit varying strategies to increase nestling and fledgling survival in response to predation risk, and these results suggest that variation in embryonic development may be related to species-specific differences in nest predation risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Di Giovanni
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Todd M. Jones
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Migratory Bird CenterNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Thomas J. Benson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sampaio SA, de Oliveira RF, Borges KF, Gouveia ABVS, da Silva JMS, Santos AJ, Carrijo MS, dos Santos FR, de Araújo Neto FR, Gomide APC, Minafra CS. Influence of Monochromatic Light during Incubation on the Production and Metabolism of Low-Temperature Broiler Chicks. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1620. [PMID: 38891667 PMCID: PMC11171277 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of artificial lighting during the incubation phase is a tool that has been studied with the aim of increasing the production rates and hatchability. Using this, this study aims to investigate the effects of the luminous incidence of white and red monochromatic light on the production and metabolism of broiler chicks subjected to low temperatures. A total of 315 eggs of Ross 708 heavy breeders were used. The eggs were distributed randomly, with 35 eggs per tray, totaling 105 eggs per incubator. The treatments were the following: incubation without the use of light; the use of white monochromatic light; and the use of red monochromatic light. The lamps used were of the LED type. The samples were distributed in the factorial completely randomized experimental design with position effect on the tray. Candling, egg weighing, calculating the probability of survival and egg weight loss were performed. Temperatures were recorded using a thermographic camera. At birth, three chicks per tray were euthanized for evaluation: weight with and without yolk residue, gastrointestinal tract biometry, and blood and liver biochemistry. Analyses were performed using the R computational program. It was observed that there was a significant effect of the treatments on the levels of calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, amylase, glucose, urea and glutamate pyruvate transaminase on the biochemical profile of the blood and on the thermographic temperatures of the eggs; the experiment was kept at low temperatures resulting in thermal stress, with an average temperature of 34.5 °C. Therefore, the use of red and white monochromatic light in the artificial incubation process for brown-colored eggs is not recommended, because in the post-hatching phase, it promoted the metabolism dysregulation on the blood biochemical profile to control the differentiation in the wavelength of traditional incubation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cibele Silva Minafra
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75.901-970, GO, Brazil; (S.A.S.); (R.F.d.O.); (K.F.B.); (A.B.V.S.G.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (A.J.S.); (M.S.C.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.N.); (A.P.C.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hemida MA, Abdel-Fattah SA, Madkour M, Aboelenin MM, Ahmed SYA, Shourrap M. Hepatic heat shock proteins, antioxidant-related genes, and immunocompetence of heat-stressed broilers in response to short periods of incubation during egg storage and thermal conditioning. J Therm Biol 2023; 116:103640. [PMID: 37542840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Short Periods of Incubation During Egg Storage (SPIDES) approach improves chick quality and hatching rates. Also, embryonic thermal conditioning (TC) is a strategy for enhancing thermotolerance in avian species. Until now, evaluating the effect of either SPIDES or embryonic TC effects has only been separately conducted, so we hypothesized that combining TC and SPIDES may enhance the response of broilers to thermal stress. Eight hundred Ross broiler eggs were divided into two groups; the first one was kept under appropriate storage room conditions, S0 (control) The 2nd was subjected to SPIDES for 5 h at 37.8 ○C ± 0.1 three times at days 5, 10, and 15 (S1) after egg collection respectively. On the 14th day of incubation (DOI) each of the two main groups was randomly divided into two equal subgroups; the control one was left under the appropriate incubation settings (TC0) whereas the other received prenatal heat conditioning (TC1) at 39.5 ○C ± 0.1 for 6 h/d from the 14th to the 18th embryonic day (E), resulting finally in four experimental subgroups (S0TC0, S1TC0, S0TC1 & S1TC1). RESULTS: showed that SPIDES treatment improved the hatchability of the stored eggs by almost 20% compared to untreated eggs. A combination of SPIDES and TC (S1TC1) increased significantly the levels of Immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) production at hatch and heat-stressed birds. Our findings revealed that the hepatic heat shock proteins (hsp70, 90 A,90 B, 60 and hspA9), antioxidants-related genes (CAT, and SOD2), and NADPH4 were significantly downregulated in the thermally conditioned group that challenged with thermal stress conditions. As opposed to that, the SPIDES group showed a significant increase in hepatic heat shock proteins, antioxidants-related genes, and NADPH4 when subjected to thermal-stress conditions. In conclusion, the combination of SPIDES and TC has a positive effect on some pre and post-hatch traits of broiler chicks. Under heat stress challenge, thermal conditioning can modify the expression of antioxidant-related genes and Hsps, leading to the enhanced acquisition of thermotolerance as evidenced by lower expression of Hsps and NADPH4. While SPIDES does not have a significant role in thermotolerance acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Hemida
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Abdel-Fattah
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad M Aboelenin
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah Y A Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shourrap
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McClelland SC, Attard MRG, Bowen J, Horrocks NPC, Jamie GA, Dixit T, Spottiswoode CN, Portugal SJ. Eggshell composition and surface properties of avian brood-parasitic species compared with non-parasitic species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221023. [PMID: 37234505 PMCID: PMC10206472 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The eggs of avian obligate brood-parasitic species have multiple adaptations to deceive hosts and optimize development in host nests. While the structure and composition of the eggshell in all birds is essential for embryo growth and protection from external threats, parasitic eggs may face specific challenges such as high microbial loads, rapid laying and ejection by the host parents. We set out to assess whether eggshells of avian brood-parasitic species have either (i) specialized structural properties, to meet the demands of a brood-parasitic strategy or (ii) similar structural properties to eggs of their hosts, due to the similar nest environment. We measured the surface topography (roughness), wettability (how well surfaces repel water) and calcium content of eggshells of a phylogenetically and geographically diverse range of brood-parasitic species (representing four of the seven independent lineages of avian brood-parasitic species), their hosts and close relatives of the parasites. These components of the eggshell structure have been demonstrated previously to influence such factors as the risk of microbial infection and overall shell strength. Within a phylogenetically controlled framework, we found no overall significant differences in eggshell roughness, wettability and calcium content between (i) parasitic and non-parasitic species, or (ii) parasitic species and their hosts. Both the wettability and calcium content of the eggs from brood-parasitic species were not more similar to those of their hosts' eggs than expected by chance. By contrast, the mean surface roughness of the eggs of brood-parasitic species was more similar to that of their hosts' eggs than expected by chance, suggesting brood-parasitic species may have evolved to lay eggs that match the host nest environment for this trait. The lack of significant overall differences between parasitic and non-parasitic species, including hosts, in the traits we measured, suggests that phylogenetic signal, as well as general adaptations to the nest environment and for embryo development, outweigh any influence of a parasitic lifestyle on these eggshell properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. McClelland
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Marie R. G. Attard
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- School of Engineering and Innovation, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - James Bowen
- School of Engineering and Innovation, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Nicholas P. C. Horrocks
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Gabriel A. Jamie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanmay Dixit
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire N. Spottiswoode
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steven J. Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- The Natural History Museum, Tring, Herts HP23 6AP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, McLean N, MacIsaac J, Martynenko A, Rathgeber B. Effect of photoperiod during incubation on embryonic temperature, hatch traits and performance of two commercial broiler strains. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102632. [PMID: 37031587 PMCID: PMC10120375 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Provision of light during incubation has shown the potential to enhance hatching traits and affect posthatch productivity, physiology, and behavior. In this study, 2 repeated trials were conducted to investigate the effect of photoperiod and strain on the embryo temperature, hatching traits and posthatch growth performance of 2 commercial strains of broilers (Ross 308 and Cobb 500). In each trial, hatching eggs were randomly distributed into 6 incubators with 3 photoperiod treatments: blue LED light for 12 h d-1 (12L:12D) or 18 h d-1 (18L:6D) during entire incubation were compared with no illumination condition (DARK). Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with the trial as the blocking factor. Embryos incubated under 12L:12D and 18L:6D had lower air cell temperature (P < 0.05) than the DARK embryos from d 13 of incubation onward except on the day of candling. The response of air cell temperature to periodic illumination differed between 2 strains. Cobb embryos had lower air cell temperature in 12L:12D than those incubated with 18L:6D from d 16 of incubation onward, whereas lower air cell temperature was found in Ross embryos when illuminated with 18L:6D photoperiod compared to those under 12L:12D. The 12L:12D treatment was associated with improved (P < 0.05) navel closure condition of hatchlings. There were no differences in hatchability, embryo mortality, body weight, or length at hatch among photoperiod groups or its combination with strain. No differences in production parameters were found between DARK and illuminated groups. However, 12L:12D had heavier (P < 0.05) body weight on d 14 of age and higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain than 18L:6D from d 7 to 14 of age. The results of this study indicate that providing blue LED light up to 18 h d-1 has no detrimental effect on production of broilers, however, 12L:12D light regime improved chick quality at hatch compared to DARK and resulted in heavier birds by d 14 compared to 18L:6D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Li
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Nancy McLean
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Janice MacIsaac
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Alex Martynenko
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lindsey L, Elliott K, Fatemi S, Gerard P, Peebles E. Utilizing in ovo telemetry to examine the effects of reduced incubation temperature on broiler embryo temperature and subsequent hatchability. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102506. [PMID: 36739805 PMCID: PMC9932113 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The current commercial broiler embryo experiences a rapid metabolism and growth rate and may produce more heat than those of the past. Consequently, it may be beneficial to lower standard incubation temperature for commercial broiler hatching eggs. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if lowering incubation temperature at 12 d of incubation (DOI) would affect embryo temperature (ET) in embryonated Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs. From 0 to 12 DOI, eggs were incubated under standard conditions (37.50°C dry bulb, 29.76°C wet bulb). At 12 DOI, temperature transponders were aseptically placed on the inner air cell membrane to measure air cell temperature (ACT) as an estimate of ET in 120 eggs. The eggs were then randomly assigned to 4 separate still-air incubators, each containing 30 eggs. Two replicate incubators were maintained at a standard (STRT; 37.5°C) or low (LTRT; 35.6°C) temperature treatment between 12 and 21 DOI. A significant positive correlation existed between incubator air temperature (IAT) and ACT across temperature treatment and in the STRT. However, IAT was not significantly correlated with ACT in the LTRT. A significantly higher ACT was observed in the STRT than in the LTRT for 88% of the readings taken between 12 and 21 DOI. Percent egg weight loss (PEWL) between 13 and 17 DOI did not significantly differ between temperature treatments. From 13 to 17 DOI, there was a significant positive correlation between PEWL and ACT in the STRT, however, no significant correlation occurred between PEWL and ACT in the LTRT. Percent hatch of fertile eggs containing live embryos at 12 DOI was 93.3% in the STRT and 100% in the LTRT. However, time of hatch occurred 14 to 19 h later and hatchling BW was lower in the LTRT than in the STRT. Although lowering IAT at 12 DOI may improve hatchability, an associated delay in hatch and a decrease in hatchling BW may not be commercially acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.L. Lindsey
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762, USA
| | - K.E.C. Elliott
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S.A. Fatemi
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762, USA
| | - P.D. Gerard
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - E.D. Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762, USA,Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Filippi L, Scaramuzzo RT, Pascarella F, Pini A, Morganti R, Cammalleri M, Bagnoli P, Ciantelli M. Fetal oxygenation in the last weeks of pregnancy evaluated through the umbilical cord blood gas analysis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1140021. [PMID: 37152310 PMCID: PMC10160648 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1140021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Embryo and fetus grow and mature over the first trimester of pregnancy in a dynamic hypoxic environment, where placenta development assures an increased oxygen availability. However, it is unclear whether and how oxygenation changes in the later trimesters and, more specifically, in the last weeks of pregnancy. Methods Observational study that evaluated the gas analysis of the umbilical cord blood collected from a cohort of healthy newborns with gestational age ≥37 weeks. Umbilical venous and arterial oxygen levels as well as fetal oxygen extraction were calculated to establish whether oxygenation level changes over the last weeks of pregnancy. In addition, fetal lactate, and carbon dioxide production were analyzed to establish whether oxygen oscillations may induce metabolic effects in utero. Results This study demonstrates a progressive increase in fetal oxygenation levels from the 37th to the 41st weeks of gestation (mean venous PaO2 approximately from 20 to 25 mmHg; p < 0.001). This increase is largely attributable to growing umbilical venous PaO2, regardless of delivery modalities. In neonates born by vaginal delivery, the increased oxygen availability is associated with a modest increase in oxygen extraction, while in neonates born by cesarean section, it is associated with reduced lactate production. Independently from the type of delivery, carbon dioxide production moderately increased. These findings suggest a progressive shift from a prevalent anaerobic metabolism (Warburg effect) towards a growing aerobic metabolism. Conclusion This study confirms that fetuses grow in a hypoxic environment that becomes progressively less hypoxic in the last weeks of gestation. The increased oxygen availability seems to favor aerobic metabolic shift during the last weeks of intrauterine life; we hypothesize that this environmental change may have implications for fetal maturation during intrauterine life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: Luca Filippi
| | | | | | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Morganti
- Section of Statistics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Unit of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Unit of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sözcü A, İpek A, van den Brand H. Eggshell temperature during early and late incubation affects embryo and hatchling development in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102054. [PMID: 36041386 PMCID: PMC9449646 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
|
10
|
Hossain ME, Akter N. Further insights into the prevention of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in broiler: a 65-year review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2090305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Emran Hossain
- Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Nasima Akter
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agyekum G, Okai M, Tona J, Donkoh A, Hamidu J. Impact of Incubation Temperature Profile on Chick Quality, Bone, and Immune System during the Late Period of Incubation of Cobb 500 Broiler Strain. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101999. [PMID: 35841642 PMCID: PMC9289892 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the impact of incubation temperature profile on embryonic growth and chick quality post-hatch. Hatching eggs (n = 405) were incubated in a Jamesway PS-5000 single-stage incubator at 37.5°C and 56% RH until embryonic day 14 (ED14). At ED14, 135 eggs each were transferred into 3 identical G.Q.F. MFG. CO incubators, and each set to one of the following incubation temperatures: 36.5°C, 37.0°C, and 37.5°C. Data on eggshell temperature (EST) and embryo quality were collected from ED15 to ED20. At hatch, chick quality and leg bone qualities were assessed. Blood collected from chicks was used to assess hematological and immunological parameters. The remainder of the chicks was reared on standard broiler feed for 8 wk to measure growth performance. Data were analyzed using the SAS Proc. GLM at P ≤ 0.05. The daily EST was higher at 37.5°C incubation temperature compared to 36.5°C and 37.0°C during ED15 to ED21. Chicks of 37.5°C had early external pipping and hatching times compared to 36.5°C. There were no significant differences in external chick quality parameters. The chick leg bone Ca and P levels increased with increasing incubation temperature at day old, 4 wk, and 8 wk. Besides mean corpuscular hemoglobin and concentration, which were higher at 37.5°C compared to 36.5°C and 37.0°C, all blood parameters measured were not different. Bone mineral levels may not be the same as bone development. Therefore, appropriate incubation and nutritional strategies are needed to increase bone development, and broiler growth to reduce leg problems.
Collapse
|
12
|
Omogiade Idahor K. Avian Reproduction. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There are about 10,400 living avian species belonging to the class Aves, characterized by feathers which no other animal classes possess and are warm-blooded vertebrates with four-chamber heart. They have excellent vision, and their forelimbs are modified into wings for flight or swimming, though not all can fly or swim. They lay hard-shelled eggs which are a secretory product of the reproductive system that vary greatly in colour, shape and size, and the bigger the bird, the bigger the egg. Since domestication, avian species have been basically reared for eggs, meat, pleasure and research. They reproduce sexually with the spermatozoa being homogametic and carry Z-bearing chromosomes, and the blastodisk carries either Z-bearing or W-bearing chromosomes, hence, the female is heterogametic, and thus, determines the sex of the offspring. The paired testes produce spermatozoa, sex hormones and the single ovary (with a few exceptions) produces yolk bearing the blastodisk and sex hormones. Both testis and ovary are the primary sex organs involved in sexual characteristics development in avian. In avian reproduction, there must be mating for fertile egg that must be incubated to produce the young ones. At hatch, hatchling sex is identified and reared to meet the aim of the farmer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dave M, Levin J, Ruffins SW, Sato Y, Fraser S, Lansford R, Kawahara T. A Novel Egg-In-Cube System Enables Long-Term Culture and Dynamic Imaging of Early Embryonic Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893736. [PMID: 35634159 PMCID: PMC9133561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian egg is a closed system that protects the growing embryo from external factors but prevents direct observation of embryo development. Various culture systems exist in the literature to study the development of the embryo for short periods of incubation (from 12 h up to a maximum of 60 h of egg incubation). A common flaw to these culture techniques is the inability to culture the unincubated avian blastoderm with intact tissue tensions on its native yolk. The goal of this work is to create a unique novel egg-in-cube system that can be used for long-term quail embryo culture initiated from its unincubated blastoderm stage. The egg-in-cube acts as an artificial transparent eggshell system that holds the growing embryo, making it amenable to microscopy. With the egg-in-cube system, quail embryos can be grown up to 9 days from the unincubated blastoderm (incubated in air, 20.9% O2), which improves to 15 days on switching to a hyperoxic environment of 60% O2. Using transgenic fluorescent quail embryos in the egg-in-cube system, cell movements in the unincubated blastoderm are imaged dynamically using inverted confocal microscopy, which has been challenging to achieve with other culture systems. Apart from these observations, several other imaging applications of the system are described in this work using transgenic fluorescent quail embryos with upright confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. To demonstrate the usefulness of the egg-in-cube system in perturbation experiments, the quail neural tube is electroporated with fluorescent mRNA “in cubo”, followed by the incubation of the electroporated embryo and microscopy of the electroporated region with the embryo in the cube. The egg-in-cube culture system in combination with the “in cubo” electroporation and dynamic imaging capabilities described here will enable researchers to investigate several fundamental questions in early embryogenesis with the avian (quail) embryo on its native yolk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Dave
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Levin
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seth Walter Ruffins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Scott Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rusty Lansford, ; Tomohiro Kawahara,
| | - Tomohiro Kawahara
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Rusty Lansford, ; Tomohiro Kawahara,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Avşar K, Uçar A, Özlü S, Elibol O. Effect of high eggshell temperature during the early period of incubation on hatchability, hatch time, residual yolk, and first-week broiler performance1. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
15
|
Okur N, Eratalar SA, Yiğit AA, Kutlu T, Kabakçi R, Özsoy ŞY. Effects of incubator oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations on hatchability of fertile eggs, some blood parameters, and histopathological changes of broilers with different parental stock ages in high altitude. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101609. [PMID: 34936960 PMCID: PMC8703081 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of incubator carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) concentrations with parental stock age (PSA) on embryonic deaths (ED), hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE), some blood parameters, and the tissue development of broilers were investigated. Four consecutive repetitions following the similar materials and methods were carried. From 3 different aged ROSS 308 broiler parental flocks 7,680 hatching eggs were obtained and classified as young (Y; 29 wk), middle (M; 37 wk) and old (O; 55 wk) as regards PSA, and randomly distributed. Four different incubator ventilation programs (IVP) as control (C; 0.67% CO2 and 20.33% O2), high CO2 (HC; 1.57% CO2 and 20.26% O2), high O2 (HO; 0.50% CO2 and 21.16% O2), and high CO2 + O2 (HCO; 1.17% CO2 21.03% O2) were applied with oxygen concentrator, and ED and HFE were investigated. Lung and heart tissues, hemoglobin value, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) values of the chicks were analyzed. It was found that IVP affected ED and HFE. Higher rate of early ED (EED) was obtained from the HC than HCO, and higher middle+late stage+pipped but unhatched ED (MLPED) with a lower rate of HFE was observed in the C group than HO and HCO (P < 0.05). Association was found between PSA and IVP (P < 0.05), being more evident in EED for young PSA, in MLPED with HFE for Y and O PSA. From hematological values, no statistical difference in RBC, PCV, and Hb values were found among the treatment groups, ACTH concentration known as a response to stress was found to be higher than C in all groups, triiodothyronine concentration was higher in the HO group than C. In the histopathological examination, used IVPs were found to have negative effects on the lung and heart such as vacuolization, hemorrhage in all PSA groups except for C. Conclusively, PSA and IVP affected some hatching, blood and tissue development parameters of the broiler chicks.
Collapse
|
16
|
Impact of Treating Hatching Eggs with Curcumin after Exposure to Thermal Stress on Embryonic Development, Hatchability, Physiological Body Reactions, and Hormonal Profiles of Dokki-4 Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113220. [PMID: 34827952 PMCID: PMC8614242 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Curcumin has been used as a suitable feed supplement for poultry to improve several hematological and biochemical indicators, diminish heat stress, and increase antioxidant activity. This experiment evaluated the effects of incubation temperatures and spraying hatching eggs with curcumin during the incubation phase on chick embryo development, hatchability, physiological body reactions, and hormonal profiles of Dokki 4 chickens. The findings indicated that the relative water loss and dead after piping in the chronic incubation temperature group were significantly increased compared with the normal incubation temperature group. Post-hatch, the triiodothyronine level in the high incubation temperature group was significantly decreased than in the control group. Regarding curcumin treatments, relative water loss from eggs and the hatchability of fertile eggs in treated groups significantly increased, while body surface temperature significantly decreased compared with the control. Abstract This study evaluated the impact of incubation temperature and spraying hatching eggs with curcumin during the early embryogenesis phase on chick embryo developments, hatchability, physiological body reactions, and hormonal profiles of Dokki 4 chickens. A total of 720 fertile eggs were equally distributed into two groups. In the first group, the eggs were incubated at normal incubation temperature/NIT (37.8 °C and 55–60% RH) for up to 19 days of incubation, whereas those in the second group were incubated in the same conditions except from 6 to 8 day, in which they were daily exposed to chronic incubation temperature/CIT (39.0 °C) for 3 h. Each group was classified into four curcumin treatment doses; the 1st treatment (control) was sprayed with distilled water, while the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th treatments were sprayed with 250, 500, and 1000 mg curcumin/liter distilled water. The results indicated that the lowest hatchability of fertile eggs (%) was obtained in the CIT group (p = 0.02), whereas the highest body surface temperature/BST compared in the NIT group (p = 0.01). Regarding curcumin treatments, the percentages of heart, gizzard, spleen, and T3 hormone levels in the treated group were significantly increased, while the H/L ratio was significantly reduced (p = 0.001) compared with the control. At 8 weeks of age, the testes and ovary percentages in treated groups were significantly (p = 0.05) increased compared with the control. In conclusion, exposure of hatching eggs to high thermal stress (39 °C) during the incubation phase had deleterious effects on chick performance and T3 hormone level. Moreover, spraying hatching eggs had beneficial impacts on growth, reproductive organs, T3 hormone level, and reducing H/L ratio.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nangsuay A, Molenaar R, Meijerhof R, van den Anker I, Heetkamp MJW, Kemp B, van den Brand H. Effects of oxygen concentration during incubation and broiler breeder age on embryonic heat production, chicken development, and 7-day performance. Animal 2021; 15:100323. [PMID: 34340139 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Older breeder flocks produce eggs with a relatively larger yolk and thereby a higher nutrient availability than young breeder flocks. To optimise nutrient utilisation and embryonic development throughout incubation and posthatch period, embryos originating from older breeder flocks may require a higher oxygen availability. The current study investigated effects of broiler breeder flock age and incubational oxygen concentration on embryonic metabolism and chicken development until 7-day posthatch. Similar sized eggs of a young (28-32 week) or old (55-59 week) Cobb 500 breeder flock were incubated at one of three oxygen concentrations (17%, 21% or 25%) from day 7 of incubation until 6 h after emergence from the eggshell. Posthatch, chickens were reared until 7 days of age. Egg composition at the start of incubation, heat production during incubation, and embryo or chicken development at embryonic day (ED)14 and ED18 of incubation, 6 h after hatch and day 7 posthatch were evaluated. An interaction was found between breeder age and oxygen concentration for yolk-free body mass (YFBM) at ED18. A higher oxygen concentration increased YFBM in the old breeder flock, whereas no difference was found between 21 and 25% oxygen in the young breeder flock. Yolk size was larger in the old compared to the young flock from ED0 until 6 h after hatch. Breeder flock age did not affect YFBM at ED14 and 6 h after hatch nor daily embryonic heat production, but there were some effects on relative organ weights. Chickens of the old compared to the young breeder flock showed a higher weight gain at day 7, but at a similar feed conversion ratio (FCR). A higher oxygen concentration during incubation stimulated embryonic development, especially between 17% and 21% of oxygen, in both flock ages. Although this growth advantage disappeared at 7 days posthatch, a low oxygen concentration during incubation resulted in a higher FCR at 7 days posthatch. Results indicated that breeder flock age seemed to influence body development, with an advantage for the older breeder flock during the posthatch period. Oxygen concentrations during incubation affected body development during incubation and FCR in the first 7 days posthatch. Although an interaction was found between breeder flock age and oxygen concentration at ED18 of incubation, there was no strong evidence that nutrient availability at the start of incubation (represented by breeder flock ages) affected embryo and chicken development at a higher oxygen concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nangsuay
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Meijerhof
- Poultry Performance Plus, Kleine Enkweg 1, 7383 DB Voorst, the Netherlands
| | - I van den Anker
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M J W Heetkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tesarova MP, Skoupa M, Foltyn M, Tvrdon Z, Lichovnikova M. Research Note: Effects of preincubation and higher initiating incubation temperature of long-term stored hatching eggs on hatchability and day-old chick and yolk sac weight. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101293. [PMID: 34229216 PMCID: PMC8264209 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of increased initial incubation temperature and repeated preincubation of 35-d stored eggs from 46-week-old Ross 308 parental stock on the hatchability and day-old chick and yolk sac weight. Two different temperatures were applied during the first 36 h and they were combined with 4 preincubation treatments during storage. One half of the hatching eggs (2,400) were incubated for the first 36 h at an incubation temperature of 38.3°C, and the second half were incubated at a higher temperature of 39.2°C. Four different preincubations were applied; none, once at the 7th d of hatching egg storage, twice at the 7th and 12th d of storage and 3 times at the 7th, 12th and 19th d of storage. Both preincubation and increased temperature had negative effects on hatchability (P < 0.001). The interaction between these 2 factors was also significant (P < 0.05). These 2 factors also negatively affected early and late embryonic mortality (P < 0.001). However, middle embryonic mortality was not influenced. Live weight, weight of residual yolk sac, and yolk sac proportion were not affected by repeated preincubation nor by increased temperature over the first 36 h of incubation (P > 0.05). A higher initial temperature decreased chick yolk free body mass (P < 0.05). Although neither increased initial temperature in the setter nor repeated preincubation affected one-day-old chick weights, these treatments were not suitable for long-term stored eggs because of decreased hatchability and impairment of one day chick yolk free body mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pesanova Tesarova
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Skoupa
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Martina Lichovnikova
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
van den Brand H, Meijerhof R, Heetkamp MJW, van den Anker I, Ooms M, Kemp B, Molenaar R. Interaction between eggshell temperature and carbon dioxide concentration after day 8 of incubation on broiler chicken embryo development. Animal 2021; 15:100223. [PMID: 34030030 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered to be an important factor during incubation of eggs. Effects attributed to higher CO2 concentrations during experiment might be due to confounding effects of other environmental conditions, such as incubation temperature. To disentangle effects of eggshell temperature (EST) and CO2 concentration, an experiment was conducted. A total of 630 Cobb 500 hatching eggs from 37 to 45 wk commercial breeder flocks were collected and incubated according to treatments. The experiment was setup as a complete randomized 2 × 3 factorial design, resulting in 6 treatments. From day 8 of incubation onward, broiler eggs were exposed to one of two EST (37.8 or 38.9 °C) and one of three CO2 concentrations (0.1, 0.4 or 0.8%). Eggs were incubated in climate-respiration chambers and metabolic heat production was determined continuously. At day 18 of incubation and at 6 h after hatching, embryo and chicken quality were determined by evaluation of organ weights, navel condition, blood metabolites and hepatic glycogen. Hatching time and chicken length at 6 h after hatching showed an interaction between EST and CO2 concentration (both P = 0.001). Furthermore, no effect of CO2 concentration was found on embryo development or chicken quality. Metabolic heat production between day 8 and 18 of incubation was not affected by either EST or CO2. At day 18 of incubation, an EST of 38.9 °C resulted in a higher egg weight loss, longer embryos, higher yolk free body mass (YFBM) and lower heart weight than an EST of 37.8 °C (all P < 0.008). At 6 h after hatching, an EST of 38.9 °C resulted in a higher residual yolk weight and lower YFBM, liver weight and heart weight than an EST of 37.8 °C (all P < 0.003). Lactate, uric acid and hepatic glycogen were not affected by EST at either day 18 of incubation or at hatch. Glucose was not affected by EST at day 18 of incubation, but at hatch, it was higher at an EST of 37.8 °C than at an EST of 38.9 °C (P = 0.02). It can be concluded that effects of CO2 concentration (at concentrations ≤0.8%) on embryonic development and chicken quality appear to be limited when EST is maintained at a constant level. Moreover, a higher EST from day 8 of incubation onward appears to negatively affect chicken quality at hatch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Meijerhof
- Poultry Performance Plus, Kleine Enkweg 1, 7383 DB Voorst, the Netherlands
| | - M J W Heetkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - I van den Anker
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Ooms
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Narinç D, Aydemir E. Chick quality: an overview of measurement techniques and influencing factors. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1892469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Narinç
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - E. Aydemir
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar M, Ratwan P, Dahiya SP, Nehra AK. Climate change and heat stress: Impact on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry and its mitigation using genetic strategies. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102867. [PMID: 33863431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is an important environmental determinant which adversely affects the performance of poultry worldwide. The present communication reviews the impact of heat stress on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry, and its alleviation using genetic strategies. The adverse effects of high environmental temperature on poultry include decrease in growth rate, body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, meat quality, semen quality, fertility and hatchability, which cause vast financial losses to the poultry industry. High ambient temperature has an antagonistic effect on performance traits of the poultry. Thus, selection of birds for high performance has increased their susceptibility to heat stress. Additionally, heat burden during transportation of birds from one place to another leads to reduced meat quality, increased mortality and welfare issues. Molecular markers are being explored nowadays to recognize the potential candidate genes related to production, reproduction and growth traits for selecting poultry birds to enhance thermo-tolerance and resistance against diseases. In conclusion, there is a critical need of formulating selection strategies based on genetic markers and exploring more genes in addition to HSP25, 70, 90, H1, RB1CC, BAG3, PDK, ID1, Na, F, dw and K responsible for thermoregulation, to improve the overall performance of poultry along with their ability to tolerate heat stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Poonam Ratwan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - S P Dahiya
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stermin AN, David A. Survival of water rail Rallus aquaticus (Aves, Rallidae) embryos exposed to experimental flooding. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru N. Stermin
- Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; e-mail:
| | - Alin David
- Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wijnen HJ, van den Brand H, Lammers A, van Roovert-Reijrink IAM, van der Pol CW, Kemp B, Molenaar R. Effects of eggshell temperature pattern during incubation on primary immune organ development and broiler immune response in later life. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6619-6629. [PMID: 33248577 PMCID: PMC7705051 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell temperature (EST) during incubation greatly affects embryo development, chick quality at hatch, and subsequently various broiler physiological systems. Until now, a constant EST of 37.8°C seems optimal. Data on effects of EST patterns on immune organ development and subsequent broiler immune response are, however, scarce. A higher EST of 38.9°C in week 2 and/or a lower EST of 36.7°C in week 3 of incubation potentially positively affect embryo immune organ development and broiler immune response post hatch. Broiler eggs (n = 468) were incubated at 4 different EST patterns (n = 117 eggs/treatment) from week 2 of incubation onward. Week 1 (embryonic age (E)0 < E7) EST was 37.8°C for all eggs. Week 2 (E7 < E14) EST was either 37.8°C (Control) or 38.9°C (Higher), and week 3 (E14 - /hatch) EST was either Control or 36.7°C (Lower). At hatch, histology of bursal follicles and jejunum villi and crypts were determined as well as heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H:L) (n = 49). Posthatch, both sexes were grown in 8 pens/treatment for 6 wk (n = 320). Natural antibodies (NAb) were determined at day 14, 22, and slaughter (day 41 or 42) as an indicator of immunocompetence and response to a Newcastle disease (NCD) vaccination was determined by antibody levels at day 22 and slaughter (n = 128). Results showed no interaction EST week 2 × EST week 3, except for jejunum histology. Higher EST in week 2 resulted in lower cell density within bursal follicles (P = 0.02) and a tendency for lower H:L (P = 0.07) at hatch, and higher NCD titers at slaughter (P = 0.02) than Control EST. Lower EST in week 3 resulted at hatch in higher cell density within bursal follicles, higher H:L (both P < 0.05), and a tendency for a higher posthatch mortality rate than control EST (P = 0.10). In conclusion, higher EST in week 2 during incubation may benefit embryonic immune organ development and posthatch broiler immunocompetence, while lower EST in week 3 showed opposite indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Wijnen
- Research Department, Hatchtech BV, 3900 AG Veenendaal, The Netherlands; Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - C W van der Pol
- Research Department, Hatchtech BV, 3900 AG Veenendaal, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morita VS, Almeida AR, Matos Junior JB, Vicentini TI, Zanirato GL, Boleli IC. Neither altered incubation temperature during fetal development nor preferred rearing temperature improves leg bone characteristics of broilers. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102726. [PMID: 33077137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated whether broiler femoral and tibiotarsal characteristics (as assessed at slaughter age) could be improved if birds were reared under their preferred temperature and whether continuous high or low incubation temperature during the fetal period improves bone characteristics of broilers reared under heat stress or thermal preference. Broiler breeder eggs were incubated from day 13 until hatching under cold (36 °C), control (37.5 °C), or hot (39 °C) temperatures. Under these conditions, the eggshell temperatures were 37.4 ± 0.1°C, 37.8 ± 0.15°C, and 38.8 ± 0.3°C, respectively. Then, broiler chicks were reared under control, preferred (determined previously in thermal preference test), or high temperatures. At day 42 of age, the broilers were weighed and euthanized, and femora and tibiotarsi collected to measure weight, length, diaphysis perimeter, breaking strength, maximum flexion, rigidity, ash, phosphorus, and calcium. Rearing under the preferred temperature did not affect broiler body weight or femoral and tibiotarsal characteristics (P > 0.05). In contrast, high rearing temperature, decreased the body weight, mineral contents of both bones, femoral breaking strength, and tibiotarsal rigidity (P < 0.05). Regarding incubation temperature effects, egg exposure to cold and hot temperatures during the fetal period minimized or avoided a few effects of high rearing temperature, such as those on femoral and tibiotarsal morphological characteristics, mineral composition, and mechanical properties at slaughter age (P < 0.05), but not all. In conclusion, rearing under the preferred broiler temperature did not improve the bone characteristics, and the negative effects of high rearing temperature on bone development were minimized but not completely prevented by high or low temperature incubation during the fetal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane S Morita
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP. Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane S/n Km5, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayla R Almeida
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP. Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane S/n Km5, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João B Matos Junior
- Faculty Marechal Rondon - FARON, Medicine Veterinary Sector, Marechal Rondon Avenue N.10058, Vilhena, 76980-000, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Tamiris I Vicentini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP. Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane S/n Km5, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele L Zanirato
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP. Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane S/n Km5, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Boleli
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP. Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane S/n Km5, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wijnen HJ, Molenaar R, van Roovert-Reijrink IAM, van der Pol CW, Kemp B, van den Brand H. Effects of incubation temperature pattern on broiler performance. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3897-3907. [PMID: 32731976 PMCID: PMC7597978 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During incubation, development of embryos is affected by eggshell temperature (EST). A constant EST of 37.8°C has been considered so far to result in most optimal embryo development. However, it can be hypothesized that a higher EST in week 2 in combination with a lower EST in week 3 stimulates embryo development and subsequent grow-out performance. In this study, 468 eggs of a 44-week-old Ross 308 breeder flock were incubated at different incubation temperature patterns in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. In week 2, EST was either 37.8°C or 38.9°C, and in week 3, EST was either 37.8°C or 36.7°C. At hatch, chick quality was determined. Thereafter, 320 broilers were grown in 32 pens (8 replicates/treatment) for 6 wk. Weekly BW and ADFI were determined, and at day 40, slaughter yield from 128 broilers (4 per pen) was determined. Results showed that EST in week 2 did not interact with EST in week 3 for any variable. An EST of 38.9°C in week 2 resulted in a 1 mm longer chick length (P < 0.001) and 0.4 mmol/L lower blood glucose level (P = 0.04) at hatch than an EST of 37.8°C. Grow-out performance was not affected by EST in week 2 of incubation. An EST of 36.7°C in week 3 resulted in a 1 mm shorter chick length (P = 0.02), 1.0 mmol/L higher blood glucose level (P < 0.001), and higher relative heart (P = 0.01) and stomach weights (P = 0.03) at hatch than an EST of 37.8°C. Additionally, an EST of 36.7°C in week 3 resulted in lower BW, ADG, and ADFI on slaughter age (all P < 0.03) than an EST of 37.8°C. In conclusion, no interaction between EST in week 2 and 3 of incubation was found for any variable. A higher EST in week 2 had minor effects at hatching and during rearing, whereas a lower EST in week 3 seemed to result in better organ development, but resulted in lower grow-out performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Wijnen
- Research Department, Hatchtech BV, 3900 AG, Veenendaal, the Netherlands; Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - C W van der Pol
- Research Department, Hatchtech BV, 3900 AG, Veenendaal, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Matos Júnior JB, Vicentini TI, Almeida AR, Morita VDS, Sgavioli S, Boleli IC. Hatching phase influences thermal preference of broilers throughout rearing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235600. [PMID: 32628711 PMCID: PMC7337320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we aimed for the first time to analyse whether opposite hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature from day 13 to hatching interferes with the thermal preference and response of broilers to heat stress throughout the rearing period. Fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb-500®) were used in a completely randomized trial with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (Short-Long and Long-Short hatching patterns: short time interval between internal and external pipping followed by long time interval between external pipping and hatching, and long time interval between internal and external pipping followed by short time interval between external pipping and hatching, respectively; and control and high incubation temperatures: 37.5°C and 39°C from the 13rd day, respectively). Thermal manipulation from day 13 was chosen because it is known endocrine axes are already established at this time. At hatching, male chicks were reared in climatical chamber with 16 boxes, maintained at the temperature recommended for this strain, with 4 replicates of 18 chicks per treatment. Broilers with Long-Short hatching pattern and from eggs incubation at 37.5°C preferred the lowest ambient temperature at all analyzed ages, whereas broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern and from eggs incubated at 39°C preferred the highest temperatures from 21 days of age. Heat-exposed broilers showed increased respiratory frequency in all ages analyzed, which should have to contributed to maintainance of their rectal (body) temperature. The hatching patterns did not influence the feed intake, but broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern had better feed conversion, weight gain, and body weight. High incubation temperature reduced the feed consumption, as well as the weight gain and body weight by worsening the feed conversion. The results of this study reveal that hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature influence the broiler thermal preference and heat response throughout the rearing period. Chicks with Long-Short and Short-Long hatching patterns should be reared separately, although this is not practical within a hatcher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamiris Iara Vicentini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayla Rosa Almeida
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Souza Morita
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Cristina Boleli
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
van der Wagt I, de Jong IC, Mitchell MA, Molenaar R, van den Brand H. A review on yolk sac utilization in poultry. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2162-2175. [PMID: 32241502 PMCID: PMC7587635 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During incubation, embryonic growth and development are dependent on nutrients deposited in the egg. The content of the yolk can be transferred to the embryo in 2 ways: directly into the intestine via the yolk stalk or through the highly vascularized yolk sac membrane. It has been suggested that, as a result of genetic selection and improved management, the increase in posthatch growth rate and concurrently the increase in metabolic rate of broiler chickens during the last 50 yr has also increased embryonic metabolism. A higher metabolic rate during incubation would imply a lower residual yolk weight and possibly lower energy reserve for the hatchling. This might affect posthatch development and performance. This review examined scientific publications published between 1930 and 2018 to compare residual yolk weight at hatch, metabolic heat production, and yolk utilization throughout incubation. This review aimed to investigate 1) whether or not residual yolk weight and composition has been changed during the 88-yr period considered and 2) which abiotic and biotic factors affect yolk utilization in poultry during incubation and the early posthatch period. It can be concluded that 1) residual yolk weight and the total solid amount of the residual yolk at hatch seem to be decreased in the recent decades. It cannot be concluded whether the (lack of) differences between old and modern strains are due to genetic selection, changed management and incubation conditions, or moment of sampling (immediately after hatch or at pulling). It is remarkable that with the genetic progress and improved management and incubation conditions over the last 88 yr, effects on yolk utilization efficiency and embryonic metabolic heat production are limited; 2) factors specially affecting residual yolk weight at hatch include egg size and incubation temperature, whereas breeder age has more influence on nutrient composition of the residual yolk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilonka van der Wagt
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm A Mitchell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Roos Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abd El-Hack ME, Hurtado CB, Toro DM, Alagawany M, Abdelfattah EM, Elnesr SS. Impact of environmental and incubation factors on hatchability of duck eggs. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1628394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesar Betancur Hurtado
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, University of Córdoba, Monteria, Colombia
| | - Dairon Más Toro
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu S, Zhang L, Quan H, Tian H, Meng L, Yang L, Feng H, Gao YQ. From 1D sequence to 3D chromatin dynamics and cellular functions: a phase separation perspective. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9367-9383. [PMID: 30053116 PMCID: PMC6182157 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-order chromatin structure plays a non-negligible role in gene regulation. However, the mechanism, especially the sequence dependence for the formation of varied chromatin structures in different cells remains to be elucidated. As the nucleotide distributions in human and mouse genomes are highly uneven, we identified CGI (CpG island) forest and prairie genomic domains based on CGI densities of a species, dividing the genome into two sequentially, epigenetically, and transcriptionally distinct regions. These two megabase-sized domains also spatially segregate to different extents in different cell types. Forests and prairies show enhanced segregation from each other in development, differentiation, and senescence, meanwhile the multi-scale forest-prairie spatial intermingling is cell-type specific and increases in differentiation, helping to define cell identity. We propose that the phase separation of the 1D mosaic sequence in space serves as a potential driving force, and together with cell type specific epigenetic marks and transcription factors, shapes the chromatin structure in different cell types. The mosaicity in genome of different species in terms of forests and prairies could relate to observations in their biological processes like development and aging. In this way, we provide a bottoms-up theory to explain the chromatin structural and epigenetic changes in different processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Quan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Luming Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huajie Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
van den Brand H, van de Kraats SJF, Sözcü A, Jöerissen R, Heetkamp MJW, van den Anker I, Ooms M, Kemp B. Both the rooster line and incubation temperature affect embryonic metabolism and hatchling quality in laying hen crossbreds. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2632-2640. [PMID: 30690584 PMCID: PMC6527512 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of 3 eggshell temperatures (EST; 36.7. 37.8, and 38.9°C) in 2 genetic laying hen crossbreds (AB and BB; same hen line, different rooster line) on embryonic metabolism and hatchling quality were investigated. EST were applied from day 14.5 of incubation (E14.5) until hatching. The experiment consisted of 6 consecutive batches with eggs weighing between 59 and 61 g. Heat production was determined continuously from E14.5 onward. In fresh eggs, yolk weight tended to be higher (Δ = 0.28 g; P = 0.08) in the AB crossbred than in the BB crossbred. At E14.5 and E18.5, yolk-free body mass (YFBM) and residual yolk (RY) weight did not differ between genetic crossbred and EST. Hatching time after the start of incubation was not affected by genetic crossbred, but was longer in the 36.7°C (517 h) than in the 38.9°C (505 h), with 37.8°C in between (506 h). At 6 h after hatching, no differences between crossbreds were found for chicken quality parameters, such as chicken weight, chicken length, RY, YFBM, and organ weights, but heart weight was higher in the 36.7°C EST than in the other 2 EST (Δ = 0.24 to 0.30% of YFBM, P = 0.005). Intestinal weight was higher at 36.7°C EST than at 38.9°C EST (Δ = 0.79% of YFBM; P = 0.02), with 37.8°C EST in between. Heat production between E14.5 and E18.5 was higher in the AB crossbred than in the BB crossbred (Δ = 2.61%, P < 0.001) and regardless of crossbred higher at an EST of 38.9°C than at other 2 EST (Δ = 3.59% on average; P < 0.001). Hatchling quality determined at pulling (E21.5) was not affected by EST, but AB chickens were lighter (Δ = 0.46 g; P = 0.03), had less red hocks (Δ = 0.03; P = 0.02), more red beaks (Δ = 0.10; P < 0.001), and a higher (worse) navel score (Δ = 0.11; P < 0.001) than BB chickens. It can be concluded that not only incubation temperature, but also the rooster line appears to play a role in layer crossbred embryo metabolism and hatchling quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S J F van de Kraats
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Sözcü
- Department of Animal Sciences, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - R Jöerissen
- Hendrix Genetics, Boxmeer, 5831 CK, the Netherlands
| | - M J W Heetkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - I van den Anker
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Ooms
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hirano I, Suzuki N. The Neural Crest as the First Production Site of the Erythroid Growth Factor Erythropoietin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:105. [PMID: 31245372 PMCID: PMC6581680 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the neural crest is considered the fourth germ layer that originates a variety of tissues during mammalian development, we recently discovered that some neural crest cells and neuroepithelial cells play a unique role in secreting a vital hematopoietic hormone, erythropoietin (EPO), in mouse embryos. EPO production by the neural crest is transient in mid-stage embryos but essential for the first erythropoiesis in the yolk sac and for sufficient oxygen supply in the whole embryo growing in utero. The site of EPO production shifts from the neural crest to the liver in late embryonic stages, followed by interstitial fibroblasts of the kidneys in adults. Interestingly, the transition of EPO production sites synchronizes with the transition of erythropoietic sites during mouse development from the yolk sac and the fetal liver to the bone marrow. EPO produced by the neural crest and the neuroepithelium is first stored around the production sites and delivered to the yolk sac as an endocrine hormone for erythropoiesis after heartbeat activation. The fact that EPO is produced by some human cell lines derived from neuroblastoma, which mainly originates from the neural crest, provides evidence that the neural crest secretes EPO for primitive erythropoiesis not only in mouse but also in human embryos. Here, we introduce and discuss recent progress in studies on the mechanism of EPO production by the neural crest and its roles in erythropoietic development and in the fate of EPO-producing neural crest cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
do Amaral-Silva L, Lambertz M, José Zara F, Klein W, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Parabronchial remodeling in chicks in response to embryonic hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.197970. [PMID: 31028104 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic development of parabronchi occurs mainly during the second half of incubation in precocious birds, which makes this phase sensitive to possible morphological modifications induced by O2 supply limitation. Thus, we hypothesized that hypoxia during the embryonic phase of parabronchial development induces morphological changes that remain after hatching. To test this hypothesis, chicken embryos were incubated entirely (21 days) under normoxia or partially under hypoxia (15% O2 during days 12 to 18). Lung structures, including air capillaries, blood capillaries, infundibula, atria, parabronchial lumen, bronchi, blood vessels larger than capillaries and interparabronchial tissue, in 1- and 10-day-old chicks were analyzed using light microscopy-assisted stereology. Tissue barrier and surface area of air capillaries were measured using electron microscopy-assisted stereology, allowing for calculation of the anatomical diffusion factor. Hypoxia increased the relative volumes of air and blood capillaries, structures directly involved in gas exchange, but decreased the relative volumes of atria in both groups of chicks, and the parabronchial lumen in older chicks. Accordingly, the surface area of the air capillaries and the anatomical diffusion factor were increased under hypoxic incubation. Treatment did not alter total lung volume, relative volumes of infundibula, bronchi, blood vessels larger than capillaries, interparabronchial tissue or the tissue barrier of any group. We conclude that hypoxia during the embryonic phase of parabronchial development leads to a morphological remodeling, characterized by increased volume density and respiratory surface area of structures involved in gas exchange at the expense of structures responsible for air conduction in chicks up to 10 days old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Markus Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando José Zara
- Invertebrate Morphology Lab, Department of Applied Biology, IEAMar and CAUNESP College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Wilfried Klein
- National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,Department of Biology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luciane Helena Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hamissou Maman A, Özlü S, Uçar A, Elibol O. Effect of chick body temperature during post-hatch handling on broiler live performance. Poult Sci 2019; 98:244-250. [PMID: 30165697 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the effect of chick body (rectal) temperature during the post-hatch handling period on body weight (BW) loss, yolk sac utilization, organ weights, and broiler live performance. Hatching eggs were obtained from a commercial flock of Ross 308 broiler breeders at 44 wk of age. A total of 384 chicks were separated into 3 groups during the 12 h post-hatch handling period: control, high and low temperature groups, with average body temperatures of 40.0, 42.6, and 38.1°C, respectively. Residual yolk sac weight was not affected by temperature group, whereas the weights of organs such as the heart, gizzard, proventriculus, and bursa of Fabricius were significantly lower in the high body temperature group than in the control and low body temperature groups. BW was significantly lower at placement in chicks in the high temperature group than in chicks in the control and low body temperature groups due to greater weight loss during the post-hatch handling period (P ≤ 0.05). Lower BW was maintained in the chicks in the high body temperature group than in the chicks in the other 2 groups until the end of the experiment at 35 d (P ≤ 0.05) because chicks in the high temperature group consumed less feed throughout the experiment (P ≤ 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality were numerically greater in the high body temperature chicks than in the control group, whereas FCR and the mortality in the low body temperature chicks were intermediate at 35 d. The results of the present study indicate that day-old chicks with high body temperatures (42.6°C) exhibited a greater percentage of BW loss due to dehydration and lower organ weights during the 12 h post-hatch handling period, which was followed by significantly poorer broiler performance. There were no significant differences in performance between the chicks in the control (40.0°C) and low (38.1°C) body temperature groups. In conclusion, day-old chicks are more sensitive to higher body temperatures than to lower temperatures during the post-hatch handling period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hamissou Maman
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - S Özlü
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - A Uçar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - O Elibol
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Okur N. Effects of Incubator Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Levels, and Egg Weight on Broilers’ Hatchability of Fertile Eggs. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Okur
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The leg strength of two commercial strains of meat chicken subjected to different incubation profiles. Animal 2019; 13:1489-1497. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
36
|
Hamidu JA, Torres CA, Johnson-Dahl ML, Korver DR. Physiological response of broiler embryos to different incubator temperature profiles and maternal flock age during incubation. 1. Embryonic metabolism and day-old chick quality. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2934-2946. [PMID: 29788504 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler strain, maternal age, and incubation temperature influence embryo metabolism. Hatching eggs were obtained from young (Y; 28 to 34 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 31.2 wk), mid (M; 36 to 45 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 40.5 wk) and old (O; 49 to 54 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 51.4 wk) Ross 708 (n = 88; Experiment 1) and Ross 308 [(n = 45; Experiment 2: (Y; 25 to 34 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 30.5 wk), (M; 35 to 44 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 40.2 wk), and (O; 49 to 54 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 51.6 wk)] breeders. Eggs were stored for 2 to 4 d (18°C, 73% RH), and incubated for 14 d at 37.5°C and 56% RH. At 15 d (E15), 8 fertile eggs per flock age were incubated in individual metabolic chambers at 36.0, 36.5, 37.0, or 37.5°C until E21.5. Each temperature was repeated one additional time. O2 consumption and CO2 production were used to calculate embryonic heat production (EHP). Embryo temperature was measured as eggshell temperature (EST). Initial egg weight was used as a covariate; significance was assessed at P < 0.05. In Ross 708, daily EHP tended to be higher in M and O than Y treatments at E16; EHP of M was higher than Y and O eggs at E18; M and O were higher than O eggs at E19. Incubation at 37.0°C resulted in the highest EHP from E15 to E21, except at E17. Embryos at 37.5°C had reduced EHP beyond E17. Daily EST from E15 to E21 was higher at 37.5 and 37.0°C than at 36.0 and 36.5°C. In Ross 308, daily EST was highest at 37.5°C except at E20. Incubation temperature and EST were highly correlated (R2 = 0.90 to 0.89; P < 0.001). Ross 708 chicks were longer and hatched earlier at 37.0°C than at 36.0 and 37.5°C. EST and EHP increased with incubation temperature in Ross 708. In Ross 308, maternal flock age and incubation temperature did not impact EHP. However, EST was highest at 37.5°C except at E20. Ross 708 was more sensitive to incubation temperature than Ross 308.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Hamidu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - C A Torres
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - M L Johnson-Dahl
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - D R Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fathollahipour S, Patil PS, Leipzig ND. Oxygen Regulation in Development: Lessons from Embryogenesis towards Tissue Engineering. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:350-371. [PMID: 30273927 PMCID: PMC6397050 DOI: 10.1159/000493162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is a vital source of energy necessary to sustain and complete embryonic development. Not only is oxygen the driving force for many cellular functions and metabolism, but it is also involved in regulating stem cell fate, morphogenesis, and organogenesis. Low oxygen levels are the naturally preferred microenvironment for most processes during early development and mainly drive proliferation. Later on, more oxygen and also nutrients are needed for organogenesis and morphogenesis. Therefore, it is critical to maintain oxygen levels within a narrow range as required during development. Modulating oxygen tensions is performed via oxygen homeostasis mainly through the function of hypoxia-inducible factors. Through the function of these factors, oxygen levels are sensed and regulated in different tissues, starting from their embryonic state to adult development. To be able to mimic this process in a tissue engineering setting, it is important to understand the role and levels of oxygen in each developmental stage, from embryonic stem cell differentiation to organogenesis and morphogenesis. Taking lessons from native tissue microenvironments, researchers have explored approaches to control oxygen tensions such as hemoglobin-based, perfluorocarbon-based, and oxygen-generating biomaterials, within synthetic tissue engineering scaffolds and organoids, with the aim of overcoming insufficient or nonuniform oxygen levels and nutrient supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritam S Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Babacanoğlu E. Responses of developmental and physiological traits to manipulated incubation conditions in broiler embryos at hypoxic high altitude. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-337-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The effects of hypoxia at
increased altitude levels on the cardio-respiratory development of broiler
embryos are distinct in comparison with those at sea level. The aim of the
study was to investigate the effects of high incubation temperature (H) and
oxygen supplementation (O) during hypoxic high altitude (HA) on developmental
and physiological traits of embryos and hatching performance of embryonated
hatching eggs in broilers at different embryonic stages. A total of 1280 eggs
obtained from broiler breeders laid at sea level were used. Eggshell quality
characteristics were measured for 20 eggs. The rest of the 1260 eggs were
divided into seven incubation condition (IC) groups (180 eggs per group)
including a control group at 37.8 ∘C and 21 % O2; O
groups, with daily 1 h 23.5 % O2 supplementation at
37.8 ∘C as O0−11, O12−21, and O18−21; H groups
at 38.5 ∘C high incubation temperature at 21 % O2 as
H0−11, H12−21, and H18−21 from days 0 to 11, 12 to 21, and 18 to 21 of incubation,
respectively. All groups were incubated in three different incubators at
hypoxic HA. The effect of IC was determined on eggshell temperature, hatching
performance, embryo development, right ventricular (RV) to total ventricular
(TV) ratio, and blood parameters. The highest egg water loss and embryonic
mortality and the lowest hatchability were in the H0−11 group, which
depended on increased eggshell temperature during incubation. On day 18 of
incubation, due to the decreased egg water loss in the O12−21 and
O18−21 groups, there was an increase in hatchability in fertile eggs
similar to the middle and late H groups. Towards the end of incubation,
embryo/chick weights were not different and RV and TV weights increased in
the treated groups, and the RV ∕ TV ratio changed between 15 and
26 %. At hatching, yolk
sac weight increased in H0−11 and H12−21 groups. The O groups
had the lowest serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentration as distinct
from H groups. The serum thyroxine (T4) concentration increased in the
treated groups, dependent on sex of the embryo. Blood hemoglobin
concentration of O groups decreased relative to other groups. The hematocrit
value was the lowest in the O12−21 and highest in the H12−21
groups. The H and O treatments during pre-hatch hypoxic HA condition can be
positively evaluated on physiological traits of embryos after half of
incubation depended on the timing of the IC exposure to the hatching eggs
obtained from broiler breeders at sea level.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin YM, Druyan S, Yahav S, Brake J. Thermal treatments prior to and during the beginning of incubation affects development of the broiler embryo and yolk sac membranes, and live performance and carcass characteristics. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1939-1947. [PMID: 28339819 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated temperature during preincubation and embryonic day 0 (E0) E0 to E5 of incubation on broiler embryo development and subsequent live performance. Freshly laid eggs from a single 41-wk-old Ross 708 broiler breeder flock produced on a single day were weighed individually for weight matching purposes, stored overnight, and assigned to 4 treatment combinations of 2 preincubation temperatures (23.9 or 29.4°C) × 2 E0 to E5 temperatures (38.1 or 37.5°C). The 29.4°C preincubation temperature decreased (P ≤ 0.05) yolk sac membrane (YSM) vasculature at E6 and E7, and increased (P ≤ 0.05) embryo weight and length but decreased (P ≤ 0.05) yolk sac weight (YSW) at E15. No subsequent main effects were observed. The 38.1°C incubation temperature increased YSM vasculature at E7, chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vasculature at E8 and E10, and egg weight loss, embryo weight, and embryo length at E15 and chick length at E21 in the presence of reduced BW and YSW (P ≤ 0.05). This was followed by greater male BW at 35 d, as well as improved FCR in females 0 to 14 d and in males 15 to 35 d (P ≤ 0.05). Pectoralis major and minor yields were increased (P ≤ 0.05) at 50 d of age in males and females, respectively. There were no interactions observed with regards to broiler live performance and carcass yield, which probably negated the importance of the interactions observed for preincubation temperature by E0 to E5 incubation temperature that affected YSM vasculature, CAM vasculature area, egg weight loss, embryo weight, yolk sac weight, and chick length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Lin
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608 USA
| | - S Druyan
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - S Yahav
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - J Brake
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608 USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sabuncuoğlu KM, Korkmaz F, Gürcan EK, Narinç D, Şamlı HE. Effects of monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis on some performance traits, behavior, and fear responses in Japanese quails. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2385-2390. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
41
|
Lopez J, Kitto L, Hulet R. Effect of eggshell temperature on survival rate, development at hatch, and 7-day growth. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
42
|
Afsarian O, Shahir MH, Lourens A, Akhlaghi A, Lotfolahian H, Hoseini A, Mousavi N. Eggshell temperature manipulations during incubation and in ovo injection of thyroxine are associated with a decreased incidence of cold-induced ascites in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:328-336. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
43
|
High temperature and oxygen supplementation can mitigate the effects of hypoxia on developmental stability of bilateral traits during incubation of broiler breeder eggs. Animal 2018; 12:1584-1593. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
44
|
Watson H, Salmón P, Isaksson C. Maternally derived yolk antioxidants buffer the developing avian embryo against oxidative stress induced by hyperoxia. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.179465. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.179465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In oviparous animals, maternally transferred antioxidants protect the embryo from oxidative damage from high rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production incurred by rapid growth. Elevated ROS exposure – beyond that incurred by normal growth - can occur as a result of exposure to exogenous factors (e.g. pollutants, toxins, radiation), increasing the risk of oxidative damage, with potentially adverse consequences for embryonic development and long-term fitness. The capacity of the avian embryo's antioxidant protection system to counter an increased exogenous oxidative threat is poorly understood. We induced an external oxidative challenge via experimental increase in ambient oxygen concentration throughout incubation of wild great tit Parus major eggs in the laboratory. At day 11 of incubation, brain tissue revealed no consistent differences in oxidative stress status – as measured by antioxidant levels (superoxide dismutase and total glutathione), lipid peroxidation and telomere length - between control (21% oxygen) and hyperoxic (40% oxygen) embryos. However, the level of vitamin E was significantly lower and lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in yolks of eggs reared under elevated oxygen concentrations. The results suggest that maternally derived yolk antioxidants successfully buffer developing embryonic tissues against an increased exogenous oxidative threat. Furthermore, vitamin E plays a more important role in protecting the embryo than carotenoids. However, the depletion of antioxidants and increased peroxidation of lipids in the yolk could have negative consequences for embryonic development – in particular for the brain and heart that require highly unsaturated fatty acids - and protection against the oxidative burst following hatching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Watson
- Evolutionary Ecology, Biology Department, Lund University, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Pablo Salmón
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Caroline Isaksson
- Evolutionary Ecology, Biology Department, Lund University, SE-223 62, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Da Costa MJ, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Wineland M, Jeffrey D. Pathogeny of Fatigued Walking Condition in Pekin Ducks. Avian Dis 2017; 60:731-738. [PMID: 27902895 DOI: 10.1637/11292-100315-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fatigued walking condition (FWC) in ducks is an important welfare and processing issue during the loading/unloading to the processing plant that can be related to heart and bone development. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of incubation conditions on duck embryo bone and heart development and their subsequent effects on ducks showing FWC at market age. Four groups of 2500 Pekin duck eggs were subjected to combinations of two incubation temperature profiles (elevated [E] and normal [N]) and two eggshell conductance profiles (G) (reduced [GR] and normal [GN]). At hatch 10 ducklings from each treatment combination were sampled for heart, liver, residual yolk, and total body weight as well as relative weights (organ percentage of whole body weight). Femur, tibia, and tarsus length and weight were also obtained, and relative asymmetry (RA) was calculated for each leg section. At 35 days of age during unloading of the truck at the slaughter plant, five hens and five drakes demonstrating normal walking and FWC were sampled. Body, heart, and ventricular weights were obtained along with femur, tibia and tarsus length, weight, and RA. Bone strength was evaluated using a three-point bending test, and tibia ash content was assessed. At hatch duckling bone characteristics and organ weights were found to be primarily affected by GR conditions, while heart development in older ducks was mainly impacted by E incubation temperatures. Tibia and relative weight at 35 days were also increased by GR and E. Fatigued ducks presented heavier tibias with more RA and cortical thickness but lower ash percentage. In conclusion, the changes in bone development during incubation and posthatch life were related to duck FWC presence during transportation to the processing plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Da Costa
- A Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - E O Oviedo-Rondón
- A Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - M Wineland
- A Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - D Jeffrey
- B Maple Leaf Farms, Milford, IN 46542
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nangsuay A, Meijerhof R, van den Anker I, Heetkamp M, Kemp B, van den Brand H. Effects of breeder age, strain, and eggshell temperature on nutrient metabolism of broiler embryos. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1891-1900. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
47
|
Amaral-Silva LD, Scarpellini CDS, Toro-Velasquez PA, Fernandes MH, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Hypoxia during embryonic development increases energy metabolism in normoxic juvenile chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 207:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
48
|
Maatjens CM, van Roovert-Reijrink IAM, Engel B, van der Pol CW, Kemp B, van den Brand H. Temperature during the last week of incubation. III. Effects on chicken embryo physiology. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1451-1458. [PMID: 28158784 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated effects of eggshell temperature (EST) of 35.6, 36.7, 37.8, or 38.9°C applied from d of incubation (E) 15, E17, or E19 onward on chicken embryo physiology. A total of 2,850 first-grade eggs of a 43-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeder flock were incubated at an EST of 37.8°C until E15. From E15, E17, or E19 onward, eggs were incubated at an EST of 35.6, 36.7, 37.8, or 38.9°C. Plasma glucose, uric acid, and lactate concentrations, and hepatic glycogen amount and concentration were measured at E15, E17, E19, internal pipping (IP), external pipping (EP), and hatch.An EST of 38.9°C applied from E15 onward decreased the amount of hepatic glycogen from E19 to IP and resulted in a lower glycogen amount at IP compared to all other EST. At EP, when oxygen (O2) becomes largely available, an EST of 38.9°C resulted in a higher glycogen amount and concentration compared to IP, which suggests that plasma glucose between IP and EP might be used for building up hepatic glycogen reserves. However, hepatic glycogen levels remained considerably lower at IP, EP, and hatch at an EST of 38.9°C, compared to an EST of 35.6 and 36.7°C.Opposite to an EST of 38.9°C, from IP onward, an EST of 35.6°C resulted in a higher glycogen amount and concentration compared to all other EST, which might be caused by the higher O2 availability relative to the lower metabolic rate, which provided time to build up glycogen stores from excessive glucose. A higher availability of hepatic glycogen might contribute to an improved physiological status of the broiler chicken embryo toward hatch. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is crucial for developing embryos, as glucose is the major energy source from IP until hatch. At hatch, no effect of EST was found for glucose, uric acid, or lactate.Results of this study emphasize that EST of 35.6 and 36.7°C from E15 onward appear to be beneficial for chicken embryo physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Maatjens
- HatchTech BV, P.O. Box 256, 3900 AG Veenendaal, the Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - B Engel
- Biometris, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C W van der Pol
- HatchTech BV, P.O. Box 256, 3900 AG Veenendaal, the Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Leandro NSM, Gomes NA, Café MB, Carvalho FB, Stringhini JH, Laboissière M. HISTOMORFOMETRIA DE ORGÃOS LINFOIDES E DESENVOLVIMENTO INTESTINAL DE PINTOS DE CORTE ORIGINADOS DE MATRIZES COM DIFERENTES IDADES E SUBMETIDOS AO ESTRESSE POR CALOR NA INCUBAÇÃO. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v18e-34828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da idade da matriz e da variação da temperatura de incubação sobre a qualidade do pinto neonato. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas temperaturas de incubação). Foram incubados 720 ovos, provenientes de matrizes com diferentes idades (30, 42 ou 64 semanas). A temperatura da máquina de incubar para os grupos controle foi mantida constante (37,5 ºC) e para os tratamentos com estresse por calor foi aplicada uma temperatura de 39,0 ºC por 6h durante o período de 10 a 18 dias de incubação. Cinco pintos por tratamento foram sacrificados para coletas de órgãos e realizada a histomorfometria intestinal, de baço e bursa. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (5%). A área dos folículos da bursa foi maior nos pintos oriundos de matrizes mais velhas quando os ovos foram incubados em temperatura ideal. A temperatura de 39,0 ºC estimulou o desenvolvimento intestinal. A variação na temperatura de incubação prejudicou a qualidade de pintos, sobretudo para pintos originados de matrizes jovens. Pintos oriundos de matrizes velhas apresentaram melhor resposta imune e desenvolvimento intestinal, independentemente da variação da temperatura de incubação.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sgavioli S, Santos ET, Domingues CHF, Quadros TCO, Castiblanco DMC, Andrade-Garcia GM, Amoroso L, Nääs IA, Garcia RG, Baraldi-Artoni SM. Effect of High Incubation Temperature on the Blood Parameters of Layer Chicks. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|