1
|
Gadre PS, Markova P, Ebrahimkutty M, Jiang Y, Moyano F, Watt FM. Emergence and properties of adult mammalian epidermal stem cells. Dev Biol 2024; 515:S0012-1606(24)00194-5. [PMID: 39059680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In this review we discuss how the mammalian interfollicular epidermis forms during development, maintains homeostasis, and is repaired following wounding. Recent studies have provided new insights into the relationship between the stem cell compartment and the differentiating cell layers; the ability of differentiated cells to dedifferentiate into stem cells; and the epigenetic memory of epidermal cells following wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purna S Gadre
- Directors' Unit, EMBL-Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavlina Markova
- Directors' Unit, EMBL-Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yidan Jiang
- Directors' Unit, EMBL-Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Moyano
- Directors' Unit, EMBL-Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Directors' Unit, EMBL-Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hegde A, Ghosh S, Ananthan ASHP, Kataria S, Dutta A, Prabhu S, Khedkar SU, Dutta A, Jamora C. Extracellular Caspase-1 induces hair stem cell migration in wounded and inflamed skin conditions. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306028. [PMID: 38587472 PMCID: PMC11001599 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The wound-healing process is a paradigm of the directed migration of various pools of stem cells from their niche to the site of injury where they replenish damaged cells. Two decades have elapsed since the observation that wounding activates multipotent hair follicle stem cells to infiltrate the epidermis, but the cues that coax these cells out of their niche remain unknown. Here, we report that Caspase-1, a protein classically known as an integral component of the cytosolic inflammasome, is secreted upon wounding and has a non-canonical role in the extracellular milieu. Through its caspase activation recruitment domain (CARD), Caspase-1 is sufficient to initiate the migration of hair follicle stem cells into the epidermis. Uncovering this novel function of Caspase-1 also facilitates a deeper understanding of the mechanistic basis of the epithelial hyperplasia found to accompany numerous inflammatory skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Hegde
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology (SCBT), Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA), Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Subhasri Ghosh
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Akhil SHP Ananthan
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunny Kataria
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhik Dutta
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology (SCBT), Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA), Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Srilekha Prabhu
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha Uday Khedkar
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Anupam Dutta
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ben-Shaanan TL, Knöpper K, Duan L, Liu R, Taglinao H, Xu Y, An J, Plikus MV, Cyster JG. Dermal TRPV1 innervations engage a macrophage- and fibroblast-containing pathway to activate hair growth in mice. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00337-X. [PMID: 38851191 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Pain, detected by nociceptors, is an integral part of injury, yet whether and how it can impact tissue physiology and recovery remain understudied. Here, we applied chemogenetics in mice to locally activate dermal TRPV1 innervations in naive skin and found that it triggered new regenerative cycling by dormant hair follicles (HFs). This was preceded by rapid apoptosis of dermal macrophages, mediated by the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). TRPV1 activation also triggered a macrophage-dependent induction of osteopontin (Spp1)-expressing dermal fibroblasts. The neuropeptide CGRP and the extracellular matrix protein Spp1 were required for the nociceptor-triggered hair growth. Finally, we showed that epidermal abrasion injury induced Spp1-expressing dermal fibroblasts and hair growth via a TRPV1 neuron and CGRP-dependent mechanism. Collectively, these data demonstrated a role for TRPV1 nociceptors in orchestrating a macrophage and fibroblast-supported mechanism to promote hair growth and enabling the efficient restoration of this mechano- and thermo-protective barrier after wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L Ben-Shaanan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lihui Duan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hanna Taglinao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinping An
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thompson T, Flanagan S, Ortega-Gonzalez D, Zhu T, Yuan X. Immediate but Temporal Response: The Role of Distal Epithelial Cells in Wound Healing. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10734-2. [PMID: 38760627 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Efficient oral mucosal wound healing requires coordinated responses from epithelial progenitor cells, yet their spatiotemporal recruitment and activation remain unclear. Using a mouse model of palatal mucosal wound healing, we investigated the dynamics of epithelial cells during this process. Proliferation analysis revealed that, in addition to the expected proliferation center near the wound edge, distal cell populations rapidly activated post-injury by elevating their mitotic activity. These distal cells displayed predominant lateral expansion in the basal layer, suggesting roles beyond just tissue renewal. However, while proximal proliferation center cells sustained heightened proliferation until re-epithelialization was completed, distal cells restored basal turnover rates before wound closure, indicating temporally confined contributions. Lineage tracing of Wnt-responsive epithelial cells showed remarkable clone expansion in basal layers both proximally and distally after wounding, contrasting with gradual clone expansion in homeostasis. Although prioritizing tissue repair, epithelial progenitor cells maintained differentiation programs and barrier functions, with the exception of the leading edge. At the leading edge, we found accelerated cell turnover, but the differentiation program was suspended. In summary, our findings uncovered that oral wound re-epithelialization involves two phases: an initial widespread response with proliferation of proximal and distal cells, followed by proliferation confined to the wound proximal region. Uncovering these stage-specific healing mechanisms provides insights for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve wound care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Thompson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannan Flanagan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dayane Ortega-Gonzalez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tianli Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xue Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tierney MT, Polak L, Yang Y, Abdusselamoglu MD, Baek I, Stewart KS, Fuchs E. Vitamin A resolves lineage plasticity to orchestrate stem cell lineage choices. Science 2024; 383:eadi7342. [PMID: 38452090 PMCID: PMC11177320 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Lineage plasticity-a state of dual fate expression-is required to release stem cells from their niche constraints and redirect them to tissue compartments where they are most needed. In this work, we found that without resolving lineage plasticity, skin stem cells cannot effectively generate each lineage in vitro nor regrow hair and repair wounded epidermis in vivo. A small-molecule screen unearthed retinoic acid as a critical regulator. Combining high-throughput approaches, cell culture, and in vivo mouse genetics, we dissected its roles in tissue regeneration. We found that retinoic acid is made locally in hair follicle stem cell niches, where its levels determine identity and usage. Our findings have therapeutic implications for hair growth as well as chronic wounds and cancers, where lineage plasticity is unresolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Tierney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University; New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Polak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University; New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Merve Deniz Abdusselamoglu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University; New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Katherine S Stewart
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University; New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University; New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zielińska M, Pawłowska A, Orzeł A, Sulej L, Muzyka-Placzyńska K, Baran A, Filipecka-Tyczka D, Pawłowska P, Nowińska A, Bogusławska J, Scholz A. Wound Microbiota and Its Impact on Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17318. [PMID: 38139146 PMCID: PMC10743523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process influenced by age, systemic conditions, and local factors. The wound microbiota's crucial role in this process is gaining recognition. This concise review outlines wound microbiota impacts on healing, emphasizing distinct phases like hemostasis, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Inflammatory responses, orchestrated by growth factors and cytokines, recruit neutrophils and monocytes to eliminate pathogens and debris. Notably, microbiota alterations relate to changes in wound healing dynamics. Commensal bacteria influence immune responses, keratinocyte growth, and blood vessel development. For instance, Staphylococcus epidermidis aids keratinocyte progression, while Staphylococcus aureus colonization impedes healing. Other bacteria like Group A Streptococcus spp. And Pseudomonas affect wound healing as well. Clinical applications of microbiota-based wound care are promising, with probiotics and specific bacteria like Acinetobacter baumannii aiding tissue repair through molecule secretion. Understanding microbiota influence on wound healing offers therapeutic avenues. Tailored approaches, including probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotics, can manipulate the microbiota to enhance immune modulation, tissue repair, and inflammation control. Despite progress, critical questions linger. Determining the ideal microbiota composition for optimal wound healing, elucidating precise influence mechanisms, devising effective manipulation strategies, and comprehending the intricate interplay between the microbiota, host, and other factors require further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Zielińska
- Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Agnieszka Pawłowska
- Students Research Group of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at St. Sophia Hospital, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.P.)
| | - Anna Orzeł
- Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Luiza Sulej
- Students Research Group of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at St. Sophia Hospital, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Muzyka-Placzyńska
- Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Arkadiusz Baran
- Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Dagmara Filipecka-Tyczka
- Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Paulina Pawłowska
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Nowińska
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Bogusławska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Scholz
- Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riccio M, Bondioli E, Senesi L, Zingaretti N, Gargiulo P, De Francesco F, Parodi PC, Zavan B. Fragmented Dermo-Epidermal Units (FdeU) as an Emerging Strategy to Improve Wound Healing Process: An In Vitro Evaluation and a Pilot Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6165. [PMID: 37834809 PMCID: PMC10573238 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative strategies have shown beneficial effects in healing wound management involving, however, a time-consuming and arduous process in clinical contexts. Micro-fragmented skin tissue acts as a slow-released natural scaffold and continuously delivers growth factors, and much other modulatory information, into the microenvironment surrounding damaged wounds by a paracrine function on the resident cells which supports the regenerative process. In this study, in vitro and in vivo investigations were conducted to ascertain improved effectiveness and velocity of the wound healing process with the application of fragmented dermo-epidermal units (FdeU), acquired via a novel medical device (Hy-Tissue® Micrograft Technology). MTT test; LDH test; ELISA for growth factor investigation (IL) IL-2, IL-6, IL-7 IL-8, IL-10; IGF-1; adiponectin; Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF); Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF); and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) were assessed. Therefore, clinical evaluation in 11 patients affected by Chronic Wounds (CW) and treated with FdeU were investigated. Functional outcome was assessed pre-operatory, 2 months after treatment (T0), and 6 months after treatment (T1) using the Wound Bed Score (WBS) and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). In this current study, we demonstrate the potential of resident cells to proliferate from the clusters of FdeU seeded in a monolayer that efficiently propagate the chronic wound. Furthermore, in this study we report how the discharge of trophic/reparative proteins are able to mediate the in vitro paracrine function of proliferation, migration, and contraction rate in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Our investigations recommend FdeU as a favorable tool in wound healing, displaying in vitro growth-promoting potential to enhance current therapeutic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Riccio
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital (AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona), Via Conca 71, Torrette di Ancona, 60123 Ancona, Italy; (M.R.); (L.S.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Elena Bondioli
- Burn Center and Emilia Romagna Regional Skin Bank, Bufalini Hospital, AUSL della Romagna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Letizia Senesi
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital (AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona), Via Conca 71, Torrette di Ancona, 60123 Ancona, Italy; (M.R.); (L.S.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Nicola Zingaretti
- Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Academic Hospital of Udine, Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (N.Z.); (P.C.P.)
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- Engineering Department, King’s College, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Francesco De Francesco
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital (AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona), Via Conca 71, Torrette di Ancona, 60123 Ancona, Italy; (M.R.); (L.S.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Pier Camillo Parodi
- Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Academic Hospital of Udine, Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (N.Z.); (P.C.P.)
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Iacopetti I, Perazzi A, Patruno M, Contiero B, Carolo A, Martinello T, Melotti L. Assessment of the quality of the healing process in experimentally induced skin lesions treated with autologous platelet concentrate associated or unassociated with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: preliminary results in a large animal model. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1219833. [PMID: 37559892 PMCID: PMC10407250 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1219833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine for the treatment of skin lesions is an innovative and rapidly developing field that aims to promote wound healing and restore the skin to its original condition before injury. Over the years, different topical treatments have been evaluated to improve skin wound healing and, among them, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have shown promising results for this purpose. This study sought to evaluate the quality of the healing process in experimentally induced full-thickness skin lesions treated with PRP associated or unassociated with MSCs in a sheep second intention wound healing model. After having surgically created full-thickness wounds on the back of three sheep, the wound healing process was assessed by performing clinical evaluations, histopathological examinations, and molecular analysis. Treated wounds showed a reduction of inflammation and contraction along with an increased re-epithelialization rate and better maturation of the granulation tissue compared to untreated lesions. In particular, the combined treatment regulated the expression of collagen types I and III resulting in a proper resolution of the granulation tissue contrary to what was observed in untreated wounds; moreover, it led to a better maturation and organization of skin adnexa and collagen fibers in the repaired skin compared to untreated and PRP-treated wounds. Overall, both treatments improved the wound healing process compared to untreated wounds. Wounds treated with PRP and MSCs showed a healing progression that qualitatively resembles a restitutio ad integrum of the repaired skin, showing features typical of a mature healthy dermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacopetti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Perazzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Carolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luca Melotti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng D, Zhu X, Yan S, Shi L, Liu Z, Zhou X, Bi X. New insights into inflammatory memory of epidermal stem cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188559. [PMID: 37325632 PMCID: PMC10264694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory memory, as one form of innate immune memory, has a wide range of manifestations, and its occurrence is related to cell epigenetic modification or metabolic transformation. When re-encountering similar stimuli, executing cells with inflammatory memory function show enhanced or tolerated inflammatory response. Studies have identified that not only hematopoietic stem cells and fibroblasts have immune memory effects, but also stem cells from various barrier epithelial tissues generate and maintain inflammatory memory. Epidermal stem cells, especially hair follicle stem cells, play an essential role in wound healing, immune-related skin diseases, and skin cancer development. In recent years, it has been found that epidermal stem cells from hair follicle can remember the inflammatory response and implement a more rapid response to subsequent stimuli. This review updates the advances of inflammatory memory and focuses on its mechanisms in epidermal stem cells. We are finally looking forward to further research on inflammatory memory, which will allow for the development of precise strategies to manipulate host responses to infection, injury, and inflammatory skin disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaochen Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linli Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinling Bi
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Banjac I, Maimets M, Jensen KB. Maintenance of high-turnover tissues during and beyond homeostasis. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:348-361. [PMID: 37028402 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissues with a high turnover rate produce millions of cells daily and have abundant regenerative capacity. At the core of their maintenance are populations of stem cells that balance self-renewal and differentiation to produce the adequate numbers of specialized cells required for carrying out essential tissue functions. Here, we compare and contrast the intricate mechanisms and elements of homeostasis and injury-driven regeneration in the epidermis, hematopoietic system, and intestinal epithelium-the fastest renewing tissues in mammals. We highlight the functional relevance of the main mechanisms and identify open questions in the field of tissue maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Banjac
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martti Maimets
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Kim B Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao P, Dang Z, Liu M, Guo D, Luo R, Zhang M, Xie F, Zhang X, Wang Y, Pan S, Ma X. Molecular hydrogen promotes wound healing by inducing early epidermal stem cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:22. [PMID: 36973725 PMCID: PMC10044764 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite progress in developing wound care strategies, there is currently no treatment that promotes the self-tissue repair capabilities. H2 has been shown to effectively protect cells and tissues from oxidative and inflammatory damage. While comprehensive effects and how H2 functions in wound healing remains unknown, especially for the link between H2 and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) activation. METHODS Here, we established a cutaneous aseptic wound model and applied a high concentration of H2 (66% H2) in a treatment chamber. Molecular mechanisms and the effects of healing were evaluated by gene functional enrichment analysis, digital spatial profiler analysis, blood perfusion/oxygen detection assay, in vitro tube formation assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescent staining, non-targeted metabonomic analysis, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscope, and live-cell imaging. RESULTS We revealed that a high concentration of H2 (66% H2) greatly increased the healing rate (3 times higher than the control group) on day 11 post-wounding. The effect was not dependent on O2 or anti-reactive oxygen species functions. Histological and cellular experiments proved the fast re-epithelialization in the H2 group. ECM components early (3 days post-wounding) deposition were found in the H2 group of the proximal wound, especially for the dermal col-I, epidermal col-III, and dermis-epidermis-junction col-XVII. H2 accelerated early autologous EpSCs proliferation (1-2 days in advance) and then differentiation into myoepithelial cells. These epidermal myoepithelial cells could further contribute to ECM deposition. Other beneficial outcomes include sustained moist healing, greater vascularization, less T-helper-1 and T-helper-17 cell-related systemic inflammation, and better tissue remodelling. CONCLUSION We have discovered a novel pattern of wound healing induced by molecular hydrogen treatment. This is the first time to reveal the direct link between H2 and ECM deposition and EpSCs activation. These H2-induced multiple advantages in healing may be related to the enhancement of cell viability in various cells and the maintenance of mitochondrial functions at a basic level in the biological processes of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Zhao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Dang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiliu Luo
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan campus), No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujuan Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Youbin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan campus), No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang G, Chen H, Chen Q, Qiu J, Qahar M, Fan Z, Chu W, Tredget EE, Wu Y. Injury-induced interleukin-1 alpha promotes Lgr5 hair follicle stem cells de novo regeneration and proliferation via regulating regenerative microenvironment in mice. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:14. [PMID: 36803580 PMCID: PMC9940372 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hair follicles (HFs) are barely regenerated after loss in injuries in mammals as well as in human beings. Recent studies have shown that the regenerative ability of HFs is age-related; however, the relationship between this phenomenon and the stem cell niche remains unclear. This study aimed to find a key secretory protein that promotes the HFs regeneration in the regenerative microenvironment. METHODS To explore why age affects HFs de novo regeneration, we established an age-dependent HFs regeneration model in leucine-rich repeat G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) + /mTmG mice. Proteins in tissue fluids were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The role and mechanism of candidate proteins in HFs de novo regeneration and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) activation were investigated through in vivo experiments. The effects of candidate proteins on skin cell populations were investigated by cellular experiments. RESULTS Mice under 3-week-old (3W) could regenerate HFs and Lgr5 HFSCs, which were highly correlated with the immune cells, cytokines, IL-17 signaling pathway, and IL-1α level in the regeneration microenvironment. Additionally, IL-1α injection induced de novo regeneration of HFs and Lgr5 HFSCs in 3W mouse model with a 5 mm wound, as well as promoted activation and proliferation of Lgr5 HFSCs in 7-week-old (7W) mice without wound. Dexamethasone and TEMPOL inhibited the effects of IL-1α. Moreover, IL-1α increased skin thickness and promoted the proliferation of human epidermal keratinocyte line (HaCaT) and skin-derived precursors (SKPs) in vivo and in vitro, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, injury-induced IL-1α promotes HFs regeneration by modulating inflammatory cells and oxidative stress-induced Lgr5 HFSCs regeneration as well as promoting skin cell populations proliferation. This study uncovers the underlying molecular mechanisms enabling HFs de novo regeneration in an age-dependent model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, and the Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China. .,Division of Nephrology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
| | - Haiyan Chen
- grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Qun Chen
- grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Jiayi Qiu
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Faculté Des Lettres, Sorbonne Université (Paris Sorbonne, 75006 Paris IV), Paris, France
| | - Mulan Qahar
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035 China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Zhimeng Fan
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, and the Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Weiwei Chu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, and the Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Edward E. Tredget
- grid.241114.30000 0004 0459 7625Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB ABT6G2B7 Canada
| | - Yaojiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, and the Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schneider I, Calcagni M, Buschmann J. Adipose-derived stem cells applied in skin diseases, wound healing and skin defects: a review. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:105-119. [PMID: 36115756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue presents a comparably easy source for obtaining stem cells, and more studies are increasingly investigating the therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cells. Wound healing, especially in chronic wounds, and treatment of skin diseases are some of the fields investigated. In this narrative review, the authors give an overview of some of the latest studies concerning wound healing as well as treatment of several skin diseases and concentrate on the different forms of application of adipose-derived stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oak ASW, Cotsarelis G. Wound-Induced Hair Neogenesis: A Portal to the Development of New Therapies for Hair Loss and Wound Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041239. [PMID: 36123030 PMCID: PMC9899649 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammals retain the remarkable ability to regenerate hair follicles after wounding. Wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) in many ways recapitulates embryogenesis. The origin of the stem cells that give rise to a nascent hair follicle after wounding and the role of mesenchymal cells and signaling pathways responsible for this regenerative phenomenon are slowly being elucidated. WIHN provides a potential therapeutic window for manipulating cell fate by the introduction of factors during the wound healing process to enhance hair follicle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen S W Oak
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - George Cotsarelis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:205-212. [PMID: 35963983 PMCID: PMC9859773 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will discuss the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in the epidermal wound response with particular focus on the stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle that contribute to the wounding response. METHODS Selected publications relevant to the mechanisms of wound healing in general and the roles of calcium and vitamin D in wound healing in particular were reviewed. RESULTS Following wounding the stem cells of the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis are activated to proliferate and migrate to the wound where they take on an epidermal fate to re-epithelialize the wound and regenerate the epidermis. The vitamin D and calcium sensing receptors (VDR and CaSR, respectively) are expressed in the stem cells of the hair follicle and epidermis where they play a critical role in enabling the stem cells to respond to wounding. Deletion of Vdr and/or Casr from these cells delays wound healing. The VDR is regulated by co-regulators such as the Med 1 complex and other transcription factors such as Ctnnb (beta-catenin) and p63. The formation of the Cdh1/Ctnn (E-cadherin/catenin) complex jointly stimulated by vitamin D and calcium plays a critical role in the activation, migration, and re-epithelialization processes. CONCLUSION Vitamin D and calcium signaling are critical for the ability of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells to respond to wounding. Vitamin D deficiency with the accompanying decrease in calcium signaling can result in delayed and/or chronic wounds, a major cause of morbidity, loss of productivity, and medical expense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Bikle
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marcu LG, Moghaddasi L, Bezak E. Cannot Target What Cannot Be Seen: Molecular Imaging of Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021524. [PMID: 36675033 PMCID: PMC9864237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are known to play a key role in tumour development, proliferation, and metastases. Their unique properties confer resistance to therapy, often leading to treatment failure. It is believed that research into the identification, targeting, and eradication of these cells can revolutionise oncological treatment. Based on the principle that what cannot be seen, cannot be targeted, a primary step in cancer management is the identification of these cells. The current review aims to encompass the state-of-the-art functional imaging techniques that enable the identification of cancer stem cells via various pathways and mechanisms. The paper presents in vivo molecular techniques that are currently available or await clinical implementation. Challenges and future prospects are highlighted to open new research avenues in cancer stem cell imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G. Marcu
- Faculty of Informatics and Science, University of Oradea, 1 Universitatii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Leyla Moghaddasi
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Eva Bezak
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Robinson L, Bunn BK, Blumenthal R, Bernitz H. The "hypopigmented" bitemark: a clinical and histologic appraisal. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:99-104. [PMID: 36449097 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
So-called "hypopigmented" bitemark patterns, commonly seen but not limited to dark skinned individuals, can be of value in forensic investigations. The process of aging bitemarks observed on skin is controversial and without guidelines. This report analyzes tissue obtained from the site of a hypopigmented bitemark using special histochemical stains for the identification of melanin pigment, and a panel of immunohistochemical markers to aid in the aging process. Histologic evaluation clearly showed that cellular changes in the hypopigmented area were indicative of wound healing that had taken place over a period of time. This validates the hypothesis that a hypopigmented bitemark is an indication of a wound inflicted some days previously. These findings have value in forensic investigations, particularly in cases of suspected long-term physical abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Robinson
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Belinda K Bunn
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Microbiology & Oral Biology, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho University, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Ryan Blumenthal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Herman Bernitz
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tan MLL, Chin JS, Madden L, Becker DL. Challenges faced in developing an ideal chronic wound model. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:99-114. [PMID: 36573018 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2158809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic wounds are a major drain on healthcare resources and can lead to substantial reductions in quality of life for those affected. Moreover, they often precede serious events such as limb amputations and premature death. In the long run, this burden is likely to escalate with an ageing population and lifestyle diseases such as obesity. Thus far, the identification of beneficial therapeutics against chronic wounds have been hindered by the lack of an ideal chronic wound animal model. Although animal models of delayed healing have been developed, none of these models fully recapitulate the complexity of the human chronic wound condition. Furthermore, most animals do not develop chronic wounds. Only the thoroughbred racehorse develops chronic ulcers. AREAS COVERED In this review, the different characteristics of chronic wounds that highlight its complexity are described. In addition, currently available models reflecting different aspects of chronic wound pathology and their relevance to human chronic wounds are discussed. This article concludes by listing relevant features representative of an ideal chronic wound model. Additionally, alternative approaches for the development of chronic wound models are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Delayed models of healing, including the streptozotocin diabetic model, skin flap model and magnet-induced IR models have emerged. While these models have been widely adopted for preclinical therapeutic testing, their relevance towards human chronic wounds remains debatable. In particular, current delayed healing models often fail to fully incorporate the key characteristics of chronic ulcers. Ultimately, more representative models are required to expedite the advancement of novel therapeutics to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Li Ling Tan
- Nanyang Institute of Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Leigh Madden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore.,National Skin Centre, Mandalay Road, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Downregulation of Lhx2 Markedly Impairs Wound Healing in Mouse Fetus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092132. [PMID: 36140233 PMCID: PMC9496086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple transitions occur in the healing ability of the skin during embryonic development in mice. Embryos up to embryonic day 13 (E13) regenerate completely without a scar after full-thickness wounding. Then, up to E16, dermal structures can be formed, including skin appendages such as hair follicles. However, after E17, wound healing becomes incomplete, and scar formation is triggered. Lhx2 regulates the switch between maintenance and activation of hair follicle stem cells, which are involved in wound healing. Therefore, we investigated the role of Lhx2 in fetal wound healing. Embryos of ICR mice were surgically wounded at E13, E15, and E17, and the expression of Lhx2 along with mitotic (Ki67 and p63) and epidermal differentiation (keratin-10 and loricrin) markers was analyzed. The effect of Lhx2 knockdown on wound healing was observed. Lhx2 expression was not noticed in E13 due to the absence of folliculogenesis but was evident in the epidermal basal layer of E15 and E17 and at the base of E17 wounds, along with Ki67 and p63 expression. Furthermore, Lhx2 knockdown in E15 markedly prolonged wound healing and promoted clear scar formation. Therefore, Lhx2 expression is involved in cell division associated with wound healing and may contribute to scar formation in late embryos.
Collapse
|
20
|
Evidence from Clinical Studies Related to Dermatologic Surgeries for Skin Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153835. [PMID: 35954498 PMCID: PMC9367341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although significant progress in pharmacotherapy for skin cancer has been made in the past several years, surgical removal of primary skin cancer is still the first choice of treatment unless distant metastases are evident. In the surgical treatment of primary skin tumors, the surgical margin is critical not only for reducing the possibility of tumor recurrence but also for minimizing the cosmetic and functional complications associated with wide local excision. In contrast, dermatologic surgeries including lymph node dissection and skin graft can cause various complications, and these complications are frequently associated with significant morbidity and discomfort. In this review, we summarize the evidence from previous clinical studies regarding the optimal surgical margin for skin cancer and the methods for diminishing the complications associated with dermatologic surgery. Abstract Despite the significant progress made in the past several years in pharmacotherapies for skin cancer, such as BRAF/MEK inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and Hedgehog pathway inhibitors, surgical removal of primary skin cancer is still the first choice of treatment unless distant metastases are evident. In cases of lymph node metastases with clinically palpable lymphadenopathy, lymph node dissection (LND) is typically performed for most skin cancers. In the surgical treatment of primary skin tumors, the surgical margin is critical not only for reducing the possibility of tumor recurrence but also for minimizing the cosmetic and functional complications associated with wide local excision. In contrast, dermatologic surgery can cause various complications. Although skin graft is frequently used for reconstruction of the surgical defect, extensive graft necrosis may develop if optimal stabilization of the graft is not obtained. LND also sometimes causes complications such as intraoperative or postoperative bleeding and postoperative lymphoceles. Moreover, as in other types of surgery, surgical site infection, intraoperative anxiety, and intraoperative and postoperative pain may also develop. These complications are frequently associated with significant morbidity and discomfort. In this review, we summarize the evidence from previous clinical studies regarding the optimal surgical margin for skin cancer and the methods for diminishing the complications associated with dermatologic surgery.
Collapse
|
21
|
Human Basal and Suprabasal Keratinocytes Are Both Able to Generate and Maintain Dermo-Epidermal Skin Substitutes in Long-Term In Vivo Experiments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142156. [PMID: 35883599 PMCID: PMC9319791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal layer of human interfollicular epidermis has been described to harbour both quiescent keratinocyte stem cells and a transit amplifying cell population that maintains the suprabasal epidermal layers. We performed immunofluorescence analyses and revealed that the main proliferative keratinocyte pool in vivo resides suprabasally. We isolated from the human epidermis two distinct cell populations, the basal and the suprabasal keratinocytes, according to the expression of integrin β4 (iβ4). We compared basal iβ4+ or suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes with respect to their proliferation and colony-forming ability and their Raman spectral properties. In addition, we generated dermo-epidermal substitutes using freshly isolated and sorted basal iβ4+ or suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes and transplanted them on immuno-compromised rats. We show that suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes acquire a similar proliferative capacity as basal iβ4+ keratinocytes after two weeks of culture in vitro, with expression of high levels of iβ4 and downregulation of K10 expression. In addition, both basal iβ4+ and suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes acquire authentic self-renewing properties during the in vitro 3D-culture phase and are able to generate and maintain a fully stratified epidermis for 16 weeks in vivo. Therefore, against the leading dogma, we propose that human suprabasal keratinocytes can retro-differentiate into true basal stem cells in a wound situation and/or when in contact with the basement membrane.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lu L, Liu D, Ying J, Yao Z, Hou Q, Wang H, Qi F, Luan W, Jiang H. Denervation Affected Skin Wound Healing in a Modified Rat Model. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOWER EXTREMITY WOUNDS 2022:15347346221090758. [PMID: 35341341 DOI: 10.1177/15347346221090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lacking of normal innervation increases the chance of chronic wounds and recurrence of ulceration. Various rodent models are designed to reveal nerve-wound relationship but present many limitations to mimic human wound which heals primarily by re-epithelialization rather than contraction in rodents. This article tested a modified rat model of denervated wound healing to better mimic clinical common denervated wounds. Material and Methods: The wounds formed on right hind paws of 18 SD rats served as the experimental (denervated) group and the left side as contra-lateral control (non-denervated). The denervation was achieved through sciatic and femoral nerve co-transection and the control side underwent sham-surgery 3 days prior to a skin punch wound formation on both sides. Wound closure rate was calculated under digital photographing. Loss of innervation and affected healing process was confirmed by histological analyses. Results: Truncation of the sciatic and femur nerve successfully denervated the skin of the hind paw and resulted in a significantly declined healing rate, prolonged inflammation, weakened dermal contraction, hindered macrophage recruitment, retarded re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, decreased angiogenesis and epidermal proliferation, and persisted epidermal apoptosis compared to the innervated contra-lateral control. Conclusion: Wound on denervated dorsal pedis in rats can be used to study denervated skin healing in multiple histological process. We believe that this model will assist in understanding the underlying mechanism of nerve-wound relationship and identifying new treatment strategies that can be more rapidly translated into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, 74573Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 510836, China
| | - Jianghui Ying
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zuochao Yao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Qiang Hou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fazhi Qi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjie Luan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chalwade C, Kumar V, Suresh A. Use of Minced Residual Skin Grafts to Improve Donor Site Healing in Split-Thickness Skin Grafting. Cureus 2022; 14:e23453. [PMID: 35481322 PMCID: PMC9034767 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The morbidity of the donor site in split-thickness skin graft (STSG) may include abnormal pigmentation, delayed healing, and unfavorable scarring. Studies are usually focused on improving the healing of the recipient site, so donor site management becomes a secondary consideration. An optimal solution should be sought for donor site management to improve healing and minimize morbidity. Methods In this study, we used minced residual skin grafts over half of the donor site (cases) and compared the healing duration and scar quality with the other half (control). Healing duration was measured in days and the scar quality was assessed by the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) at 90 days, 180 days, and 360 days. Results The healing time was reduced with the application of minced residual skin grafts on the donor site. The scar quality was significantly better in the case group as compared to the control group at 90 days, 180 days, and 360 days (p<0.05). Conclusion Mincing residual skin grafts and replacing them back to the donor site reduces the healing time and improves the quality of the scar.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hydrogels in Burn Wound Management-A Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020122. [PMID: 35200503 PMCID: PMC8872485 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inert hydrogels are of a great importance in burn first aid. Hydrogel dressings may be an alternative to cooling burn wounds with streaming water, especially in cases of mass casualty events, lack of clean water, hypothermia, or large extent of burns. Hydrogels that contain mostly water evacuate the heat cumulating in the skin by evaporation. They not only cool the burn wound, but also reduce pain and protect the wound area from contamination and further injuries. Hydrogels are ideally used during the first hours after injury, but as they do not have antimicrobial properties per se, they might not prevent wound infection. The hydrogel matrix enables incorporating active substances into the dressing. The active forms may contain ammonium salts, nanocrystal silver, zinc, growth factor, cytokines, or cells, as well as natural agents, such as honey or herbs. Active dressings may have antimicrobial activity or stimulate wound healing. Numerous experiments on animal models proved their safety and efficiency. Hydrogels are a new dressing type that are still in development.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang J, He J, Zhu M, Han Y, Yang R, Liu H, Xu X, Chen X. Cellular Heterogeneity and Plasticity of Skin Epithelial Cells in Wound Healing and Tumorigenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1912-1925. [PMID: 35143021 PMCID: PMC9391238 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular differentiation, the fundamental hallmark of cells, plays a critical role in homeostasis. And stem cells not only regulate the process where embryonic stem cells develop into a complete organism, but also replace ageing or damaged cells by proliferation, differentiation and migration. In characterizing distinct subpopulations of skin epithelial cells, stem cells show large heterogeneity and plasticity for homeostasis, wound healing and tumorigenesis. Epithelial stem cells and committed progenitors replenish each other or by themselves owing to the remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity of epidermal cells under certain circumstance. The development of new assay methods, including single-cell RNA sequence, lineage tracing assay, intravital microscopy systems and photon-ablation assay, highlight the plasticity of epidermal stem cells in response to injure and tumorigenesis. However, the critical mechanisms and key factors that regulate cellular plasticity still need for further exploration. In this review, we discuss the recent insights about the heterogeneity and plasticity of epithelial stem cells in homeostasis, wound healing and skin tumorigenesis. Understanding how stem cells collaborate together to repair injury and initiate tumor will offer new solutions for relevant diseases. Schematic abstract of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity of skin epithelial cells in wound healing and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meishu Zhu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Han
- The Yonghe Medical Group Limited Company, George Town, Cayman Islands
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuejuan Xu
- Endocrinology Department, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shannon JL, Corcoran DL, Murray JC, Ziegler SF, MacLeod AS, Zhang JY. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin controls hair growth. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:649-663. [PMID: 35216683 PMCID: PMC9039851 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin tissue regeneration after injury involves the production and integration of signals by stem cells residing in hair follicles (HFSCs). Much remains unknown about how specific wound-derived factors modulate stem cell contribution to hair growth. We demonstrate that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is produced in response to skin injury and during the anagen phase of the hair cycle. Intradermal injection of TSLP promoted wound-induced hair growth (WIHG), whereas neutralizing TSLP receptor (TSLPR) inhibited WIHG. Using flow cytometry and fluorescent immunostaining, we found that TSLP promoted proliferation of transit-amplifying cells. Lgr5CreER-mediated deletion of Tslpr in HFSCs inhibited both wound-induced and exogenous TSLP-induced hair growth. Our data highlight a novel function for TSLP in regulation of hair follicle activity during homeostasis and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Shannon
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David L Corcoran
- Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - John C Murray
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gonzales KAU, Polak L, Matos I, Tierney MT, Gola A, Wong E, Infarinato NR, Nikolova M, Luo S, Liu S, Novak JSS, Lay K, Pasolli HA, Fuchs E. Stem cells expand potency and alter tissue fitness by accumulating diverse epigenetic memories. Science 2021; 374:eabh2444. [PMID: 34822296 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Andrew Uy Gonzales
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Polak
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irina Matos
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew T Tierney
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anita Gola
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ellen Wong
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicole R Infarinato
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Nikolova
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shijing Luo
- Jones Day Intellectual Property Law Firm, New York, NY 10281, USA
| | - Siqi Liu
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jesse S S Novak
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenneth Lay
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Hilda Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
A Beginner's Introduction to Skin Stem Cells and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011030. [PMID: 34681688 PMCID: PMC8538579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the skin is that of a physical barrier against the environment and diverse pathogens; therefore, its integrity is essential for survival. Skin regeneration depends on multiple stem cell compartments within the epidermis, which, despite their different transcriptional and proliferative capacity, as well as different anatomical location, fall under the general term of skin stem cells (SSCs). Skin wounds can normally heal without problem; however, some diseases or extensive damage may delay or prevent healing. Non-healing wounds represent a serious and life-threatening scenario that may require advanced therapeutic strategies. In this regard, increased focus has been directed at SSCs and their role in wound healing, although emerging therapeutical approaches are considering the use of other stem cells instead, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Given its extensive and broad nature, this review supplies newcomers with an introduction to SSCs, wound healing, and therapeutic strategies for skin regeneration, thus familiarizing the reader with the subject in preparation for future in depth reading.
Collapse
|
29
|
Oral wound healing models and emerging regenerative therapies. Transl Res 2021; 236:17-34. [PMID: 34161876 PMCID: PMC8380729 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following injury, the oral mucosa undergoes complex sequences of biological healing processes to restore homeostasis. While general similarities exist, there are marked differences in the genomics and kinetics of wound healing between the oral cavity and cutaneous epithelium. The lack of successful therapy for oral mucosal wounds has influenced clinicians to explore alternative treatments and potential autotherapies to enhance intraoral healing. The present in-depth review discusses current gold standards for oral mucosal wound healing and compares endogenous factors that dictate the quality of tissue remodeling. We conducted a review of the literature on in vivo oral wound healing models and emerging regenerative therapies published during the past twenty years. Studies were evaluated by injury models, therapy interventions, and outcome measures. The success of therapeutic approaches was assessed, and research outcomes were compared based on current hallmarks of oral wound healing. By leveraging therapeutic advancements, particularly within in cell-based biomaterials and immunoregulation, there is great potential for translational therapy in oral tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang Z, Hu X, Zhou L, He Y, Zhang X, Yang J, Ju Z, Liou YC, Shen HM, Luo G, Hamblin MR, He W, Yin R. Photodynamic therapy accelerates skin wound healing through promoting re-epithelialization. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkab008. [PMID: 34514005 PMCID: PMC8420953 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) that reside in cutaneous hair follicles and the basal layer of the epidermis are indispensable for wound healing and skin homeostasis. Little is known about the effects of photochemical activation on EpSC differentiation, proliferation and migration during wound healing. The present study aimed to determine the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on wound healing in vivo and in vitro. Methods We created mouse full-thickness skin resection models and applied 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for PDT to the wound beds. Wound healing was analysed by gross evaluation and haematoxylin–eosin staining in vivo. In cultured EpSCs, protein expression was measured using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Cell migration was examined using a scratch model; apoptosis and differentiation were measured using flow cytometry. Results PDT accelerated wound closure by enhancing EpSC differentiation, proliferation and migration, thereby promoting re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. PDT inhibited inflammatory infiltration and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas the secretion of growth factors was greater than in other groups. The proportion of transient amplifying cells was significantly greater in vivo and in vitro in the PDT groups. EpSC migration was markedly enhanced after ALA-induced PDT. Conclusions Topical ALA-induced PDT stimulates wound healing by enhancing re-epithelialization, promoting angiogenesis as well as modulating skin homeostasis. This work provides a preliminary theoretical foundation for the clinical administration of topical ALA-induced PDT in skin wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengjun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yaxiong He
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiacai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510632, China
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Rui Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang S, Kuri P, Aubert Y, Brewster M, Li N, Farrelly O, Rice G, Bae H, Prouty S, Dentchev T, Luo W, Capell BC, Rompolas P. Lgr6 marks epidermal stem cells with a nerve-dependent role in wound re-epithelialization. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1582-1596.e6. [PMID: 34102139 PMCID: PMC8528178 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells support lifelong maintenance of adult organs, but their specific roles during injury are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that Lgr6 marks a regionally restricted population of epidermal stem cells that interact with nerves and specialize in wound re-epithelialization. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of Lgr6 stem cells delays wound healing, and skin denervation phenocopies this effect. Using intravital imaging to capture stem cell dynamics after injury, we show that wound re-epithelialization by Lgr6 stem cells is diminished following loss of nerves. This induces recruitment of other stem cell populations, including hair follicle stem cells, which partially compensate to mediate wound closure. Single-cell lineage tracing and gene expression analysis reveal that the fate of Lgr6 stem cells is shifted toward differentiation following loss of their niche. We conclude that Lgr6 epidermal stem cells are primed for injury response and interact with nerves to regulate their fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixia Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paola Kuri
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yann Aubert
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan Brewster
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olivia Farrelly
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gabriella Rice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hyunjin Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Prouty
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tzvete Dentchev
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian C Capell
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu Y, Zhang X, Liu F, Zhu P, Zhang L, Peng Y, Yan X, Li Y, Hua P, Liu C, Li Q, Zhang L. A stress-induced miR-31-CLOCK-ERK pathway is a key driver and therapeutic target for skin aging. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:795-809. [PMID: 37117623 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Regressive changes in epithelial stem cells underlie mammalian skin aging, but the driving mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report that mouse skin hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) aging is initiated by their intrinsic upregulation of miR-31, a microRNA that can be induced by physical injury or genotoxic stress and is also strongly upregulated in aged human skin epithelium. Using transgenic and conditional knockout mouse models plus a lineage-tracing technique, we show that miR-31 acts as a key driver of HFSC aging by directly targeting Clock, a core circadian clock gene whose deregulation activates a MAPK/ERK cascade to induce HFSC depletion via transepidermal elimination. Notably, blocking this pathway by either conditional miR-31 ablation or clinically approved MAPK/ERK inhibitors provides safe and effective protection against skin aging, enlightening a promising therapeutic avenue for treating skin aging and other genotoxic stress-induced skin conditions such as radiodermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - You Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyue Liu
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rohani Ivari J, Mahdipour E. Adipose tissue versus stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles to enhance the healing of acute burns. Regen Med 2021; 16:629-641. [PMID: 34259030 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Proper healing of extensive burns remains a healthcare challenge. In the present study, we proposed a distinct therapeutic application of adipose tissue and small extracellular vesicles isolated from human menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSC) small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) to enhance the repair of third-degree burn injury. Materials & methods: Mouse model of third-degree burn was used. Adipose tissue in the form of nano-fat (NF) and MenSC-sEVs was injected subcutaneously at the site of injuries. Results: NF and sEVs were capable of enhancing wound closure and increasing neoangiogenesis. NF was also effective in accelerating the formation of granulation tissue and boosting the thickness of the new epithelial layer. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of NF and MenSC-sEVs as promising therapeutic approaches to facilitate the repair of skin burns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Rohani Ivari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 1696700, Iran
| | - Elahe Mahdipour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 1696700, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bagood MD, Isseroff RR. TRPV1: Role in Skin and Skin Diseases and Potential Target for Improving Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116135. [PMID: 34200205 PMCID: PMC8201146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is innervated by a multitude of sensory nerves that are important to the function of this barrier tissue in homeostasis and injury. The role of innervation and neuromediators has been previously reviewed so here we focus on the role of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) in wound healing, with the intent of targeting it in treatment of non-healing wounds. TRPV1 structure and function as well as the outcomes of TRPV1-targeted therapies utilized in several diseases and tissues are summarized. In skin, keratinocytes, sebocytes, nociceptors, and several immune cells express TRPV1, making it an attractive focus area for treating wounds. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors confound the function and targeting of TRPV1 and may lead to adverse or off-target effects. Therefore, a better understanding of what is known about the role of TRPV1 in skin and wound healing will inform future therapies to treat impaired and chronic wounds to improve healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Bagood
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA;
| | - R. Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA;
- Dermatology Section, VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(916)-551-2606
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
McCarthy S, Agudo J. Immune-keratinocyte crosstalk in healthy and cancerous epidermis. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Could cold plasma act synergistically with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to improve wound skin regeneration in a large size animal model? Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:97-110. [PMID: 33596495 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin wound healing may sometimes lead to open sores that persist for long periods and expensive hospitalization is needed. Among different kinds of therapeutic innovative approaches, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and low-temperature atmospheric pressure cold plasma (ionized gas) have been recently tested to improve this regenerative process. To optimize wound healing the present study intended to combine, for the first time, these two novel approaches in a large size animal wound healing model with the aim of assessing the putative dual beneficial effects. Based on clinical, histopathological, and molecular results a synergistic action in a second intention healing wound in sheep has been observed. Experimental wounds treated with cold plasma and MSCs showed a slower but more effective healing compared to the single treatment, as observed in previous studies. The combined treatment improved the correct development of skin appendages and structural proteins of the dermis showing the potential of the dual combination as a safe and effective tool for skin regeneration in the veterinary clinical field.
Collapse
|
37
|
Daszczuk P, Mazurek P, Pieczonka TD, Olczak A, Boryń ŁM, Kobielak K. An Intrinsic Oscillation of Gene Networks Inside Hair Follicle Stem Cells: An Additional Layer That Can Modulate Hair Stem Cell Activities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595178. [PMID: 33363148 PMCID: PMC7758224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores and summarizes recent progress in and the characterization of main players in the regulation and cyclic regeneration of hair follicles. The review discusses current views and discoveries on the molecular mechanisms that allow hair follicle stem cells (hfSCs) to synergistically integrate homeostasis during quiescence and activation. Discussion elaborates on a model that shows how different populations of skin stem cells coalesce intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, resulting in the maintenance of stemness and hair regenerative potential during an organism’s lifespan. Primarily, we focus on the question of how the intrinsic oscillation of gene networks in hfSCs sense and respond to the surrounding niche environment. The review also investigates the existence of a cell-autonomous mechanism and the reciprocal interactions between molecular signaling axes in hfSCs and niche components, which demonstrates its critical driving force in either the activation of whole mini-organ regeneration or quiescent homeostasis maintenance. These exciting novel discoveries in skin stem cells and the surrounding niche components propose a model of the intrinsic stem cell oscillator which is potentially instructive for translational regenerative medicine. Further studies, deciphering of the distribution of molecular signals coupled with the nature of their oscillation within the stem cells and niche environments, may impact the speed and efficiency of various approaches that could stimulate the development of self-renewal and cell-based therapies for hair follicle stem cell regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Daszczuk
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Mazurek
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz D Pieczonka
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Olczak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz M Boryń
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rice G, Rompolas P. Advances in resolving the heterogeneity and dynamics of keratinocyte differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:92-98. [PMID: 33091828 PMCID: PMC7736530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is equipped with a highly dynamic stratified epithelium. The maintenance and regeneration of this epithelium is supported by basally located keratinocytes, which display stem cell properties, including lifelong proliferative potential and the ability to undergo diverse differentiation trajectories. Keratinocytes support not just the surface of the skin, called the epidermis, but also a range of ectodermal structures including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Recent studies have shed light on the hitherto underappreciated heterogeneity of keratinocytes by employing state-of-the-art imaging technologies and single-cell genomic approaches. In this mini review, we highlight major recent discoveries that illuminate the dynamics and cellular mechanisms that govern keratinocyte differentiation in the live mammalian skin and discuss the broader implications of these findings for our understanding of epithelial and stem cell biology in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Rice
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A systematic review of the scalp donor site for split-thickness skin grafting. Arch Plast Surg 2020; 47:528-534. [PMID: 33238339 PMCID: PMC7700867 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) is the gold standard for coverage of acute burns and reconstructive wounds. However, the choice of the donor site for STSG varies among surgeons, and the scalp represents a relatively under-utilized donor site. Understanding the validity of potential risks will assist in optimizing wound management. A comprehensive literature search was conducted of the PubMed database to identify studies evaluating scalp skin grafting in human subjects published between January 1, 1964 and December 31, 2019. Data were collected on early and late complications at the scalp donor site. In total, 27 articles comparing scalp donor site complications were included. The selected studies included analyses of acute burn patients only (21 of 27 articles), mean total body surface area (20 of 27), age distribution (22 of 27), sex (12 of 27), ethnicity (5 of 27), tumescent technique (21 of 27), depth setting of the dermatome (24 of 27), number of harvests (20 of 27), mean days of epithelization (18 of 27), and early and late complications (27 of 27). The total rate of early complications was 3.82% (117 of 3,062 patients). The total rate of late complications was 5.19% (159 of 3,062 patients). The literature on scalp skin grafting has not yet identified an ideal surgical technique for preventing donor site complications. Although scalp skin grafting provided superior outcomes with fewer donor site complications, there continues to be a lack of standardization. The use of scalp donor sites for STSG can prevent early and late complications if proper surgical planning, procedures, and postoperative care are performed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Haslam IS, Paus R. The Hair Follicle as an Interdisciplinary Model for Biomedical Research: An Eclectic Literature Synthesis. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000053. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain S. Haslam
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences University of Manchester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Monasterium Laboratory Mendelstraße 17 Muenster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Evaluation of epithelial progenitor cells and growth factors in a preclinical model of wound healing induced by mesenchymal stromal cells. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225798. [PMID: 32667622 PMCID: PMC7378309 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin wounds continue to be a global health problem. Several cellular therapy protocols have been used to improve and accelerate skin wound healing. Here, we evaluated the effect of transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on the wound re-epithelialization process and its possible relationship with the presence of epithelial progenitor cells (EPC) and the expression of growth factors. Methods: An experimental wound model was developed in C57BL/6 mice. Human MSCs seeded on collagen membranes (CM) were implanted on wounds. As controls, animals with wounds without treatment or treated with CM were established. Histological and immunohistochemical (IH) studies were performed at day 3 post-treatment to detect early skin wound changes associated with the presence of EPC expressing Lgr6 and CD34 markers and the expression of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Results: MSC transplantation enhanced skin wound re-epithelialization, as compared with controls. It was associated with an increase in Lgr6+ and CD34+ cells and the expression of KGF and bFGF in the wound bed. Conclusion: Our results show that cutaneous wound healing induced by MSC is associated with an increase in EPC and growth factors. These preclinical results support the possible clinical use of MSC to treat cutaneous wounds.
Collapse
|
42
|
Oda Y, Bikle DD. Vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal stem cells and their regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:604-611. [PMID: 32843916 PMCID: PMC7415249 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (SCs) residing in the skin play an essential role for epidermal regeneration during cutaneous wound healing. Upon injury, distinct epidermal SCs residing in the interfollicular epidermis and/or hair follicles are activated to proliferate. Subsequently, SCs and progeny migrate, differentiate and restore the epidermis. We review a role of the vitamin D signaling through its receptor of vitamin D receptor (Vdr) in these processes. Vdr conditional knockout (cKO) mouse skin experiences a delay in wound re-epithelialization under low dietary calcium conditions, stimulating our efforts to examine a cooperative role of Vdr with calcium signaling through the calcium sensing receptor in the epidermis. We review the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in different processes essential for injury induced epidermal regeneration during cutaneous wound repair. First, we discuss their roles in self-renewal of epidermal SCs through β-catenin signaling. Then, we describe epidermal remodeling, in which SCs and progeny migrate and differentiate to restore the epidermis, events controlled by the E-cadherin mediated adherens junction signaling. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms for vitamin D and calcium signaling to regulate injury induced epidermal regeneration mutually and interdependently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Endocrine Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Endocrine Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lowry WE. Its written all over your face: The molecular and physiological consequences of aging skin. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111315. [PMID: 32681843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most recognizable consequences of tissue aging are manifested in the skin. Hair graying and loss, telltale wrinkles, and age spots are indicative of physiological aging symptoms, many of which are analogous to processes in other tissues as well with less visible outcomes. While the study of skin aging has been conducted for decades, more recent work has illuminated many of the fundamental molecular and physiological causes of aging in the skin. Recent technological advances have allowed for the detection and quantification of a variety of physiological triggers that lead to aging in the skin and molecular methods have begun to determine the etiology of these phenotypic features. This review will attempt to summarize recent work in this area and provide some speculation about the next wave of studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Lowry
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 621 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 621 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, 621 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, 621 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lisse TS, Sharma M, Vishlaghi N, Pullagura SR, Braun RE. GDNF promotes hair formation and cutaneous wound healing by targeting bulge stem cells. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:13. [PMID: 32566252 PMCID: PMC7293257 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a well-studied neuroregenerative factor; however, the degree to which it supports hair formation and skin wound repair is not known. By using a Gfra1 (GDNF family receptor alpha 1) knock-in reporter mouse line, GDNF signaling was found to occur within hair bulge stem cells (BSCs) during the initiation of the hair cycle and early stages of hair formation after depilation. Both recombinant and transgene overexpression of GDNF promoted BSC colony growth, hair formation, and skin repair after wounding through enhanced self-renewal of BSCs and commitment of BSC-derived progenitors into becoming epidermal cells at the injury site. Conditional ablation of Gfra1 among BSCs impaired the onset of the hair cycle, while conditional ablation of the GDNF family member signal transducer, Ret, within BSCs prevented the onset of the hair cycle and depilation-induced anagen development of hair follicles. Our findings reveal that GDNF promotes hair formation and wound repair and that bulge stem cells are critical mediators of both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Lisse
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.,Department of Biology, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146 USA
| | - Manju Sharma
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Neda Vishlaghi
- Department of Biology, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA
| | - Sri Ramulu Pullagura
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, 04469 ME USA
| | - Robert E Braun
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, 04469 ME USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
McKinley KL, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Klein OD. Tools and Concepts for Interrogating and Defining Cellular Identity. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:632-656. [PMID: 32386555 PMCID: PMC7250495 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Defining the mechanisms that generate specialized cell types and coordinate their functions is critical for understanding organ development and renewal. New tools and discoveries are challenging and refining our definitions of a cell type. A rapidly growing toolkit for single-cell analyses has expanded the number of markers that can be assigned to a cell simultaneously, revealing heterogeneity within cell types that were previously regarded as homogeneous populations. Additionally, cell types defined by specific molecular markers can exhibit distinct, context-dependent functions; for example, between tissues in homeostasis and those responding to damage. Here we review the current technologies used to identify and characterize cells, and we discuss how experimental and pathological perturbations are adding increasing complexity to our definitions of cell identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara L McKinley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Horsley V. Lifting Each Other Up: Epidermal Stem Cells in Tissue Homeostasis. Dev Cell 2020; 51:296-298. [PMID: 31689385 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple stem cells maintain and repair tissues, yet how they communicate is not well understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Veniaminova et al. (2019) report that each sebaceous gland is maintained by local stem cells and that Notch signaling regulates multiple aspects of their function, revealing tissue homeostasis mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Topouzi H, Boyle CJ, Williams G, Higgins CA. Harnessing the Secretome of Hair Follicle Fibroblasts to Accelerate Ex Vivo Healing of Human Skin Wounds. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1075-1084.e11. [PMID: 31682842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In skin homeostasis, dermal fibroblasts are responsible for coordinating the migration and differentiation of overlying epithelial keratinocytes. As hairy skin heals faster than nonhairy skin, we took bio-inspiration from the follicle and hypothesized that follicular fibroblasts would accelerate skin re-epithelialization after injury faster than interfollicular fibroblasts. Using both in vitro and ex vivo models of human skin wound closure, we found that hair follicle dermal papilla fibroblasts could accelerate closure of in vitro scratch wounds by 1.8-fold and epithelial growth capacity by 1.5-fold compared with controls (P < 0.05). We used a cytokine array to determine how the dermal papilla fibroblasts were eliciting this effect and identified two cytokines, sAXL and CCL19, that are released at significantly higher levels by follicular fibroblasts than by interfollicular subtypes. Using sAXL and CCL19 individually, we found that they could also increase closure of epithelial cells in a scratch wound by 1.2- and 1.5-fold, respectively, compared with controls (P < 0.05). We performed an unbiased transcriptional analysis, combined with pathway analysis, and postulate that sAXL accelerates wound closure by promoting migration and inhibiting epithelial differentiation of skin keratinocytes. Long term, we believe these results can be exploited to accelerate wound closure of human skin in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Topouzi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claire A Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Piedrafita G, Kostiou V, Wabik A, Colom B, Fernandez-Antoran D, Herms A, Murai K, Hall BA, Jones PH. A single-progenitor model as the unifying paradigm of epidermal and esophageal epithelial maintenance in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1429. [PMID: 32188860 PMCID: PMC7080751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In adult skin epidermis and the epithelium lining the esophagus cells are constantly shed from the tissue surface and replaced by cell division. Tracking genetically labelled cells in transgenic mice has given insight into cell behavior, but conflicting models appear consistent with the results. Here, we use an additional transgenic assay to follow cell division in mouse esophagus and the epidermis at multiple body sites. We find that proliferating cells divide at a similar rate, and place bounds on the distribution cell cycle times. By including these results in a common analytic approach, we show that data from eight lineage tracing experiments is consistent with tissue maintenance by a single population of proliferating cells. The outcome of a given cell division is unpredictable but, on average, the likelihood of producing proliferating and differentiating cells is equal, ensuring cellular homeostasis. These findings are key to understanding squamous epithelial homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Piedrafita
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 29029, Spain
| | - Vasiliki Kostiou
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Albert Herms
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kasumi Murai
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rong HT, Liu DW. Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs associated with thermal injury in epidermal stem cells based on RNA-sequencing. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2218-2228. [PMID: 32104287 PMCID: PMC7027234 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research indicates that epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) play an important role in promoting wound healing, but the mechanism of action of these cells during wound repair following thermal damage remains unclear. In the present study, the trypsin digestion method was used to isolate human EpSCs and the cells were incubated in a 51.5°C water tank for 35 sec to construct a thermal injury model. The differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using high-throughput sequencing technology, and bioinformatic methods were used to predict their target genes and signaling pathways that may be involved in wound repair. A total of 33 miRNAs including, hsa-miR-1973, hsa-miR-4485-3p, hsa-miR-548-5p, hsa-miR-212-3p and hsa-miR-4461 were upregulated, whereas 21 miRNAs including, hsa-miR-4520-5p, hsa-miR-4661-5p, hsa-miR-191-3p, hsa-miR-129-5p, hsa-miR-147b and hsa-miR-6868-3p were downregulated following thermal injury of the human EpSCs. The bioinformatic analysis indicated that the differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, cell growth apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration. The results showed that there is a differential expression pattern of miRNAs after thermal injury of human EpSCs and these differences are involved in the regulation of the wound healing process. These findings provide new clues for further study of the wound healing mechanism and targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Rong
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - De-Wu Liu
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Aging manifests with architectural alteration and functional decline of multiple organs throughout an organism. In mammals, aged skin is accompanied by a marked reduction in hair cycling and appearance of bald patches, leading researchers to propose that hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are either lost, differentiate, or change to an epidermal fate during aging. Here, we employed single-cell RNA-sequencing to interrogate aging-related changes in the HFSCs. Surprisingly, although numbers declined, aging HFSCs were present, maintained their identity, and showed no overt signs of shifting to an epidermal fate. However, they did exhibit prevalent transcriptional changes particularly in extracellular matrix genes, and this was accompanied by profound structural perturbations in the aging SC niche. Moreover, marked age-related changes occurred in many nonepithelial cell types, including resident immune cells, sensory neurons, and arrector pili muscles. Each of these SC niche components has been shown to influence HF regeneration. When we performed skin injuries that are known to mobilize young HFSCs to exit their niche and regenerate HFs, we discovered that aged skin is defective at doing so. Interestingly, however, in transplantation assays in vivo, aged HFSCs regenerated HFs when supported with young dermis, while young HFSCs failed to regenerate HFs when combined with aged dermis. Together, our findings highlight the importance of SC:niche interactions and favor a model where youthfulness of the niche microenvironment plays a dominant role in dictating the properties of its SCs and tissue health and fitness.
Collapse
|