1
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Steinrücken E, Weigler M, Kloth S, Vogel M. Complex dynamics of partially freezable confined water revealed by combined experimental and computational studies. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:014706. [PMID: 38949591 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate water dynamics in mesoporous silica across partial crystallization by combining broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). Exploiting the fact that not only BDS but also NMR field-cycling relaxometry and stimulated-echo experiments provide access to dynamical susceptibilities in broad frequency and temperature ranges, we study both the fully liquid state above the melting point Tm and the dynamics of coexisting water and ice phases below this temperature. It is found that partial crystallization leads to a change in the temperature dependence of rotational correlation times τ, which occurs in addition to previously reported dynamical crossovers of confined water and depends on the pore diameter. Furthermore, we observe that dynamical susceptibilities of water are strongly asymmetric in the fully liquid state, whereas they are much broader and nearly symmetric in the partially frozen state. Finally, water in the nonfreezable interfacial layer below Tm does not exhibit a much debated dynamical crossover at ∼220 K. We argue that its dynamics is governed by a static energy landscape, which results from the interaction with the bordering silica and ice surfaces and features a Gaussian-like barrier distribution. Consistently, our MDS analysis of the motional mechanism reveals a hopping motion of water in thin interfacial layers. The rotational correlation times of the confined ice phases follow Arrhenius laws. While the values of τ depend on the pore diameter, freezable water in various types of confinements and mixtures shows similar activation energies of Ea ≈ 0.43 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Steinrücken
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Max Weigler
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kloth
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Ishikawa M, Borges R, Mourão A, Ferreira LM, Lobo AO, Martinho H. Confined Water Dynamics in the Scaffolds of Polylactic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19796-19804. [PMID: 38737045 PMCID: PMC11079869 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Resorbable polylactic acid (PLA) ultrathin fibers have been applied as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications due to their micro- and nanoporous structure that favor cell adhesion, besides inducing cell proliferation and upregulating gene expression related to tissue regeneration. Incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes into PLA fibers has been reported to increase the mechanical properties of the scaffold, making them even more suitable for tissue engineering applications. Ideally, scaffolds should be degraded simultaneously with tissue growth. Hydration and swelling are factors related to scaffold degradation. Hydration would negatively impact the mechanical properties since PLA shows hydrolytic degradation. Water absorption critically affects the catalysis and allowance of the hydrolysis reactions. Moreover, either mass transport and chemical reactions are influenced by confined water, which is an unexplored subject for PLA micro- and nanoporous fibers. Here, we probe and investigate confined water onto highly porous PLA microfibers containing few amounts of incorporated carbon nanotubes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A hydrostatic pressure was applied to the fibers to enhance the intermolecular interactions between water molecules and C=O groups from polyester bonds, which were evaluated over the wavenumber between 1600 and 2000 cm-1. The analysis of temperature dependence of FTIR spectra indicated the presence of confined water which is characterized by a non-Arrhenius to Arrhenius crossover at T0 = 190 K for 1716 and 1817 cm-1 carbonyl bands of PLA. These bands are sensitive to a hydrogen bond network of confined water. The relevance of our finding relies on the challenge detecting confined water in hydrophobic cavities as in the PLA one. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first report referring the presence of confined water in a hydrophobic scaffold as PLA for tissue engineering. Our findings can provide new opportunities to understand the role of confined water in tissue engineering applications. For instance, we argue that PLA degradation may be affected the most by confined water. PLA degradation involves hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation reactions, which can both be sensitive to changes in water properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ishikawa
- Federal
University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09280-560, Brazil
| | - Roger Borges
- Federal
University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09280-560, Brazil
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências
da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital
Israelita Albert Einstein, São
Paulo, São Paulo 09280-560, Brazil
| | - André Mourão
- Federal
University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09280-560, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson O. Lobo
- Interdisciplinary
Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials
Engineering, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil
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3
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Li W, Warncke K. Native and nonnative reactions in ethanolamine ammonia-lyase are actuated by different dynamics. Biophys J 2023; 122:3976-3985. [PMID: 37641402 PMCID: PMC10560697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We address the contribution of select classes of solvent-coupled configurational fluctuations to the complex choreography involved in configurational and chemical steps in an enzyme by comparing native and nonnative reactions conducted at different protein internal sites. The low temperature, first-order kinetics of covalent bond rearrangement of the cryotrapped substrate radical in coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella enterica display a kink, or increase in slope, of the Arrhenius plot with decreasing temperature. The event is associated with quenching of a select class of reaction-actuating collective fluctuations in the protein hydration layer. For comparison, a nonnative, radical reaction of the protein interior cysteine sulfhydryl group with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is introduced by cryotrapping EAL in an aqueous H2O2 eutectic system. The low-temperature aqueous H2O2 protein hydration and mesodomain solvent phases surrounding cryotrapped EAL are characterized by using TEMPOL spin probe electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, including a freezing transition of the eutectic phase that orders the protein hydration layer. Kinetics of the cysteine-H2O2 reaction in the EAL protein interior are monitored by DEPMPO spin trapping of hydroxyl radical product. In contrast to the native reaction, the linear Arrhenius relation for the nonnative cysteine-H2O2 reaction is maintained through the solvent-protein ordering transition. The nonnative reaction is coupled to the generic local, incremental fluctuations that are intrinsic to globular proteins. The comparative approach supports the proposal that select coupled solvent-protein configurational fluctuations actuate the native reaction, and suggests that select dynamical coupling contributes to the degree of catalysis in enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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4
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Bin M, Reiser M, Filianina M, Berkowicz S, Das S, Timmermann S, Roseker W, Bauer R, Öström J, Karina A, Amann-Winkel K, Ladd-Parada M, Westermeier F, Sprung M, Möller J, Lehmkühler F, Gutt C, Perakis F. Coherent X-ray Scattering Reveals Nanoscale Fluctuations in Hydrated Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37209106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrated proteins undergo a transition in the deeply supercooled regime, which is attributed to rapid changes in hydration water and protein structural dynamics. Here, we investigate the nanoscale stress-relaxation in hydrated lysozyme proteins stimulated and probed by X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS). This approach allows us to access the nanoscale dynamics in the deeply supercooled regime (T = 180 K), which is typically not accessible through equilibrium methods. The observed stimulated dynamic response is attributed to collective stress-relaxation as the system transitions from a jammed granular state to an elastically driven regime. The relaxation time constants exhibit Arrhenius temperature dependence upon cooling with a minimum in the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts exponent at T = 227 K. The observed minimum is attributed to an increase in dynamical heterogeneity, which coincides with enhanced fluctuations observed in the two-time correlation functions and a maximum in the dynamic susceptibility quantified by the normalized variance χT. The amplification of fluctuations is consistent with previous studies of hydrated proteins, which indicate the key role of density and enthalpy fluctuations in hydration water. Our study provides new insights into X-ray stimulated stress-relaxation and the underlying mechanisms behind spatiotemporal fluctuations in biological granular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Bin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mario Reiser
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariia Filianina
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharon Berkowicz
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Timmermann
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Roseker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bauer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Freiberg Water Research Center, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Jonatan Öström
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aigerim Karina
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marjorie Ladd-Parada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Möller
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmkühler
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gutt
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Steinrücken E, Weigler M, Schiller V, Vogel M. Dynamical Susceptibilities of Confined Water from Room Temperature to the Glass Transition. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4104-4112. [PMID: 37126094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We confine water to narrow silica pores, where crystallization is suppressed, and determine the dynamical susceptibilities of the liquid from room temperature down to the glass transition by combining broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) with 1H and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in particular, by establishing NMR field-cycling relaxometry. For the correlation times, derivative analysis reveals Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann and Arrhenius regimes at T ≥ 215 K and T ≤ 160 K, respectively, which are separated by a broad crossover region. The continuous transition in the temperature dependence is accompanied by a gradual change from asymmetric high-temperature shapes of the dynamical susceptibilities to symmetric low-temperature ones and by a steady decrease of the dielectric relaxation strength. In the Arrhenius regime (Ea = 0.48 eV) at T ≤ 160 K, 2D 2H NMR spectra reveal quasi-isotropic water reorientation. We rationalize these results in terms of a crossover to an interface-affected, noncooperative relaxation involving both rotational and translational motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Steinrücken
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Max Weigler
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Verena Schiller
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Beilinson Y, Rassabina A, Lunev I, Faizullin D, Greenbaum A, Salnikov V, Zuev Y, Minibayeva F, Feldman Y. The dielectric response of hydrated water as a structural signature of nanoconfined lichen melanins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22624-22633. [PMID: 36102934 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01383e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are unique symbiotic organisms from a mutually beneficial alliance of fungi and algae/cyanobacteria that successfully survive extreme temperatures and drought conditions. Most probably such extraordinary vitality of lichens is underlain by melanins, one of the main structural and chemical lichen components, and their mutual relationship with residual water. In this paper, we propose mechanisms, which allow lichens to store up the extra water in their structure. Melanins that are constituents of the cortical lichen layer and presumably contribute to unique water-lichen interactions are chosen for physical experiments in a wide temperature domain. Two melanin pigments extracted from different lichens are studied here - eumelanin from Lobaria pulmonaria and allomelanin from Cetraria islandica. To investigate the inner melanin structure and water-melanin interactions, FTIR and BDS techniques are applied. The BDS technique was used in a wide temperature region of 123-293 K for melanins with various hydration levels. The relaxation processes related to the confinement of supercooled water - in melanins are observed and discussed in details. At medium and high hydration levels, the relaxation process in two melanins of different chemical compositions and supramolecular structures exhibits a well-known crossover that was already observed in many types of confinements. The analysis of FTIR and BDS results helps to clarify the lichen-water interaction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Beilinson
- Department of Applied Physics, Soft Condensed Matter Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
| | - Anna Rassabina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str. 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.
| | - Ivan Lunev
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Physics, Kremlevskaya str.18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Dzhigangir Faizullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str. 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.
| | - Anna Greenbaum
- Department of Applied Physics, Soft Condensed Matter Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel. .,Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Vadim Salnikov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str. 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuriy Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str. 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.
| | - Farida Minibayeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str. 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri Feldman
- Department of Applied Physics, Soft Condensed Matter Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
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7
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Mercier F, Delhaye G, Teboul V. Activation induced fluidization of a confined viscous liquid. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Reuhl M, Vogel M. Temperature-Dependent Dynamics at Protein-Solvent Interfaces. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074705. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We perform differential scanning calorimetry, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies to ascertain the molecular dynamics in mixtures of ethylene glycol with elastin or lysozyme over broad temperature ranges. To focus on the protein-solvent interface, we use mixtures with about equal numbers of amino acids and solvent molecules. The elastin and lysozyme mixtures show similar glass transition steps, which extend over a broad temperature range of 157-185K. The BDS and NMR studies yield fully consistent results for the fastest process P1, which is caused by the structural relaxation of ethylene glycol between the protein molecules and follows an Arrhenius law with an activation energy of Ea=0.63eV. It involves quasi-isotropic reorientation and is very similar in the elastin and lysozyme matrices but different from the alpha and beta relaxations of bulk ethylene glycol. Two slower BDS processes P2 and P3 have protein-dependent time scales, but exhibit a similar Arrhenius-like temperature dependence with an activation energy of Ea~0.81eV. However, P2 and P3 do not have a clear NMR signature. In particular, the NMR results for the lysozyme mixture reveal that the protein backbone does not show isotropic alpha-like motion on the P2 and P3 time scales but only restricted beta-like reorientation. The different activation energies of the P1 and P2/P3 processes do not support an intimate coupling of protein and ethylene glycol dynamics. The present results are compared with previous findings for mixtures of proteins with water or glycerol, implying qualitatively different dynamical couplings at various protein-solvent interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Doan LC, Dahanayake JN, Mitchell-Koch KR, Singh AK, Vinh NQ. Probing Adaptation of Hydration and Protein Dynamics to Temperature. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22020-22031. [PMID: 35785325 PMCID: PMC9245114 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein dynamics is strongly influenced by the surrounding environment and physiological conditions. Here we employ broadband megahertz-to-terahertz spectroscopy to explore the dynamics of water and myoglobin protein on an extended time scale from femto- to nanosecond. The dielectric spectra reveal several relaxations corresponding to the orientational polarization mechanism, including the dynamics of loosely bound, tightly bound, and bulk water, as well as collective vibrational modes of protein in an aqueous environment. The dynamics of loosely bound and bulk water follow non-Arrhenius behavior; however, the dynamics of water molecules in the tightly bound layer obeys the Arrhenius-type relation. Combining molecular simulations and effective-medium approximation, we have determined the number of water molecules in the tightly bound hydration layer and studied the dynamics of protein as a function of temperature. The results provide the important impact of water on the biochemical functions of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan C. Doan
- Department
of Physics and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jayangika N. Dahanayake
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Abhishek K. Singh
- Department
of Physics and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nguyen Q. Vinh
- Department
of Physics and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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10
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Bin M, Yousif R, Berkowicz S, Das S, Schlesinger D, Perakis F. Wide-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations of supercooled protein hydration water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18308-18313. [PMID: 34269785 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02126e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism responsible for the protein low-temperature crossover observed at T≈ 220 K can help us improve current cryopreservation technologies. This crossover is associated with changes in the dynamics of the system, such as in the mean-squared displacement, whereas experimental evidence of structural changes is sparse. Here we investigate hydrated lysozyme proteins by using a combination of wide-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Experimentally we suppress crystallization by accurate control of the protein hydration level, which allows access to temperatures down to T = 175 K. The experimental data indicate that the scattering intensity peak at Q = 1.54 Å-1, attributed to interatomic distances, exhibits temperature-dependent changes upon cooling. In the MD simulations it is possible to decompose the water and protein contributions and we observe that, while the protein component is nearly temperature independent, the hydration water peak shifts in a fashion similar to that of bulk water. The observed trends are analysed by using the water-water and water-protein radial distribution functions, which indicate changes in the local probability density of hydration water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Bin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Musumeci V, Goracci G, Sanz Camacho P, Dolado JS, Aymonier C. Correlation between the Dynamics of Nanoconfined Water and the Local Chemical Environment in Calcium Silicate Hydrate Nanominerals. Chemistry 2021; 27:11309-11318. [PMID: 33999438 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcium silicate hydrates are members of a large family of minerals with layered structures containing pendant CaOH and SiOH groups that interact with confined water molecules. To rationalize the impact of the local chemical environment on the dynamics of water, SiOH- and CaOH-rich model nanocrystals were synthesized by using the continuous supercritical hydrothermal method and then systematically studied by a combination of spectroscopic techniques. In our comprehensive analysis, the ultrafast relaxation dynamics of hanging hydroxy groups can be univocally assigned to CaOH or SiOH environments, and the local chemical environment largely affects the H-bond network of the solvation water. Interestingly, the ordered "ice-like" solvation water found in the SiOH-rich environments is converted to a disordered "liquid-like" distribution in the CaOH-rich environment. This refined picture of the dynamics of confined water and hydroxy groups in calcium silicate hydrates can also be applied to other water-containing materials, with a significant impact in many fields of materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Musumeci
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France.,Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guido Goracci
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,BASKRETE-Euskampus Fundazioa, Ed. Rectorado Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Paula Sanz Camacho
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Jorge S Dolado
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cyril Aymonier
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
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12
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Steinrücken E, Wissel T, Brodrecht M, Breitzke H, Regentin J, Buntkowsky G, Vogel M. 2H NMR study on temperature-dependent water dynamics in amino-acid functionalized silica nanopores. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:114702. [PMID: 33752372 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepare various amino-acid functionalized silica pores with diameters of ∼6 nm and study the temperature-dependent reorientation dynamics of water in these confinements. Specifically, we link basic Lys, neutral Ala, and acidic Glu to the inner surfaces and combine 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation and line shape analyses to disentangle the rotational motions of the surfaces groups and the crystalline and liquid water fractions coexisting below partial freezing. Unlike the crystalline phase, the liquid phase shows reorientation dynamics, which strongly depends on the chemistry of the inner surfaces. The water reorientation is slowest for the Lys functionalization, followed by Ala and Glu and, finally, the native silica pores. In total, the rotational correlation times of water at the different surfaces vary by about two orders of magnitude, where this span is largely independent of the temperature in the range ∼200-250 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Steinrücken
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Till Wissel
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Brodrecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hergen Breitzke
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Regentin
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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13
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Olsson C, Zangana R, Swenson J. Stabilization of proteins embedded in sugars and water as studied by dielectric spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:21197-21207. [PMID: 32930314 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In many products proteins have become an important component, and the long-term properties of these products are directly dependent on the stability of their proteins. To enhance this stability it has become common to add disaccharides in general, and trehalose in particular. However, the mechanisms by which disaccharides stabilize proteins and other biological materials are still not fully understood, and therefore we have here used broadband dielectric spectroscopy to investigate the stabilizing effect of the disaccharides trehalose and sucrose on myoglobin, with the aim to enhance this understanding in general and to obtain specific insights into why trehalose exhibits extraordinary stabilizing properties. The results show the existence of three or four clearly observed relaxation processes, where the three common relaxations are the local (β) water relaxation below the glass transition temperature (Tg), the structural α-relaxation of the solvent, observed above Tg, and an even slower protein relaxation due to large-scale conformational protein motions. For the trehalose containing samples with less than 50 wt% myoglobin a fourth relaxation process was observed due to a β-relaxation of trehalose below Tg. This latter process, which was assigned to intramolecular rotations of the monosaccharide rings in trehalose, could not be detected for high protein concentrations or for the sucrose containing samples. Since sucrose has previously been found to form more intramolecular hydrogen bonds at the present hydration levels, it is likely that this rotation becomes too slow to be observed in the case of sucrose. However, this sugar relaxation has probably less influence on the protein stability below Tg, where the better stabilizing effect of trehalose on proteins can be explained by our observation that trehalose slows down the water relaxation more than sucrose does. Finally, we show that the α-relaxation of the solvent and the large-scale protein motions exhibit similar temperature dependences, which suggests that these protein motions are slaved by the α-relaxation. Furthermore, the α-relaxation of the trehalose solution is slower than for the corresponding sucrose solution, and thereby also the protein motions become slower in the trehalose solution, which explains the more efficient stabilizing effect of trehalose on proteins above Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Rano Zangana
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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14
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Demuth D, Reuhl M, Hopfenmüller M, Karabas N, Schoner S, Vogel M. Confinement Effects on Glass-Forming Aqueous Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solutions. Molecules 2020; 25:E4127. [PMID: 32917011 PMCID: PMC7570821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining broadband dielectric spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, we analyze the reorientation dynamics and the translational diffusion associated with the glassy slowdown of the eutectic aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solution in nano-sized confinements, explicitly, in silica pores with different diameters and in ficoll and lysozyme matrices at different concentrations. We observe that both rotational and diffusive dynamics are slower and more heterogeneous in the confinements than in the bulk but the degree of these effects depends on the properties of the confinement and differs for the components of the solution. For the hard and the soft matrices, the slowdown and the heterogeneity become more prominent when the size of the confinement is reduced. In addition, the dynamics are more retarded for dimethyl sulfoxide than for water, implying specific guest-host interactions. Moreover, we find that the temperature dependence of the reorientation dynamics and of the translational diffusion differs in severe confinements, indicating a breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein-Debye relation. It is discussed to what extent these confinement effects can be rationalized in the framework of core-shell models, which assume bulk-like and slowed-down motions in central and interfacial confinement regions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Vogel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (D.D.); (M.R.); (M.H.); (N.K.); (S.S.)
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15
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Weigler M, Combarro-Palacios I, Cerveny S, Vogel M. On the microscopic origins of relaxation processes in aqueous peptide solutions undergoing a glass transition. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:234503. [PMID: 32571076 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We combine broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) with 1H and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study molecular dynamics in mixtures of ε-polylysine with H2O or D2O. In BDS, four relaxation processes can be attributed to molecular dynamics. While the fastest process P1 obeys the Arrhenius law, the slowest process P4 shows prominent non-Arrhenius behavior typical of structural α relaxation. For the intermediate processes P2 and P3, the temperature dependence changes at the glass transition temperature Tg. The 1H and 2H NMR results yield insights into the molecular origins of these relaxation phenomena. In these NMR analyses, we exploit, in addition to the isotope selectivity of the method, the possibility to distinguish between various types of motion based on their respective line-shape effects and the capability to single out specific molecular moieties based on different spin-lattice relaxation behaviors. In this way, we reveal that process P1 results from the rotation of side and end groups of the peptide, while process P2 is caused by a reorientation of essentially all water molecules, which are quasi-isotropic and survive well below Tg. As for the peptide backbone dynamics, we find evidence that rotational motion of polar groups is involved in process P3 and that nonpolar regions show a dynamical process, which is located between P3 and P4. Thus, the NMR analyses do not yield evidence for coexisting fast peptide-decoupled and slow peptide-coupled water species, which contribute to BDS processes P2 and P3, respectively, but minor bimodality of water motion may remain undetected. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proton/deuteron exchange needs to be considered when interpreting experimental results for molecular dynamics in aqueous peptide solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weigler
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - I Combarro-Palacios
- Centro de Fisica Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) - Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - S Cerveny
- Centro de Fisica Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) - Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Goracci G, S. Dolado J. Elucidation of Conduction Mechanism in Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)/Cement Composite Using Dielectric Spectroscopy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020275. [PMID: 31936238 PMCID: PMC7013725 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that govern the conductive properties of multifunctional cement-materials is fundamental for the development of the new applications proposed to enhance the energy efficiency, safety and structural properties of smart buildings and infrastructures. Many fillers have been suggested to increase the electrical conduction in concretes; however, the processes involved are still not entirely known. In the present work, we investigated the effect of graphene nanoplatelets (1 wt% on the electrical properties of cement composites (OPC/GNPs). We found a decrease of the bulk resistivity in the composite associated to the enhancement of the charge transport properties in the sample. Moreover, the study of the dielectric properties suggests that the main contribution to conduction is given by water diffusion through the porous network resulting in ion conductivity. Finally, the results support that the increase of direct current in OPC/GNPs is due to pore refinement induced by graphene nanoplatelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Goracci
- BASKRETE-Euskampus Fundazioa, Ed. Rectorado Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jorge S. Dolado
- Centro de Física de Materiales, (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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17
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Sun Y, Yu F, Li C, Dai X, Ma J. Nano-/Micro-confined Water in Graphene Hydrogel as Superadsorbents for Water Purification. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 12:2. [PMID: 34138060 PMCID: PMC7770964 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Confined water has been proven to be of great importance due to its pervasiveness and contribution to life and many fields of scientific research. However, the control and characterization of confined water are a challenge. Herein, a confined space is constructed by flexibly changing the pH of a graphene oxide dispersion under the self-assembly process of a graphene hydrogel (GH), and the confined space is adjusted with variation from 10.04 to 3.52 nm. Confined water content in GH increases when the pore diameter of the confined space decreases; the corresponding adsorption capacity increases from 243.04 to 442.91 mg g-1. Moreover, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are utilized to analyze the hydrogen bonding structure qualitatively and quantitatively, and correlation analysis reveals that the improvement in the adsorption capacity is caused by incomplete hydrogen bonding in the confined water. Further, confined water is assembled into four typical porous commercial adsorbents, and a remarkable enhancement of the adsorption capacity is achieved. This research demonstrates the application potential for the extraordinary properties of confined water and has implications for the development of highly effective confined water-modified adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Schirò G, Weik M. Role of hydration water in the onset of protein structural dynamics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:463002. [PMID: 31382251 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab388a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the molecular workhorses in a living organism. Their 3D structures are animated by a multitude of equilibrium fluctuations and specific out-of-equilibrium motions that are required for proteins to be biologically active. When studied as a function of temperature, functionally relevant dynamics are observed at and above the so-called protein dynamical transition (~240 K) in hydrated, but not in dry proteins. In this review we present and discuss the main experimental and computational results that provided evidence for the dynamical transition, with a focus on the role of hydration water dynamics in sustaining functional protein dynamics. The coupling and mutual influence of hydration water dynamics and protein dynamics are discussed and the hypotheses illustrated that have been put forward to explain the physical origin of their onsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Schirò
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, France
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19
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Capaccioli S, Ngai KL, Ancherbak S, Bertoldo M, Ciampalini G, Thayyil MS, Wang LM. The JG β-relaxation in water and impact on the dynamics of aqueous mixtures and hydrated biomolecules. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:034504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Dipartimento di Fisica, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Dipartimento di Fisica, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
| | - S. Ancherbak
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Bertoldo
- ISOF - CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Ciampalini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
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20
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Teboul V, Rajonson G. Simulations of supercooled water under passive or active stimuli. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:214505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5093353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Teboul
- Laboratoire de Photonique d’Angers EA 4464, Physics Department, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Gabriel Rajonson
- Laboratoire de Photonique d’Angers EA 4464, Physics Department, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
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21
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Sasaki K, Popov I, Feldman Y. Water in the hydrated protein powders: Dynamic and structure. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5096881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Sasaki
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ivan Popov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Yuri Feldman
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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22
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Weigler M, Brodrecht M, Buntkowsky G, Vogel M. Reorientation of Deeply Cooled Water in Mesoporous Silica: NMR Studies of the Pore-Size Dependence. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2123-2134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Weigler
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Brodrecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G. Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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23
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Franck JM, Han S. Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for the Study of Hydration Dynamics, Explained. Methods Enzymol 2018; 615:131-175. [PMID: 30638529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We outline the physical properties of hydration water that are captured by Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (ODNP) relaxometry and explore the insights that ODNP yields about the water and the surface that this water is coupled to. As ODNP relies on the pairwise cross-relaxation between the electron spin of a spin probe and a proton nuclear spin of water, it captures the dynamics of single-particle diffusion of an ensemble of water molecules moving near the spin probe. ODNP principally utilizes the same physics as other nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry (i.e., relaxation measurement) techniques. However, in ODNP, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) excites the electron spins probes and their high net polarization acts as a signal amplifier. Furthermore, it renders ODNP parameters highly sensitive to water moving at rates commensurate with the EPR frequency of the spin probe (typically 10GHz). Also, ODNP selectively enhances the NMR signal contributions of water moving within close proximity to the spin label. As a result, ODNP can capture ps-ns movements of hydration waters with high sensitivity and locality, even in samples with protein concentrations as dilute as 10 µM. To date, the utility of the ODNP technique has been demonstrated for two major applications: the characterization of the spatial variation in the properties of the hydration layer of proteins or other surfaces displaying topological diversity, and the identification of structural properties emerging from highly disordered proteins and protein domains. The former has been shown to correlate well with the properties of hydration water predicted by MD simulations and has been shown capable of evaluating the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of a surface. The latter has been demonstrated for studies of an interhelical loop of proteorhodopsin, the partial structure of α-synuclein embedded at the lipid membrane surface, incipient structures adopted by tau proteins en route to fibrils, and the structure and hydration profile of a transmembrane peptide. This chapter focuses on offering a mechanistic understanding of the ODNP measurement and the molecular dynamics encoded in the ODNP parameters. In particular, it clarifies how the electron-nuclear dipolar coupling encodes information about the molecular dynamics in the nuclear spin self-relaxation and, more importantly, the electron-nuclear spin cross-relaxation rates. The clarification of the molecular dynamics underlying ODNP should assist in establishing a connection to theory and computer simulation that will offer far richer interpretations of ODNP results in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Franck
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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24
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Teboul V, Kerasidou AP. Specific properties of supercooled water in light of water anomalies. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1505045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Teboul
- Physics Department, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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25
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Weigler M, Brodrecht M, Breitzke H, Dietrich F, Sattig M, Buntkowsky G, Vogel M. 2H NMR Studies on Water Dynamics in Functionalized Mesoporous Silica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mesoporous silica MCM-41 is prepared, for which the inner surfaces are modified by 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) in a controlled manner. Nitrogen gas adsorpition yields a pore diameter of 2.2 nm for the APTES functionalized MCM-41. 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) provide detailed and consistent insights into the temperature-dependent reorientation dynamics of water in this confinement. We find that a liquid water species becomes accompanied by a solid water species when cooling through ~210 K, as indicated by an onset of bimodal 2H spin-lattice relaxation. The reorientation of the liquid water species is governed by pronounced dynamical heterogeneity in the whole temperature range. Its temperature dependence shows a mild dynamic crossover when the solid water species emerges and, hence, the volume accessible to the liquid water species further shrinks. Therefore, we attribute this variation in the temperature dependence to a change from bulk-like behavior towards interface-dominated dynamics. Below this dynamic crossover, 2H line-shape and stimulted-echo studies show that water reorientation becomes anisotropic upon cooling, suggesting that these NMR approaches, but also BDS measurements do no longer probe the structural (α) relaxation, but rather a secondary (β) relaxation of water at sufficiently low temperatures. Then, another dynamic crossover at ~180 K can be rationalized in terms of a change of the temperature dependence of the β relaxation in response to a glassy freezing of the α relaxation of confined water. Comparing these results for APTES modied MCM-41 with previous findings for mesoporous silica with various pore diameters, we obtain valuable information about the dependence of water dynamics in restricted geometries on the size of the nanoscopic confinements and the properties of the inner surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Weigler
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Hochschulstr. 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Martin Brodrecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische unf Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Hergen Breitzke
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische unf Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Felix Dietrich
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Hochschulstr. 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Matthias Sattig
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Hochschulstr. 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische unf Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Hochschulstr. 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
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26
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Swenson J. Possible relations between supercooled and glassy confined water and amorphous bulk ice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:30095-30103. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A proposed relaxation scenario of bulk water based on studies of confined water and low density amorphous ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Swenson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
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27
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Brodrecht M, Klotz E, Lederle C, Breitzke H, Stühn B, Vogel M, Buntkowsky G. A Combined Solid-State NMR, Dielectric Spectroscopy and Calorimetric Study of Water in Lowly Hydrated MCM-41 Samples. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The processes of drying mesoporous silica materials and their refilling with water have been examined by magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is shown that different drying protocols strongly influence the amount and types of hydroxy-species inside the pores. It is found that a very good vacuum (≈10−6 bar) is necessary to remove all H2O molecules from the silica matrices in order to accurately refill them with very low amounts of water such as e.g. a mono- or submonolayer coverage of the surface. Time-dependent 1H-NMR-spectra recorded after loading the samples indicate a very specific course of water first existing in a bulk-like form inside the pores and then distributing itself through the pores by hydrogen bonding to surface silanol groups. After assuring accurate sample loading, we were able to investigate lowly hydrated samples of water confined in MCM-41 via DCS and BDS at temperatures below the freezing point of free bulk-water (0°C) and find two non-crystallizing water species with Arrhenius behavior and activation energies of 0.53 eV (51.1 kJ/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brodrecht
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Edda Klotz
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Christina Lederle
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Hergen Breitzke
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Bernd Stühn
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
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28
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Saleha WFG, Ramesh R, Nalajala N, Chakraborty A, Ladewig BP, Neergat M. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy of Nafion-117, sulfonated polysulfone (sPSF) and sulfonated polyether ketone (sPEK) membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wasim F. G. Saleha
- IITB-Monash Research Academy; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB); Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Rahul Ramesh
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB); Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Naresh Nalajala
- IITB-Monash Research Academy; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB); Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Arup Chakraborty
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB); Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Bradley P. Ladewig
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London; Exhibition Road; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Neergat
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB); Mumbai 400076 India
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29
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Syryamina VN, Dzuba SA. Dynamical Transitions at Low Temperatures in the Nearest Hydration Shell of Phospholipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1026-1032. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. N. Syryamina
- Institute
of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Physics
Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - S. A. Dzuba
- Institute
of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Physics
Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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30
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Cerveny S, Combarro-Palacios I, Swenson J. Evidence of Coupling between the Motions of Water and Peptides. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4093-4098. [PMID: 27683955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies of protein dynamics at low temperatures are generally performed on hydrated powders and not in biologically realistic solutions of water because of water crystallization. However, here we avoid the problem of crystallization by reducing the size of the biomolecules. We have studied oligomers of the amino acid l-lysine, fully dissolved in water, and our dielectric relaxation data show that the glass transition-related dynamics of the oligomers is determined by the water dynamics, in a way similar to that previously observed for solvated proteins. This implies that the crucial role of water for protein dynamics can be extended to other types of macromolecular systems, where water is also able to determine their conformational fluctuations. Using the energy landscape picture of macromolecules, the thermodynamic criterion for such solvent-slaved macromolecular motions may be that the macromolecules need the entropy contribution from the solvent to overcome the enthalpy barriers between different conformational substates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Cerveny
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Izaskun Combarro-Palacios
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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31
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Schmitz R, Müller N, Ullmann S, Vogel M. A molecular dynamics simulations study on ethylene glycol-water mixtures in mesoporous silica. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:104703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Schmitz
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Niels Müller
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Svenja Ullmann
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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32
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S, Paciaroni A. Dynamics of hydrated proteins and bio-protectants: Caged dynamics, β-relaxation, and α-relaxation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3553-3563. [PMID: 27155356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The properties of the three dynamic processes, α-relaxation, ν-relaxation, and caged dynamics in aqueous mixtures and hydrated proteins are analogous to corresponding processes found in van der Waals and polymeric glass-formers apart from minor differences. METHODS Collection of various experimental data enables us to characterize the structural α-relaxation of the protein coupled to hydration water (HW), the secondary or ν-relaxation of HW, and the caged HW process. RESULTS From the T-dependence of the ν-relaxation time of hydrated myoglobin, lysozyme, and bovine serum albumin, we obtain Ton at which it enters the experimental time windows of Mössbauer and neutron scattering spectroscopies, coinciding with protein dynamical transition (PDT) temperature Td. However, for all systems considered, the α-relaxation time at Ton or Td is many orders of magnitude longer. The other step change of the mean-square-displacement (MSD) at Tg_alpha originates from the coupling of the nearly constant loss (NCL) of caged HW to density. The coupling of the NCL to density is further demonstrated by another step change at the secondary glass temperature Tg_beta in two bio-protectants, trehalose and sucrose. CONCLUSIONS The structural α-relaxation plays no role in PDT. Since PDT is simply due to the ν-relaxation of HW, the term PDT is a misnomer. NCL of caged dynamics is coupled to density and show transitions at lower temperature, Tg_beta and Tg_alpha. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The so-called protein dynamical transition (PDT) of hydrated proteins is not caused by the structural α-relaxation of the protein but by the secondary ν-relaxation of hydration water. "This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo".
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - S Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Paciaroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via A Pascoli 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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33
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Demontis P, Gulín-González J, Masia M, Sant M, Suffritti GB. The interplay between dynamic heterogeneities and structure of bulk liquid water: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Chem Phys 2016; 142:244507. [PMID: 26133441 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the interplay between dynamical heterogeneities and structural properties of bulk liquid water in the temperature range 130-350 K, thus including the supercooled regime, we use the explicit trend of the distribution functions of some molecular properties, namely, the rotational relaxation constants, the atomic mean-square displacements, the relaxation of the cross correlation functions between the linear and squared displacements of H and O atoms of each molecule, the tetrahedral order parameter q and, finally, the number of nearest neighbors (NNs) and of hydrogen bonds (HBs) per molecule. Two different potentials are considered: TIP4P-Ew and a model developed in this laboratory for the study of nanoconfined water. The results are similar for the dynamical properties, but are markedly different for the structural characteristics. In particular, for temperatures higher than that of the dynamic crossover between "fragile" (at higher temperatures) and "strong" (at lower temperatures) liquid behaviors detected around 207 K, the rotational relaxation of supercooled water appears to be remarkably homogeneous. However, the structural parameters (number of NNs and of HBs, as well as q) do not show homogeneous distributions, and these distributions are different for the two water models. Another dynamic crossover between "fragile" (at lower temperatures) and "strong" (at higher temperatures) liquid behaviors, corresponding to the one found experimentally at T(∗) ∼ 315 ± 5 K, was spotted at T(∗) ∼ 283 K and T(∗) ∼ 276 K for the TIP4P-Ew and the model developed in this laboratory, respectively. It was detected from the trend of Arrhenius plots of dynamic quantities and from the onset of a further heterogeneity in the rotational relaxation. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that this dynamical crossover is detected in computer simulations of bulk water. On the basis of the simulation results, the possible mechanisms of the two crossovers at molecular level are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfranco Demontis
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Jorge Gulín-González
- Grupo de Matemática y Física Computacionales, Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas (UCI), Carretera a San Antonio de los Baños, Km 21/2, La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Marco Masia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Sant
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe B Suffritti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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34
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Bellissent-Funel MC, Kaneko K, Ohba T, Appavou MS, Soininen AJ, Wuttke J. Crossover from localized to diffusive water dynamics in carbon nanohorns: A comprehensive quasielastic neutron-scattering analysis. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:022104. [PMID: 26986285 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.022104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Incoherent neutron scattering by water confined in carbon nanohorns was measured with the backscattering spectrometer SPHERES and analyzed in exemplary breadth and depth. Quasielastic spectra admit δ-plus-Kohlrausch fits over a wide q and T range. From the q and T dependence of fitted amplitudes and relaxation times, however, it becomes clear that the fits do not represent a uniform physical process, but that there is a crossover from localized motion at low T to diffusive α relaxation at high T. The crossover temperature of about 210 to 230 K increases with decreasing wave number, which is incompatible with a thermodynamic strong-fragile transition. Extrapolated diffusion coefficients D(T) indicate that water motion is at room temperature about 2.5 times slower than in the bulk; in the supercooled state this factor becomes smaller. At even higher temperatures, where the α spectrum is essentially flat, a few percentages of the total scattering go into a Lorentzian with a width of about 1.6μeV, probably due to functional groups on the surface of the nanohorns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsumi Kaneko
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, 1-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ohba
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, JCNS at MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Antti J Soininen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, JCNS at MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Wuttke
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, JCNS at MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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35
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Cerveny S, Mallamace F, Swenson J, Vogel M, Xu L. Confined Water as Model of Supercooled Water. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7608-25. [PMID: 26940794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water in confined geometries has obvious relevance in biology, geology, and other areas where the material properties are strongly dependent on the amount and behavior of water in these types of materials. Another reason to restrict the size of water domains by different types of geometrical confinements has been the possibility to study the structural and dynamical behavior of water in the deeply supercooled regime (e.g., 150-230 K at ambient pressure), where bulk water immediately crystallizes to ice. In this paper we give a short review of studies with this particular goal. However, from these studies it is also clear that the interpretations of the experimental data are far from evident. Therefore, we present three main interpretations to explain the experimental data, and we discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Unfortunately, none of the proposed scenarios is able to predict all the observations for supercooled and glassy bulk water, indicating that either the structural and dynamical alterations of confined water are too severe to make predictions for bulk water or the differences in how the studied water has been prepared (applied cooling rate, resulting density of the water, etc.) are too large for direct and quantitative comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Cerveny
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM CSIC/EHU) - Material Physics Centre (MPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Francesco Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Messina , Vill. S. Agata, CP 55, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Hochschulstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Limei Xu
- International Centre for Quantum Materials and School of Physics, Peking University , , Beijing 100871, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100871, China
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36
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Fischer JKH, Sippel P, Denysenko D, Lunkenheimer P, Volkmer D, Loidl A. Metal-organic frameworks as host materials of confined supercooled liquids. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:154505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4933308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. H. Fischer
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - P. Sippel
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - D. Denysenko
- Chair of Solid State and Material Science, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - P. Lunkenheimer
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - D. Volkmer
- Chair of Solid State and Material Science, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - A. Loidl
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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37
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Wang Z, Le P, Ito K, Leão JB, Tyagi M, Chen SH. Dynamic crossover in deeply cooled water confined in MCM-41 at 4 kbar and its relation to the liquid-liquid transition hypothesis. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:114508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4930855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peisi Le
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kanae Ito
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Juscelino B. Leão
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Sow-Hsin Chen
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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38
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Khodadadi S, Sokolov AP. Protein dynamics: from rattling in a cage to structural relaxation. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4984-4998. [PMID: 26027652 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00636h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of protein dynamics based mostly on results of neutron scattering, dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. We identify several major classes of protein motions on the time scale from faster than picoseconds to several microseconds, and discuss the coupling of these processes to solvent dynamics. Our analysis suggests that the microsecond backbone relaxation process might be the main structural relaxation of the protein that defines its glass transition temperature, while faster processes present some localized secondary relaxations. Based on the overview, we formulate a general picture of protein dynamics and discuss the challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khodadadi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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39
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Mallamace F, Corsaro C, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Vasi C, Stanley HE, Chen SH. Some thermodynamical aspects of protein hydration water. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:215103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4921897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina and CNISM, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina and CNISM, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Sebastiano Vasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina and CNISM, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cirino Vasi
- CNR-IPCF, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy
| | - H. Eugene Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Sow-Hsin Chen
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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40
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Mallamace F, Corsaro C, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Vasi C, Stanley HE. Thermodynamic properties of bulk and confined water. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:18C504. [PMID: 25399169 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermodynamic response functions of water display anomalous behaviors. We study these anomalous behaviors in bulk and confined water. We use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to examine the configurational specific heat and the transport parameters in both the thermal stable and the metastable supercooled phases. The data we obtain suggest that there is a behavior common to both phases: that the dynamics of water exhibit two singular temperatures belonging to the supercooled and the stable phase, respectively. One is the dynamic fragile-to-strong crossover temperature (T(L) ≃ 225 K). The second, T* ∼ 315 ± 5 K, is a special locus of the isothermal compressibility K(T)(T, P) and the thermal expansion coefficient α(P)(T, P) in the P-T plane. In the case of water confined inside a protein, we observe that these two temperatures mark, respectively, the onset of protein flexibility from its low temperature glass state (T(L)) and the onset of the unfolding process (T*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienza della Terra Università di Messina and CNISM, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienza della Terra Università di Messina and CNISM, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, Università di Messina, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - H Eugene Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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41
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Elamin K, Jansson H, Swenson J. Dynamics of aqueous binary glass-formers confined in MCM-41. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12978-87. [PMID: 25913915 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00751h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric permittivity measurements were performed on water solutions of propylene glycol (PG) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) confined in 21 Å pores of the silica matrix MCM-41 C10 in wide frequency (10(-2)-10(6) Hz) and temperature (130-250 K) ranges. The aim was to elucidate how the formation of large hydrogen bonded structural entities, found in bulk solutions of PGME, was affected by the confined geometry, and to make comparisons with the dynamic behavior of the PG-water system. For all solutions the measurements revealed four almost concentration independent relaxation processes. The intensity of the fastest process is low compared to the other relaxation processes and might be caused by both hydroxyl groups of the pore surfaces and by local motions of water and solute molecules. The second fastest process contains contributions from both the main water relaxation as well as the intrinsic β-relaxation of the solute molecules. The third fastest process is the viscosity related α-relaxation. Its concentration independency is very different compared to the findings for the corresponding bulk systems, particularly for the PGME-water system. The experimental data suggests that the surface interactions induce a micro-phase separation of the two liquids, resulting in a full molecular layer of water molecules coordinating to the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of the silica pores. This, in turn, increases the geometrical confinement effect for the remaining solution even more and prevents the building up of the same type of larger structural entities in the PGME-water system as in the corresponding bulk solutions. The slowest process is mainly hidden in the high conductivity contribution at low frequencies, but its temperature dependence can be extracted for the PGME-water system. However, its origin is not fully clear, as will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elamin
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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42
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Swenson J, Cerveny S. Dynamics of deeply supercooled interfacial water. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:033102. [PMID: 25437331 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/3/033102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the relaxation dynamics of glassy and deeply supercooled water in different types of systems. We compare the dynamics of such interfacial water in ordinary aqueous solutions, hard confinements and biological soft materials. In all these types of systems the dielectric relaxation time of the main water process exhibits a dynamic crossover from a high-temperature non-Arrhenius temperature dependence to a low-temperature Arrhenius behavior. Moreover, at large enough water content the low-temperature process is universal and exhibits the same temperature behavior in all types of systems. However, the physical nature of the dynamic crossover is somewhat different for the different types of systems. In ordinary aqueous solutions it is not even a proper dynamic crossover, since the water relaxation decouples from the cooperative α-relaxation of the solution slightly above the glass transition in the same way as all secondary (β) relaxations of glass-forming materials. In hard confinements, the physical origin of the dynamic crossover is not fully clear, but it seems to occur when the cooperative main relaxation of water at high temperatures reaches a temperature where the volume required for its cooperative motion exceeds the size of the geometrically-confined water cluster. Due to this confinement effect the α-like main relaxation of the confined water seems to transform to a more local β-relaxation with decreasing temperature. Since this low-temperature β-relaxation is universal for all systems at high water content it is possible that it can be considered as an intrinsic β-relaxation of supercooled water, including supercooled bulk water. This possibility, together with other findings for deeply supercooled interfacial water, suggests that the most accepted relaxation scenarios for supercooled bulk water have to be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Swenson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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43
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Ferreira PMGL, Ishikawa MS, Kogikoski S, Alves WA, Martinho H. Relaxation dynamics of deeply supercooled confined water in l,l-diphenylalanine micro/nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32126-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The temperature dependence (10–290 K) of the low-frequency (20–150 cm−1) Raman-active phonon modes of deeply supercooled confined water in l,l-diphenylalanine micro/nanotubes was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. S. Ishikawa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas
- Universidade Federal do ABC
- Brazil
| | - S. Kogikoski
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas
- Universidade Federal do ABC
- Brazil
| | - W. A. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas
- Universidade Federal do ABC
- Brazil
| | - H. Martinho
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas
- Universidade Federal do ABC
- Brazil
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44
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Wang Z, Fratini E, Li M, Le P, Mamontov E, Baglioni P, Chen SH. Hydration-dependent dynamic crossover phenomenon in protein hydration water. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:042705. [PMID: 25375521 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.042705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic relaxation time τ of protein hydration water exhibits a strong hydration level h dependence. The dynamic crossover is observed when h is higher than the monolayer hydration level hc=0.2-0.25 and becomes more visible as h increases. When h is lower than hc, τ only exhibits Arrhenius behavior in the measured temperature range. The activation energy of the Arrhenius behavior is insensitive to h, indicating a local-like motion. Moreover, the h dependence of the crossover temperature shows that the protein dynamic transition is not directly or solely induced by the dynamic crossover in the hydration water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy
| | - Mingda Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peisi Le
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Eugene Mamontov
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence I-50019, Italy
| | - Sow-Hsin Chen
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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45
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Monasterio M, Jansson H, Gaitero JJ, Dolado JS, Cerveny S. Cause of the fragile-to-strong transition observed in water confined in C-S-H gel. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:164714. [PMID: 24182071 DOI: 10.1063/1.4826638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the rotational dynamics of hydration water confined in calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel with a water content of 22 wt.% was studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy in broad temperature (110-300 K) and frequency (10(-1)-10(8) Hz) ranges. The C-S-H gel was used as a 3D confining system for investigating the possible existence of a fragile-to-strong transition for water around 220 K. Such transition was observed at 220 K in a previous study [Y. Zhang, M. Lagi, F. Ridi, E. Fratini, P. Baglioni, E. Mamontov and S. H. Chen, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20, 502101 (2008)] on a similar system, and it was there associated with a hidden critical point of bulk water. However, based on the experimental results presented here, there is no sign of a fragile-to-strong transition for water confined in C-S-H gel. Instead, the fragile-to-strong transition can be explained by a merging of two different relaxation processes at about 220 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Monasterio
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV∕EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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46
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Suffritti GB, Demontis P, Gulín-González J, Masia M. Distributions of single-molecule properties as tools for the study of dynamical heterogeneities in nanoconfined water. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:155103. [PMID: 24675399 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/15/155103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The explicit trend of the distribution functions of single-molecule rotational relaxation constants and atomic mean-square displacement are used to study the dynamical heterogeneities in nanoconfined water. The trend of the single-molecule properties distributions is related to the dynamic heterogeneities, and to the dynamic crossovers found in water clusters of different shapes and sizes and confined in a variety of zeolites. This was true in all the cases that were considered, in spite of the various shapes and sizes of the clusters. It is confirmed that the high temperature dynamical crossover occurring in the temperature range 200-230 K can be interpreted at a molecular level as the formation of almost translationally rigid clusters, characterized by some rotational freedom, hydrogen bond exchange and translational jumps as cage-to-cage processes. We also suggest a mechanism for the low temperature dynamical crossover (LTDC), falling in the temperature range 150-185 K, through which the adsorbed water clusters are made of nearly rigid sub-clusters, slightly mismatched, and thus permitting a relatively free librational motion at their borders. It appears that the condition required for LTDC to occur is the presence of highly heterogeneous environments for the adsorbed molecules, with some dangling hydrogen bonds or weaker than water-water hydrogen bonds. Under these conditions some dynamics are permitted at very low temperature, although most rotational motion is frozen. Therefore, it is unlikely, though not entirely excluded, that LTDC will be found in supercooled bulk water where no heterogeneous interface is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Suffritti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari and INSTM, Unità di ricerca di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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47
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Scaling behaviour for the water transport in nanoconfined geometries. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4565. [PMID: 24699509 PMCID: PMC3988813 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of water in nanoconfined geometries is different from bulk phase and has tremendous implications in nanotechnology and biotechnology. Here molecular dynamics is used to compute the self-diffusion coefficient D of water within nanopores, around nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and proteins. For almost 60 different cases, D is found to scale linearly with the sole parameter θ as D(θ)=DB[1+(DC/DB−1)θ], with DB and DC the bulk and totally confined diffusion of water, respectively. The parameter θ is primarily influenced by geometry and represents the ratio between the confined and total water volumes. The D(θ) relationship is interpreted within the thermodynamics of supercooled water. As an example, such relationship is shown to accurately predict the relaxometric response of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. The D(θ) relationship can help in interpreting the transport of water molecules under nanoconfined conditions and tailoring nanostructures with precise modulation of water mobility. A precise control of water transport in different configurations is crucial for many technological applications. Chiavazzo et al. define a dimensionless scaling parameter to fully describe the water self-diffusion coefficient in various nanoconfined geometries using molecular dynamic simulations.
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48
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Cerveny S, Swenson J. Dynamics of supercooled water in a biological model system of the amino acid l-lysine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22382-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysine solutions establish a new relaxation behaviour of supercooled interfacial water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Cerveny
- Centro de Física de Materiales-Material Physics Centre (MPC)
- CSIC-Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center
- San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Applied Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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49
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Weber JK, Pande VS. Functional understanding of solvent structure in GroEL cavity through dipole field analysis. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:165101. [PMID: 23635172 DOI: 10.1063/1.4801942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent plays a ubiquitous role in all biophysical phenomena. Yet, just how the molecular nature of water impacts processes in biology remains an important question. While one can simulate the behavior of water near biomolecules such as proteins, it is challenging to gauge the potential structural role solvent plays in mediating both kinetic and equilibrium processes. Here, we propose an analysis scheme for understanding the nature of solvent structure at a local level. We first calculate coarse-grained dipole vector fields for an explicitly solvated system simulated through molecular dynamics. We then analyze correlations between these vector fields to characterize water structure under biologically relevant conditions. In applying our method to the interior of the wild type chaperonin complex GroEL+ES, along with nine additional mutant GroEL complexes, we find that dipole field correlations are strongly related to chaperonin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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50
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Fomina M, Schirò G, Cupane A. Hydration dependence of myoglobin dynamics studied with elastic neutron scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Biophys Chem 2013; 185:25-31. [PMID: 24309207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a thorough investigation of the hydration dependence of myoglobin dynamics. The study is performed on D2O-hydrated protein powders in the hydration range 0<h<0.5 (h≡gr[D2O]/gr[protein]) and in the temperature range 20-300K. The protein equilibrium fluctuations are investigated with Elastic Neutron Scattering using the spectrometer IN13 at ILL (Grenoble), while the relaxations of the protein+hydration water system are investigated with Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy; finally, Differential Scanning Calorimetry is used to obtain a thermodynamic description of the system. The effect of increasing hydration is to speed up the relaxations of the myoglobin+hydration water system and, thermodynamically, to decrease the glass transition temperature; these effects tend to saturate at h values greater than ~0.3. Moreover, the calorimetric scans put in evidence the occurrence of an endothermic peak whose onset temperature is located at ~230K independent of hydration. From the point of view of the protein equilibrium fluctuations, while the amplitude of anharmonic mean square displacements is found to increase with hydration, their onset temperature (i.e. the onset temperature of the well known "protein dynamical transition") is hydration independent. On the basis of the above results, the relevance of protein+hydration water relaxations and of the thermodynamic state of hydration water to the onset of the protein dynamical transition is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Fomina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Schirò
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cupane
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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