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Wei C, Li Y, Shen L, Li J, Pang X, Li M. Sequence-Controlled Electrochemical Immobilization of Catalyst-Photosensitizer Oligomers for Tuning Photoelectrochemical Behaviors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:20791-20796. [PMID: 39297789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Immobilizing catalysts and photosensitizers on an electrode surface is crucial in interfacial energy conversion. However, their combination for optimizing catalytic performance is an unpredictable challenge. Herein, we report that catalyst and photosensitizer monomers are selectively grafted one-by-one addition onto the electrode surface by interfacial electrosynthesis to achieve composition and sequence-controlled oligomer photoelectrocatalytic monolayers. This electrosynthesis relies on the oxidative coupling reaction of carbazole and the reductive coupling reaction of vinyl on the catalyst and photosensitizer monomers, and it initiates on self-assembled monolayers and propagates with alternating positive and negative potentials. Each addition and completion of the target monomer can be quantitatively identified and monitored by optical and electrical responses and their linear coefficients as a function of reaction steps. The resulting composition and sequence-controlled monolayers exhibit tuning electrocatalytic behaviors including water splitting and CO2 reduction, indicating an efficient way to optimize the electro- and photocatalytic functions and performance of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lingyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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2
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Wang X, Wang S, Song S, Chen Y, Sun H, Zhu C. Group transfer radical polymerization for the preparation of carbon-chain poly(α-olefins). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp7385. [PMID: 39331708 PMCID: PMC11430462 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp7385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Radical polymerization is a powerful technique for producing a variety of polymeric materials. However, the chain transfer reaction impedes the formation of polymers from many common α-olefins such as propene and 1-butene using this method. Consequently, poly(α-olefins) are predominantly produced via coordination polymerization. To address this limitation, we have devised a strategy involving group transfer radical polymerization (GTRP) to facilitate the radical homopolymerization to access carbon-chain poly(α-olefins). This approach enables the precise construction of a diverse array of carbon-chain poly(α-olefins) with high molecular weights. Furthermore, by using nonconventional monomers, we extend the applicability of this technique to the copolymerization of α-olefins with acrylonitrile, paving the way for the synthesis of copolymers with different monomers. To investigate the properties of the polymers obtained by this method, one of the poly(α-olefins) is studied as an interphase layer material in anode-free Li metal batteries, and the results indicate the potential of the polymer in energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Silin Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yasu Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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3
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Gao T, Xia X, Watanabe T, Ke CY, Suzuki R, Yamamoto T, Li F, Isono T, Satoh T. Toward Fully Controllable Monomers Sequence: Binary Organocatalyzed Polymerization from Epoxide/Aziridine/Cyclic Anhydride Monomer Mixture. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25067-25077. [PMID: 39086123 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The sequence of monomers within a polymer chain plays a pivotal role in determining the physicochemical properties of the polymer. In the copolymerization of two or more monomers, the arrangement of monomers within the resulting polymer is primarily dictated by the intrinsic reactivity of the monomers. Precisely controlling the monomer sequence in copolymerization, particularly through the manipulation of catalysts, is a subject of intense interest and poses significant challenges. In this study, we report the catalyst-controlled copolymerization of epoxides, N-tosyl aziridine (TAz), and cyclic anhydrides. To achieve this, a binary catalyst system comprising a Lewis acid, triethylborane, and Brønsted base, t-BuP1, was utilized. This system was utilized to regulate the selectivity between two catalytic reactions: ring-opening alternating copolymerization (ROAC) of epoxides/cyclic anhydrides and ROAC of TAz/cyclic anhydrides. Changing the catalyst ratio made it possible to continuously modulate the resulting poly(ester-amide ester) from ABA-type real block copolymers to gradient, random-like, reversed gradient, and reversed BAB-type block-like copolymers. A range of epoxides and anhydrides was investigated, demonstrating the versatility of this polymerization system. Additionally, density functional theory calculations were conducted to enhance our mechanistic understanding of the process. This synthetic method not only provides a versatile means for producing copolymers with comparable chemical compositions but also facilitates the exploration of the intricate relationship between monomer sequences and the resultant polymer properties, offering valuable insights for advancements in polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Gao
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Xiaochao Xia
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Tomohisa Watanabe
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Chun-Yao Ke
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ryota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Feng Li
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- List Sustainable Digital Transformation Catalyst Collaboration Research Platform, Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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4
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Wu Y, Chen K, Wang J, Chen M, Dai W, Liu R. Recent Advances and Future Developments in the Preparation of Polypeptides via N-Carboxyanhydride (NCA) Ring-Opening Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24189-24208. [PMID: 39172171 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Polypeptides have the same or similar backbone structures as proteins and peptides, rendering them as suitable and important biomaterials. Amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA) ring-opening polymerization has been the most efficient strategy for polypeptide preparation, with continuous advance in the design of initiators, catalysts and reaction conditions. This Perspective first summarizes the recent progress of NCA synthesis and purification. Subsequently, we focus on various initiators for NCA polymerization, catalysts for accelerating polymerization or enhancing the controllability of polymerization, and recent advances in the reaction approach of NCA polymerization. Finally, we discuss future research directions and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiangzhou Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minzhang Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenhui Dai
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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5
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Islas P, Platnich CM, Gidi Y, Karimi R, Ginot L, Saliba D, Luo X, Cosa G, Sleiman HF. Automated Synthesis of DNA Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403477. [PMID: 39049795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has revolutionized the ability to position matter at the nanoscale, but the preparation of DNA-based architectures remains laborious. To facilitate the formation of custom structures, a fully automated method is reported to produce sequence- and size-defined DNA nanotubes. By programming the sequential addition of desired building blocks, rigid DX-tile-based DNA nanotubes and flexible wireframe DNA structures are attained, where the total number of possible constructs increases as a power function of the number of different units available. Using single-molecule fluorescence imaging, the kinetics and yield of each synthetic step can be quantitatively determined, revealing differences in self-assembly dynamics as the nanotube is built up from the solid support and providing new insights into DNA self-assembly. The exploitation of automation for both assembly and analysis (through an ad-hoc developed K-means clustering algorithm) facilitates a workflow wherein the synthesis parameters may be iteratively improved upon, demonstrating how a single-molecule "assembly-analysis-optimization" sequence can be used to generate complex, noncovalent materials in good yield. The presented synthetic strategy is generalizable, making use of equipment already available in most standard laboratories and represents the first fully automated supramolecular assembly on a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Islas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Casey M Platnich
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Yasser Gidi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Ryan Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lorianne Ginot
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Daniel Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hanadi F Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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6
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Siddharth K, Pérez-Mercader J. Non-Biochemical Gradient Sequence-Controlled Polymers with Tuned Kinetics and Self-Assembled Morphologies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400392. [PMID: 39127993 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Two key challenges in the multidisciplinary field of sequence-controlled polymers are their efficient synthesis and the establishment of correlation with polymer properties. In this context, in this paper, gradient architecture in the hydrophobic tail of an amphiphile is implemented and synthesized for a fixed hydrophilic unit (polyethylene glycol, PEG), by means of two monomers (2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, HPMA, and diacetone acrylamide, DAAM) of contrasting reactivities. The resulting non-biochemical gradient sequence-controlled polymers are generated from a one-pot, homogeneous mixture through a PET-RAFT-PISA (photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer-polymerization-induced self-assembly) method. In addition, the initial concentration ratio of the monomers in the gradient is varied as an input for a set of fixed experimental parameters and conditions, and its correlation with kinetics, gradient and self-assembled morphologies is established, as the output of the process. These results are extensively corroborated via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis, together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) experiments. These results have implications for chemical computation carried out by PISA, programmable self-assembly, information storage, biomimetics, origins of life and synthetic protocell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Siddharth
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Harvard Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Juan Pérez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Harvard Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
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7
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Li Z, Song K, Chen Y, Huang Q, You L, Yu L, Chen B, Yuan Z, Xu Y, Su Y, Da L, Zhu X, Dong R. Sequence-encoded bioactive protein-multiblock polymer conjugates via quantitative one-pot iterative living polymerization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6729. [PMID: 39112493 PMCID: PMC11306232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are essential in treating various diseases, but their inherent biological instability and short circulatory half-lives in vivo pose challenges. Herein, a quantitative one-pot iterative living polymerization technique is reported towards precision control over the molecular structure and monomer sequence of protein-polymer conjugates, aiming to maximize physicochemical properties and biological functions of proteins. Using this quantitative one-pot iterative living polymerization technique, we successfully develop a series of sequence-controlled protein-multiblock polymer conjugates, enhancing their biostability, pharmacokinetics, cellular uptake, and in vivo biodistribution. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are performed to disclose the definite sequence-function relationship of the bioconjugates, further demonstrating their sequence-encoded cellular uptake behavior and in vivo biodistribution in mice. Overall, this work provides a robust approach for creating precision protein-polymer conjugates with defined sequences and advanced functions as a promising candidate in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyuan Song
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qijing Huang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujia You
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihang Yuan
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Xu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lintai Da
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijiao Dong
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Howard SC, Muir BW, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Streamlining the Generation of Advanced Polymer Materials Through the Marriage of Automation and Multiblock Copolymer Synthesis in Emulsion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320154. [PMID: 38400586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are of paramount importance in modern life - an incredibly wide range of polymeric materials possessing an impressive variety of properties have been developed to date. The recent emergence of artificial intelligence and automation presents a great opportunity to significantly speed up discovery and development of the next generation of advanced polymeric materials. We have focused on the high-throughput automated synthesis of multiblock copolymers that comprise three or more distinct polymer segments of different monomer composition bonded in linear sequence. The present work has exploited automation to prepare high molar mass multiblock copolymers (typically>100,000 g mol-1) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in aqueous emulsion. A variety of original multiblock copolymers have been synthesised via a Chemspeed robot, exemplified by a multiblock copolymer comprising thirteen constituent blocks. Moreover, libraries of copolymers of randomized monomer compositions (acrylates, acrylamides, methacrylates, and styrenes), block orders, and block lengths were also generated, thereby demonstrating the robustness of our synthetic approach. One multiblock copolymer contained all four monomer families listed in the pool, which is unprecedented in the literature. The present work demonstrates that automation has the power to render complex and laborious syntheses of such unprecedented materials not just possible, but facile and straightforward, thus representing the way forward to the next generation of complex macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS (UMR 5629), ENSCPB, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shaun C Howard
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Benjamin W Muir
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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Zeroug-Metz L, Lee S. Biodynamers: applications of dynamic covalent chemistry in single-chain polymer nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01665-z. [PMID: 39009930 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC) enables the development of responsive molecular systems through the integration of reversible bonds at the molecular level. These systems are thermodynamically stable and capable of undergoing various molecular assemblies and transformations, allowing them to adapt to changes in environmental conditions like temperature and pH. Introducing DCC into the field of polymer science has led to the design of Single-Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs), which are formed by self-folding via intramolecular crosslinking mechanisms. Defined by their adaptability, SCNPs mimic biopolymers in size and functionality. Biodynamers, a subclass of SCNPs, are specifically designed for their stimuli-responsive and tunable, dynamic properties. Mimicking complex biological structures, their scope of application includes target-specific and pH-responsive drug delivery, enhanced cellular uptake and endosomal escape. In this manuscript, we discuss the integration of DCC for the design of SCNPs, focusing particularly on the characteristics of biodynamers and their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. By underlining their potential, we highlight the factors driving the growing interest in SCNPs, providing an overview of recent developments and future perspectives in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Zeroug-Metz
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C 4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sangeun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C 4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E 8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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10
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Yi S, Yang S, Xie Z, Yun J, Pan X. Carbene-Mediated Polymer Modification Using Diazo Compounds under Photo or Thermal Activation Conditions. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:711-718. [PMID: 38767947 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Based on the characteristics of commodity polymers in large quantities and low costs, modification of existing commodity polymers emerges as the most effective approach for exploring novel materials. Nevertheless, conventional modification methods typically involve high-energy processes (e.g., high temperature, high-energy radiation), which may lead to irreversible detrimental effects on the polymers, contradicting the desired performance enhancement through modification. In this work, we propose a carbene-mediated postpolymerization modification (PPM) strategy utilizing diazo compounds. Under photochemical or thermal activation conditions, insertion of the C-H bond can be achieved without compromising the performance of polymers. These diazo compounds can be easily synthesized in just two steps and applied to all C-H-containing polymers. This practical and effective modification strategy offers new opportunities and possibilities for enhancing the value and expanding the applications of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhikang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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11
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He W, Tao W, Wei Z, Tong G, Liu X, Tan J, Yang S, Hu J, Liu G, Yang R. Controlled switching thiocarbonylthio end-groups enables interconvertible radical and cationic single-unit monomer insertions and RAFT polymerizations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5071. [PMID: 38871718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
To emulate the ordered arrangement of monomer units found in natural macromolecules, single-unit monomer insertion (SUMI) have emerged as a potent technique for synthesizing sequence-controlled vinyl polymers. Specifically, numerous applications necessitate vinyl polymers encompassing both radically and cationically polymerizable monomers, posing a formidable challenge due to the distinct thiocarbonylthio end-groups required for efficient control over radical and cationic SUMIs. Herein, we present a breakthrough in the form of interconvertible radical and cationic SUMIs achieved through the manipulation of thiocarbonylthio end-groups. The transition from a trithiocarbonate (for radical SUMI) to a dithiocarbamate (for cationic SUMI) is successfully accomplished via a radical-promoted reaction with bis(thiocarbonyl) disulfide. Conversely, the reverse transformation utilizes the reaction between dithiocarbamate and bistrithiocarbonate disulfide under a cationic mechanism. Employing this strategy, we demonstrate a series of synthetic examples featuring discrete oligomers containing acrylate, maleimide, vinyl ether, and styrene, compositions unattainable through the SUMI of a single mechanism alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Ze Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Guoming Tong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Jiajia Tan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Guhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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12
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Miglani C, Ralhan J, Banoo M, Nath D, Sil S, Pal SK, Gautam UK, Pal A. Stimuli-Responsive Control over Self-Assembled Nanostructures in Sequence-Specific Functional Block Copolymers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:255-265. [PMID: 38882035 PMCID: PMC11177304 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The precise sequence of a protein's primary structure is essential in determining its folding pathways. To emulate the complexity of these biomolecules, functional block copolymers consisting of segmented triblocks with distinct functionalities positioned in a sequence-specific manner are designed to control the polymer chain compaction. Triblock polymers P- b -C- b -F and P- b -F- b -C and random diblock copolymer P- b -C- r -F consist of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block and a hydrophobic block with coumarin (C) and ferrocene (F) moieties that are grafted in a sequence-specific or random manner onto the hydrophilic block. External stimuli such as UVB light, redox, and chemical cues influence the functional hydrophobic block to alter the packing parameters that are monitored with spectroscopic and scattering techniques. Interestingly, the positioning of the stimuli-responsive moiety within the hydrophobic block of P- b -C- b -F, P- b -F- b -C, and P- b -C- r -F affects the extent of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance in block copolymers that renders orthogonal control in stimuli-responsive transformation of self-assembled vesicles to micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Miglani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Jahanvi Ralhan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Maqsuma Banoo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Debasish Nath
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Soma Sil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Santanu K Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ujjal K Gautam
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Asish Pal
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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13
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Szatko M, Forysiak W, Kozub S, Andruniów T, Szweda R. Revealing the Effect of Stereocontrol on Intermolecular Interactions between Abiotic, Sequence-Defined Polyurethanes and a Ligand. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3727-3738. [PMID: 38804015 PMCID: PMC11167595 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The development of precision polymer synthesis has facilitated access to a diverse library of abiotic structures wherein chiral monomers are positioned at specific locations within macromolecular chains. These structures are anticipated to exhibit folding characteristics similar to those of biotic macromolecules and possess comparable functionalities. However, the extensive sequence space and numerous variables make selecting a sequence with the desired function challenging. Therefore, revealing sequence-function dependencies and developing practical tools are necessary to analyze their conformations and molecular interactions. In this study, we investigate the effect of stereochemistry, which dictates the spatial location of backbone and pendant groups, on the interaction between sequence-defined oligourethanes and bisphenol A ligands. Various methods are explored to analyze the receptor-like properties of model oligomers and the ligand. The accuracy of molecular dynamics simulations and experimental techniques is assessed to uncover the impact of discrete changes in stereochemical arrangements on the structures of the resulting complexes and their binding strengths. Detailed computational investigations providing atomistic details show that the formed complexes demonstrate significant structural diversity depending on the sequence of stereocenters, thus affecting the oligomer-ligand binding strength. Among the tested techniques, the fluorescence spectroscopy data, fitted to the Stern-Volmer equation, are consistently aligned with the calculations, thus validating the developed simulation methodology. The developed methodology opens a way to engineer the structure of sequence-defined oligomers with receptor-like functionality to explore their practical applications, e.g., as sensory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Szatko
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department
of Chemistry, Wrocław University of
Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Forysiak
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sara Kozub
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Andruniów
- Department
of Chemistry, Wrocław University of
Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Roza Szweda
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
- Center
for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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14
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Qiu F, Gong J, Tong G, Han S, Zhuang X, Zhu X. Near-infrared Light-Induced Polymerizations: Mechanisms and Applications. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300782. [PMID: 38345544 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymerizations have garnered significant attention in polymer science due to their low polymerization temperature, high production efficiency, environmental friendliness, and spatial controllability. Despite these merits, the poor penetration and severe chemical damage from ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) light resources pose significant barriers to their success in conventional photopolymerizations. A recent breakthrough involving the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) laser with long wavelength has been exploited for diverse applications. With the combination of a NIR photosensitizer (PS), NIR-induced photopolymerizations have been successfully developed to alleviate the challenges in conventional methods. The enhancement of penetration depth and safety of NIR-induced photopolymerizations can contribute significantly to improving the efficiency of polymerization for production of intricate structures across various scales. In this concept, the typical types of PSs and polymerization mechanisms (PMs) within the NIR-induced photopolymerization systems have been classified in detail. Additionally, the applications of various polymers achieved by NIR-induced photopolymerizations are summarized. Furthermore, research directions and future challenges of this field are also discussed comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jiao Gong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sheng Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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15
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Badreldin M, Salas-Ambrosio P, Bourasseau S, Lecommandoux S, Harrisson S, Bonduelle C. Toward Synthetic Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptides (IDPs): Controlled Incorporation of Glycine in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Carboxyanhydrides. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3033-3043. [PMID: 38652289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not have a well-defined folded structure but instead behave as extended polymer chains in solution. Many IDPs are rich in glycine residues, which create steric barriers to secondary structuring and protein folding. Inspired by this feature, we have studied how the introduction of glycine residues influences the secondary structure of a model polypeptide, poly(l-glutamic acid), a helical polymer. For this purpose, we carried out ring-opening copolymerization with γ-benzyl-l-glutamate and glycine N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers. We aimed to control the glycine distribution within PBLG by adjusting the reactivity ratios of the two NCAs using different reaction conditions (temperature, solvent). The relationship between those conditions, the monomer distributions, and the secondary structure enabled the design of intrinsically disordered polypeptides when a highly gradient microstructure was achieved in DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Badreldin
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Pedro Salas-Ambrosio
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Sylvain Bourasseau
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | | | - Simon Harrisson
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Colin Bonduelle
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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16
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Pascouau C, Schweitzer M, Besenius P. Supramolecular Assembly and Thermogelation Strategies Using Peptide-Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2659-2678. [PMID: 38663862 PMCID: PMC11095398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-polymer conjugates (PPCs) are of particular interest in the development of responsive, adaptive, and interactive materials due to the benefits offered by combining both building blocks and components. This review presents pioneering work as well as recent advances in the design of peptide-polymer conjugates, with a specific focus on their thermoresponsive behavior. This unique class of materials has shown great promise in the development of supramolecular structures with physicochemical properties that are modulated using soft and biorthogonal external stimuli. The temperature-induced self-assembly of PPCs into various supramolecular architectures, gelation processes, and tuning of accessible processing parameters to biologically relevant temperature windows are described. The discussion covers the chemical design of the conjugates, the supramolecular driving forces involved, and the mutual influence of the polymer and peptide segments. Additionally, some selected examples for potential biomedical applications of thermoresponsive PPCs in tissue engineering, delivery systems, tumor therapy, and biosensing are highlighted, as well as perspectives on future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Pascouau
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 1014, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maren Schweitzer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 1014, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 1014, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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17
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Yang B, Cui T, Guo L, Dong L, Wu J, Xing Y, Xu Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Cui Z, Dong Y. Advanced Smart Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Based on Phosphoramidite Chemistry: From Oligonucleotides to Precision Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2701-2714. [PMID: 38608139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Over decades of development, while phosphoramidite chemistry has been known as the leading method in commercial synthesis of oligonucleotides, it has also revolutionized the fabrication of sequence-defined polymers (SDPs), offering novel functional materials in polymer science and clinical medicine. This review has introduced the evolution of phosphoramidite chemistry, emphasizing its development from the synthesis of oligonucleotides to the creation of universal SDPs, which have unlocked the potential for designing programmable smart biomaterials with applications in diverse areas including data storage, regenerative medicine and drug delivery. The key methodologies, functions, biomedical applications, and future challenges in SDPs, have also been summarized in this review, underscoring the significance of breakthroughs in precisely synthesized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Ting Cui
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Lianqiang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongzheng Xing
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghui Cui
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Yuanchen Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Shi L, Zhang N, Xue Z, Luo G. Mechanistic Insights into Rare-Earth-Catalyzed Alternating Copolymerization through C-H Polyaddition of Functionalized Organic Compounds to Unconjugated Dienes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8079-8091. [PMID: 38663005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of yttrium-catalyzed C-H polyaddition of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) to 1,4-divinylbenzene (DVB). It was computationally determined that DMB not only serves as a substrate but also performs a crucial role as a ligand, stabilizing the catalytically active species and promoting alkene insertion. Side pathways involving Cβ-H activation and C═C continuous insertion were excluded due to steric and electronic factors, respectively, explaining why the reaction occurred efficiently and selectively to give perfectly alternating DMB-DVB polymers. Interestingly, the theoretical prediction of the reactivity of N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and 2,2'-biethyl-4,4'-bipyridine reveals significant differences in the coordination effects of these substrates, leading to distinct mechanisms, primarily influenced by their steric effects. These findings shed new light on the previously overlooked role of substrate ligand effects in rare-earth-catalyzed step-growth copolymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zuqian Xue
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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19
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Dhiman M, Cabot R, Hunter CA. Efficient automated solid-phase synthesis of recognition-encoded melamine oligomers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5957-5963. [PMID: 38665524 PMCID: PMC11040639 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00973h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recognition-encoded melamine oligomers (REMO) are synthetic polymers with an alternating 1,3,5-triazine-piperazine backbone and side chains equipped with either a phenol or phosphine oxide recognition unit. Here, we describe an automated method for highly efficient solid-phase synthesis (SPS) of REMO of any specified length and sequence. These SPS protocols are amongst the most robust reported to date, as demonstrated by the synthesis of a mixed-sequence 42-mer, which was obtained in excellent crude purity on a 100 mg scale. Starting from loaded Wang resin and dichlorotriazine monomer building blocks, the SPS methods were automated and optimised on a commercial peptide synthesiser. Major side products were identified using LCMS, and the undesired side reactions were suppressed by the choice of resin, solvent and coupling conditions. REMO have been shown to form high-fidelity length- and sequence-selective H-bonded duplexes, analogous to nucleic acids, and automated synthesis will facilitate exploration of related functional properties, such as molecular replication and programmable self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Dhiman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Rafel Cabot
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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20
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Fu XY, Yue TJ, Ren BH, Wang H, Ren WM, Lu XB. A Powerful Strategy for Synthesizing Block Copolymers via Bimetallic Synergistic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401926. [PMID: 38415944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Block copolymers, comprising polyether and polyolefin segments, are an important and promising category of functional materials. However, the lack of efficient strategies for the construction of polyether-b-polyolefin block copolymers have hindered the development of these materials. Herein, we propose a simple and efficient method to obtain various block copolymers through the copolymerization of epoxides and acrylates via bimetallic synergistic catalysis. The copolymerization of epoxides and acrylates proceeds in a sequence-controlled manner, where the epoxides-involved homo- or copolymerization occurs first, followed by the homopolymerization of acrylates initiated by the alkoxide species from the propagating polymer chain, thus yielding copolymers with a block structure. Notably, the high monomer compatibility of this powerful strategy provides a platform for synthesizing various polyacrylate-based block copolymers comprising polyether, polycarbonate, polythiocarbonate, polyester, and polyurethane segments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
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21
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Kim MP, Kayal S, Hwang C, Bae J, Kim H, Hwang DG, Jeon MH, Seo JK, Ahn D, Lee W, Seo S, Chun JH, Yu Y, Hong SY. Iterative SuFEx approach for sequence-regulated oligosulfates and its extension to periodic copolymers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3381. [PMID: 38643182 PMCID: PMC11032359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of sequence-regulated oligosulfates has not yet been established due to the difficulties in precise reactivity control. In this work, we report an example of a multi-directional divergent iterative method to furnish oligosulfates based on a chain homologation approach, in which the fluorosulfate unit is regenerated. The oligosulfate sequences are determined by high resolution mass spectrometry of the hydrolyzed fragments, and polysulfate periodic copolymers are synthesized by using oligomeric bisfluorosulfates in a bi-directional fashion. The synthetic utility of this iterative ligation is demonstrated by preparing crosslinked network polymers as synthetic adhesive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Swatilekha Kayal
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiwon Hwang
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Bae
- UNIST Central Research Facility (UCRF), UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Jeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facility (UCRF), UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowon Ahn
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Chun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngchang Yu
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung You Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kubota H, Ouchi M. Design of sec-Benzyl Vinyl Ethers toward the Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers Composed of Vinyl Alcohol and Vinyl Ether Units. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:429-434. [PMID: 38546013 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we designed benzyl vinyl ethers carrying alkyl substituents at the benzyl position (i.e., sec-BnVEs) as bulky, reactive, and transformable monomers to realize the alternating cationic copolymerization with an alkyl vinyl ether (VE). In particular, the isopropyl substitution caused not only the bulkiness to suppress the successive propagation but also an enhancement of the vinyl group reactivity to promote crossover propagation with a less bulky VE comonomer. The isopropyl-substituted BnVE (iPr-BnVE) underwent living cationic alternating copolymerization with n-butyl VE (nBVE), and the alternating propagation was strongly suggested by the reactivity ratios. The subsequent deprotection of the sec-benzyl pendant afforded the vinyl alcohol (VA)-nBVE alternating copolymer, and the corresponding statistical copolymer was also synthesized by using the nonsubstituted monomer (BnVE) instead of iPr-BnVE. The alternating copolymer exhibited a higher glass transition temperature, which likely stems from the uniform and efficient hydrogen-bonding formation due to the periodic sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kubota
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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23
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Chellali JE, Woodside AJ, Yu Z, Neogi S, Külaots I, Guduru PR, Robinson JR. Access to Stereoblock Polyesters via Irreversible Chain-Transfer Ring-Opening Polymerization (ICT-ROP). J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38593434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Precise control over polymer microstructure can enable the molecular tunability of material properties and represents a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Stereoblock copolymers are some of the simplest stereosequenced polymers, yet the synthesis of stereoblock polyesters from prochiral or racemic monomers outside of "simple" isotactic stereoblocks remains limited. Herein, we report the development of irreversible chain-transfer ring-opening polymerization (ICT-ROP), which overcomes the fundamental limitations of single catalyst approaches by using transmetalation (e.g., alkoxide-chloride exchange) between two catalysts with distinct stereoselectivities as a means to embed temporally controlled multicatalysis in ROP. Our combined small-molecule model and catalytic polymerization studies lay out a clear molecular basis for ICT-ROP and are exploited to access the first examples of atactic-syndiotactic stereoblock (at-sb-st) polyesters, at-sb-st polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). We achieve high levels of control over molecular weight, tacticity, monomer composition, and block structures in a temporally controlled manner and demonstrate that stereosequence control leads to polymer tensile properties that are independent of thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Chellali
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Audra J Woodside
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Ziyan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Srijan Neogi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Indrek Külaots
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Pradeep R Guduru
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jerome R Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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24
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Yamamoto T, Taguchi R, Yan Z, Ejima R, Xu L, Nakahata M, Kamon Y, Hashidzume A. Interaction of Cyclodextrins with Amphiphilic Alternating Cooligomers Possessing the Dense Triazole Backbone. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7178-7191. [PMID: 38506447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of cyclodextrins (CDs) with structure-controlled polymers is expected to provide significant insights into macromolecular recognition. However, the interaction of CDs with structure-controlled polymers has been an underexamined issue of investigation. Herein, alternating amphiphilic cooligomers (oligoCnAH, where n denotes the carbon number of alkyl groups; n = 4, 8, and 12) were synthesized by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization of heterodimers of 4-azido-5-hexynoic acid (AH) derivatives carrying N-alkylamide and t-butyl (tBu) ester side chains, followed by hydrolysis of the tBu ester, to study the interaction of CDs with oligoCnAH by 1H NMR, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, and pulse-field-gradient spin-echo NMR. These NMR studies indicated that αCD interacted with oligoC4AH, αCD and βCD interacted with oligoC8AH, and all CDs interacted with oligoC12AH. Based on the equilibrium models proposed, the binding constants were evaluated for the binary mixtures, which showed interaction. Comparing the interactions of the CDs/oligoC12AH binary mixtures with those of the binary mixtures of CDs and alternating copolymers of sodium maleate and dodecyl vinyl ether (polyC12M), it is concluded that oligoC12AH forms less stable micelles than does polyC12M presumably because of the lower molecular weight, the hydrophilic amide groups in the side chain, and the longer interval between neighboring C12 groups in oligoC12AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Yamamoto
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Taguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Zijun Yan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ryo Ejima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Linlin Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Masaki Nakahata
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuri Kamon
- Administrative Department, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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25
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Chen J, Bhat V, Hawker CJ. High-Throughput Synthesis, Purification, and Application of Alkyne-Functionalized Discrete Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8650-8658. [PMID: 38489842 PMCID: PMC10979451 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The development of synthetic oligomers as discrete single molecular entities with accurate control over the number and nature of functional groups along the backbone has enabled a variety of new research opportunities. From fundamental studies of self-assembly in materials science to understanding efficacy and safety profiles in biology and pharmaceuticals, future directions are significantly impacted by the availability of discrete, multifunctional oligomers. However, the preparation of diverse libraries of discrete and stereospecific oligomers remains a significant challenge. We report a novel strategy for accelerating the synthesis and isolation of discrete oligomers in a high-throughput manner based on click chemistry and simplified bead-based purification. The resulting synthetic platform allows libraries of discrete polyether oligomers to be prepared and the impact of variables such as chain length, number, and nature of side chain functionalities and molecular dispersity on antibacterial behavior examined. Significantly, discrete oligomers were shown to exhibit enhanced activity with lower toxicity compared with traditional disperse samples. This work provides a practical and scalable methodology for nonexperts to prepare libraries of multifunctional discrete oligomers and demonstrates the advantages of discrete materials in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Materials
Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vittal Bhat
- Materials
Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials
Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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26
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Ghosh D, Yadav S, Bag S, Mallick AI, De P. Antibacterial activity of hydrophobicity modulated cationic polymers with enzyme and pH-responsiveness. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2894-2904. [PMID: 38436419 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The membrane lipid compositions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are inherently different in many aspects, although some similarities exist in their structure and composition. Therefore, selective targeting of membrane lipids with a compound of therapeutic value, such as an antibacterial copolymer, is often challenging. Hence, developing an ideal copolymer with antibacterial properties demands hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance with a high biosafety profile. To integrate hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and cationic charge in an alternating antibacterial copolymer with enzyme and pH-responsiveness, a lysine appended styrenic monomer was copolymerized with a fatty acid (octanoic acid (OA) or myristic acid (MA)) tethered maleimide monomer via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. A range of microscopic analyses, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), confirmed the formation of nanoaggregates (size ∼30-40 nm) by these polymers in aqueous solution with positive zeta potential (cationic surface charge). Hydrophobic Nile red (NR) dye was successfully encapsulated in the nanoaggregates, and the in vitro release kinetics of the NR dye were monitored at different pHs and in the presence or absence of esterase/lipase. The in vitro release kinetics of NR revealed ∼85% dye release in the presence of pH 5.5 and lipase, suggesting their suitability for pH/enzyme-triggered therapeutic payload delivery. The standard broth microdilution assay showed significant bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria with an MIC50 value <30 μg mL-1. The effect of polymeric nanoaggregates on bacterial morphology and in vitro survival was further confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), agar gel disk diffusion assay, and bacterial live/dead cell count. The significantly low hemolytic activity against red blood cells (RBCs) (HC50 >103 μg mL-1) and nontoxic effect on human intestinal epithelial cells (INT 407) (EC50 >500 μg mL-1) ensure that the polymer nanoaggregates are safe for in vivo use and can serve as a potent antibacterial polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desoshree Ghosh
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Sagar Bag
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Amirul Islam Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
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27
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Nerantzaki M, Husser C, Ryckelynck M, Lutz JF. Exchanging and Releasing Information in Synthetic Digital Polymers Using a Strand-Displacement Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6456-6460. [PMID: 38286022 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) was tested as a tool to edit information in synthetic digital polymers. Uniform DNA-polymer biohybrid macromolecules were first synthesized by automated phosphoramidite chemistry and characterized by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). These precursors were diblock structures containing a synthetic poly(phosphodiester) (PPDE) segment covalently attached to a single-stranded DNA sequence. Three types of biohybrids were prepared herein: a substrate containing an accessible toehold as well as input and output macromolecules. The substrate and the input macromolecules contained noncoded PPDE homopolymers, whereas the output macromolecule contained a digitally encoded segment. After hybridization of the substrate with the output, incubation in the presence of the input led to efficient TMSD and the release of the digital segment. TMSD can therefore be used to erase or rewrite information in self-assembled biohybrid superstructures. Furthermore, it was found in this work that the conjugation of DNA single strands to synthetic segments of chosen lengths greatly facilitates the characterization and PAGE visualization of the TMSD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nerantzaki
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Husser
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, 2 allée Konrad Roentgen, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Ryckelynck
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, 2 allée Konrad Roentgen, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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28
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Heble AY, Chen CL. Access to Advanced Functional Materials through Postmodification of Biomimetic Assemblies via Click Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1391-1407. [PMID: 38422548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and fabrication of functional nanomaterials with specific properties remain a long-standing goal for many scientific fields. The self-assembly of sequence-defined biomimetic synthetic polymers presents a fundamental strategy to explore the chemical space beyond biological systems to create advanced nanomaterials. Moreover, subsequent chemical modification of existing nanostructures is a unique approach for accessing increasingly complex nanostructures and introducing functionalities. Of these modifications, covalent conjugation chemistries, such as the click reactions, have been the cornerstone for chemists and materials scientists. Herein, we highlight some recent advances that have successfully employed click chemistries for the postmodification of assembled one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures to achieve applications in molecular recognition, mineralization, and optoelectronics. Specifically, biomimetic nanomaterials assembled from sequence-defined macromolecules such as peptides and peptoids are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Y Heble
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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29
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Sergent I, Schutz T, Oswald L, Obeid G, Lutz JF, Charles L. Using Nitroxides To Model the Ion Mobility Behavior of Nitroxide-Ended Oligomers: A Bottom-up Approach To Predict Mobility Separation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:534-541. [PMID: 38345914 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Block-truncated poly(phosphodiester)s are digital macromolecules storing binary information that can be decoded by MS/MS sequencing of individual blocks released as primary fragments of the entire polymer. As such, they are ideal species for the serial sequencing methodology enabled by MS-(CID)-IMS-(CID)-MS coupling, where two activation stages are combined in-line with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separation. Yet, implementation of this coupling still requires efforts to achieve IMS resolution of inner blocks, that can be considered as small oligomers with α termination composed of one nitroxide decorated with a different tag. As shown by molecular dynamics simulation, these oligomers adopt a conformation where the tag points out of the coil formed by the chain. Accordingly, the sole nitroxide termination was investigated here as a model to reduce the cost of calculation aimed at predicting the shift of collision cross-section (CCS) induced by new tag candidates and extrapolate this effect to nitroxide-terminated oligomers. A library of 10 nitroxides and 7 oligomers was used to validate our calculation methods by comparison with experimental IMS data as well as our working assumption. Based on conformation predicted by theoretical calculation, three new tag candidates could be proposed to achieve the +40 Å2 CCS shift required to ensure IMS separation of oligomers regardless of their coded sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaure Sergent
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Thibault Schutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Oswald
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Georgette Obeid
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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30
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Yu H, Liu L, Yin R, Jayapurna I, Wang R, Xu T. Mapping Composition Evolution through Synthesis, Purification, and Depolymerization of Random Heteropolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6178-6188. [PMID: 38387070 PMCID: PMC10921401 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Random heteropolymers (RHPs) consisting of three or more comonomers have been routinely used to synthesize functional materials. While increasing the monomer variety diversifies the side-chain chemistry, this substantially expands the sequence space and leads to ensemble-level sequence heterogeneity. Most studies have relied on monomer composition and simulated sequences to design RHPs, but the questions remain unanswered regarding heterogeneities within each RHP ensemble and how closely these simulated sequences reflect the experimental outcomes. Here, we quantitatively mapped out the evolution of monomer compositions in four-monomer-based RHPs throughout a design-synthesis-purification-depolymerization process. By adopting a Jaacks method, we first determined 12 reactivity ratios directly from quaternary methacrylate RAFT copolymerization experiments to account for the influences of competitive monomer addition and the reversible activation/deactivation equilibria. The reliability of in silico analysis was affirmed by a quantitative agreement (<4% difference) between the simulated RHP compositions and the experimental results. Furthermore, we mapped out the conformation distribution within each ensemble in different solvents as a function of monomer chemistry, composition, and segmental characteristics via high-throughput computation based on self-consistent field theory (SCFT). These comprehensive studies confirmed monomer composition as a viable design parameter to engineer RHP-based functional materials as long as the reactivity ratios are accurately determined and the livingness of RHP synthesis is ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luofu Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruilin Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan Jayapurna
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Departent
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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31
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Wan J, Dan Y, Huang Y, Jiang L. Achieving high molecular weight alternating copolymers of 1-octene with methyl acrylate via Lewis acid catalyzed copolymerization. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6374-6384. [PMID: 38380238 PMCID: PMC10877320 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The radical (co)polymerization of long-chain α-olefins (C4+) to produce high molecular weight (Mw) polymers is of great importance. However, this process is currently faced with significant challenges due to the presence of less reactive allylic radicals during radical (co)polymerization, leading to oligomers or polymers with extremely low Mw (less than 1 × 104 g mol-1). Using copolymerization of 1-octene with methyl acrylate (MA) as a proof-of-concept for addressing this challenge, we present a feasible method for synthesizing high Mw α-olefin copolymers via scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sc(OTf)3)-mediated radical copolymerization. In this case, copolymers of 1-octene and MA (poly(1-octene-alt-MA)) with a Mw exceeding 3 × 104 g mol-1 were successfully synthesized in the presence of Sc(OTf)3. Meanwhile, the presence of alternating 1-octene-MA sequential structures was observed. To further enhance the Mw of poly(1-octene-alt-MA), a difunctional comonomer, 1,7-octadiene, was introduced to copolymerize with 1-octene and MA. The results indicate that the incorporation of difunctional comonomer leads to a significant increase in the Mw of the copolymers synthesized. The addition of 1 mol% of 1,7-octadiene resulted in a copolymer with a remarkably high Mw of up to 13.45 × 104 g mol-1 while still maintaining a high degree of the alternating 1-octene-MA sequence (41%). The influence of polymerization parameters on the molecular weight were also investigated. Increasing the monomer concentration, reducing the dosage of initiator, and lowering the polymerization temperature have been found to be advantageous in enhancing the molecular weight. This approach has also been successfully applied to the synthesis of high molecular weight alternating copolymers of other long-chain α-olefins, including 1-hexene, 1-decene and 1-tetradecane, with methyl acrylate. In summary, this study provides a feasible method for converting "less activated" α-olefins into high Mw olefin copolymers. This approach holds significant potential for the production of value-added polyolefins, thus offering promising prospects for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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32
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Jung HJ, Goonesinghe C, Zhang Z, Chang J, Nyamayaro K, Baalbaki HA, Hatzikiriakos SG, Mehrkhodavandi P. Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Poly(ether- alt-ester) by Selective Double Ring-Opening Polymerization of Spiroorthoesters. ACS Macro Lett 2024:266-272. [PMID: 38335927 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We report the selective double ring-opening polymerization of presequenced spiroorthoester monomers to form high-molecular-weight (≈90 kDa) poly(ether-alt-ester)s with a simple cationic alkyl gallium catalyst. The selective formation of double ring-opened polymer units was confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopies. Thermal and rheological properties of homo- and copolymers were further characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and stress-controlled rotational rheometry. Linear viscoelastic moduli show that these systems are well entangled (plateau modulus), thereby possessing nearly terminal relaxation at long time scales (low frequencies) and Rouse segmental dynamics at short time scales (high frequencies) with characteristic slopes. These are the highest-molecular-weight poly(ether-alt-ester)s reported to date.
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33
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Liu J, Blosch SE, Volokhova AS, Crater ER, Gallin CF, Moore RB, Matson JB, Byers JA. Using Redox-Switchable Polymerization Catalysis to Synthesize a Chemically Recyclable Thermoplastic Elastomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317699. [PMID: 38168073 PMCID: PMC10873474 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to synthesize chemically recyclable thermoplastic elastomers, a redox-switchable catalytic system was developed to synthesize triblock copolymers containing stiff poly(lactic acid) (PLA) end blocks and a flexible poly(tetrahydrofuran-co-cyclohexene oxide) (poly(THF-co-CHO) copolymer as the mid-block. The orthogonal reactivity induced by changing the oxidation state of the iron-based catalyst enabled the synthesis of the triblock copolymers in a single reaction flask from a mixture of monomers. The triblock copolymers demonstrated improved flexibility compared to poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and thermomechanical properties that resemble thermoplastic elastomers, including a rubbery plateau in the range of -60 to 40 °C. The triblock copolymers containing a higher percentage of THF versus CHO were more flexible, and a blend of triblock copolymers containing PLLA and poly(d-lactic acid) (PDLA) end-blocks resulted in a stereocomplex that further increased polymer flexibility. Besides the low cost of lactide and THF, the sustainability of this new class of triblock copolymers was also supported by their depolymerization, which was achieved by exposing the copolymers sequentially to FeCl3 and ZnCl2 /PEG under reactive distillation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Eugene F. Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Sarah E Blosch
- Department of Chemistry, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Anastasia S Volokhova
- Department of Chemistry, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erin R Crater
- Department of Chemistry, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Connor F Gallin
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Eugene F. Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Robert B Moore
- Department of Chemistry, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John B Matson
- Department of Chemistry, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jeffery A Byers
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Eugene F. Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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34
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Shi Q, Zhang Z, Liu S. Precision Sequence-Defined Polymers: From Sequencing to Biological Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313370. [PMID: 37875462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Precise sequence-defined polymers (SDPs) with uniform chain-to-chain structure including chain length, unit sequence, and end functionalities represent the pinnacle of sophistication in the realm of polymer science. For example, the absolute control over the unit sequence of SDPs allows for the bottom-up design of polymers with hierarchical microstructures and functions. Accompanied with the development of synthetic techniques towards precision SDPs, the decoding of SDP sequences and construction of advanced functions irreplaceable by other synthetic materials is of central importance. In this Minireview, we focus on recent advances in SDP sequencing techniques including tandem mass spectrometry (MS), chemically assisted primary MS, as well as other non-destructive sequencing methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and nanopore sequencing. Additionally, we delve into the promising prospects of SDP functions in the area of cutting-edge biological research. Topics of exploration include gene delivery systems, the development of hybrid materials combining SDPs and nucleic acids, protein recognition and regulation, as well as the interplay between chirality and biological functions. A brief outlook towards the future directions of SDPs is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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35
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Ye R, Sun X, Mao X, Alfonso FS, Baral S, Liu C, Coates GW, Chen P. Optical sequencing of single synthetic polymers. Nat Chem 2024; 16:210-217. [PMID: 37945834 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic sequences of synthetic polymers play crucial roles in the polymer properties, but are generally unknown and inaccessible to traditional measurements. Here we report real-time optical sequencing of single synthetic copolymer chains under living polymerization conditions. We achieve this by carrying out multi-colour imaging of polymer growth by single catalysts at single-monomer resolution using CREATS (coupled reaction approach toward super-resolution imaging). CREATS makes a reaction effectively fluorogenic, enabling single-molecule localization microscopy of chemical reactions at higher reactant concentrations. Our data demonstrate that the chain propagation kinetics of surface-grafted polymerization contains temporal fluctuations with a defined memory time (which can be attributed to neighbouring monomer interactions) and chain-length dependence (due to surface electrostatic effects). Furthermore, the microscopic sequences of individual copolymers reveal their tendency to form block copolymers, and, more importantly, quantify the size distribution of individual blocks for comparison with theoretically random copolymers. Such sequencing capability paves the way for single-chain-level structure-function correlation studies of synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Catalysis Science and Technology Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xianwen Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Intelligent Materials, and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felix S Alfonso
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Susil Baral
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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36
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Xing L, Li J, Bai Y, Lin Y, Xiao L, Li C, Zhao D, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Surface-confined alternating copolymerization with molecular precision by stoichiometric control. Nat Commun 2024; 15:666. [PMID: 38253587 PMCID: PMC10803352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Keen desires for artificial mimicry of biological polymers and property improvement of synthesized ones have triggered intensive explorations for sequence-controlled copolymerization. However, conventional synthesis faces great challenges to achieve this goal due to the strict requirements on reaction kinetics of comonomer pairs and tedious synthetic processes. Here, sequence-controlled alternating copolymerization with molecular precision is realized on surface. The stoichiometric control serves as a thermodynamic strategy to steer the polymerization selectivity, which enables the selective alternating organometallic copolymerization via intermolecular metalation of 4,4"-dibromo-p-terphenyl (P-Br) and 2,5-diethynyl-1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (A-H) with Ag adatoms on Ag(111) at P-Br: A-H = 2, as verified by scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory studies. In contrast, homopolymerization yield increases as the stoichiometric ratio deviates from 2. The microscopic characterizations rationalize the mechanism, providing a delicate explanation of the stoichiometry-dependent polymerization. These findings pave a way to actualizing an efficient sequence control of copolymerization by surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lianghong Xiao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Changlin Li
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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37
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Barik D, Porel M. Sequence-Defined Tertiary Amine-Based Oligomer Employing a Scalable, Support-Free, and Protection/Deprotection-Free Iterative Strategy. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:65-72. [PMID: 38165126 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sequence-defined oligomers (SDOs) with their unique monomeric sequence and customizable nature are attracting the attention of researchers globally. The structural and functional diversity attainable in SDOs makes this platform promising, albeit with challenges in the synthesis. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a novel class of SDO by incorporating tertiary amines into the backbone from commercially available inexpensive materials. Tertiary amines were selected due to their various material and biomedical applications. Even though the synthesis and purification of amine compounds are challenging, their various significant applications, such as pharmaceuticals, catalysts, surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, dye intermediates, polymer additives, rubber accelerators, gas treating agents, agriculture, and analytical chemistry, make them fascinating. The synthetic strategy that is designed here is extremely efficient and economical for the scalable synthesis of the SDO and is support-free, protection-deprotection chemistry-free, and catalyst/template-free. Most importantly, no extra design and synthesis of the monomer is required here. The key reactions employed for the SDO synthesis are (i) transformation of the hydroxy group to a halide and (ii) substitution of the halide by the secondary amine units. Including the purifying processes, the multigram synthesis of 4-mer was completed in 12-14 h. The synthetic strategy was established by synthesizing two different sequences of SDOs. The SDOs are characterized by 1H NMR and LC-MS. The tandem MS (MS/MS) experiment was conducted in order to validate the sequences over the SDO chain. Furthermore, the SDO platform was advanced in two ways: (i) by increasing the chain length via attaching a linker, which provides a rapid method for increasing the tertiary amine over the SDO chain, and (ii) postsynthetic modification of SDO with other functional groups, including guanidine for biological importance and a well-known fluorophore dansyl group for material significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Barik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India
| | - Mintu Porel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India
- Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Engineering Center, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India
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38
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Baker J, Zhang R, Figg CA. Installing a Single Monomer within Acrylic Polymers Using Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:106-111. [PMID: 38128915 PMCID: PMC10785814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating exactly one monomer at a defined position during a chain polymerization is exceptionally challenging due to the statistical nature of monomer addition. Herein, photoinduced electron/energy transfer (PET) enables the incorporation of exactly one vinyl ether into polyacrylates synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Near-quantitative addition (>96%) of a single vinyl ether is achieved while retaining >99% of the thiocarbonylthio chain ends. Kinetic studies reveal that performing the reactions at 2 °C limits unwanted chain breaking events. Finally, the syntheses of diblock copolymers are reported where molecular weights and dispersities are well-controlled on either side of the vinyl ether. Overall, this report introduces an approach to access acrylic copolymers containing exactly one chemical handle at a defined position, enabling novel macromolecular architectures to probe structure-function properties, introduce sites for de/reconstruction, store information, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared
G. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Richard Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - C. Adrian Figg
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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39
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Rusconi Y, D’Alterio MC, De Rosa C, Lu Y, Severson SM, Coates GW, Talarico G. Mechanism of Alternating Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Formation by Polymerization of ( S)- and ( R)-3-Methyl Glycolide Using an Enantiopure Aluminum Complex. ACS Catal 2024; 14:318-323. [PMID: 38205026 PMCID: PMC10775139 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) of alternating PLGA synthesis by ring-opening polymerization of (S)- and (R)-3-methyl glycolide promoted by enantiopure aluminum complexes have been rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The high regioselectivity of the (S)-MeG polymerization is obtained by repetitive ring opening at the glycolyl site by the (R)-catalyst whereas a lower regioselectivity is predicted by the ROP of (R)-MeG. The behavior of the two monomers is rationalized by unveiling the active site fluxionality of the enantiopure catalyst, identifying the rate-limiting steps that encode a preference at the glycolyl site versus the lactyl site, and revealing selection of the opposite monomer enantioface. The microstructure of the PLGA copolymers is predicted by considering the influence of the configuration of the last inserted unit. The identification of the preferred mechanistic paths may allow for a targeted catalyst design to enhance control of the polymer microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Rusconi
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Yiye Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Sarah M. Severson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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40
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Kuroda K, Ouchi M. Umpolung Isomerization in Radical Copolymerization of Benzyl Vinyl Ether with Pentafluorophenylacrylate Leading to Degradable AAB Periodic Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316875. [PMID: 37971837 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study revealed that benzyl vinyl ether (BnVE) shows a peculiar isomerization propagation in its radical copolymerization with an electron-deficient acrylate carrying a pentafluorophenyl group (PFA). The co-monomer pair inherently exhibits the cross-over propagation feature due to the large difference in the electron density. However, the radical species of PFA was found to undergo a backward isomerization to the penultimate BnVE pendant giving a benzyl radical species prior to propagation with BnVE. The isomerization brings a drastic change in the character of the growing radical species from electrophilic to nucleophilic, and thus the isomerized benzyl radial species propagates with PFA. Consequently, the two monomers were consumed in the order AAB (A: PFA; B: BnVE) and the unique periodic consumption was confirmed by the pseudo-reactivity ratios calculated by the penultimate model: r11 =0.174 and r21 =6600 for PFA (M1 ) with BnVE (M2 ). The pentafluorophenyl ester groups of the resulting copolymers are transformed into ester and amide groups by post-polymerization alcoholysis and aminolysis modifications. The unique isomerization in the AAB sequence allowed the periodic introduction of a benzyl ether structure in the backbone leading to efficient degradation under acid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kuroda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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41
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Li M, Li Y. Solid-Phase Electrosynthesis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3694-3703. [PMID: 38053314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe significance of the new synthetic approach is that it can overcome the limitations of conventional methods and produce previously inaccessible polymer structures and materials. The solid-phase synthesis developed by Merrifield in 1964 is widely employed for the synthesis of biological molecules, such as peptides, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides. Although the variety of iterative reactions available is theoretically implemented for most organic synthesis protocols, they are usually required to have high efficiency against sluggish reaction kinetics at the solid-liquid interface and process with protection and deprotection steps. Generally, unsatisfied reaction dynamics at the solid-liquid interface cannot statistically permit accurate and uniform polymer synthesis of sophisticated structures and functions within an acceptable time scale. To address this challenge, we propose the concept of solid-phase electrosynthesis, which simultaneously enables rapidly surface-initiated uniform electrosynthesis and unidirectional assembly of metallopolymers via kinetically accelerated and statistically allowed iterative growth. In particular, on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of the metal complex with electroactive unit A, the iterative monomer with two electroactive units A and B can be alternatively activated by oxidative and reductive potentials for A-A and B-B covalent couplings with the SAM, respectively. This enables topochemical one-by-one additions of the iterative monomers to end-on-oriented self-assembled molecules through alternative redox reactions. Each iterative step is purified by washing. Repeating the same iterative reaction enables further reaction of the unreactive sites on the SAMs and repairs the morphology defects, thereby ensuring the statistically allowed uniform synthesis and fabrication of polymer monolayers. The resulting monolayers exhibit subnanometer-uniform morphology over centimeter-sized areas with crystalline states and show thicknesses similar to theoretical molecular lengths. This demonstrates the unidirectional formation of polymer assemblies, providing a pathway for obtaining highly ordered formation of noncrystalline polymers. The length-controlled electrosynthesis of metallopolymers can be generalized for many types of organic ligands and metal species, enabling quantitative design of the composition and sequence-controlled metallopolymers with the precise relationships of structures and properties. Solid-phase electrosynthesis offers a unique approach to synthesize polymer structures and monolayers with enhanced functionality and superior physical properties, including physical density, modulus, and conductance. Through the utilization of precise and efficient iterative growth, this predictable electrosynthesis, coupled with optical and electrical monitoring, not only expands the scope of current synthetic chemistry but also paves a potential way for the automated generation of optoelectric molecular monolayers with large-area dimensional consistency and enhanced physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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42
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Ti Q, Fang L, Zhao W, Bai L, Zhao H, Ba X, Chen W. Near-Infrared Light and Acid/Base Dual-Regulated Polymerization Utilizing Imidazole-Anion-Fused Perylene Diimides as Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26160-26168. [PMID: 37997817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first example of acid/base-responsive and near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing photocatalysts based on imidazole-anion-fused perylene diimide chromophores. The photocatalysts were in situ generated by deprotonation of imidazole-fused perylene diimide under an alkaline environment. NIR (λ = 730 nm, 128 mW/cm2) photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was implemented, exhibiting high efficiency and excellent livingness under ppm level of photocatalysts (15 ppm relative to monomer) and Cu(II) complex (10 ppm relative to monomer) concentrations. The method showed capabilities to polymerize behind opaque barriers (i.e., paper and pig skin) and under aerobic condition. Notably, this work demonstrated a dual temporal control of polymerization by adding weak base/acid and switching NIR light on/off. The polymerization can even be halted by bubbling CO2 and was then fully recovered by adding triethylamine. The NIR photoATRP of acrylamide monomers in aqueous solution was also performed, which can be regulated by the change of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Ti
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Liping Fang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Weihe Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Libin Bai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongchi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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43
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Ma Q, Qiao GG, An Z. Visible Light Photoiniferter Polymerization for Dispersity Control in High Molecular Weight Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314729. [PMID: 37814139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polymers with high molecular weights, controlled sequence, and tunable dispersities remains a challenge. A simple and effective visible-light controlled photoiniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is reported here to realize this goal. Key to this strategy is the use of switchable RAFT agents (SRAs) to tune polymerization activities coupled with the inherent highly living nature of photoiniferter RAFT polymerization. The polymerization activities of SRAs were in situ adjusted by the addition of acid. In addition to a switchable chain-transfer coefficient, photolysis and polymerization kinetic studies revealed that neutral and protonated SRAs showed different photolysis and polymerization rates, which is unique to photoiniferter RAFT polymerization in terms of dispersity control. This strategy features no catalyst, no exogenous radical source, temporal regulation by visible light, and tunable dispersities in the unprecedented high molecular weight regime (up to 500 kg mol-1 ). Pentablock copolymers with three different dispersity combinations were also synthesized, highlighting that the highly living nature was maintained even for blocks with large dispersities. Tg was lowered for high-dispersity polymers of similar MWs due to the existence of more low-MW polymers. This strategy holds great potential for the synthesis of advanced materials with controlled molecular weight, dispersity and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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44
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Xiao Y, Sun Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Wang J. A General Strategy To Access Alternating Styrene/Substituted Styrene Copolymers by Using a Traceless Controlling Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313265. [PMID: 37819780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a synthetic strategy for alternating copolymers of styrene and substituted styrenes by utilizing α-styryl boronate pinacol ester (StBpin) as the co-monomer through radical alternating copolymerization followed by protodeboronation. The excellent alternating polymerization behavior of the StBpin co-monomer in such a radical polymerization system is considered to be attributed to the steric hindrance and radical stabilization exerted by the Bpin group. This strategy is effective with a wide range of substituted styrene co-monomers regardless of the electronic nature of the substituents, and the protodeboronation of the alternating Bpin-containing polymers is highly efficient without polymer backbone alternation. RAFT living polymerization was also compatible with this approach. Thus, this strategy provides a way to build-up alternating copolymers consisting of similar styrene-type co-monomers, which has been inaccessible by conventional synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yichen Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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45
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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46
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Hanssen JNS, Dhiman S. Impact of subtle intermolecular interactions on the structure and dynamics of multicomponent supramolecular polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13466-13469. [PMID: 37877229 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent supramolecular polymers offer versatile dynamic and functional properties; however, the influence of the monomer chemical structures on their structure-dynamics-function relationship remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the subtle variations in monomer interactions using one monomer and its two dopant derivatives, with functionalization away from the self-assembling core. We systematically investigated their multicomponent supramolecular polymers using a combination of spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy. Our results highlight the significant impact of the supplementary intermolecular interactions, resulting from the functional motifs located away from the core and present in small quantities, on the microstructure and dynamics. Thus, a comprehensive approach, combining spectroscopy, microscopy, and well-designed experiments, is essential for assessing multicomponent supramolecular polymers. These findings have implications for the rational design of functional multicomponent supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job N S Hanssen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Shikha Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
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47
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Schutz T, Sergent I, Obeid G, Oswald L, Al Ouahabi A, Baxter PNW, Clément JL, Gigmes D, Charles L, Lutz JF. Conception and Evaluation of a Library of Cleavable Mass Tags for Digital Polymers Sequencing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310801. [PMID: 37738223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A library of phosphoramidite monomers containing a main-chain cleavable alkoxyamine and a side-chain substituent of variable molar mass (i.e. mass tag) was prepared in this work. These monomers can be used in automated solid-phase phosphoramidite chemistry and therefore incorporated periodically as spacers inside digitally-encoded poly(phosphodiester) chains. Consequently, the formed polymers contain tagged cleavable sites that guide their fragmentation in mass spectrometry sequencing and enhance their digital readability. The spacers were all prepared via a seven steps synthetic procedure. They were afterwards tested for the synthesis and sequencing of model digital polymers. Uniform digitally-encoded polymers were obtained as major species in all cases, even though some minor defects were sometimes detected. Furthermore, the polymers were decoded in pseudo-MS3 conditions, thus confirming the reliability and versatility of the spacers library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Schutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Isaure Sergent
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Georgette Obeid
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Oswald
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Paul N W Baxter
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Louis Clément
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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48
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Han S, Wen P, Wang H, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Zhang L, Shao-Horn Y, Lin X, Chen M. Sequencing polymers to enable solid-state lithium batteries. NATURE MATERIALS 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01693-z. [PMID: 37845320 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Rational designs of solid polymer electrolytes with high ion conduction are critical in enabling the creation of advanced lithium batteries. However, known polymer electrolytes have much lower ionic conductivity than liquid/ceramics at room temperature, which limits their practical use in batteries. Here we show that precise positioning of designed repeating units in alternating polymer sequences lays the foundation for homogenized Li+ distribution, non-aggregated Li+-anion solvation and sequence-assisted site-to-site ion migration, facilitating the tuning of Li+ conductivity by up to three orders of magnitude. The assembled all-solid-state batteries facilitate reversible and dendrite-mitigated cycling against Li metal from ambient to elevated temperatures. This work demonstrates a powerful molecular engineering means to access highly ion-conductive solid-state materials for next-generation energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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49
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García Coll J, Ulrich S. Nucleic-Acid-Templated Synthesis of Smart Polymer Vectors for Gene Delivery. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300333. [PMID: 37401911 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are information-rich and readily available biomolecules, which can be used to template the polymerization of synthetic macromolecules. Here, we highlight the control over the size, composition, and sequence one can nowadays obtain by using this methodology. We also highlight how templated processes exploiting dynamic covalent polymerization can, in return, result in therapeutic nucleic acids fabricating their own dynamic delivery vector - a biomimicking concept that can provide original solutions for gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García Coll
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095, Montpellier, France
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50
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Jafari VF, Mossayebi Z, Allison-Logan S, Shabani S, Qiao GG. The Power of Automation in Polymer Chemistry: Precision Synthesis of Multiblock Copolymers with Block Sequence Control. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301767. [PMID: 37401148 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Machines can revolutionize the field of chemistry and material science, driving the development of new chemistries, increasing productivity, and facilitating reaction scale up. The incorporation of automated systems in the field of polymer chemistry has however proven challenging owing to the demanding reaction conditions, rendering the automation setup complex and costly. There is an imminent need for an automation platform which uses fast and simple polymerization protocols, while providing a high level of control on the structure of macromolecules via precision synthesis. This work combines an oxygen tolerant, room temperature polymerization method with a simple liquid handling robot to automatically prepare precise and high order multiblock copolymers with unprecedented livingness even after many chain extensions. The highest number of blocks synthesized in such a system is reported, demonstrating the capabilities of this automated platform for the rapid synthesis and complex polymer structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianna F Jafari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zahra Mossayebi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Allison-Logan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sadegh Shabani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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