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Faustova M, Dobrovolskyi V, Loban’ G, Bereza Y, Kotelnikova A, Dobrovolskyi O. Cluster analysis allowed to identify antifungal drugs that retain efficacy against Candida albicans isolated from patients with inflammatory diseases of the soft tissues of the maxillofacial area. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1446045. [PMID: 39309422 PMCID: PMC11412946 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1446045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Physicians are increasingly prescribing antifungal drugs empirically to treat hospital-acquired infections quickly. This makes it obvious that fungal infections require more attention and systematic monitoring of resistance among them. The aim of the study was to identify antifungal drugs that retain their efficacy against C. albicans isolates. There were 17 clinical isolates of Candida albicans obtained from patients and tested for susceptibility to antifungal drugs using the standard double dilution method. Amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, micafungin, and posaconazole were used in the study. To determine the groups of antimycotics to which the studied microorganisms retain sensitivity, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using the Ward's method. The tested representatives of the genus Candida showed the lowest sensitivity to fluconazole. The efficacy of amphotericin B and itraconazole was almost at the same level. In turn, micafungin and posaconazole showed the best results against C. albicans isolates. Ward's cluster analysis combined the results of C. albicans susceptibility to fluconazole, micafungin and itraconazole by the highest mathematical similarity. Amphotericin B and posaconazole were combined into one cluster due to their better efficacy against Candida albicans isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Faustova
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Dobrovolskyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Galina Loban’
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Yevhenii Bereza
- Department of Surgery with Course of Dentistry, Pirogov Memorial National Medical University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
| | - Aleksandra Kotelnikova
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Dobrovolskyi
- Department of Prosthetics Dentistry With Implantology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
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2
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Fattouh N, Hdayed D, Hijazi A, Tokajian S, Khalaf RA. UPC2 mutations and development of azole resistance in Candida albicans hospital isolates from Lebanon. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 38:341-348. [PMID: 39059553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the role of Upc2 in the development of azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from Lebanese hospitalized patients and determined a correlation between resistance and virulence. METHODS The UPC2 gene which codes for an ergosterol biosynthesis regulator was sequenced and analysed in two azole-resistant and one azole-susceptible C. albicans isolates. An amino acid substitution screening was carried out on Upc2 with a focus on its ligand binding domain (LBD) known to interact with ergosterol. Then, Upc2 protein secondary structure prediction and homology modelling were conducted, followed by total plasma membrane ergosterol and cell wall chitin quantifications. For virulence, mouse models of systemic infection were generated and an agar adhesion and invasion test was performed. RESULTS Azole-resistant isolates harboured novel amino acid substitutions in the LBD of Upc2 and changes in protein secondary structures were observed. In addition, these isolates exhibited a significant increase in plasma membrane ergosterol content. Resistance and virulence were inversely correlated while increased cell wall chitin concentration does not seem to be linked to resistance since even though we observed an increase in chitin concentration, it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The azole-resistant C. albicans isolates harboured novel amino acid substitutions in the LBD of Upc2 which are speculated to induce an increase in plasma membrane ergosterol content, preventing the binding of azoles to their target, resulting in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Fattouh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Biology, Saint George University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dana Hdayed
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Hijazi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Roy A Khalaf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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3
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Ju Z, Li Z, Li M, Xu S, Kaliaperumal K, Chen FE. A Chemo-Enzymatic Approach for Preparing Efinaconazole with High Optical Yield. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14803-14808. [PMID: 37792295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel and ecofriendly biocatalytic approach for synthesizing efinaconazole (7), a clinically used antifungal agent. This method involves utilizing benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) to catalyze the crucial benzoin condensation step in the ketone precursor. Treating 2,4-difluorobenzaldehyde with BAL in the presence of thiamin-diphosphate (ThDP) and Mg2+ resulted in the formation of α-hydroxy ketone which then underwent the preparation of 7. This innovative approach not only provides a greener alternative but also offers significant advantages over the traditional chemical process. Through our efforts and development work, we have established efficient and scalable procedures that enable the production of 7 in a moderate 38% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiran Ju
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhiyun Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Menglan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Saili Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | | | - Fen-Er Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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4
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Mhlongo JT, Waddad AY, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Antimicrobial Peptide Synergies for Fighting Infectious Diseases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300472. [PMID: 37407512 PMCID: PMC10502873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential elements of thehost defense system. Characterized by heterogenous structures and broad-spectrumaction, they are promising candidates for combating multidrug resistance. Thecombined use of AMPs with other antimicrobial agents provides a new arsenal ofdrugs with synergistic action, thereby overcoming the drawback of monotherapiesduring infections. AMPs kill microbes via pore formation, thus inhibitingintracellular functions. This mechanism of action by AMPs is an advantage overantibiotics as it hinders the development of drug resistance. The synergisticeffect of AMPs will allow the repurposing of conventional antimicrobials andenhance their clinical outcomes, reduce toxicity, and, most significantly,prevent the development of resistance. In this review, various synergies ofAMPs with antimicrobials and miscellaneous agents are discussed. The effect ofstructural diversity and chemical modification on AMP properties is firstaddressed and then different combinations that can lead to synergistic action,whether this combination is between AMPs and antimicrobials, or AMPs andmiscellaneous compounds, are attended. This review can serve as guidance whenredesigning and repurposing the use of AMPs in combination with other antimicrobialagents for enhanced clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T. Mhlongo
- KwaZulu‐Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP)School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
- Peptide Science LaboratorySchool of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalWestvilleDurban4000South Africa
| | - Ayman Y. Waddad
- Peptide Science LaboratorySchool of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalWestvilleDurban4000South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science LaboratorySchool of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalWestvilleDurban4000South Africa
- CIBER‐BBNNetworking Centre on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicineand Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- KwaZulu‐Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP)School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
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First Synthesis of DBU-Conjugated Cationic Carbohydrate Derivatives and Investigation of Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043550. [PMID: 36834964 PMCID: PMC9968064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and fungi represents a serious health problem worldwide. It has long been known that cationic compounds can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi by disrupting the cell membrane. The advantage of using such cationic compounds is that the microorganisms would not become resistant to cationic agents, since this type of adaptation would mean significantly altering the structure of their cell walls. We designed novel, DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene)-derived amidinium salts of carbohydrates, which may be suitable for disturbing the cell walls of bacteria and fungi due to their quaternary ammonium moiety. A series of saccharide-DBU conjugates were prepared from 6-iodo derivatives of d-glucose, d-mannose, d-altrose and d-allose by nucleophilic substitution reactions. We optimized the synthesis of a d-glucose derivative, and studied the protecting group free synthesis of the glucose-DBU conjugates. The effect of the obtained quaternary amidinium salts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains and Candida albicans yeast was investigated, and the impact of the used protecting groups and the sugar configuration on the antimicrobial activity was analyzed. Some of the novel sugar quaternary ammonium compounds with lipophilic aromatic groups (benzyl and 2-napthylmethyl) showed particularly good antifungal and antibacterial activity.
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Behiry SI, Al-Askar AA, Soliman SA, Alotibi FO, Basile A, Abdelkhalek A, Elsharkawy MM, Salem MZM, Hafez EE, Heflish AA. Plantago lagopus extract as a green fungicide induces systemic resistance against Rhizoctonia root rot disease in tomato plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:966929. [PMID: 36003819 PMCID: PMC9393307 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.966929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical control agents and fungicides typically leads to numerous risks to human health and the environment. Using plant extracts as natural substances represents a dual key for the environment and sustainable food production, as it reduces the input of synthetic pesticides into the environment and/or controls plant pathogens. For the first time, a Plantago lagopus ethanolic extract has been characterized and evaluated for its protective and curative effects against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato plants. The results showed that P. lagopus extract (10 μg/ml) completely inhibited R. solani mycelial growth in vitro. At 20 days of post fungal inoculation, the results demonstrated that using P. lagopus extract (100 μg/ml) in vivo enhanced tomato plant growth by significantly increasing shoot and root parameters in protective and curative treatments. Furthermore, the protective and curative treatments significantly reduced the disease index by 18.66 and 38.66%, respectively. Induction of systemic resistance with upregulation of PR-1 and PR-2 and a significant increase in the transcriptional levels of PR-3 and CHS in all P. lagopus extract-treated tomato plants were reported compared to untreated plants. HPLC analysis showed that the most common polyphenolic components detected in P. lagopus extract were rutin (74206.3 mg/kg), naringenin (2388.74 mg/kg), quercetin (1249.13 mg/kg), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1035.87 mg/kg). In addition, the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported. Our study is the first to show that P. lagopus extract can help plants fight off R. solani fungal infection. Furthermore, the findings imply that using the P. lagopus extract as a natural biocontrol agent could be a sustainable strategy to manage plant fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said I. Behiry
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham A. Soliman
- Department of Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fatimah O. Alotibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adriana Basile
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. M. Salem
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E. Hafez
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Heflish
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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7
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Sivani BM, Azzeh M, Patnaik R, Pantea Stoian A, Rizzo M, Banerjee Y. Reconnoitering the Therapeutic Role of Curcumin in Disease Prevention and Treatment: Lessons Learnt and Future Directions. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070639. [PMID: 35888763 PMCID: PMC9320502 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Turmeric is a plant with a very long history of medicinal use across different cultures. Curcumin is the active part of turmeric, which has exhibited various beneficial physiological and pharmacological effects. This review aims to critically appraise the corpus of literature associated with the above pharmacological properties of curcumin, with a specific focus on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial properties. We have also reviewed the different extraction strategies currently in practice, highlighting the strengths and drawbacks of each technique. Further, our review also summarizes the clinical trials that have been conducted with curcumin, which will allow the reader to get a quick insight into the disease/patient population of interest with the outcome that was investigated. Lastly, we have also highlighted the research areas that need to be further scrutinized to better grasp curcumin’s beneficial physiological and medicinal properties, which can then be translated to facilitate the design of better bioactive therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Mohan Sivani
- Banerjee Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (B.M.S.); (M.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Mahmoud Azzeh
- Banerjee Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (B.M.S.); (M.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajashree Patnaik
- Banerjee Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (B.M.S.); (M.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Yajnavalka Banerjee
- Banerjee Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (B.M.S.); (M.A.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +971-527-873-636
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8
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Gu Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhang X, Liu N, Liu Q. An Experimental Study of Photoactivated Disinfection in the Treatment of Acute Pseudomembranous Stomatitis. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1418-1425. [PMID: 35437779 DOI: 10.1111/php.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate photoactivated disinfection (PAD) to treat acute pseudomembranous stomatitis, an animal model was established. Six-week-old male ICR mice were inoculated with Candida albicans under immunosuppression then divided into three groups (15 mice/group). Pseudomembranous areas were measured, then mice had 1 mg/mL toluidine blue solution spread on the area, left for 1 min (PAD-1 group) or 2 min (PAD-2 group), then irradiated with a 750mW LED red light for 1 min, a control group received no treatment. Fungal load was measured immediately; after 48-hour observation pseudomembranous and fungal load were measured. The mice were sacrificed and histopathological examination was performed. Before treatment, pseudomembrane scores were similar (3 to 4 points) in all groups; 48h after treatment, the treatment groups' scores were lower (1 to 2 points) than the control group (3 to 4 points, P<0.05). Immediately after treatment and 48h later, the fungal loads of the treatment groups were lower than the control group (both P<0.05). Histopathology of the treatment groups improved more than controls. The treatment groups' results were similar. Therefore, this method of PAD, with short treatment time, reduced the fungal load and pseudomembranous in a mouse model of acute pseudomembranous stomatitis and may have clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
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9
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Lee SM, Park JH, Suh SY, Lee SM, Byon I. Efficacy of intravitreal povidone-iodine administration for the treatment of Candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108788. [PMID: 34637791 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of intravitreal povidone-iodine (PI) administration for the treatment of Candida albicans endophthalmitis. Forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group). After the induction of endophthalmitis using Candida albicans, groups A, B, and C received single intravitreal injections of 0.035 mg voriconazole, 0.3 mg PI, and their combination, respectively. Rabbits that were administered sham injections were in group D as controls. Fundus photography, vitreous culture, electroretinography (ERG), and histologic examinations of the retina were conducted on day 7. The anterior chamber flare (grade 0 to 4), severity of iritis (grade 0 to 4), and vitreous opacity (grade 0 to 3) were scored. Candida albicans was cultured in the vitreous sample. On day 7, the vitreous opacities were found in all groups. Compared to that in group D, groups A, B, and C showed a lower score for flare (p < 0.001) and iritis (p < 0.001) and less fungal growth in the vitreous culture (n = 2, 1, 1, and 10 in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively; p < 0.001). Furthermore, ERG and histologic findings demonstrated less affected a- and b-waves and damaged retinal tissues in groups A, B, and C. However, these findings were not different among groups A, B, and C. PI significantly improved Candida albicans endophthalmitis, and the effect was comparable that of the voriconazole, although some vitreous opacities remained. No synergistic effect of the combination of PI and voriconazole was observed. Intravitreal PI may be useful to treat Candida albicans endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Jong Ho Park
- BalGeunSeSang Eye Clinic, Busan, 47286, South Korea
| | - Su Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Veterans Hospital, Busan, 46996, South Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Iksoo Byon
- Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, 49241, South Korea.
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10
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Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Isolates: A Comparison in H.I.V. Positive and Negative Patients from A Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is recognized as a significant cause of morbidity, especially in immunocompromised individuals. An epidemiologic change in Candida species and emergence of resistance can impact the usage of antifungal agents as empirical therapy for Candidiasis in patients with or without AIDS. The present study was done to find out: i) The species of Candida isolated from H.I.V. and Non-HIV infected patients. ii) The resistance pattern of these Candida isolates to antifungal agents. A total of 160 Candida species isolates (80 isolates each from H.I.V. and Non-HIV infected patients) were characterized. Identification of yeast isolates was made by standard procedures including morphology (Staib agar, cornmeal agar, CHROMagar), germ tube test, fermentation, and assimilation of sugars and growth at 42°C. In addition, sensitivity testing was done using the broth microdilution method (M27-A2) as per the C.L.S.I. guidelines against amphotericin B, nystatin, voriconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole. In both the groups, i.e., H.I.V. and Non-HIV infected patients, Candida albicans was the most common species (61.2 % and 85 % respectively), followed by Candida guilliermondi (16.2 % and 5 %), Candida tropicalis (5 % and 3.7 %), Candida krusei (5% and 2.5 %), Candida dubliniensis 1(5 % and 1.2 %) and others. Among HIV infected patients fluconazole resistance was 16.25%, ketoconazole 13.5%, clotrimazole 12.5%, itraconazole 6.25 %. In the non-HIV infected group, fluconazole resistance was 8.75% and itraconazole 1.25%. For the appropriate treatment of Candida infections, antifungal susceptibility has become an essential tool, especially in the present scenario of increasing resistance.
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Soulaimani B, Varoni E, Iriti M, Mezrioui NE, Hassani L, Abbad A. Synergistic Anticandidal Effects of Six Essential Oils in Combination with Fluconazole or Amphotericin B against Four Clinically Isolated Candida Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091049. [PMID: 34572630 PMCID: PMC8470676 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of opportunistic pathogenic Candida strains insensitive to several classes of antifungals has emerged as a major health care problem during the last years. Combinational therapy of natural products (e.g., essential oils, EOs) with conventional antifungals has been suggested as a promising alternative to overcome this medical problem. The present study investigates the potential antifungal activity of EOs extracted from some selected medicinal plants, alone and in combination with two common conventional antifungals (fluconazole and amphotericin B) against four clinical Candida isolates. MIC assays indicated that EOs induced strong anticandidal activities with MIC values ranging from 0.162 to 4.950 mg/mL. The combination of amphotericin B with Thymus leptobotrys, Origanum compactum and Artemisia herba alba EOs provided a synergistic effect against C. krusei only, with MIC gain of four-fold, and additive effect against remaining strains (MIC gain = two-fold). Interesting synergistic interactions were observed by combining all studied EOs with fluconazole, with reduction rates of their MICs ranging from 16 to 512-fold. This synergistic effect was very pronounced with the combination of T. leptobotrys EO and fluconazole. These findings indicate that studied EOs can be used as anti-candidals in combination with antifungals, particularly fluconazole, to counteract the emergence of resistant Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Soulaimani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Elena Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50316766
| | - Nour-Eddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
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Lin Y, Betts H, Keller S, Cariou K, Gasser G. Recent developments of metal-based compounds against fungal pathogens. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10346-10402. [PMID: 34313264 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00945h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review provides insight into the rapidly expanding field of metal-based antifungal agents. In recent decades, the antibacterial resistance crisis has caused reflection on many aspects of public health where weaknesses in our medicinal arsenal may potentially be present - including in the treatment of fungal infections, particularly in the immunocompromised and those with underlying health conditions where mortality rates can exceed 50%. Combination of organic moieties with known antifungal properties and metal ions can lead to increased bioavailability, uptake and efficacy. Development of such organometallic drugs may alleviate pressure on existing antifungal medications. Prodigious antimicrobial moieties such as azoles, Schiff bases, thiosemicarbazones and others reported herein lend themselves easily to the coordination of a host of metal ions, which can vastly improve the biocidal activity of the parent ligand, thereby extending the library of antifungal drugs available to medical professionals for treatment of an increasing incidence of fungal infections. Overall, this review shows the impressive but somewhat unexploited potential of metal-based compounds to treat fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Harley Betts
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sarah Keller
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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Sina S, Mohammad JM, Reza S, Anita M, Soudabeh E, Hadi M. Determination of parasitic burden in the brain tissue of infected mice in acute toxoplasmosis after treatment by fluconazole combined with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:65. [PMID: 34193287 PMCID: PMC8243906 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS One of the opportunistic pathogens which cause serious problems in the human immune system is Toxoplasma gondii, with toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) seen in patients affected by it. The treatment of these patients is limited, and if not treated on time, death will be possible. METHODS In this study, the effects of the treatment with different doses of fluconazole (FLZ) in combination with the current treatment of acute toxoplasmosis on reducing the mortality rate and the parasitic load in the murine model in vivo were studied. The mice were treated with different doses of fluconazole alone, sulfadiazine, and pyrimethamine plus fluconazole. A day after the end of the treatment and 1 day before death, the mice's brains were collected, and after DNA extraction and molecular tests, the parasite burden was detected. RESULTS This study showed that a 10-day treatment with 20 mg/kg of fluconazole combined with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine 1.40 mg/kg per day affected acute toxoplasmosis and reduced the parasitic load significantly in brain tissues and also increased the survival rate of all mice in this group until the last day of the study, in contrast to other treatment groups. These results also indicate the positive effects of combined therapy on Toxoplasma gondii and the prevention of relapse. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the parasitic burden and increasing the survival rate were more effective against acute toxoplasmosis in the combined treatment of different doses of fluconazole with current treatments than current treatments without fluconazole. In other words, combination therapy with fluconazole plus pyrimethamine reduced the parasitic burden in the brain significantly, so it could be a replacement therapy in patients with intolerance sulfadiazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekandarpour Sina
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistance Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Jafari Modrek Mohammad
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistance Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shafiei Reza
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammadiha Anita
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Etemadi Soudabeh
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistance Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mirahmadi Hadi
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistance Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Promising Antimicrobial Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Different Honeybee Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134007. [PMID: 34209107 PMCID: PMC8272120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bee products have been known for centuries for their versatile healing properties. In recent decades they have become the subject of documented scientific research. This review aims to present and compare the impact of bee products and their components as antimicrobial agents. Honey, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom are bee products that have antibacterial properties. Sensitivity of bacteria to these products varies considerably between products and varieties of the same product depending on their origin. According to the type of bee product, different degrees of activity were observed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds and dermatophytes, as well as biofilm-forming microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa turned out to be the most resistant to bee products. An analysis of average minimum inhibitory concentration values for bee products showed that bee venom has the strongest bacterial effectiveness, while royal jelly showed the weakest antibacterial activity. The most challenging problems associated with using bee products for medical purposes are dosage and safety. The complexity and variability in composition of these products raise the need for their standardization before safe and predictable clinical uses can be achieved.
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Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases continue to cause substantial mortality in the enlarging immunocompromised population. It is fortunate that the field has moved past amphotericin B deoxycholate as the only available antifungal drug but despite new classes of antifungal agents both primary and secondary drug resistance in molds and yeasts abound. From the rise of multiple-drug-resistant Candida auris to the agrochemical selection of environmental azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, it is and will be critical to understand antifungal drug resistance and both prevent and treat it with new strategies and agents.
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Gilroy C, Raab O, Hanna P. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:161-164. [PMID: 32597735 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Cebeci YU, Ceylan S, Demirbas N, Karaoğlu ŞA. Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives Containing Tryptamine Skeleton and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200721010921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1,2,4-Triazole-3-one (3) obtained from tryptamine was transformed to the corresponding carbox(
thio)amides via several steps (6a-d). Their reaction with sodium hydroxide performed the 1,2,4-
triazole derivatives (7a-d). Compounds 7a-d treatment by 2-bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanoneain an
ambiance with sodium ethoxide afforded the compounds (8a-d). The reduction reaction of 8a-d afforded
1,2,4-triazoles (9a-d). The synthesis of (10a-d), (11a-d) and (12a-d) was afforded treatment of
products 9a-d with 4-chlorobenzyl chloride (for 10a-d) or 2,6-dichlorobenzyl chloride (for 11a-d) or
2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride (for 12a-d). Besides the improved of entirely novel agents having various
chemical features than those of the existing ones, another aim is to combined two or more groups into a
single hybrid compound. For this reason, a single compound containing more than one group, each
with various modes of effect, could be helpful for the cure of bacterial infections. Microwave-assisted
and conventional techniques were utilized for the syntheses. The structures of recently obtained molecules
were elucidated on the foundation of 1H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, FT IR, EI MS methods and elemental
analysis. All novel synthesized molecules were investigated for their antimicrobial activity using MIC
(minimum inhibitory concentration) method. The aminoalkylation of triazoles (7a-d) formed products
8a-d which have excellent activity against testing bacteria with values between 0.24 and 125 μg/mL.
Especially compounds 8a and 8d exhibited much better activity against E. coli than ampicillin used as
standard drug. The microwave process ensured a more efficient road to the creation of desired molecules.
The antibacterial examination demonstrated that after the carbonyl group is increased the antibacterial
activity of the compounds is greatly increased. That's why molecules formed as a result of the
alkylation reactions of triazoles has high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yıldız Uygun Cebeci
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 61080, Trabzon,Turkey
| | - Sule Ceylan
- Artvin Coruh University, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, 08000, Artvin,Turkey
| | - Neslihan Demirbas
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 61080, Trabzon,Turkey
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Antifungal Activity of Thai Cajuput Oil and Its Effect on Efflux-Pump Gene Expression in Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Clinical Isolates. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:5989206. [PMID: 33488720 PMCID: PMC7803126 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5989206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis caused by the fluconazole-resistant opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is an intractable clinical problem that threatens immunocompromised or normal individuals. The most common mechanism of fluconazole resistance in C. albicans is the failure of cells to accumulate the drug due to increased expression of the efflux proteins encoded by the CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 genes. Because the number of current antifungal drugs is limited, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Thai Cajuput oil, its synergism with fluconazole, and its effect on efflux-pump gene expression in fluconazole-resistant C. albicans clinical isolates. Thus, we first detected the efflux-pump genes in fourteen resistant strains by PCR. The frequencies of the CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 genes were 68.75%, 62.5%, and 87.5%, respectively, and these efflux-pump genes were distributed in three distinct patterns. Subsequently, the antifungal activity of Thai Cajuput oil was assessed by broth macrodilution and its synergism with fluconazole was evaluated by the checkerboard assay. The changes in the expression levels of CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 after treatment with Thai Cajuput oil were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The MICs and MFCs of Thai Cajuput oil ranged from 0.31 to 1.25 μl/ml and 0.63 to 1.25 μl/ml, respectively, and its activity was defined as fungicidal activity. The MICs of the combination of Thai Cajuput oil and fluconazole were much lower than the MICs of the individual drugs. Interestingly, sub-MICs of Thai Cajuput oil significantly reduced the MDR1 expression level in resistant strains (P < 0.05). Our study suggests that Thai Cajuput oil can be used to create new potential combination therapies to combat the antifungal resistance of C. albicans.
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Abdelkhalek A, Salem MZM, Hafez E, Behiry SI, Qari SH. The Phytochemical, Antifungal, and First Report of the Antiviral Properties of Egyptian Haplophyllum tuberculatum Extract. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E248. [PMID: 32854351 PMCID: PMC7565794 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ethanol whole plant extract (WPE) of Haplophyllum tuberculatum was characterized and tested for its antifungal and antiviral activities against Fusarium culmorum, Rhizoctonia solani and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the main phytochemical constituents of H. tuberculatum WPE were resveratrol (5178.58 mg/kg), kaempferol (1735.23 mg/kg), myricetin (561.18 mg/kg), rutin (487.04 mg/kg), quercetin (401.04 mg/kg), and rosmarinic acid (387.33 mg/kg). By increasing H. tuberculatum WPE at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, all of the fungal isolates were suppressed compared to the two positive and negative controls. Under greenhouse conditions, WPE-treated Chenopodium amaranticolor plants strongly inhibited TMV infection and significantly reduced TMV accumulation levels when compared to non-treated plants. Moreover, the induction of systemic resistance with significant increases in the transcriptional levels of the pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1), chalcone synthase (CHS), and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase (HQT) genes for treated plants were noticed at 3 and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) for both assays. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported observation of the antiviral activity of H. tuberculatum extract against plant viral infections. Finally, the results obtained suggest that H. tuberculatum WPE can be considered a promising source of both antifungal and antiviral substances for practical use and for developing plant-derived compounds for the effective management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Z. M. Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Hafez
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Said I. Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Biology Department, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 25376, Saudi Arabia;
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Antifungal Effect of A Chimeric Peptide Hn-Mc against Pathogenic Fungal Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080454. [PMID: 32731574 PMCID: PMC7460001 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to identify new antifungal agents because of their eukaryotic nature. However, antimicrobial peptides can well differentiate among cell types owing to their variable amino acid content. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal effect of Hn-Mc, a chimeric peptide comprised of the N-terminus of HPA3NT3 and the C-terminus of melittin. We evaluated its potent antifungal activity at low minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1–16 μM against pathogenic yeast and molds. The cell-type specificity of Hn-Mc was mediated through the formation of a random α-helical structure to mimic the fungal membrane environment. Furthermore, Hn-Mc caused cell death in C. tropicalis and F. oxysporum by inducing apoptosis via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to mitochondrial damage. The present results indicate that Hn-Mc has a high affinity for the fungal plasma membrane and induces apoptosis in fungal cells, and provide guidance for the development of new antifungal agents.
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21
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Sharma S, Yadav A. Gingerol Derivatives as 14α-demethylase Inhibitors: Design and Development of Natural, Safe Antifungals for Immune-compromised Patients. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666191025105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: :
Currently, clinically used drugs for internal fungal infections have severe
side effects. Patients suffering from severe fungal infections and those at a constant risk of developing
such infections require long-term administration of safe antifungals.
Objective: :
This work deals with the design and development of safe, non-toxic antifungals derived
from natural compounds for immune-compromised patients, such as HIV patients, who are at a constant
risk of developing internal fungal infections.
Methods: :
Molecular modeling, docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed
on the main constituents of ginger and their derivatives to study their capability to inhibit 14α-
demethylase enzyme.
Results: :
Ergosterol is the key component of the fungal cell membrane for its integrity and rigidity,
synthesized from lanosterol catalyzed by 14α-demethylase enzyme. In our studies, it is determined
that 6-gingerol, 6-paradol, 6-shogaol and their imidazole and triazole derivatives can inhibit the synthesis
of ergosterol thus weakening the fungal cell membranes. The triazole derivative of 6-gingerol
forms enhanced binding interactions with the active site residues of 14α-demethylase, carries an
affinity for catalytically required cofactor heme and forms a stable complex with time without the
probability of premature expulsion. Thus, this compound inhibits the formation of ergosterol leading
to weakened fungal cell membranes and eventually death of fungal cells.
Conclusion: :
The triazole derivative of 6-gingerol is recommended as a lead compound for the development
of non-toxic antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Kanpur 208024, India
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22
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Bhattacharya S, Sae-Tia S, Fries BC. Candidiasis and Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060312. [PMID: 32526921 PMCID: PMC7345657 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis can be present as a cutaneous, mucosal or deep-seated organ infection, which is caused by more than 20 types of Candida sp., with C. albicans being the most common. These are pathogenic yeast and are usually present in the normal microbiome. High-risk individuals are patients of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), organ transplant, and diabetes. During infection, pathogens can adhere to complement receptors and various extracellular matrix proteins in the oral and vaginal cavity. Oral and vaginal Candidiasis results from the overgrowth of Candida sp. in the hosts, causing penetration of the oral and vaginal tissues. Symptoms include white patches in the mouth, tongue, throat, and itchiness or burning of genitalia. Diagnosis involves visual examination, microscopic analysis, or culturing. These infections are treated with a variety of antifungals that target different biosynthetic pathways of the pathogen. For example, echinochandins target cell wall biosynthesis, while allylamines, azoles, and morpholines target ergosterol biosynthesis, and 5-Flucytosine (5FC) targets nucleic acid biosynthesis. Azoles are commonly used in therapeutics, however, because of its fungistatic nature, Candida sp. evolve azole resistance. Besides azoles, Candida sp. also acquire resistance to polyenes, echinochandins, and 5FC. This review discusses, in detail, the drug resistance mechanisms adapted by Candida sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanon Bhattacharya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (S.S.-T.); (B.C.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sutthichai Sae-Tia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (S.S.-T.); (B.C.F.)
| | - Bettina C. Fries
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (S.S.-T.); (B.C.F.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, New York, NY 11768, USA
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Eldesouky HE, Salama EA, Hazbun TR, Mayhoub AS, Seleem MN. Ospemifene displays broad-spectrum synergistic interactions with itraconazole through potent interference with fungal efflux activities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6089. [PMID: 32269301 PMCID: PMC7142066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole antifungals are vital therapeutic options for treating invasive mycotic infections. However, the emergence of azole-resistant isolates combined with limited therapeutic options presents a growing challenge in medical mycology. To address this issue, we utilized microdilution checkerboard assays to evaluate nine stilbene compounds for their ability to interact synergistically with azole drugs, particularly against azole-resistant fungal isolates. Ospemifene displayed the most potent azole chemosensitizing activity, and its combination with itraconazole displayed broad-spectrum synergistic interactions against Candida albicans, Candida auris, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus (ΣFICI = 0.05–0.50). Additionally, in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, the ospemifene-itraconazole combination significantly reduced fungal CFU burdens in infected nematodes by ~75–96%. Nile Red efflux assays and RT-qPCR analysis suggest ospemifene interferes directly with fungal efflux systems, thus permitting entry of azole drugs into fungal cells. This study identifies ospemifene as a novel antifungal adjuvant that augments the antifungal activity of itraconazole against a broad range of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan E Eldesouky
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ehab A Salama
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47906, USA
| | - Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- University of Science and Technology, Nanoscience Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Moazeni M, Saeedi M, Kelidari H, Nabili M, Davari A. An update on the application of nano-scaled carriers against fluconazole-resistant Candida species: nanostructured lipid carriers or solid lipid nanoparticles? Curr Med Mycol 2020; 5:8-13. [PMID: 32104738 PMCID: PMC7034784 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.5.4.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Encapsulation can lead to improved efficacy and safety of antifungal compounds. The attention of scientists has recently turned to biocompatible lipids as the carriers for the delivery of antifungal drugs, such as fluconazole. Although several research reports have already been published on fluconazole loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FLZ-SLNs) and fluconazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (FLZ-NLCs), the possible advantages of NLCs over SLNs have not yet been fully established. Studies performed so far have given several contradictory results. Materials and Methods: Both formulations of fluconazole were synthesized using probe ultrasonication method and the characteristics were analyzed. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed with FLZ, FLZ-SLNs, and FLZ-NLCs using CLSI document M60 against some common fluconazole-resistant Candida species. Results: A significant decrease was observed in minimum inhibitory concentration values when both formulations were applied. Nonetheless, FLZ-NLCs were significantly more effective (P<0.05). However, three species groups were not statistically different in terms of the activity of FLZ-NLCs. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, FLZ-NLCs could reverse the azole-resistance phenomenon in the most common Candida species more effectively, as compared to FLZ-SLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazeni
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Kelidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nabili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Davari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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25
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Musiol R. Styrylquinoline – A Versatile Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry. Med Chem 2020; 16:141-154. [PMID: 31161997 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190603103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: :
Styrylquinolines are characteristic fully aromatic compounds with flat,
rather lipophilic structures. The first reports on their synthesis and biological activity were published
roughly a century ago. However, their low selectivity, unfavorable toxicity and problems
with their mechanism of action significantly hampered their development. As a result, they have
been abandoned for most of the time since they were discovered.
Objective: :
Their renaissance was observed by the antiretroviral activity of several styrylquinoline
derivatives that have been reported to be HIV integrase inhibitors. Subsequently, other activities
such as their antifungal and anticancer abilities have also been revisited.
Methods:
In the present review, the spectrum of the activity of styrylquinolines and their use in
drug design is presented and analyzed.
Results:
New properties and applications that were reported recently have re-established
styrylquinolines within medicinal and material chemistry. The considerable increase in the number
of published papers regarding their activity spectrum will ensure further discoveries in the field.
Conclusions:
Styrylquinolines have earned a much stronger position in medicinal chemistry due to
the discovery of their new activities, profound mechanisms of action and as drug candidates in
clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Musiol
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland
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Minooeianhaghighi MH, Sehatpour M, Zarrinfar H, Sen T. Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: The Causative Agents, Clinical Signs and Susceptibility to Fluconazole in Gonabad City, Northeast Iran. CURRENT WOMEN S HEALTH REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573404815666191104142813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is the second most common
cause of genital tract infection in females. Excessive use of fluconazole and other azoles is likely to
cause the emergence of the resistant species of Candida.
Objective :
The purpose of this research was to identify Candida isolates from RVVC and the antifungal
effect of fluconazole against them.
Methods :
In this study, 152 patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis were evaluated for the RVVC
form. The Candida isolates were purified using CHROMagar Candida and identified based on the
nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-ITS2 rDNA) sequence analysis by polymerase
chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The antifungal
susceptibility of C. albicans isolates against fluconazole was determined according to document
M27-A3.
Results:
Out of 152 patients, 20 cases (13.2%) were identified as recurrent form. The frequencies of
the Candida species among the patients with RVVC were C. albicans (n = 16, 80%), C. parapsilosis
(n = 3, 15%) and C. tropicalis (n = 1, 5%). The most common clinical sign was vaginal discharge
(60%). The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration
(MFC) of fluconazole against Candida isolates were 32 µg/mL and 64 µg/mL, respectively.
Conclusion:
C. albicans was the dominant cause of RVVC. The Candida isolates showed relatively
high resistance to fluconazole in vitro. Vaginal discharge was the most common clinical sign among
patients with RVVC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marziyeh Sehatpour
- Department of Microbiology, Damghan Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tanuka Sen
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
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Navarro-Rodríguez P, Martin-Vicente A, López-Fernández L, Guarro J, Capilla J. Expression of ERG11 and efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2 and SNQ2 in voriconazole susceptible and resistant Candida glabrata strains. Med Mycol 2020; 58:30-38. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCandida glabrata causes difficult to treat invasive candidiasis due to its antifungal resistance, mainly to azoles. The aim of the present work was to study the role of the genes ERG11, CDR1, CDR2, and SNQ2 on the resistance to voriconazole (VRC) in a set of C. glabrata strains with known in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to this drug. Eighteen clinical isolates of C. glabrata were exposed in vitro to VRC, and the expression of the cited genes was quantified by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). In addition, the ERG11 gene was amplified and sequenced to detect possible mutations. Ten synonymous mutations were found in 15 strains, two of them being reported for the first time; however, no amino acid changes were detected. ERG11 and CDR1 were the most expressed genes in all the strains tested, while the expression of CDR2 and SNQ2 was modest. Our results show that gene expression does not directly correlate with the VRC MIC. In addition, the expression profiles of ERG11 and efflux pump genes did not change consistently after exposure to VRC. Although individual analysis did not result in a clear correlation between MIC and gene expression, we did observe an increase in ERG11 and CDR1 expression in resistant strains. It is of interest that considering both in vitro and in vivo results, the slight increase in such gene expression correlates with the observed resistance to VRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Navarro-Rodríguez
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Loida López-Fernández
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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Hashemi SE, Shokohi T, Abastabar M, Aslani N, Ghadamzadeh M, Haghani I. Species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, emergence of C. lusitaniae. Curr Med Mycol 2019; 5:26-34. [PMID: 32104741 PMCID: PMC7034787 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.5.4.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The aim of the current study was to investigate the epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC (RVVC), as well as the antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolates. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 260 women suspected of VVC from February 2017 to January 2018. In order to identify Candida species isolated from the genital tracts, the isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using enzymes Msp I and sequencing. Moreover, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (M27-A3). Results: Out of 250 subjects, 75 (28.8%) patients were affected by VVC, out of whom 15 (20%) cases had RVVC. Among the Candida species, C. albicans was the most common species (42/95; 44.21%), followed by C. lusitaniae (18/95; 18.95%), C. parapsilosis (13/95; 13.69%), C. glabrata (8/95; 8.42%), C. kefyr (6/95; 6.31%), C. famata (5/95; 5.26%), C. africana (2/95; 2.11%), and C. orthopsilosis (1/95; 1.05%), respectively. Multiple Candida species were observed in 28% (21/75) of the patients. Nystatin showed the narrowest range of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.25-16 μg/ml) against all Candida strains, whereas fluconazole (0.063-64 μg/ml) demonstrated the widest MIC range. In the current study, C. lusitaniae, as the second most common causative agent of VVC, was susceptible to all antifungal agents. Furthermore, 61.1% of C. lusitaniae isolates were inhibited at a concentration of ≤ 2 μg/ml, while 38.9% (n=7) of them exhibited fluconazole MICs above the epidemiologic cutoff values (ECV). Candida species showed the highest overall resistance against fluconazole (61.3%), followed by itraconazole (45.2%) and caspofungin (23.7%). All of C. albicans strains were resistant to itraconazole with a MIC value of ≥ 1 μg/ml; in addition, 87.5% of them were resistant to fluconazole. Moreover, 100% and 87.5% of C. glabrata strains were resistant to caspofungin and fluconazole, respectively. Conclusion: As the findings revealed, the majority of VVC cases were caused by non-albicans Candida species which were often more resistant to antifungal agents. Candida lusitaniae generally had fluconazole MICs above the ECV. Given the propensity of C. lusitaniae to develop resistance under drug pressure, antifungals should be administered with caution. The emergence of these species justify the epidemiological surveillance surveys to watch out the distribution of yeast species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Narges Aslani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Ghadamzadeh
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Hazrat-e- Zainab Hospital, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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The Biological Activity of Natural Alkaloids against Herbivores, Cancerous Cells and Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110656. [PMID: 31717922 PMCID: PMC6891610 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of microorganisms that resist antimicrobials is a constant concern for the scientific community, while the development of new antimicrobials from new chemical entities has become more and more expensive, time-consuming, and exacerbated by emerging drug-resistant strains. In this regard, many scientists are conducting research on plants aiming to discover possible antimicrobial compounds. The secondary metabolites contained in plants are a source of chemical entities having pharmacological activities and intended to be used for the treatment of different diseases. These chemical entities have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial agents. Among these pharmacologically active entities are the alkaloids which are classified into a number of classes, including pyrrolizidines, pyrrolidines, quinolizidines, indoles, tropanes, piperidines, purines, imidazoles, and isoquinolines. Alkaloids that have antioxidant properties are capable of preventing a variety of degenerative diseases through capturing free radicals, or through binding to catalysts involved indifferent oxidation processes occurring within the human body. Furthermore, these entities are capable of inhibiting the activity of bacteria, fungi, protozoan and etc. The unique properties of these secondary metabolites are the main reason for their utilization by the pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of different diseases. Generally, these alkaloids are extracted from plants, animals and fungi. Penicillin is the most famous natural drug discovery deriving from fungus. Similarly, marines have been used as a source for thousands of bioactive marine natural products. In this review, we cover the medical use of natural alkaloids isolated from a variety of plants and utilized by humans as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents. An example for such alkaloids is berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, found in roots and stem-bark of Berberis asculin P. Renault plant and used to kill a variety of microorganisms.
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Parry-Nweye E, Onukwugha NE, Balmuri SR, Shane JL, Kim D, Koo H, Niepa THR. Electrochemical Strategy for Eradicating Fluconazole-Tolerant Candida albicans Using Implantable Titanium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40997-41008. [PMID: 31603300 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A persistent problem in modern health care derives from the overwhelming presence of antibiotic-resistant microbes on biomaterials, more specifically, fungal growth on metal-based implants. This study seeks to investigate the antifungal properties of low-level electrochemical treatments delivered using titanium electrodes against Candida albicans. We show that C. albicans can be readily controlled with electrical currents/potentials, reducing the number of viable planktonic cells by 99.7% and biofilm cells by 96.0-99.99%. Additionally, this study explores the ability of the electrochemical treatments to potentiate fluconazole, a clinically used antifungal drug. We have found that electrochemical treatment substantially enhances fluconazole killing activity. While fluconazole alone exhibits a low efficiency against the stationary phase and biofilm cells of C. albicans, complete eradication corresponding to 7-log killing is achieved when the antifungal drug is provided subsequently to the electrochemical treatment. Further mechanistic analyses have revealed that the sequential treatment shows a complex multimodal action, including the disruption of cell wall integrity and permeability, impaired metabolic functions, and enhanced susceptibility to fluconazole, while altering the biofilm structure. Altogether, we have developed and optimized a new therapeutic strategy to sensitize and facilitate the eradication of fluconazole-tolerant microbes from implantable materials. This work is expected to help advance the use of electrochemical approaches in the treatment of infections caused by C. albicans in both nosocomial and clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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Esfahani AN, Golestannejad Z, Khozeimeh F, Dehghan P, Maheronnaghsh M, Zarei Z. Antifungal effect of Atorvastatin against Candida species in comparison to Fluconazole and Nystatin. Med Pharm Rep 2019; 92:368-373. [PMID: 31750437 PMCID: PMC6853048 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Atorvastatin is a plasma cholesterol-lowering drug which applies antifungal effects by inhibiting the production of yeast cell wall ergostrol. The aim of present study was to investigate in-vitro susceptibility of candida species to atorvastatin, in comparison to nystatin and fluconazole. Methods Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determined using serial dilution. Candida strains isolated from 35 patients receiving cancer chemotherapy in Isfahan, Seyyed-al-Shohada Hospital and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney statistical methods. Results Candida isolates included 5 strains, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. stellatoidea and C. krusei. All five strains appeared to be resistant to nystatin and fluconazole but sensitive to atorvastatin with no statistically significant difference. The MFC of atorvastatin was significantly lower in comparison to both nystatin and fluconazole for all five strains (p value<0.05). There was no significant difference between the MFCs of 5 strains for fluconazole and atorvastatin. However, MFC of nystatin differed significantly for C. albicans and C. kefyr (p=0.007). Conclusion The results showed that all strains were sensitive to atorvastatin and resistant to nystatin and fluconazole. Atorvastatin MIC for C. albicans, C. krusei and C. stellatoidea was equivalent to its serum level used to treat hyperlipidemia and was above such level for both C. glabrata and C. kefyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasr Esfahani
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Golestannejad
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Faezeh Khozeimeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Maheronnaghsh
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Zarei
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Total Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 23-Demethyleushearilide and Extensive Antimicrobial Evaluation of All Synthetic Stereoisomers of (16 Z,20 E)-Eushearilide and (16 E,20 E)-Eushearilide. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193437. [PMID: 31546686 PMCID: PMC6804234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel stereoisomer of eushearilide, 23-demethyleushearilide, was synthesized, and the structure–activity relationships of this compound along with known eushearilide stereoisomers were investigated in order to design novel lead compounds for the treatment of fungal infections. It was discovered that all of these congeners, together with the natural product, exhibited a wide range of antimicrobial activity against not only fungi but also against bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).
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El Rabey HA, Almutairi FM, Alalawy AI, Al-Duais MA, Sakran MI, Zidan NS, Tayel AA. Augmented control of drug-resistant Candida spp. via fluconazole loading into fungal chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:511-516. [PMID: 31499111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal chitosan (ACT) extraction from Amylomyces rouxii, its transforming into nano-form, loading with fluconazole (Flu) and evaluation of synthesized nanoconjugates against drug-resistant (DR) Candida spp., were investigated. The produced ACT was characterized with 112.4 kDa molecular weight and 88.7% deacetylation degree. Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (NACT), and loading them with Flu were succeeded, using ionic gelation protocol, to generate stable Flu/NACT nanoconjugate' particles with mean size of 82 nm and zeta potential of +3.36 mV. The NACT entrapment efficiency was 78.7% and the drug loading capacity was 60.2%. Flu slowly released from NACT during the first 5 h, then release dramatically increased to the maximum (94.8%) after 12 h. The infra-red spectrum of Flu/NACT nanoconjugates confirmed the strong cross-linkage between their molecules. The antimycotic activity of NACT and Flu/NACT was proved against DR strains of C. albicans (2 strains), C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata, using qualitative and quantitative assays; Flu/NACT exhibited significant powerful activity, which was confirmed via observations with scanning microscopy. Finished cotton textiles with Flu/NACT had augmented potentiality for inhibiting challenged DR Candida spp., using in vitro assay. Accordingly, the synthesis and application of Flu/NACT nanoconjugates was astoundingly recommended for controlling DR Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haddad A El Rabey
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.
| | - Fahad M Almutairi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel I Alalawy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Duais
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Yemen
| | - Mohamed I Sakran
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Nahla S Zidan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Specific Education, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Tayel
- Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
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Alshubaily FA. Enhanced antimycotic activity of nanoconjugates from fungal chitosan and Saussurea costus extract against resistant pathogenic Candida strains. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:499-503. [PMID: 31494164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the control of pathogenic Candida spp., especially the fungicides resistant strains from C. albicans and C. glabrata, nanoconjugates from the biopolymer (chitosan) and costus root extract (Saussurea costus) was synthesized and characterized. Chitosan was extracted from the grown mycelia of Aspergillus niger and characterized with high deacetylation degree of 91.2% and moderate molecular weight of 106.8 kDa. Synthesis of nanoconjugates from fungal chitosan/costus extract (NCt/CE) was conducted using ionic gelation technique; the resulted NCt/CE particles were characterized with mean diameter of 48 nm, positive zeta potentiality (+3.28 mV) and high stability. The infra-red spectra of synthesized nanoconjugates indicated their strong biochemical cross-linkage. The antimycotic activities, of the synthesized NCt, CE and their nanocomposite, were evaluated against standard and antibiotic-resistant strains from C. albicans and C. glabrata and revealed that the entire agents had notable antimycotic potentiality against all examined strains; the NCt/CE nanoconjugates had significantly stronger antimicrobial action. The scanning microscope imaging, of exposed resistant strains to NCt/CE, indicated their vigorous structural and morphological alterations and confirmed the antimycotic activity of the nanocomposite. NCt/CE nanoconjugates' synthesis could be exceedingly recommended as a natural, biodegradable and effectual antimycotic agent to control resistant pathogenic yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia A Alshubaily
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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In Vitro Activities of the Novel Investigational Tetrazoles VT-1161 and VT-1598 Compared to the Triazole Antifungals against Azole-Resistant Strains and Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00341-19. [PMID: 30910896 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00341-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal Cyp51-specific inhibitors VT-1161 and VT-1598 have emerged as promising new therapies to combat fungal infections, including Candida spp. To evaluate their in vitro activities compared to other azoles, MICs were determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method for VT-1161, VT-1598, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole against 68 C. albicans clinical isolates well characterized for azole resistance mechanisms and mutant strains representing individual azole resistance mechanisms. VT-1161 and VT-1598 demonstrated potent activity (geometric mean MICs ≤0.15 μg/ml) against predominantly fluconazole-resistant (≥8 μg/ml) isolates. However, five of 68 isolates exhibited MICs greater than six dilutions (>2 μg/ml) to both tetrazoles compared to fluconazole-susceptible isolates. Four of these isolates likewise exhibited high MICs beyond the upper limit of the assay for all triazoles tested. A premature stop codon in ERG3 likely explained the high-level resistance in one isolate. VT-1598 was effective against strains with hyperactive Tac1, Mrr1, and Upc2 transcription factors and against most ERG11 mutant strains. VT-1161 MICs were elevated compared to the control strain SC5314 for hyperactive Tac1 strains and two strains with Erg11 substitutions (Y132F and Y132F&K143R) but showed activity against hyperactive Mrr1 and Upc2 strains. While mutations affecting Erg3 activity appear to greatly reduce susceptibility to VT-1161 and VT-1598, the elevated MICs of both tetrazoles for four isolates could not be explained by known azole resistance mechanisms, suggesting the presence of undescribed resistance mechanisms to triazole- and tetrazole-based sterol demethylase inhibitors.
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Fyhrquist P, Virjamo V, Hiltunen E, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Epidihydropinidine, the main piperidine alkaloid compound of Norway spruce (Picea abies) shows antibacterial and anti-Candida activity. Fitoterapia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Humbert L, Cornu M, Proust-Lemoine E, Bayry J, Wemeau JL, Vantyghem MC, Sendid B. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2570. [PMID: 30510552 PMCID: PMC6254185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, characterized by the clinical triad of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), hypoparathyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency. CMC can be complicated by systemic candidiasis or oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and may lead to death. The role of chronic Candida infection in the etiopathogenesis of oral SCC is unclear. Long-term use of fluconazole has led to the emergence of Candida albicans strains with decreased susceptibility to azoles. CMC is associated with an impaired Th17 cell response; however, it remains unclear whether decreased serum IL-17 and IL-22 levels are related to a defect in cytokine production or to neutralizing autoantibodies resulting from mutations in the AIRE gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Humbert
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marjorie Cornu
- Department Parasitology-Mycology, CHU, Lille, France
- Inserm, U995-LIRIC, Fungal Associated Invasive & Inflammatory Diseases, Lille, France
| | | | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Inserm, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Wemeau
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Vantyghem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- UMR 1190, Translational Research in Diabetes Inserm, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Univ Lille, Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- Department Parasitology-Mycology, CHU, Lille, France
- Inserm, U995-LIRIC, Fungal Associated Invasive & Inflammatory Diseases, Lille, France
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Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071668. [PMID: 29987237 PMCID: PMC6100505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are frequently encountered in small animal practice. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. are the most common agents associated to these infections, even though other bacteria and yeasts, such as Candida albicans and Candida famata, may be involved. In view of the increasing problem of the multi-drug resistance, the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), origanum (Origanum vulgare L.), clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) and thymus (Thymus vulgaris L.) against multidrug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Candida albicans and Candida famata previously isolated from dogs and cats with urinary tract infections. Enterococci were resistant to Illicium verum and Salvia sclarea, such as Candida to Salvia sclarea. Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare essential oils showed the best activity against all the tested pathogens, so they could be proposed for the formulation of external and/or intravesical washes in small animals.
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Sobel JD, Sobel R. Current treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by azole-resistant Candida species. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:971-977. [PMID: 29932786 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1476490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinicians are increasingly challenged by patients with refractory vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) caused by azole-resistant Candida species. Fluconazole resistant C.albicans is a growing and perplexing problem following years of indiscriminate drug prescription and unnecessary drug exposure and for which there are few therapeutic alternatives. Regrettably, although the azole class of drugs has expanded, new classes of antifungal drugs have not been forthcoming, limiting effective treatment options in patients with azole resistant Candida vaginitis. AREAS COVERED This review covers published data on epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment options for women with azole-resistant refractory VVC. EXPERT OPINION Fluconazole resistant C.albicans adds to the challenge of azole resistant non-albicans Candida spp. Both issues follow years of indiscriminate drug prescription and unnecessary fluconazole exposure. Although an understanding of azole resistance in yeast has been established, this knowledge has not translated into useful therapeutic advantage. Treatment options for such women with refractory symptoms are extremely limited. New therapeutic options and strategies are urgently needed to meet this challenge of azole drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Sobel
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - R Sobel
- b Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Jefferson Medical College , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Brancini GTP, Rodrigues GB, Rambaldi MDSL, Izumi C, Yatsuda AP, Wainwright M, Rosa JC, Braga GÚL. The effects of photodynamic treatment with new methylene blue N on the Candida albicans proteome. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 15:1503-1513. [PMID: 27830217 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a human pathogenic fungus mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. Resistance to the commonly used fungicides can lead to poor treatment of mucosal infections which, in turn, can result in life-threatening systemic candidiasis. In this scenario, antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (PDT) has emerged as an effective alternative to treat superficial and localized fungal infections. Microbial death in PDT is a consequence of the oxidation of many cellular biomolecules, including proteins. Here, we report a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry to study the protein damage resulting from treating C. albicans with PDT with new methylene blue N and red light. Two-dimensional gels of treated cells showed an increase in acidic spots in a fluence-dependent manner. Amino acid analysis revealed a decrease in the histidine content after PDT, which is one plausible explanation for the observed acidic shift. However, some protein spots remained unchanged. Protein identification by mass spectrometry revealed that both modified and unmodified proteins could be localized to the cytoplasm, ruling out subcellular location as the only explanation for damage selectivity. Therefore, we hypothesize that protein modification by PDT is a consequence of both photosensitizer binding affinity and the degree of exposure of the photooxidizable residues on the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Braga Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Clarice Izumi
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - José César Rosa
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto Úbida Leite Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Reversal of Azole Resistance in Candida albicans by Sulfa Antibacterial Drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00701-17. [PMID: 29263071 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00701-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis presents an emerging global public health challenge due to the emergence of resistance to the frontline treatment options, such as fluconazole. Hence, the identification of other compounds capable of pairing with fluconazole and averting azole resistance would potentially prolong the clinical utility of this important group. In an effort to repurpose drugs in the field of antifungal drug discovery, we explored sulfa antibacterial drugs for the purpose of reversing azole resistance in Candida In this study, we assembled and investigated a library of 21 sulfa antibacterial drugs for their ability to restore fluconazole sensitivity in Candida albicans Surprisingly, the majority of assayed sulfa drugs (15 of 21) were found to exhibit synergistic relationships with fluconazole by checkerboard assay with fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFIC) values ranging from <0.0312 to 0.25. Remarkably, five sulfa drugs were able to reverse azole resistance in a clinically achievable range. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the amino benzene sulfonamide scaffold as antifungal agents were studied. We also identified the possible mechanism of the synergistic interaction of sulfa antibacterial drugs with azole antifungal drugs. Furthermore, the ability of sulfa antibacterial drugs to inhibit Candida biofilm by 40% in vitro was confirmed. In addition, the effects of sulfa-fluconazole combinations on Candida growth kinetics and efflux machinery were explored. Finally, using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, we demonstrated that the sulfa-fluconazole combination does possess potent antifungal activity in vivo, reducing Candida in infected worms by ∼50% compared to the control.
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Łudzik K, Kustrzepa K, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Kontek R, Kontek B, Wróblewska A, Jóźwiak M, Lulo D. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of Bisquaternary Ammonium Bromides of Different Spacer Length. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Łudzik
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, (Moscow Region); 141980 Dubna Russia
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Pomorska 165; Lodz 90-236 Poland
| | - Kinga Kustrzepa
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Pomorska 165; Lodz 90-236 Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalewicz-Kulbat
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology; University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16; 90-237 Lodz Poland
| | - Renata Kontek
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16; 90-237 Lodz Poland
| | - Bogdan Kontek
- Department of General Biochemistry; University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Pomorska 141/143; 90-236 Lodz Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences; Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Sienkiewicza 112; 90-236 Lodz Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jóźwiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Pomorska 165; Lodz 90-236 Poland
| | - Daria Lulo
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Pomorska 165; Lodz 90-236 Poland
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Ahmad A, Wani MY, Patel M, Sobral AJFN, Duse AG, Aqlan FM, Al-Bogami AS. Synergistic antifungal effect of cyclized chalcone derivatives and fluconazole against Candida albicans. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2195-2207. [PMID: 30108736 PMCID: PMC6071862 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of invasive fungal diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients, is life-threatening and increases the economic burden. The rising problem of multi-drug resistance is becoming a major concern for clinicians. In addition, a repertoire of antifungal agents is far less in number than antibacterial drugs. To combat these problems, combination therapy has gained a lot of interest. We previously reported the synergistic interaction of some mono- and bis-dihydropyrimidinone and thione derivatives with fluconazole and amphotericin B for combination antifungal therapy. In this study we used the same approach and synthesized different azole and non-azole derivatives of mono-(M) and bis-(B) chalcones and evaluated their antifungal activity profile alone and in combination with the most commonly used antifungal drug - fluconazole (FLC) - against seven FLC susceptible and three FLC resistant clinically isolated Candida albicans strains. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration results, the bis-derivatives showed lower MIC values compared to their mono-analogues. Both fractional inhibitory concentration index and isobologram results revealed mostly synergistic, additive or indifferent interactions between the tested compounds and FLC against different Candida isolates. None of the tested compounds showed any effect on energy dependent R6G efflux, revealing that they do not reverse the mechanism of drug efflux. However, surprisingly, these compounds profoundly decreased ergosterol biosynthesis and showed down regulation of ERG11 gene expression, which is the possible mechanism of reversal of azole drug resistance by these compounds. These results provide a platform for further research to develop pyrimidinone/thione ring containing compounds as promising new antifungal agents, which could be used in antifungal combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , School of Pathology , University of the Witwatersrand , Faculty of Health Sciences , 7 York Road, Parktown , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa .
- Infection Control , Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Texas Therapeutics Institute , Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , 1881 East Road , 77054 , Texas , USA .
- Departmento de Quimica , FCTUC , Universidade de Coimbra , Rua Larga , 3004-535 , Coimbra , Portugal
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , University of Jeddah , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mrudula Patel
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences , School of Oral Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Faculty of Health Sciences , 7 York Road, Parktown , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa
| | - Abilio J F N Sobral
- Departmento de Quimica , FCTUC , Universidade de Coimbra , Rua Larga , 3004-535 , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Adriano G Duse
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , School of Pathology , University of the Witwatersrand , Faculty of Health Sciences , 7 York Road, Parktown , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa .
- Infection Control , Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Faisal Mohammed Aqlan
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , University of Jeddah , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Saad Al-Bogami
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , University of Jeddah , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Romano RA, Pratavieira S, Silva APD, Kurachi C, Guimarães FEG. Light-driven photosensitizer uptake increases Candida albicans photodynamic inactivation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1538-1546. [PMID: 28464559 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) is based on the use of a photosensitizer (PS) and light that results mainly in the production of reactive oxygen species, aiming to produce microorganism cell death. PS incubation time and light dose are key protocol parameters that influence PDI response; the correct choice of them can increase the efficiency of inactivation. The results of this study show that a minor change in the PDI protocol, namely light-driven incubation leads to a higher photosensitizer and more uniform cell uptake inside the irradiated zone. Furthermore, as the uptake increases, the damage caused by PDI also increases. The proposed light-driven incubation prior to the inactivation illumination dose has advantages when compared to the traditional PDI treatments since it can be more selective and effective. Using a violet light as pre-illumination (light-driven incubation) source and a red-light system as PDI source, it was possible to demonstrate that when compared to the traditional protocol of dark incubation, the pre-illuminated cell culture showed an inactivation increase of 7 log units. These in vitro results performed in Candida albicans cells may result in the introduction of a new protocol for PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Romano
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana P da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco E G Guimarães
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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45
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Gómez Ramos LM, Degtyareva NN, Kovacs NA, Holguin SY, Jiang L, Petrov AS, Biesiada M, Hu MY, Purzycka KJ, Arya DP, Williams LD. Eukaryotic Ribosomal Expansion Segments as Antimicrobial Targets. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5288-5299. [PMID: 28895721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diversity in eukaryotic rRNA structure and function offers possibilities of therapeutic targets. Unlike ribosomes of prokaryotes, eukaryotic ribosomes contain species-specific rRNA expansion segments (ESs) with idiosyncratic structures and functions that are essential and specific to some organisms. Here we investigate expansion segment 7 (ES7), one of the largest and most variable expansions of the eukaryotic ribosome. We hypothesize that ES7 of the pathogenic fungi Candida albicans (ES7CA) could be a prototypic drug target. We show that isolated ES7CA folds reversibly to a native-like state. We developed a fluorescence displacement assay using an RNA binding fluorescent probe, F-neo. F-neo binds tightly to ES7CA with a Kd of 2.5 × 10-9 M but binds weakly to ES7 of humans (ES7HS) with a Kd estimated to be greater than 7 μM. The fluorescence displacement assay was used to investigate the affinities of a library of peptidic aminosugar conjugates (PAs) for ES7CA. For conjugates with highest affinities for ES7CA (NeoRH, NeoFH, and NeoYH), the lowest dose needed to induce mortality in C. albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) was determined. PAs with the lowest MIC values were tested for cytotoxicity in HEK293T cells. Molecules with high affinity for ES7CA in vitro induce mortality in C. albicans but not in HEK293T cells. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ESs represent useful targets for chemotherapeutics directed against eukaryotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzette M Gómez Ramos
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Natalya N Degtyareva
- NUBAD, LLC , 900 B West Farris Road, Greenville, South Carolina 29605, United States
| | - Nicholas A Kovacs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
| | - Stefany Y Holguin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Liuwei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University , 436 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - Anton S Petrov
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
| | - Marcin Biesiada
- RNA Structure and Function Laboratory, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Michael Y Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
| | - Katarzyna J Purzycka
- RNA Structure and Function Laboratory, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Dev P Arya
- NUBAD, LLC , 900 B West Farris Road, Greenville, South Carolina 29605, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Clemson University , 436 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - Loren Dean Williams
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States
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Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Andes D. The Role of In Vitro Susceptibility Testing in the Management of Candida and Aspergillus. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S452-S457. [PMID: 28911047 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal susceptibility testing has evolved from a research technique to a standardized and well-validated tool for the clinical management of fungal infections and for epidemiological studies. Genetic mutations and phenotypic resistance in vitro have been shown to correlate with clinical outcomes and treatment failures, and this in turn has led to the creation of clinical breakpoints and, more recently, epidemiological cutoff values for clinically relevant fungal pathogens. Resistance mechanisms for Candida and Aspergillus species have been extensively described and their corresponding genetic mutations can now be readily detected. Epidemiological studies have been able to detect the emergence of regional clonal and nonclonal resistance in several countries. The clinical microbiology laboratory is expected to transition from culture and traditional susceptibility testing to molecular methods for detection, identification, and resistance profiling over the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - David Andes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Gómez-Sequeda N, Torres R, Ortiz C. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro activity against Candida spp. of fluconazole encapsulated on cationic and conventional nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2017; 10:95-104. [PMID: 28572725 PMCID: PMC5441665 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s96018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, nanoparticles (NPs) of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with fluconazole (FLZ) and FLZ-NPs coated with the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) (FLZ-NP-PEI) were synthetized in order to improve antimycotic activity against four strains of Candida spp. of clinical relevance. FLZ-NPs and FLZ-NP-PEI were synthesized by double emulsion solvent-diffusion (DES-D) and characterized. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined in vitro by culturing Candida strains in the presence of these nanocompounds. FLZ-NPs were spherical in shape with hydrodynamic sizes of ~222 nm and surface charge of -11.6 mV. The surface charges of these NPs were successfully modified using PEI (FLZ-NP-PEI) with mean hydrodynamic sizes of 281 nm and surface charge of 23.5 mV. The efficiency of encapsulation (~53%) and a quick release of FLZ (≥90% after 3 h) were obtained. Cytotoxicity assay showed a good cell viability for FLZ-NPs (≥86%), and PEI-modified NPs presented a decrease in cell viability (~38%). FLZ-NPs showed an increasing antifungal activity of FLZ for sensitive (Candida parapsilosis ATCC22019 and Candida albicans ATCC10231, MIC50 =0.5 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively) and resistant strains (Candida glabrata EMLM14 and Candida krusei ATCC6258, MIC50 =0.1 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively). FLZ-NP-PEI showed fungicidal activity even against C. glabrata and C. krusei (MFC =4 and 8 µg/mL, respectively). MIC50 values showed best results for FLZ-NPs and FLZ-NP-PEI. Nevertheless, only FLZ-NP-PEI displayed fungicidal activity against the studied strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Ortiz
- School of Microbiology, Faculty of Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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48
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Chang CD, Lin PY, Chen YC, Huang HH, Shih WL. Novel purification method and antibiotic activity of recombinant Momordica charantia MAP30. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:3. [PMID: 28389897 PMCID: PMC5383789 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of enzymes originally isolated from plants that possess the ability to damage ribosomes in an irreversible manner, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we aimed to purify recombinant RIPs, investigate their function in the treatment of bacterial infection, and determine their toxicity in mice. We employed a pMAL protein fusion and purification system using E. coli transformed with a plasmid containing MBP-tagged MAP30 cDNA. MBP-tagged MAP30 was purified using a modified novel protocol to effectively produce highly active MAP30 of high purity. In an acute toxicity study in mice, no mortality occurred at doses lower than 1.25 mg/kg. MAP30 at both 0.42 and 0.14 mg/kg induced anti-MAP30 IgG, which reached a maximum titer at week 3. In conclusion, recombinant MAP30 prepared using our purification method possesses bioactivity, and has a synergistic bacteria-killing effect that can significantly reduce the required dosages of chloramphenicol and erythromycin. Therefore, when MAP30 is used in combination with chloramphenicol or erythromycin, it may of benefit in terms of reducing the side effects of the antibiotics, as lower concentrations of antibiotics are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Dong Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yuan Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chia Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Shih
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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A Risk Score for Fluconazole Failure among Patients with Candidemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02091-16. [PMID: 28264843 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02091-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a prediction model to identify patients with candidemia who were at high risk of failing fluconazole treatment. Adult patients in the United States with candidemia who received fluconazole during hospitalization were selected from the Cerner Health Facts Hospital Database (04/2004 to 03/2013). Fluconazole failure was defined as switching/adding another antifungal, positive Candida culture ≥10 days after fluconazole initiation, or death during hospitalization. Patients were randomized into modeling and validation samples. Using the modeling sample, a regression analysis of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator was used to select risk predictors of fluconazole failure (demographics, Candida species, initiation of fluconazole before positive culture and after admission, and comorbidities, procedures, and treatments during the 6 months before admission and fluconazole initiation). The prediction model was evaluated using the validation sample. We found that of 987 identified patients (average age of 61 years, 51% male, 72% Caucasian), 49% failed and 51% did not fail fluconazole treatment. Of those who failed, 70% switched or added another antifungal, 21% had a second positive Candida test, and 42% died during hospitalization. Nine risk factors were included in the prediction model: days to start fluconazole after admission, Candida glabrata or Candida krusei infection, hematological malignancy, venous thromboembolism (VTE), enteral nutrition, use of nonoperative intubation/irrigation, and other antifungal use. All but VTE were associated with a higher risk of failure. The model's c-statistic was 0.65, with a Hosmer-Lemeshow test P value of 0.23. In summary, this prediction model identified patients with a high risk of fluconazole failure, illustrating the potential value and feasibility of personalizing candidemia treatment.
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50
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Susceptibility of Candida albicans from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:863-867. [PMID: 28421452 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common microbe, colonizer and potential pathogen found in respiratory cultures of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Because of possible development of resistance in patient isolates resulting from residence in the abnormal milieu of CF patient airways, or from exposure to antifungals, and considering the possibility of patient-to-patient spread of microbes and reports of elevated resistance to other fungal pathogens, it was important to assay the susceptibility of isolates of Candida and compare that profile to isolates from the community. In our center, and unlike another fungal pathogen, no increase in resistance of Candida isolates of the CF cohort was found.
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