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van Ede F, Nobre AC. A Neural Decision Signal during Internal Sampling from Working Memory in Humans. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1475232024. [PMID: 38538144 PMCID: PMC11079964 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1475-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
How humans transform sensory information into decisions that steer purposeful behavior is a central question in psychology and neuroscience that is traditionally investigated during the sampling of external environmental signals. The decision-making framework of gradual information sampling toward a decision has also been proposed to apply when sampling internal sensory evidence from working memory. However, neural evidence for this proposal remains scarce. Here we show (using scalp EEG in male and female human volunteers) that sampling internal visual representations from working memory elicits a scalp EEG potential associated with gradual evidence accumulation-the central parietal positivity. Consistent with an evolving decision process, we show how this signal (1) scales with the time participants require to reach a decision about the cued memory content and (2) is amplified when having to decide among multiple contents in working memory. These results bring the electrophysiology of decision-making into the domain of working memory and suggest that variability in memory-guided behavior may be driven (at least in part) by variations in the sampling of our inner mental contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek van Ede
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
- Wu Tsai Institute and Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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2
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Gresch D, Boettcher SEP, van Ede F, Nobre AC. Shifting attention between perception and working memory. Cognition 2024; 245:105731. [PMID: 38278040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Most everyday tasks require shifting the focus of attention between sensory signals in the external environment and internal contents in working memory. To date, shifts of attention have been investigated within each domain, but shifts between the external and internal domain remain poorly understood. We developed a combined perception and working-memory task to investigate and compare the consequences of shifting spatial attention within and between domains in the service of a common orientation-reproduction task. Participants were sequentially cued to attend to items either in working memory or to an upcoming sensory stimulation. Stay trials provided a baseline condition, while shift trials required participants to shift their attention to another item within the same or different domain. Validating our experimental approach, we found evidence that participants shifted attention effectively in either domain (Experiment 1). In addition, we observed greater costs when transitioning attention between as compared to within domains (Experiments 1, 2). Strikingly, these costs persisted even when participants were given more time to complete the attentional shift (Experiment 2). Biases in fixational gaze behaviour tracked attentional orienting in both domains, but revealed no latency or magnitude difference for within- versus between-domain shifts (Experiment 1). Collectively, the results from Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that shifting between attentional domains might be regulated by a unique control function. Our results break new ground for exploring the ubiquitous act of shifting attention between perception and working memory to guide adaptive behaviour in everyday cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gresch
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sage E P Boettcher
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Freek van Ede
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Han S, Zhou H, Tian Y, Ku Y. Early top-down control of internal selection induced by retrospective cues in visual working memory: advantage of peripheral over central cues. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 230:102521. [PMID: 37673370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention can be deployed among external sensory stimuli or internal working memory (WM) representations, and recent primate studies have revealed that these external and internal selections share a common neural basis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, it remains to be elucidated how PFC implements these selections, especially in humans. The present study aimed to further investigate whether PFC responded differentially to the peripheral and central retrospective cues (retro-cues) that induced attention selection among WM representations. To achieve this, we combined magnetoencephalography (MEG, Experiment 1) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS, Experiment 2) with an orientation-recall paradigm. Experiment 1 found that a peripheral retro-cue with 100% reliability had a greater benefit on WM performance than a central retro-cue, while this advantage of peripheral over central cues vanished when the cue reliability dropped to 50% (non-informative). MEG source analysis indicated that the 100% peripheral retro-cue elicited earlier (∼125 ms) PFC responses than the central retro-cue (∼275 ms). Meanwhile, Granger causality analysis showed that PFC had earlier (0-200 ms) top-down signals projecting to the superior parietal lobule (SPL) and the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) after the onset of peripheral retro-cues, while these top-down signals appeared later (300-500 ms) after the onset of central retro-cues. Importantly, PFC activity within this period of 300-500 ms correlated with the peripheral advantage in behavior. Moreover, Experiment 2 applied TMS at different time points to test the causal influence of brain activity on behavior and found that stimulating PFC at 100 ms abolished the behavioral benefit of the peripheral retro-cue, as well as its advantage over the central retro-cue. Taken together, our results suggested that the advantage of peripheral over central retro-cues in the mnemonic domain is realized through faster top-down control from PFC, which challenged traditional opinions that the top-down control of attention on WM required at least 300 ms to appear. The present study highlighted that in addition to the causal role of PFC in attention selection of WM representations, timing was critical as well and faster was better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Center for Brain and Mental Well-being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yonghong Tian
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; School of Computer Science, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Center for Brain and Mental Well-being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Macedo-Pascual J, Capilla A, Campo P, Hinojosa JA, Poch C. Selection within working memory impairs perceptual detection. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1442-1451. [PMID: 36596909 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is broad consensus supporting the reciprocal influence of working memory (WM) and attention. Top-down mechanisms operate to cope with either environmental or internal demands. In that sense, it is possible to select an item within the contents of WM to endow it with prioritized access. Although evidence supports that maintaining an item in this privileged state does not rely on sustained visual attention, it is unknown whether selection within WM depends on perceptual attention. To answer this question, we recorded electrophysiological neural activity while participants performed a retro-cue task in which we inserted a detection task in the delay period after retro-cue presentation. Critically, the onset of to-be-detected near threshold stimuli was unpredictable, and thus, sustained perceptual spatial attention was needed to accomplish the detection task from the offset of the retro-cue. At a behavioral level, we found decreased visual detection when a WM representation was retro-cued. At a neural level, alpha oscillatory activity confirmed a spatial shift of attention to the retro-cued representation. We interpret the convergence of neural oscillations and behavioral data to point towards the theory that selection within WM could be accomplished through a perceptual attentional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Macedo-Pascual
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Capilla
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Campo
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Hinojosa
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Poch
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Educación, Universidad Nebrija, C. de Sta. Cruz de Marcenado, 27, 28015, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Yu R, Han B, Wu X, Wei G, Zhang J, Ding M, Wen X. Dual-functional network regulation underlies the central executive system in working memory. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00245-2. [PMID: 37286158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The frontoparietal network (FPN) and cingulo-opercular network (CON) may exert top-down regulation corresponding to the central executive system (CES) in working memory (WM); however, contributions and regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We examined network interaction mechanisms underpinning the CES by depicting CON- and FPN-mediated whole-brain information flow in WM. We used datasets from participants performing verbal and spatial working memory tasks, divided into encoding, maintenance, and probe stages. We used general linear models to obtain task-activated CON and FPN nodes to define regions of interest (ROI); an online meta-analysis defined alternative ROIs for validation. We calculated whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) maps seeded by CON and FPN nodes at each stage using beta sequence analysis. We used Granger causality analysis to obtain the connectivity maps and assess task-level information flow patterns. For verbal working memory, the CON functionally connected positively and negatively to task-dependent and task-independent networks, respectively, at all stages. FPN FC patterns were similar only in the encoding and maintenance stages. The CON elicited stronger task-level outputs. Main effects were: stable CON→FPN, CON→DMN, CON→visual areas, FPN→visual areas, and phonological areas→FPN. The CON and FPN both up-regulated task-dependent and down-regulated task-independent networks during encoding and probing. Task-level output was slightly stronger for the CON. CON→FPN, CON→DMN, visual areas→CON, and visual areas→FPN showed consistent effects. The CON and FPN might together underlie the CES's neural basis and achieve top-down regulation through information interaction with other large-scale functional networks, and the CON may be a higher-level regulatory core in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshu Yu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872; Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872
| | - Bukui Han
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872; Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 100093
| | - Guodong Wei
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872; Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872; Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA, 32611
| | - Xiaotong Wen
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872; Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872; Interdisciplinary Platform of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Renmin University of China, China, 100872.
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6
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Ronconi L, Florio V, Bronzoni S, Salvetti B, Raponi A, Giupponi G, Conca A, Basso D. Wider and Stronger Inhibitory Ring of the Attentional Focus in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020211. [PMID: 36831754 PMCID: PMC9954763 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anomalies of attentional selection have been repeatedly described in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, a precise analysis of their ability to inhibit irrelevant visual information during attentional selection is not documented. Recent behavioral as well as neurophysiological and computational evidence showed that attentional search among different competing stimuli elicits an area of suppression in the immediate surrounding of the attentional focus. In the present study, the strength and spatial extension of this surround suppression were tested in individuals with schizophrenia and neurotypical controls. Participants were asked to report the orientation of a visual "pop-out" target, which appeared in different positions within a peripheral array of non-target stimuli. In half of the trials, after the target appeared, a probe circle circumscribed a non-target stimulus at various target-to-probe distances; in this case, participants were asked to report the probe orientation instead. Results suggest that, as compared to neurotypical controls, individuals with schizophrenia showed stronger and spatially more extended filtering of visual information in the areas surrounding their attentional focus. This increased filtering of visual information outside the focus of attention might potentially hamper their ability to integrate different elements into coherent percepts and influence higher order behavioral, affective, and cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ronconi
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Florio
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Silvia Bronzoni
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Beatrice Salvetti
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Agnese Raponi
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Conca
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Demis Basso
- CESLab, Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen, 39042 Brixen, Italy
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicologia y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Av. San Miguel, Talca 3480094, Chile
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7
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Abstract
Flexible behavior requires guidance not only by sensations that are available immediately but also by relevant mental contents carried forward through working memory. Therefore, selective-attention functions that modulate the contents of working memory to guide behavior (inside-out) are just as important as those operating on sensory signals to generate internal contents (outside-in). We review the burgeoning literature on selective attention in the inside-out direction and underscore its functional, flexible, and future-focused nature. We discuss in turn the purpose (why), targets (what), sources (when), and mechanisms (how) of selective attention inside working memory, using visual working memory as a model. We show how the study of internal selective attention brings new insights concerning the core cognitive processes of attention and working memory and how considering selective attention and working memory together paves the way for a rich and integrated understanding of how mind serves behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek van Ede
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, and Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, and Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
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8
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Chen FW, Li CH, Kuo BC. Temporal expectation based on the duration variability modulates alpha oscillations during working memory retention. Neuroimage 2023; 265:119789. [PMID: 36481414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While maintaining information over a delay of time, working memory (WM) also allows individuals to prepare the mnemonic contents for prospective utilisation. However, it remains unclear whether the expectation of the time of WM test could modulate neural responses during the retention interval of WM and subsequent performance. Here, we investigated whether temporal expectations based on the variability of delay duration can modulate 9-13 Hz alpha oscillations during WM retention and whether the expectation-induced alpha activity was associated with WM performance. Participants performed a retro-cueing WM task with magnetoencephalography (MEG) (Experiment 1) and a standard WM task with electroencephalography (EEG) (Experiment 2). The expectation of the timing of the WM test was manipulated by the temporal structure of the tasks with small or large variability in the delay durations. We showed that alpha oscillations during retention interval and WM performance varied with duration variability in both of the MEG and EEG experiments. The novel finding was greater alpha-power attenuation over the left frontal and parietal regions during WM retention when the duration variability was small and the test onset was predictable, compared to when the duration variability was large and the test onset was less predictable. Importantly, we observed a positive relationship in variability difference between the response benefit and alpha-power attenuation in the left posterior parietal regions at both MEG-source and EEG-electrode levels. Finally, we confirmed the behavioural benefit when a condition with a fixed delay-duration was included in a behavioural experiment (Experiment 3). When conjoined, the delay duration enables individuals to anticipate when the relevant information would be put to work, and alpha oscillations track the anticipatory states during WM maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Wen Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hui Li
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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9
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Amir I, Bernstein A. Dynamics of Internal Attention and Internally-Directed Cognition: The Attention-to-Thoughts (A2T) Model. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2141000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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10
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Kral TRA, Lapate RC, Imhoff-Smith T, Patsenko E, Grupe DW, Goldman R, Rosenkranz MA, Davidson RJ. Long-term Meditation Training Is Associated with Enhanced Subjective Attention and Stronger Posterior Cingulate-Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Resting Connectivity. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1576-1589. [PMID: 35704552 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation has been shown to increase resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which is thought to reflect improvements in shifting attention to the present moment. However, prior research in long-term meditation practitioners lacked quantitative measures of attention that would provide a more direct behavioral correlate and interpretational anchor for PCC-DLPFC connectivity and was inherently limited by small sample sizes. Moreover, whether mindfulness meditation primarily impacts brain function locally, or impacts the dynamics of large-scale brain networks, remained unclear. Here, we sought to replicate and extend prior findings of increased PCC-DLPFC rsFC in a sample of 40 long-term meditators (average practice = 3759 hr) who also completed a behavioral assay of attention. In addition, we tested a network-based framework of changes in interregional connectivity by examining network-level connectivity. We found that meditators had stronger PCC-rostrolateral pFC rsFC, lower connector hub strength across the default mode network, and better subjective attention, compared with 124 meditation-naive controls. Orienting attention positively correlated with PCC-rostrolateral pFC connectivity and negatively correlated with default mode network connector hub strength. These findings provide novel evidence that PCC-rostrolateral pFC rsFC may support attention orienting, consistent with a role for rostrolateral pFC in the attention shifting component of metacognitive awareness that is a core component of mindfulness meditation training. Our results further demonstrate that long-term mindfulness meditation may improve attention and strengthen the underlying brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina C Lapate
- University of Wisconsin-Madison.,University of California, Los Angeles
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11
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Gorohovsky N, Magen H. Visuo-spatial working memory for objects and configurations in natural scenes in university students with ADHD. Memory 2022; 30:1046-1056. [PMID: 35620835 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2078841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adults with ADHD typically show reduced performance in visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) tasks. These limitations have been observed mainly in tasks probing VSWM for low-level visual information. The current study investigated whether these limitations extended to memory for real-world objects, and memory for the spatial context in which they were presented. Sixty-four university students with and without ADHD memorised the form of real-world objects embedded in natural scenes. Following a short delay, participants were probed on a single object in the scene that could change in token or orientation, and that could appear within the original scene or in isolation. Consistent with previous studies, memory for the individual objects was impaired in the ADHD group relative to the control group, demonstrating that this deficit extends to complex real-world objects. Nevertheless, participants in the ADHD group benefited from the reinstatement of the scene during retrieval to the same extent as participants in the control group. This finding suggests that participants in the ADHD group formed and maintained a representation of the spatial context of the scene that aided memory retrieval. Overall, the results support an emerging view that VSWM operates on multiple, possibly independent, representations at different hierarchal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Gorohovsky
- School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Magen
- School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Cristoforetti G, Majerus S, Sahan MI, van Dijck JP, Fias W. Neural Patterns in Parietal Cortex and Hippocampus Distinguish Retrieval of Start versus End Positions in Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1230-1245. [PMID: 35556132 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Coding serial order of information is a fundamental ability of our cognitive system, and still, little is known about its neural substrate. This study examined the neural substrates involved in the retrieval of information that is serially stored in verbal working memory task using a sensitive multivariate analysis approach. We compared neural activity for memorized items stemming from the beginning versus the end of a memory list assessing the degree of neural pattern discordance between order positions (beginning vs. end). The present results confirmed and refined the role of the intraparietal sulcus in the processing of serial order information in working memory. An important finding is that the hippocampus showed sensitivity to serial order information. Our results indicate that the representation of serial order information relies on a broader set of neural areas and highlight the role of the intraparietal sulcus and the hippocampus, in addition to the supramarginal gyrus and the SMA. The contribution of different neural regions might reflect the involvement of distinct levels of serial order coding (i.e., spatial, attentional, temporal) that support the representation of serial order information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Majerus
- Université de Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Lim SJ, Thiel C, Sehm B, Deserno L, Lepsien J, Obleser J. Distributed networks for auditory memory differentially contribute to recall precision. Neuroimage 2022; 256:119227. [PMID: 35452804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-directing attention to objects in working memory can enhance their representational fidelity. However, how this attentional enhancement of memory representations is implemented across distinct, sensory and cognitive-control brain network is unspecified. The present fMRI experiment leverages psychophysical modelling and multivariate auditory-pattern decoding as behavioral and neural proxies of mnemonic fidelity. Listeners performed an auditory syllable pitch-discrimination task and received retro-active cues to selectively attend to a to-be-probed syllable in memory. Accompanied by increased neural activation in fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks, valid retro-cues yielded faster and more perceptually sensitive responses in recalling acoustic detail of memorized syllables. Information about the cued auditory object was decodable from hemodynamic response patterns in superior temporal sulcus (STS), fronto-parietal, and sensorimotor regions. However, among these regions retaining auditory memory objects, neural fidelity in the left STS and its enhancement through attention-to-memory best predicted individuals' gain in auditory memory recall precision. Our results demonstrate how functionally discrete brain regions differentially contribute to the attentional enhancement of memory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Joo Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 9a, Lübeck 23562, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 4400 Vestal Parkway E, Vestal, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christiane Thiel
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Lorenz Deserno
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jöran Lepsien
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jonas Obleser
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 9a, Lübeck 23562, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany.
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14
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Yoo AH, Bolaños A, Hallenbeck GE, Rahmati M, Sprague TC, Curtis CE. Behavioral Prioritization Enhances Working Memory Precision and Neural Population Gain. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 34:365-379. [PMID: 34942647 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Humans allocate visual working memory (WM) resource according to behavioral relevance, resulting in more precise memories for more important items. Theoretically, items may be maintained by feature-tuned neural populations, where the relative gain of the populations encoding each item determines precision. To test this hypothesis, we compared the amplitudes of delay period activity in the different parts of retinotopic maps representing each of several WM items, predicting the amplitudes would track behavioral priority. Using fMRI, we scanned participants while they remembered the location of multiple items over a WM delay and then reported the location of one probed item using a memory-guided saccade. Importantly, items were not equally probable to be probed (0.6, 0.3, 0.1, 0.0), which was indicated with a precue. We analyzed fMRI activity in 10 visual field maps in occipital, parietal, and frontal cortex known to be important for visual WM. In early visual cortex, but not association cortex, the amplitude of BOLD activation within voxels corresponding to the retinotopic location of visual WM items increased with the priority of the item. Interestingly, these results were contrasted with a common finding that higher-level brain regions had greater delay period activity, demonstrating a dissociation between the absolute amount of activity in a brain area and the activity of different spatially selective populations within it. These results suggest that the distribution of WM resources according to priority sculpts the relative gains of neural populations that encode items, offering a neural mechanism for how prioritization impacts memory precision.
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15
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Golemme M, Tatti E, Di Bernardi Luft C, Bhattacharya J, Herrojo Ruiz M, Cappelletti M. Multivariate patterns and long-range temporal correlations of alpha oscillations are associated with flexible manipulation of visual working memory representations. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7260-7273. [PMID: 34618375 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to flexibly manipulate memory representations is embedded in visual working memory (VWM) and can be tested using paradigms with retrospective cues. Although valid retrospective cues often facilitate memory recall, invalid ones may or may not result in performance costs. We investigated individual differences in utilising retrospective cues and evaluated how these individual differences are associated with brain oscillatory activity at rest. At the behavioural level, we operationalised flexibility as the ability to make effective use of retrospective cues or disregard them if required. At the neural level, we tested whether individual differences in such flexibility were associated with properties of resting-state alpha oscillatory activity (8-12 Hz). To capture distinct aspects of these brain oscillations, we evaluated their power spectral density and temporal dynamics using long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs). In addition, we performed multivariate patterns analysis (MVPA) to classify individuals' level of behavioural flexibility based on these neural measures. We observed that alpha power alone (magnitude) at rest was not associated with flexibility. However, we found that the participants' ability to manipulate VWM representations was correlated with alpha LRTC and could be decoded using MVPA on patterns of alpha power. Our findings suggest that alpha LRTC and multivariate patterns of alpha power at rest may underlie some of the individual differences in using retrospective cues in working memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Golemme
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elisa Tatti
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.,CUNY, School of Medicine, City College Of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Herrojo Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.,Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marinella Cappelletti
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Li HH, Hanning NM, Carrasco M. To look or not to look: dissociating presaccadic and covert spatial attention. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:669-686. [PMID: 34099240 PMCID: PMC8552810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention is a central neural process that enables selective and efficient processing of visual information. Individuals can attend to specific visual information either overtly, by making an eye movement to an object of interest, or covertly, without moving their eyes. We review behavioral, neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and computational evidence of presaccadic attentional modulations that occur while preparing saccadic eye movements, and highlight their differences from those of covert spatial endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary) attention. We discuss recent studies and experimental procedures on how these different types of attention impact visual performance, alter appearance, differentially modulate the featural representation of basic visual dimensions (orientation and spatial frequency), engage different neural computations, and recruit partially distinct neural substrates. We conclude that presaccadic attention and covert attention are dissociable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Li
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nina M Hanning
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Attentional mechanisms in perception can operate over locations, features, or objects. However, people direct attention not only towards information in the external world, but also to information maintained in working memory. To what extent do perception and memory draw on similar selection properties? Here we examined whether principles of object-based attention can also hold true in visual working memory. Experiment 1 examined whether object structure guides selection independently of spatial distance. In a memory updating task, participants encoded two rectangular bars with colored ends before updating two colors during maintenance. Memory updates were faster for two equidistant colors on the same object than on different objects. Experiment 2 examined whether selection of a single object feature spreads to other features within the same object. Participants memorized two sequentially presented Gabors, and a retro-cue indicated which object and feature dimension (color or orientation) would be most relevant to the memory test. We found stronger effects of object selection than feature selection: accuracy was higher for the uncued feature in the same object than the cued feature in the other object. Together these findings demonstrate effects of object-based attention on visual working memory, at least when object-based representations are encouraged, and suggest shared attentional mechanisms across perception and memory.
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18
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Thompson L, Khuc J, Saccani MS, Zokaei N, Cappelletti M. Gamma oscillations modulate working memory recall precision. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2711-2724. [PMID: 34223958 PMCID: PMC8448714 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM)—the ability to keep information in mind for short periods of time—is linked to attention and inhibitory abilities, i.e., the capacity to ignore task-irrelevant information. These abilities have been associated with brain oscillations, especially parietal gamma and alpha bands, but it is yet unknown whether these oscillations also modulate attention and inhibitory abilities. To test this, we compared parietal gamma-transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to alpha-tACS and to a non-stimulation condition (Sham) in 51 young participants. Stimulation was coupled with a WM task probing memory-based attention and inhibitory abilities by means of probabilistic retrospective cues, including informative (valid), uninformative (invalid) and neutral. Our results show that relative to alpha and sham stimulation, parietal gamma-tACS significantly increased working memory recall precision. Additional post hoc analyses also revealed strong individual variability before and following stimulation; low-baseline performers showed no significant changes in performance following both gamma and alpha-tACS relative to sham. In contrast, in high-baseline performers gamma- (but not alpha) tACS selectively and significantly improved misbinding-feature errors as well as memory precision, particularly in uninformative (invalid) cues which rely more strongly on attentional abilities. We concluded that parietal gamma oscillations, therefore, modulate working memory recall processes, although baseline performance may further influence the effect of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyall Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Janine Khuc
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Maria Silvia Saccani
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Nahid Zokaei
- Department of Experimental Psychology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Marinella Cappelletti
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, London, SE14 6NW, UK. .,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
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19
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Czoschke S, Fischer C, Bahador T, Bledowski C, Kaiser J. Decoding Concurrent Representations of Pitch and Location in Auditory Working Memory. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4658-4666. [PMID: 33846233 PMCID: PMC8260242 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2999-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate analyses of hemodynamic signals serve to identify the storage of specific stimulus contents in working memory (WM). Representations of visual stimuli have been demonstrated both in sensory regions and in higher cortical areas. While previous research has typically focused on the WM maintenance of a single content feature, it remains unclear whether two separate features of a single object can be decoded concurrently. Also, much less evidence exists for representations of auditory compared with visual stimulus features. To address these issues, human participants had to memorize both pitch and perceived location of one of two sample sounds. After a delay phase, they were asked to reproduce either pitch or location. At recall, both features showed comparable levels of discriminability. Region of interest (ROI)-based decoding of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during the delay phase revealed feature-selective activity for both pitch and location of a memorized sound in auditory cortex and superior parietal lobule. The latter region showed higher decoding accuracy for location than pitch. In addition, location could be decoded from angular and supramarginal gyrus and both superior and inferior frontal gyrus. The latter region also showed a trend for decoding of pitch. We found no region exclusively coding pitch memory information. In summary, the present study yielded evidence for concurrent representations of pitch and location of a single object both in sensory cortex and in hierarchically higher regions, pointing toward representation formats that enable feature integration within the same anatomic brain regions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Decoding of hemodynamic signals serves to identify brain regions involved in the storage of stimulus-specific information in working memory (WM). While to-be-remembered information typically consists of several features, most previous investigations have focused on the maintenance of one memorized feature belonging to one visual object. The present study assessed the concurrent storage of two features of the same object in auditory WM. We found that both pitch and location of memorized sounds were decodable both in early sensory areas, in higher-level superior parietal cortex and, to a lesser extent, in inferior frontal cortex. While auditory cortex is known to process different features in parallel, their concurrent representation in parietal regions may support the integration of object features in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Czoschke
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
| | - Cora Fischer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
| | - Tara Bahador
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
| | - Christoph Bledowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
| | - Jochen Kaiser
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
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20
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Gose R, Abraham A. Looking beyond the binary: an extended paradigm for focus of attention in human motor performance. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1687-1699. [PMID: 33997920 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Focus of attention (FOA) has been shown to affect human motor performance. Research into FOA has mainly posited it as either external or internal to-the-body (EFOA and IFOA, respectively). However, this binary paradigm overlooks the dynamic interactions among the individual, the task, and the environment, which are core to many disciplines, including dance. This paper reviews the comparative effects of EFOA and IFOA on human motor performance. Next, it identifies challenges within this EFOA-IFOA binary paradigm at the conceptual, definitional, and functional levels, which could lead to misinterpretation of research findings thus impeding current understanding of FOA. Building on these challenges and in effort to expand the current paradigm into a non-binary one, it offers an additional FOA category-dynamic interactive FOA-which highlights the dynamic interactions existing between EFOA and IFOA. Mental imagery is then proposed as a suitable approach for separately studying the different FOA subtypes. Lastly, clinical and research applications of a dynamic interactive FOA perspective for a wide range of domains, from motor rehabilitation to sports and dance performance enhancement, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gose
- Department of Dance, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, 263 Dance Building, 325 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Amit Abraham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 4077625 , Ariel, Israel
- Navigation and Accessibility Research Center of Ariel University (NARCA), Ariel University, 4077625, Ariel, Israel
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21
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Moreh E, Zohary E, Orlov T. The presence of semantic content in a visual recognition memory task reduces the severity of neglect. Neuropsychologia 2021; 157:107860. [PMID: 33901565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with right hemisphere damage often show a lateral bias when asked to report the left side of mental images held in visual working memory (i.e. representational neglect). The neural basis of representational neglect is not well understood. One hypothesis suggests that it reflects a deficit in attentional-exploratory mechanisms, i.e. an inability to direct attention to the left side of the image. Another proposition states that intact visual working memory (VWM) is necessary for correctly creating a mental image. Here we examined two components of VWM in patients with unilateral spatial neglect (USN): memory for identity, and memory for spatial position. We manipulated the strength of memory representations by presenting two distinct categories of objects, in separate blocks. These were familiar namable objects (fruits, etc.), and unfamiliar abstract objects. The former category elicits stronger working-memory traces, thanks to preexisting visual and semantic representations in long-term memory. We hypothesized that if USN patients show a lateralized deficit in VWM, it should be more pronounced for abstract objects, due to their weaker working-memory traces. Importantly, to isolate a spatially lateralized deficit in memory from a failure to fully perceive the object-arrays, we ensured that all included patients perceived every item during the encoding phase. We used a working-memory task: participants viewed object arrays and had to memorize items' identities and spatial positions. Then, single objects were presented requiring 'old/new' recognition, and retrieval of 'old' items' original positions. Our results show a lateral bias in patients' recognition-memory performance. Remarkably, it was threefold milder for namable objects compared to abstract objects. We conclude that VWM lateralized deficit is substantial in USN patients and could play a role in representational neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elior Moreh
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; Neurobiology Department, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Ehud Zohary
- Neurobiology Department, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Tanya Orlov
- Neurobiology Department, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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22
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Shared mechanisms underlie the control of working memory and attention. Nature 2021; 592:601-605. [PMID: 33790467 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control guides behaviour by controlling what, when, and how information is represented in the brain1. For example, attention controls sensory processing; top-down signals from prefrontal and parietal cortex strengthen the representation of task-relevant stimuli2-4. A similar 'selection' mechanism is thought to control the representations held 'in mind'-in working memory5-10. Here we show that shared neural mechanisms underlie the selection of items from working memory and attention to sensory stimuli. We trained rhesus monkeys to switch between two tasks, either selecting one item from a set of items held in working memory or attending to one stimulus from a set of visual stimuli. Neural recordings showed that similar representations in prefrontal cortex encoded the control of both selection and attention, suggesting that prefrontal cortex acts as a domain-general controller. By contrast, both attention and selection were represented independently in parietal and visual cortex. Both selection and attention facilitated behaviour by enhancing and transforming the representation of the selected memory or attended stimulus. Specifically, during the selection task, memory items were initially represented in independent subspaces of neural activity in prefrontal cortex. Selecting an item caused its representation to transform from its own subspace to a new subspace used to guide behaviour. A similar transformation occurred for attention. Our results suggest that prefrontal cortex controls cognition by dynamically transforming representations to control what and when cognitive computations are engaged.
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23
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Differential impact of endogenous and exogenous attention on activity in human visual cortex. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21274. [PMID: 33277552 PMCID: PMC7718281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
How do endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary) attention modulate activity in visual cortex? Using ROI-based fMRI analysis, we measured fMRI activity for valid and invalid trials (target at cued/un-cued location, respectively), pre- or post-cueing endogenous or exogenous attention, while participants performed the same orientation discrimination task. We found stronger modulation in contralateral than ipsilateral visual regions, and higher activity in valid- than invalid-trials. For endogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue increased along the visual hierarchy, but was constant due to a post-cue. For exogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue was constant along the visual hierarchy, but was not modulated due to a post-cue. These findings reveal that endogenous and exogenous attention distinctly modulate activity in visuo-occipital areas during orienting and reorienting; endogenous attention facilitates both the encoding and the readout of visual information whereas exogenous attention only facilitates the encoding of information.
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24
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González-García C, Formica S, Wisniewski D, Brass M. Frontoparietal action-oriented codes support novel instruction implementation. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117608. [PMID: 33271270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A key aspect of human cognitive flexibility concerns the ability to convert complex symbolic instructions into novel behaviors. Previous research proposes that this transformation is supported by two neurocognitive states: an initial declarative maintenance of task knowledge, and an implementation state necessary for optimal task execution. Furthermore, current models predict a crucial role of frontal and parietal brain regions in this process. However, whether declarative and procedural signals independently contribute to implementation remains unknown. We report the results of an fMRI experiment in which participants executed novel instructed stimulus-response associations. We then used a pattern-tracking procedure to quantify the contribution of format-unique signals during instruction implementation. This revealed independent procedural and declarative representations of novel S-Rs in frontoparietal areas, prior to execution. Critically, the degree of procedural activation predicted subsequent behavioral performance. Altogether, our results suggest an important contribution of frontoparietal regions to the neural architecture that regulates cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Formica
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - David Wisniewski
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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25
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Orienting Attention to Short-Term Memory Representations via Sensory Modality and Semantic Category Retro-Cues. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0018-20.2020. [PMID: 33139321 PMCID: PMC7716432 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0018-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in characterizing the neural mechanisms underlying the interactions between attention and memory. Current theories posit that reflective attention to memory representations generally involves a fronto-parietal attentional control network. The present study aimed to test this idea by manipulating how a particular short-term memory (STM) representation is accessed, that is, based on its input sensory modality or semantic category, during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Human participants performed a novel variant of the retro-cue paradigm, in which they were presented with both auditory and visual non-verbal stimuli followed by Modality, Semantic, or Uninformative retro-cues. Modality and, to a lesser extent, Semantic retro-cues facilitated response time relative to Uninformative retro-cues. The univariate and multivariate pattern analyses (MVPAs) of fMRI time-series revealed three key findings. First, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), including portions of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and ventral angular gyrus (AG), had activation patterns that spatially overlapped for both modality-based and semantic-based reflective attention. Second, considering both the univariate and multivariate analyses, Semantic retro-cues were associated with a left-lateralized fronto-parietal network. Finally, the experimental design enabled us to examine how dividing attention cross-modally within STM modulates the brain regions involved in reflective attention. This analysis revealed that univariate activation within bilateral portions of the PPC increased when participants simultaneously attended both auditory and visual memory representations. Therefore, prefrontal and parietal regions are flexibly recruited during reflective attention, depending on the representational feature used to selectively access STM representations.
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26
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Fischer M, Moscovitch M, Alain C. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of memory‐guided attention: Frontal and parietal activation suggests involvement of fronto‐parietal networks. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2020; 12:e1546. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manda Fischer
- Department of Psychology Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Claude Alain
- Department of Psychology Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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27
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Finn ES, Huber L, Bandettini PA. Higher and deeper: Bringing layer fMRI to association cortex. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 207:101930. [PMID: 33091541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in fMRI have enabled non-invasive measurements of brain function in awake, behaving humans at unprecedented spatial resolutions, allowing us to separate activity in distinct cortical layers. While most layer fMRI studies to date have focused on primary cortices, we argue that the next big steps forward in our understanding of cognition will come from expanding this technology into higher-order association cortex, to characterize depth-dependent activity during increasingly sophisticated mental processes. We outline phenomena and theories ripe for investigation with layer fMRI, including perception and imagery, selective attention, and predictive coding. We discuss practical and theoretical challenges to cognitive applications of layer fMRI, including localizing regions of interest in the face of substantial anatomical heterogeneity across individuals, designing appropriate task paradigms within the confines of acquisition parameters, and generating hypotheses for higher-order brain regions where the laminar circuitry is less well understood. We consider how applying layer fMRI in association cortex may help inform computational models of brain function as well as shed light on consciousness and mental illness, and issue a call to arms to our fellow methodologists and neuroscientists to bring layer fMRI to this next frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Finn
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Laurentius Huber
- MR-Methods Group, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Abraham A, Franklin E, Stecco C, Schleip R. Integrating mental imagery and fascial tissue: A conceptualization for research into movement and cognition. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 40:101193. [PMID: 32891273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery (MI) research has mainly focused to date on mechanisms of effect and performance gains associated with muscle and neural tissues. MI's potential to affect fascia has rarely been considered. This paper conceptualizes ways in which MI might mutually interact with fascial tissue to support performance and cognitive functions. Such ways acknowledge, among others, MI's positive effect on proprioception, body schema, and pain. Drawing on cellular, physiological, and functional similarities and associations between muscle and fascial tissues, we propose that MI has the potential to affect and be affected by fascial tissue. We suggest that fascia-targeted MI (fascial mental imagery; FMI) can therefore be a useful approach for scientific as well as clinical purposes. We use the example of fascial dynamic neuro-cognitive imagery (FDNI) as a codified FMI method available for scientific and therapeutic explorations into rehabilitation and prevention of fascia-related disabling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Abraham
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. 330 River Road, Athens, 30602, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric Franklin
- The International Institute for Franklin Method, Hitnauerstrasse 40 CH-8623 Wetzikon, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 5 - 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany. Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80802, Muenchen, Germany; Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Fascia Research Group, Ulm University, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm, Germany.
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Harris AM, Jacoby O, Remington RW, Becker SI, Mattingley JB. Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for a dissociation between working memory capacity and feature-based attention. Cortex 2020; 129:158-174. [PMID: 32473402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
When attending to visual objects with particular features, neural processing is typically biased toward those features. Previous work has suggested that maintaining such feature-based attentional sets may involve the same neural resources as visual working memory. If so, the extent to which feature-based attention influences stimulus processing should be related to individuals' working memory capacity. Here we used electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity in 60 human observers while they monitored stimulus streams for targets of a specific color. Distractors presented at irrelevant locations evoked strong electrophysiological markers of attentional signal enhancement (the N2pc and PD components) despite producing little or no behavioral interference. Critically, there was no relationship between individual differences in the magnitude of these feature-based biases on distractor processing and individual differences in working memory capacity as measured using three separate working memory tasks. Bayes factor analyses indicated substantial evidence in support of the null hypothesis of no relationship between working memory capacity and the effects of feature-based attention on distractor processing. We consider three potential explanations for these findings. One is that working memory and feature-based attention draw upon distinct neural resources, contrary to previous claims. A second is that working memory is only related to feature-based attention when the attentional template has recently changed. A third is that feature-based attention tasks of the kind employed in the current study recruit just one of several subcomponents of working memory, and so are not invariably correlated with an individual's overall working memory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Harris
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia.
| | - Oscar Jacoby
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Roger W Remington
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stefanie I Becker
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Canada
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30
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Kozhemiako N, Nunes AS, Samal A, Rana KD, Calabro FJ, Hämäläinen MS, Khan S, Vaina LM. Neural activity underlying the detection of an object movement by an observer during forward self-motion: Dynamic decoding and temporal evolution of directional cortical connectivity. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 195:101824. [PMID: 32446882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about how the human brain identifies movement of objects while the observer is also moving in the environment. This is, ecologically, one of the most fundamental motion processing problems, critical for survival. To study this problem, we used a task which involved nine textured spheres moving in depth, eight simulating the observer's forward motion while the ninth, the target, moved independently with a different speed towards or away from the observer. Capitalizing on the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) we trained a Support Vector Classifier (SVC) using the sensor-level data to identify correct and incorrect responses. Using the same MEG data, we addressed the dynamics of cortical processes involved in the detection of the independently moving object and investigated whether we could obtain confirmatory evidence for the brain activity patterns used by the classifier. Our findings indicate that response correctness could be reliably predicted by the SVC, with the highest accuracy during the blank period after motion and preceding the response. The spatial distribution of the areas critical for the correct prediction was similar but not exclusive to areas underlying the evoked activity. Importantly, SVC identified frontal areas otherwise not detected with evoked activity that seem to be important for the successful performance in the task. Dynamic connectivity further supported the involvement of frontal and occipital-temporal areas during the task periods. This is the first study to dynamically map cortical areas using a fully data-driven approach in order to investigate the neural mechanisms involved in the detection of moving objects during observer's self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kozhemiako
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A S Nunes
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - A Samal
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology and the Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - K D Rana
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology and the Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - F J Calabro
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - M S Hämäläinen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - S Khan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L M Vaina
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology and the Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Deng C, Tong J, Deng X, Zhang Z, Qin Y. Emotion Recognition Positively Correlates with Steady-state Visual Evoked Potential Amplitude and Alpha Entrainment. Neuroscience 2020; 434:191-199. [PMID: 32312385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotion recognition reflects the psychological and physiological status of humans. Numerous studies have investigated the neural mechanisms of emotion recognition based on electroencephalography (EEG) features. In the previous study, emotion target was presented under a static or irregular background, which made the response highly time-locked. As an oscillatory component of EEG, steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) has distinctive frequency and phase properties, which provides more stable information than the other components of EEG. This study combined the emotion target with SSVEP to explore neural mechanisms of visual neurons under flickering background. Three basic emotions (delightfulness, sadness and, anger) were presented in 216 frequency-intensity conditions. Participants were asked to recognize the emotions and make judgments. The degree of alpha entrainment (valued as normalized Shannon entropy), SSVEP amplitude and recognition accuracy were calculated as response features. The results indicated that: SSVEP amplitude and recognition accuracy positively correlated with each other in frequency domain (7-15 Hz); alpha entrainment, and recognition accuracy had similar linear variation in intensity domain (level 1-4), and had a threshold around intensity 3; the three basic emotions had no clear relationship with each other in recognition. This study provided a new sight for neuroscience and would be an important reference to clinical psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Deng
- School of Computer and Electronics Information, Guangxi University, China
| | - Jiasen Tong
- School of Computer and Electronics Information, Guangxi University, China
| | - Xuan Deng
- School of Computer and Electronics Information, Guangxi University, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, China.
| | - Yurong Qin
- School of Computer and Electronics Information, Guangxi University, China.
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32
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Bone MB, Ahmad F, Buchsbaum BR. Feature-specific neural reactivation during episodic memory. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1945. [PMID: 32327642 PMCID: PMC7181630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multi-voxel analytical approach, feature-specific informational connectivity (FSIC), that leverages hierarchical representations from a neural network to decode neural reactivation in fMRI data collected while participants performed an episodic visual recall task. We show that neural reactivation associated with low-level (e.g. edges), high-level (e.g. facial features), and semantic (e.g. “terrier”) features occur throughout the dorsal and ventral visual streams and extend into the frontal cortex. Moreover, we show that reactivation of both low- and high-level features correlate with the vividness of the memory, whereas only reactivation of low-level features correlates with recognition accuracy when the lure and target images are semantically similar. In addition to demonstrating the utility of FSIC for mapping feature-specific reactivation, these findings resolve the contributions of low- and high-level features to the vividness of visual memories and challenge a strict interpretation the posterior-to-anterior visual hierarchy. Memory recollection involves reactivation of neural activity that occurred during the recalled experience. Here, the authors show that neural reactivation can be decomposed into visual-semantic features, is widely synchronized throughout the brain, and predicts memory vividness and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Bone
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Fahad Ahmad
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Bradley R Buchsbaum
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
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33
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Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Arjona Valladares A, Gómez-González J, Diaz-Sanchez JA, Gómez CM. Neurophysiological differences between ADHD and control children and adolescents during the recognition phase of a working memory task. Neurosci Res 2020; 164:46-54. [PMID: 32268186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of executive functions including attention and working memory (WM) have been proposed as an important feature of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). During the recognition phase of a delayed match-to-sample test (DMTS) a reduced N2pc component, related to the attentional selection of the memorized item and a reduced distractor positivity (Pd), related to the processing suppression of distractors are expected in ADHD subjects. For the purpose of the study, twenty-nine ADHD subjects diagnosed with a structured interview and the DuPaul questionnaire, were included in the study. Thirty-four control subjects were recruited from public schools and matched by age (from 6 to 17 years old) and gender with the ADHD group. Reaction times (RTs), errors, and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were obtained in a DMTS task during the recognition phase in correct trials. RTs and errors were higher in ADHD subjects compared to the control group. Specifically, errors were much higher in ADHD than in controls. The cluster mass permutation statistics showed a significant N2pc component in both groups during the recognition phase, but a significant Pd component was present only in controls. The present results suggest that in correct trials ADHD children use the same neural resources to select the memorized item from WM with similar efficacy than controls, although a lower Pd suggests a difficulty in suppressing distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Arjona Valladares
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jaime Gómez-González
- Unit of Mental Health Hospital Virgen Macarena, Avenida Doctor Fedriani, n 3, 41007 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José A Diaz-Sanchez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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34
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Suárez-Suárez S, Doallo S, Pérez-García JM, Corral M, Rodríguez Holguín S, Cadaveira F. Response Inhibition and Binge Drinking During Transition to University: An fMRI Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:535. [PMID: 32581896 PMCID: PMC7296115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge Drinking (BD), a highly prevalent drinking pattern among youth, has been linked with anomalies in inhibitory control. However, it is still not well characterized whether the neural mechanisms involved in this process are compromised in binge drinkers (BDs). Furthermore, recent findings suggest that exerting inhibitory control to alcohol-related stimuli requires an increased effort in BDs, relative to controls, but the brain regions subserving these effects have also been scarcely investigated. Here we explored the impact of BD on the pattern of neural activity mediating response inhibition and its modulation by the motivational salience of stimuli (alcohol-related content). METHODS Sixty-seven (36 females) first-year university students, classified as BDs (n = 32) or controls (n = 35), underwent fMRI as they performed an alcohol-cued Go/NoGo task in which pictures of alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages were presented as Go or NoGo stimuli. RESULTS During successful inhibition trials, BDs relative to controls showed greater activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), extending to the anterior insula, a brain region usually involved in response inhibition tasks, despite the lack of behavioral differences between groups. Moreover, BDs displayed increased activity in this region restricted to the right hemisphere when inhibiting a prepotent response to alcohol-related stimuli. CONCLUSIONS The increased neural activity in the IFG/insula during response inhibition in BDs, in the absence of behavioral impairments, could reflect a compensatory mechanism. The findings suggest that response inhibition-related activity in the right IFG/insula is modulated by the motivational salience of stimuli and highlight the role of this brain region in suppressing responses to substance-associated cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Suárez-Suárez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonia Doallo
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Pérez-García
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corral
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Socorro Rodríguez Holguín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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35
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Stawarczyk D, Jeunehomme O, D'Argembeau A. Differential Contributions of Default and Dorsal Attention Networks to Remembering Thoughts and External Stimuli From Real-Life Events. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:4023-4035. [PMID: 29045587 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memories are typically composed of perceptual information derived from the external environment and representations of internal states (e.g., one's thoughts during prior episodes). To date, however, research has mostly focused on the remembrance of external stimuli, such that little is known about how internal mentation is represented within episodic memory. In the present fMRI study, we examined the neural correlates of these 2 components of episodic memories using a novel method of cuing memories from photographs taken during real-life events. We found that, compared with corresponding semantic memory tasks, memories for internal thoughts and external elements were associated with activity in brain areas supporting episodic recollection. Most importantly, however, the 2 kinds of memories also showed differential activation in large-scale brain networks: the remembrance of external elements was associated with greater activity in the dorsal attention network, whereas memories of internal thoughts mainly recruited default network areas. These findings shed new light on the representation of internal and external aspects of prior experience within episodic memory. The default network may contribute to the reinstatement of thoughts experienced during past events, whereas the dorsal attention network may support the allocation of attention to visuospatial features within episodic memory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stawarczyk
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Jeunehomme
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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36
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Zhang C, Lee TMC, Fu Y, Ren C, Chan CCH, Tao Q. Properties of cross-modal occipital responses in early blindness: An ALE meta-analysis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:102041. [PMID: 31677587 PMCID: PMC6838549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
ALE meta-analysis reveals distributed brain networks for object and spatial functions in individuals with early blindness. ALE contrast analysis reveals specific activations in the left cuneus and lingual gyrus for language function, suggesting a reverse hierarchical organization of the visual cortex for early blind individuals. The findings contribute to visual rehabilitation in blind individuals by revealing the function-dependent and sensory-independent networks during nonvisual processing.
Cross-modal occipital responses appear to be essential for nonvisual processing in individuals with early blindness. However, it is not clear whether the recruitment of occipital regions depends on functional domain or sensory modality. The current study utilized a coordinate-based meta-analysis to identify the distinct brain regions involved in the functional domains of object, spatial/motion, and language processing and the common brain regions involved in both auditory and tactile modalities in individuals with early blindness. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a total of 55 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The specific analyses revealed the brain regions that are consistently recruited for each function, such as the dorsal fronto-parietal network for spatial function and ventral occipito-temporal network for object function. This is consistent with the literature, suggesting that the two visual streams are preserved in early blind individuals. The contrast analyses found specific activations in the left cuneus and lingual gyrus for language function. This finding is novel and suggests a reverse hierarchical organization of the visual cortex for early blind individuals. The conjunction analyses found common activations in the right middle temporal gyrus, right precuneus and a left parieto-occipital region. Clinically, this work contributes to visual rehabilitation in early blind individuals by revealing the function-dependent and sensory-independent networks during nonvisual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Zhang
- Psychology Department, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, CHINA; Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, CHINA; The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunwei Fu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chaoran Ren
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, CHINA.
| | - Qian Tao
- Psychology Department, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, China.
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37
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Günseli E, Fahrenfort JJ, van Moorselaar D, Daoultzis KC, Meeter M, Olivers CNL. EEG dynamics reveal a dissociation between storage and selective attention within working memory. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13499. [PMID: 31534150 PMCID: PMC6751203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention plays a prominent role in prioritizing information in working memory (WM), improving performance for attended representations. However, it remains unclear whether unattended WM representations suffer from information loss. Here we tested the hypothesis that within WM, selectively attending to an item and stopping storing other items are independent mechanisms. We recorded EEG while participants performed a WM recall task in which the item most likely to be tested was cued retrospectively during retention. By manipulating retro-cue reliability (i.e., the ratio of valid to invalid cue trials), we varied the incentive to retain non-cued items. Storage and selective attention in WM were measured during the retention interval by contralateral delay activity (CDA) and contralateral alpha power suppression, respectively. Soon after highly reliable cues, the cued item was attended, and non-cued items suffered information loss. However, for less reliable cues, initially the cued item was attended, but unattended items were kept in WM. Later during the delay, previously unattended items suffered information loss despite now attention being reallocated to their locations, presumably to strengthen their weakening traces. These results show that storage and attention in WM are distinct processes that can behave differently depending on the relative importance of representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Günseli
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, New York, USA. .,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Jacobus Fahrenfort
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorselaar
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Christos Daoultzis
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Panteion University, Department of Psychology, Athens, Greece
| | - Martijn Meeter
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, LEARN! Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian N L Olivers
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Francis AL, Love J. Listening effort: Are we measuring cognition or affect, or both? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 11:e1514. [PMID: 31381275 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Listening effort is increasingly recognized as a factor in communication, particularly for and with nonnative speakers, for the elderly, for individuals with hearing impairment and/or for those working in noise. However, as highlighted by McGarrigle et al., International Journal of Audiology, 2014, 53, 433-445, the term "listening effort" encompasses a wide variety of concepts, including the engagement and control of multiple possibly distinct neural systems for information processing, and the affective response to the expenditure of those resources in a given context. Thus, experimental or clinical methods intended to objectively quantify listening effort may ultimately reflect a complex interaction between the operations of one or more of those information processing systems, and/or the affective and motivational response to the demand on those systems. Here we examine theoretical, behavioral, and psychophysiological factors related to resolving the question of what we are measuring, and why, when we measure "listening effort." This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain Psychology > Theory and Methods Psychology > Attention Psychology > Emotion and Motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Francis
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jordan Love
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Kim H. Neural activity during working memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval: A network-based model and meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4912-4933. [PMID: 31373730 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear whether and to what extent working memory (WM) temporal subprocesses (i.e., encoding, maintenance, and retrieval) involve shared or distinct intrinsic networks. To address this issue, I constructed a model of intrinsic network contributions to different WM phases and then evaluated the validity of the model by performing a quantitative meta-analysis of relevant functional neuroimaging data. The model suggests that the transition from the encoding to maintenance and to retrieval stages involves progressively decreasing involvement of the dorsal attention network (DAN), but progressively increasing involvement of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). Separate meta-analysis of each phase effect and direct comparisons between them yielded results that were largely consistent with the model. This evidence included between-phase double dissociations that were consistent with the model, such as encoding > maintenance contrast showing some DAN, but no FPCN, regions, and maintenance > encoding contrast showing the reverse, that is, some FPCN, but no DAN, regions. Two closely juxtaposed regions that are members of the DAN and FPCN, such as inferior frontal junction versus caudal prefrontal cortex and superior versus inferior intraparietal sulcus, showed a high degree of functional differentiation. Although all regions identified in the present study were already identified in previous WM studies, this study uniquely enhances our understating of their roles by clarifying their network membership and specific associations with different WM phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkeun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea
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40
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Zimmermann J, Alain C, Butler C. Impaired memory-guided attention in asymptomatic APOE4 carriers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8138. [PMID: 31148578 PMCID: PMC6544654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention and memory may be impaired in individuals at-risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), though standard cognitive assessments typically study the two in parallel. In reality, attention and memory interact to facilitate information processing, and thus a more integrative approach is required. Here, we used a novel auditory paradigm to assess how long-term memory for auditory scenes facilitates detection of an auditory target in asymptomatic carriers of Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the principle risk gene for late-onset AD. We tested 60 healthy middle-aged adults with varying doses of APOE4 - 20 APOE4 homozygotes (E4/E4), 20 heterozygotes (E3/E4) and 20 non-carriers (E3/E3) - to determine effect on memory-guided attention. While explicit memory was unaffected by genotype, APOE4 dose significantly impaired memory-guided attention. A relationship between explicit memory and memory-guided attention was observed in non-carriers, but this correlation was not significant in E3/E4 and E4/E4 carriers, suggesting that APOE4 carriers rely less on explicit memory to facilitate attention. Since memory-guided attention declined with age in APOE4 homozygotes, this impairment may reflect early disease rather than being a life-long trait. In sum, asymptomatic individuals at increased genetic risk of AD show an age-dependent decline in attention-memory interaction when memory alone is not impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Zimmermann
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto M5S 3G3 and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, M6A 2E1, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Claude Alain
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto M5S 3G3 and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, M6A 2E1, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
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Dijkstra N, Bosch SE, van Gerven MA. Shared Neural Mechanisms of Visual Perception and Imagery. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:423-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cona G, Scarpazza C. Where is the "where" in the brain? A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on spatial cognition. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:1867-1886. [PMID: 30600568 PMCID: PMC6865398 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial representations are processed in the service of several different cognitive functions. The present study capitalizes on the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) method of meta-analysis to identify: (a) the shared neural activations among spatial functions to reveal the "core" network of spatial processing; (b) the specific neural activations associated with each of these functions. Following PRISMA guidelines, a total of 133 fMRI and PET studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall analysis showed that the core network of spatial processing comprises regions that are symmetrically distributed on both hemispheres and that include dorsal frontoparietal regions, presupplementary motor area, anterior insula, and frontal operculum. The specific analyses revealed the brain regions that are selectively recruited for each spatial function, such as the right temporoparietal junction for shift of spatial attention, the right parahippocampal gyrus, and the retrosplenial cortex for navigation and spatial long-term memory. The findings are integrated within a systematic review of the neuroimaging literature and a new neurocognitive model of spatial cognition is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Cona
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- Padova Neuroscience CenterUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College Health Partners, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Task-dependent effects of voluntary space-based and involuntary feature-based attention on visual working memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1304-1319. [PMID: 30840142 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that visual working memory (VWM) can be modulated by space-based or feature-based attentional selection. However, it remains unclear how the two modes of attention operate jointly to affect VWM, and in particular, if involuntary feature-based attention plays a role in VWM. In this study, a pre-cued change detection paradigm was employed to investigate the concurrent effects of space- and feature-based attention on VWM. Space-based attention was manipulated by informative spatial cueing and by varying the proximity between the test item and the cued (fixated) memory item, while feature-based attention was induced in an involuntary manner by having the test item to share the same color or shape with the cued item on a fraction of trials. The results showed that: (1) the memory performance for the cued items was always better than the uncued items, suggesting a beneficial effect of voluntary spatial attention; (2) with a brief duration of the memory array (250 ms), cue-test proximity benefited VWM in the shape judgment task but not in the color judgment task, whereas with a longer duration (1200 ms), no proximity effect was found for either task; (3) VWM was improved for the same-colored items regardless of the task and duration; (4) VWM was improved for the same-shaped items only in the shape judgment task with the longer duration of the memory array. A discrimination task further showed that the proximity effect associated with VWM reflects a perceptual bottleneck in memory encoding for shape but not for color with a brief display. Our results suggest that involuntary feature-based attention could be triggered by spatial cueing to modulate VWM; involuntary color-based attention facilitates VWM independently of task, whereas shape-based facilitation is task-dependent, i.e., confined only to the shape judgment task, presumably reflecting different attention-guiding potencies of the two features.
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Luo X, Guo J, Liu L, Zhao X, Li D, Li H, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Qian Q, Wang Y, Song Y, Sun L. The neural correlations of spatial attention and working memory deficits in adults with ADHD. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101728. [PMID: 30822718 PMCID: PMC6396015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Working memory impairment is a typical cognitive abnormality in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is closely related to attention. Exploring the interaction between working memory and attention in patients with ADHD is of great significance for studying the pathological mechanism of this disease. In this study, electrophysiological markers of attention, posterior contralateral N2 (N2pc), and working memory, contralateral delay activity (CDA), were used to explore the relationship between these two cognitive abilities in patients with ADHD. EEG data were collected from adults with ADHD and age-, sex-, and IQ-matched normal controls while performing a classical visuospatial working memory task that consisted of low-load and high-load memory conditions. In different memory load conditions, the memory array elicited a smaller N2pc (220–260 ms) and a smaller CDA (400–800 ms) in adults with ADHD than in normal controls. Further analysis revealed that the reduced CDA amplitude could be significantly predicted by the earlier and reduced N2pc amplitude in adults with ADHD. Moreover, when the number of memory items increased, the increase in N2pc highly predicted the increases in CDA. Our findings illustrate the relationship between spatial working memory and attention ability in ADHD adults from the neurophysiological aspect that reduced working memory is closely related to insufficient attention ability and provide a potential physiological basis for the pathological mechanism of ADHD. We investigate the relationship between attention and working memory in ADHD adults. Both the N2pc and CDA are reduced in ADHD adults compared with normal controls. The reduced N2pc is correlated with the reduced CDA in ADHD adults. Working memory deficits in adults with ADHD may be related to attention deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Luo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qihua Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Switching attention from internal to external information processing: A review of the literature and empirical support of the resource sharing account. Psychon Bull Rev 2019; 26:468-490. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-019-01568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Flint S, Pammer K. It is the egg, not the chicken; dorsal visual deficits present in dyslexia are not present in illiterate adults. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:69-83. [PMID: 30592104 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals with dyslexia demonstrate deficits in reading, visual attention, and visual processing which can be attributed to a functional failure of the magnocells in the visual system or in the dorsal visual pathway. The study examines the role of magno/dorsal function in dyslexic adults compared with normal, illiterate, and semi-literate readers. Coherent motion and coherent form were used in Experiment 1, and the frequency doubling illusion and static-gratings were used in Experiment 2. If a magno/dorsal deficit is demonstrated for dyslexic readers but not illiterate, semi-literate, and normal reading adults, then the deficit cannot be attributed to reading experience. Illiterate adults performed the same as normal and semi-literate readers in coherent motion and frequency doubling tasks, and all three groups performed better than the dyslexic readers. There was no difference between any of the groups in the coherent form or static grating tasks. Together, these studies show that illiterate and semi-literate adults do not demonstrate a magno/dorsal deficit that is a characteristic of some sufferers of dyslexia. Therefore, magno/dorsal deficits in dyslexia are unlikely to be a consequence of failing to learn to read but rather provides evidence to suggest a causal role for reduced visual magno/dorsal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Flint
- The Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kristen Pammer
- The School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Fan Y, Yue X, Xue F, Cui J, Brauth SE, Tang Y, Fang G. Auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism and left telencephalic dominance in Xenopus laevis. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/12/bio035956. [PMID: 30509903 PMCID: PMC6310876 DOI: 10.1242/bio.035956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in both vocalization and auditory processing have been commonly found in vocal animals, although the underlying neural mechanisms associated with sexual dimorphism of auditory processing are not well understood. In this study we investigated whether auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism in Xenopus laevis. To do this we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by white noise (WN) and conspecific calls in the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon respectively. Results showed that (1) the N1 amplitudes evoked in the right telencephalon and right diencephalon of males by WN are significantly different from those evoked in females; (2) in males the N1 amplitudes evoked by conspecific calls are significantly different from those evoked by WN; (3) in females the N1 amplitude for the left mesencephalon was significantly lower than for other brain areas, while the P2 and P3 amplitudes for the right mesencephalon were the smallest; in contrast these amplitudes for the left mesencephalon were the smallest in males. These results suggest auditory perception is sexually dimorphic. Moreover, the amplitude of each ERP component (N1, P2 and P3) for the left telencephalon was the largest in females and/or males, suggesting that left telencephalic dominance exists for auditory perception in Xenopus. Summary: Investigation of auditory neural mechanisms in the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) indicates that auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism and left telencephalic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Fan
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizi Yue
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 26 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven E Brauth
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhan Fang
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Multiple high-reward items can be prioritized in working memory but with greater vulnerability to interference. Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 80:1731-1743. [PMID: 29968084 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-018-1543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emerging literature indicates that working memory and attention interact in determining what is retained over time, though the nature of this relationship and the impacts on performance across different task contexts remain to be mapped. In the present study, four experiments examined whether participants can prioritize one or more high-reward items within a four-item target array for the purposes of an immediate cued recall task, and the extent to which this mediates the disruptive impact of a postdisplay to-be-ignored suffix. All four experiments indicated that endogenous direction of attention toward high-reward items results in their improved recall. Furthermore, increasing the number of high-reward items from one to three (Experiments 1-3) produces no decline in recall performance for those items, while associating each item in an array with a different reward value results in correspondingly graded levels of recall performance (Experiment 4). These results suggest the ability to exert precise voluntary control in the prioritization of multiple targets. However, in line with recent outcomes drawn from serial visual memory, this endogenously driven focus on high-reward items results in greater susceptibility to exogenous suffix interference, relative to low-reward items. This contrasts with outcomes from cueing paradigms, indicating that different methods of attentional direction may not always result in equivalent outcomes on working memory performance.
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Searching for auditory targets in external space and in working memory: Electrophysiological mechanisms underlying perceptual and retroactive spatial attention. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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50
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Beyond time and space: The effect of a lateralized sustained attention task and brain stimulation on spatial and selective attention. Cortex 2018; 107:131-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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