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Rural Architectural Planning and Landscape Optimization Design under the Background of Ecological Environment Protection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:5901718. [PMID: 36120145 PMCID: PMC9481344 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5901718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ecological problems faced by China’s environmental protection are becoming more and more serious. Serious haze occurs frequently in some areas. Water pollution, soil pollution, and other new types of pollution are still relatively prominent problems. Therefore, rural architectural planning and landscape optimization design should be based on the premise of ecological environmental protection. This paper puts forward the evaluation of rural architectural planning and landscape in the context of ecological environment protection and uses the analytic hierarchy process to analyze and obtain the evaluation results. This method has a comprehensive and scientific powerful evaluation function. The experimental results of this paper show that after the evaluation of the analytic hierarchy process, it is found that the comprehensive score of the architectural planning and landscape of village A is not very high. The highest weight is 0.3210, the landscape diversity score of street A is 1.28, and the landscape diversity score of street D is 1.76. This is the highest score, indicating that the architectural planning and landscape of the village cannot meet the needs of contemporary ecological environmental protection. Aiming at the problems existing in the landscape, the corresponding measures are also given at the end of the experiment, which has certain significance for the landscape optimization design.
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Chan V, Merrett T, Landon J, Linden A, Joustra M. A Simple Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay for Triiodothyronine. Ann Clin Biochem 2016; 12:173-5. [PMID: 15637916 DOI: 10.1177/000456327501200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London
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Liewendahl K. Assessment of thyroid status by laboratory methods: Developments and perspectives. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519009085804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Thulin T, Abdulla M, Dencker I, Jägerstad M, Melander A, Nordén A, Scherstén B, Akesson B. Comparison of energy and nutrient intakes in women with high and low blood pressure levels. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 208:367-73. [PMID: 7457206 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1980.tb01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study found no link between the intake of energy and various nutrients, on the one hand, and high or low blood pressure (BP) in women, on the other. Sixty women not on treatment for hypertension were selected from a defined population and examined, applying the duplicate portion technique, with respect to the relationships between BP and the intake of energy and nutrients. They were selected from above the 95th percentile for BP (group A) and from below the 30th (group B). The two groups were age-matched. The food sampling comprised six days, divided into three periods of two consecutive days within a period of four weeks. Twenty-four hour urine specimens were collected in each period and on two other occasions. The mean values for intake of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrates, minerals and electrolytes did not differ between the two groups despite the large differences in BP and obesity. The mean values for urinary excretion of minerals, electrolytes and nitrogen (calculated as crude protein) did not differ between groups. The present findings for the effect of salt on BP do not justify restriction of the salt intake as a means for decreasing BP in the population.
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Johansen K, Hansen JM, Skovsted L. Myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis: relations between clinical state and concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 204:361-4. [PMID: 717057 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1978.tb08455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical manifestations in thyrotoxic and myxoedematous subjects were assessed by clinical diagnostic score indices and related to the free thyroxine index (FT4I) and the free triiodothyronine index (FT3I), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and in the hypothyroid patients to serum thyrotropin (TSH) level. The clinical score index was significantly correlated to both FT4I and FT3I in both groups of patients. No difference existed in degree of correlation between the clinical score index, on the one hand, and FT3I and FT4I, on the other, in either thyrotoxic or myxoedematous subjects. The degree of correlation between clinical score index and FT3I and FT4I was higher than that between the thyroid hormones and BMR. The clinical score index thus appears to be a better indicator of severity of hyper- and hypothyroidism than BMR. Serum TSH concentration was not correlated to the clinical state.
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Johansen K, Hansen JM, Skovsted L. The preferential role of triiodothyronine in the regulation of basal metabolic rate in hyper- and hypothyroidism. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 204:357-9. [PMID: 717056 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1978.tb08454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The free triiodothyronine index (FT3I) was significantly correlated to basal metabolic rate (BMR) in hyperthyroid (r=+0.63, p less than 0.01) and hypothyroid patients (r=+0.61, p less than 0.05). Elimination of the effect of the free thyroxine index (FT4I) on the total correlation between BMR and FT3I by partial correlation analysis gave partial r=+0.60, p less than 0.01 in hyperthyroid patients and partial r=+0.43, p less than 0.1 in hypothyroid patients. The FT4I did not correlate to BMR in either hyper- or hypothyroid patients. These results point to triiodothyronine as the major regulator of BMR in hyper- and hypothyroidism.
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Westgren U, Burger A, Ingemansson S, Melander A, Tibblin S, Wåhlin E. Blood levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine: differences between children, adults, and elderly subjects. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 200:493-5. [PMID: 1015359 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb08271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The serum levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in children, adolescents, adults, and elderly subjects have been measured by radioimmunoassays. It was found that while the T4 levels were essentially equal in all age groups examined, the T3 levels were markedly different. In children and adolescents (1-15 years), high values were recorded; indeed, they exceeded the upper normal limit in adults (20-80 years). From the age of 20, the T3 levels remained unaltered until the age of 80, after which there was a further reduction, to values approaching the lower normal limit for T3 in middle-aged subjects. The findings emphasize that separate normal values must be established for different age groups, in order to avoid diagnostic misinterpretations and therapeutic failures.
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Farid NR, Moens H, Larsen B, Payne R, Saltman K, Fifield F, Ingram DW. HLA Haplotypes in Familial Graves’Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1980.tb00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Iritani N, Hosomi H, Fukuda H, Tada K, Ikeda H. Soybean protein suppresses hepatic lipogenic enzyme gene expression in Wistar fatty rats. J Nutr 1996; 126:380-8. [PMID: 8632209 DOI: 10.1093/jn/126.2.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of dietary soybean protein on lipogenic enzyme gene expression in livers of genetically fatty rats (Wistar fatty) have been investigated. When Wistar fatty rats and their lean littermates (7-8-wk old) were fed a casein or soybean protein isolate diet containing hydrogenated fat (4% hydrogenated fat plus 1% corn oil) or corn oil (5%) for 3 wk, the hepatic messenger RNA concentrations and activities of lipogenic enzymes were significantly lower in rats fed soybean protein than in those fed casein, regardless of genotype or dietary fat. The conversion rates of thyroxine to triiodothyronine by liver microsomes and plasma triiodothyronine concentrations were lower in the fatty rats than in the lean rats and were significantly greater in rats fed soybean protein than in those fed casein. Conversely, plasma and liver triacylglycerol concentrations were lower in soybean protein-fed fatty and lean rats than in those fed casein. The body weight was less in the fatty rats fed soybean protein than in those fed casein after 3 wk of feeding. Moreover, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids suppressed lipogenic enzyme gene expression in the lean rats but did not in the fatty rats. Dietary soybean protein appeared to be useful for the reduction of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Iritani
- Tezukayama Gakuin College, Osaka, Japan
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Miller DP, Everett ED, Hamory BH, Haibach H, Durham JB, Kier-Schroeder A. Rat bladder irrigation with PVP-I2. J Urol 1982; 127:1230-2. [PMID: 7087043 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)54304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite technical advances, Foley catheter associated urinary tract infections continue to be the leading cause of nosocomial infections. PVP-I2 has been shown to be nonirritating to abraded tissue and we have shown that dilute solutions are bactericidal for organisms causing Foley catheter associated urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the toxicity of PVP-I2 on the catheterized rat bladder and to measure the systemic absorption of I2. Bladder catheters were surgically placed into each of 3 groups of rats: group 1, catheters only; group 2, irrigation with PBS q.8h; and group 3, irrigation with a 1:3 dilution of a 10 per cent PVP-1 per cent I2 solution q-8h. One-half of each group was sacrificed at 1 and 2 weeks respectively. Photographs of mounted bladders and histologic sections were then graded by 3 independent observers. Blood for protein bound iodine (PBI), T3 and T4 levels was obtained before the study and at sacrifice. No difference in ulcerations, erythema or inflammation was noted. PBI was higher in group 3 rats at conclusion than group 1 and 2 (6.88 mg./dl. versus 3.42 mg./dl.) (p less than 0.05). There was no difference in T3 or T4 levels. In this study, PVP-I2 was no more toxic to the bladder than catheterization alone or irrigation with PBS.
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Farid NR, Buehler S, Russell NA, Maroun FB, Allerdice P, Smyth HS. Prolactinomas in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I. Relationship to HLA and carcinoid tumors. Am J Med 1980; 69:874-80. [PMID: 6108714 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(80)80013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Aakvaag A, Sand T, Opstad PK, Fonnum F. Hormonal changes in serum in young men during prolonged physical strain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1978; 39:283-91. [PMID: 710393 DOI: 10.1007/bf00421452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine response to severe physical strain including lack of sleep has been investigated in army personnel during a combat course of 5 days' duration. The thyroxine (T4) concentration in serum increased during the first 24 h, and then declined at a rate corresponding to a halflife of 7.6 days and on day 6 had reached the lowest level, 55 ng/ml. Triiodothyronine (T3) displayed a similar pattern, although an increase during the first 24 h could not be demonstrated. Within 48 h after the course T4 had returned to normal, whereas the serum level of T3 was significantly below the level before the course (p less than 0.05). The serum level of TSH was suppressed during the course. The serum level of prolactin was significantly suppressed and growth hormone was markedly elevated during the course with a significant negative correlation (r=-0.6) between the two. In agreement with a previous report, there was a rapid and sustained suppression of the serum level of testosterone to a mean level of 1.1 ng/ml on day 5. Short periods of sleep (3--6 h) were shown to be effective in reversing the changes described in this paper, especially for growth hormone, prolactin, and testosterone.
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Clark OH, Rollo D, Stroop J, Castner B, Rehfeld SJ, Loken HF, Deftos LJ. Sensitivity of the thyroid and parathyroid glands to radiation. J Surg Res 1978; 24:374-9. [PMID: 651332 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(78)90029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Campbell M, Hollander CS, Ferris S, Greene LW. Response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation in young psychotic children: a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1978; 3:195-201. [PMID: 100804 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(78)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Medeiros-Neto GA, Hollander CS, Knobel M, Imai I, Kataoka K. Effects of iodides on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in neurological endemic cretinism: evidence for compensated thyroidal failure in adult life. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1978; 8:213-8. [PMID: 639333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1978.tb01497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid function studies, performed after iodide administration to five patients with neurological endemic cretinism, were indicative of hypothyroidism. All five subjects had either a low serum thyroxine (T4) or a high basal thyrotrophin (TSH) level and a clearly exaggerated TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). These findings are in sharp contrast with those we have previously described in goitrous patients without cretinism from the same geographical area. One interpretation of our observations is that there is an underlying mild defect in thyroid hormone synthesis in endemic cretinism predisposing to iodine induced hypothyroidism.
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Caplan RH, Glasser JE, Davis K, Foster L, Wickus G. Thyroid function tests in elderly hyperthyroid patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1978; 26:116-20. [PMID: 624818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1978.tb01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several tests of thyroid function were performed in 35 hyperthyroid patients over the age of 65 (elderly). The results were compared to those of similar tests in 48 hyperthyroid patients under the age of 65 (young). Total serum thyroxine (T4) was within the normal range in 14 percent of the elderly and 11 percent of the young hyperthyroid patients. The free thyroxine index (FTI) was within the normal range in 11 percent of both groups. The triiodothyronine uptake (T3U) proved to be a poor test in both groups. Although elevation of the triiodothyronine (T3) level allowed a diagnosis of "T3-toxicosis" in 2 elderly and 3 young hyperthyroid patients, the T3 level was normal in 34 percent of the elderly and 13 percent of the young subjects. Correction of the T3 range for age reduced the number of normal T3 values to 12.5 percent in the elderly hyperthyroid patients. The 24-hour uptake of radioactive iodine was normal in 12 percent of the young hyperthyroid patients, 27 percent of the elderly patients with Graves' disease, and 70 percent of the elderly patients with toxic nodular goiter, despite recent readjustment of the normal range for the test. It is concluded that the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in the elderly may be difficult and that no single test can be relied upon to exclude the diagnosis.
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Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured by radioimmunoassay in Pronase hydrolysates of four lots each of 1- and 2-grain tablets of desiccated thyroid (Thyroid, Armour) and thyroglobulin (Proloid, Warner-Chilcott). The methodology used was verified by studies of tablets containing known quantities of T4 and T3. One grain of desiccated thyroid contained 12 +/- 1 and 64 +/- 3 microgram (mean +/- SD) of T3 and T4 per tablet, respectively (T4/T3 molar ratio, 4.3). A 1-grain tablet of thyroglobulin contained 16 +/- 2 and 55 +/- 5 microgram of T3 and T4, respectively with a T4/T3 ratio of 2.9. Two-grain tablets generally contained twice the quantity of T3 and T4 in the 1-grain preparations. The variation in T3 and T4 content between the four lots of each tablet strength for each product was 10% or less. These estimates of T3 and T4 content are 1.5- to 2-fold greater than those previously published. This difference probably results from the more sophisticated methodology now available which does not require chromatographic separation of T3 and T4 or iodometry. Using calculations based on published estimates of T4 and T3 absorption and of the T3/T4 potency ratio, it would appear that the T3 content of desiccated thyroid and thyroglobulin provide approximately 39% and 51%, respectively, of the thyromimetic activity of these two medications.
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Strömbom U, Svensson TH, Jackson DM, Engström G. Hyperthyroidism: specifically increased response to central NA-(alpha-)receptor stimulation and generally increased monoamine turnover in brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1977; 41:73-92. [PMID: 915501 DOI: 10.1007/bf01252966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Quihillalt L, Rolleri E, Malvano R. Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of plasma triiodothyronine. Clin Chim Acta 1976; 72:187-94. [PMID: 975574 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(76)90071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A direct radioimmunoassay method for circulating triiodothyronine was set up, using an insolubilized (cellulose-coupled) antiserum and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS) as a protein inhibitor. Particular attention was paid to the evaluation of changes in the physico-chemical properties of the antibody sites under the experimental conditions adopted: no substantial decrease of immunoreactivity was found to be associated with the insolubilization process, while complex effects following the use of protein inhibitors were observed. The standardized procedure was defined in terms of analytical reliability both by a comparison with a reference (charcoal-dextran) method and by evaluation of sensitivity, precision and accuracy.
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Distefano JJ, Fisher DA. Peripheral distribution and metabolism of the thyroid hormones: a primarily quantitative assessment. PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS. PART B: GENERAL & SYSTEMATIC PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 2:539-70. [PMID: 790402 DOI: 10.1016/0306-039x(76)90007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nye L, Yeo TH, Chan V, Goldie D, Landon J. Stability of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in biological fluids. J Clin Pathol 1975; 28:915-9. [PMID: 829832 PMCID: PMC475893 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.28.11.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The stability of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum has been investigated. Apparent levels of total thryroxine, as determined by two different protein-binding assays employing thyroxine-binding globulin as the binding protein, increased significantly in serum and plasma samples stored at room temperature and were signficantly lower in haemolysed samples. Values did not change significantly in samples stored at 4 degrees C, nor in samples stored at room temperature when determined by radioimmunoassay. Total triiodothyronine levels, as determined by radioimmunoassay, fell slightly on storage. Failure to appreciate the effect of storing samples at room temperature on apparent levels of total thyroxine, as determined by some protein-binding assays, could lead to an incorrect assessment of thyroid status.
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Gershengorn MC, Weintraub BD. Thyrotropin-induced hyperthyroidism caused by selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. A new syndrome of "inappropriate secretion of TSH". J Clin Invest 1975; 56:633-42. [PMID: 1159077 PMCID: PMC301911 DOI: 10.1172/jci108133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An 18-yr-old woman with clinical and laboratory features of hyperthyroidism had persistently elevated serum levels of immunoreative thyrotropin (TSH). During 11 yr of follow-up there had been no evidence of a pituitary tumor. After thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), there was a marked increase in TSH and secondarily in triiodothyronine (T3), the latter observation confirming the biologic activity of the TSH. Exogenous T3 raised serum T3 and several measurements of peripheral thyroid hormone effect, while decreasing serum TSH, thyroxine (T4), and thyroidal radioiodine uptake. After T3, the TRH-stimulated TSH response was decreased but was still inappropriate for the elevated serum T3 levels. Dexamethasone reduced serum TSH but did not inhibit TRH stimulation of TSH. Propylthiouracil reduced serum T4 and T3 and raised TSH. This patient represents a new syndrome of TSH-induced hyperthyroidism, differing from previous reports in the absence of an obvious pituitary tumor and in the responsiveness of the TSH to TRH stimulation and thyroid hormone suppression. This syndrome appears to be caused by a selective, partial resistance of the pituitary to the action of thyroid hormone. This case is also compared with previous reports in the literature of patients with elevated serum levels of immunoreactive TSH in the presence of elevated total and free thyroid hormones. A classification of these cases, termed "inappropriate secretion of TSH," is proposed.
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Abstract
This review summarizes all papers that have appeared on the gas chromatography of amino acids (including the iodoamino acids) and their enantiomers in the period 1956-mid-1974. It has been found that the methods used for analysis of amino acids can be divided into three classes: (1) degradative procedures and techniques for converting the amino acid into another chemical compound; (2) procedures based on esterification of the carboxyl group and derivatization of the a-amino and other reactive groups in at least two steps; and (3) procedures based on a simultaneous derivatization of the carboxyl and a-amino groups in one reaction medium. For the treatment of the amino acid or its alkyl ester, three approaches can be distinguished for the two latter cases, i.e., acylation, alkylation (including silylation) and condensation. Of the procedures used for the resolution of optical antipodes, two methods are discussed, namely analysis of diastereoisomers on optically inactive stationary phases and separation of enantiomers on optically active stationary phases.
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Abstract
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) has provided the tools for wide-reaching investigations that have changed and continue to change many important concepts of thyroid physiology and pathosphysiology. The RIA vor human thyrotropin (TSH) was developed in 1965; development of the RIA for triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), and, recently, thyrothropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroglobulin (Tg) followed. The capacity to measure nanogram and picogram concentrations with relative ease and speed has permitted the demonstration of dynamic relationships of the intrathyroidal and circulating thyroid hormones to each other and to the pituitary and hypothalamic regulating hormones. Evidence for the presence of cross-influences between TRH and other hypothalamic regulating hormones on the secretion of pituitary hormones has accumulated. The impact of the new information on clinical practice is now becoming evident. There is new appreciation of the value of assaying serum T3 and TSH concentrations in the clinical management of patients with disturbed function of the thyroid, pituitary, or hypothalamus. The necessary components for RIA performance can be purchansed separately or in kit form from commercial sources. With appropriate quality-control procedures, precise, sensitive, and reliable data can be generated. Awareness of the specific technical problems relating to the RIA of these hormones is absolutely necessary to assure reliable results. The availability of kits or their components permits the performance of these studies in the community hospital and in reliable commercial-service laboratories.
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Challand GS, Ratcliffe WA, Ratcliffe JG. Semi-automated radioimmunoassays for total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Clin Chim Acta 1975; 60:25-32. [PMID: 1126029 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(75)90176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Single stage semi-automated radioimmunoassays for total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are described which employ an automatic pipetting station, automatic gamma counter, and a programmable calculator with paper tape reader and printing facility. Both assays require only a small volume of unextracted serum, and are specific and sensitive. Their sample capacity, precision, speed, and cost are comparable with the measurement of serum protein-bound iodine. Both assays therefore have significant advantages over previous methods for the assessment of thyroid function in the diagnostic laboratory. A Simple method of automating the calculation of results is described, which is applicable to any radioimmunoassay in which the standard curve is approximately linear on a plot of the free/bound fraction against the antigen concentration. In addition, a general method is reported which reveals the relative contributions of intrinsic, systematic, and random error to radioimmunoassay precision.
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Abstract
The serum triiodothyronine concentration is superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Over a 14 month period fifty-five patients attending an endocrine clinic with suspected thyrotoxicosis of all degrees of severity had blood taken on initial attendance and the serum was stored for routine thyroid function tests and triiodothyronine estimation. The patients were followed up and forty-six proved to be toxic and seven to be euthyroid; two could not be classified. Analysis of the initial serum showed that the serum triiodothyronine concentration was superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in predicting the clinical outcome.
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Papers. Proc R Soc Med 1975. [DOI: 10.1177/003591577506800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramsden DB, Raw PJ, Carter PJ, Hoffenberg R. Estimation of tetraiodothyroacetate in human serum. Proc R Soc Med 1975; 68:69-70. [PMID: 1166040 PMCID: PMC1863658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lawson AM, Ramsden DB, Raw PJ, Hoffenberg R. Mass spectrometric studies of thyroxine and related compounds. Trimethylsilyl derivatives. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1974; 1:374-80. [PMID: 4462873 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200010603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Ratcliffe WA, Challand GS, Ratcliffe JG. A critical evaluation of separation methods in radiommunoassay for total triiodothyronine and thyroxine in unextracted human serum. Ann Clin Biochem 1974; 11:224-9. [PMID: 4460845 DOI: 10.1177/000456327401100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methods for separating free and antibody-bound hormone in radioimmunoassays for total triiodothyronine (T-3) and thyroxine (T-4) in unextracted human serum are evaluated. For T-3 assay, a simplified second antibody technique has significant advantages over other methods and gives a mean interassay coefficient of variation of 7.2% over a wide range of values. For T-4 assay, polyethylene glycol is the method of choice and has a mean interassay coefficent of variation of 4.7%. By adding the separating agents initially, the assays are readily semi-automated and may be completed within a working day.
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36
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Chopra IJ. A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3). J Clin Invest 1974; 54:583-92. [PMID: 4211761 PMCID: PMC301591 DOI: 10.1172/jci107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly specific antiserum to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T(3), rT(3)) was prepared by immunization of rabbits with D,L-rT(3)-human serum albumin conjugate. Of the various thyroid hormone derivatives tested, only 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T(2)) cross-reacted significantly (10%) with rT(3)-binding sites on the antiserum, while thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)) cross-reacted by less than 0.1%. The antiserum was used in a simple, sensitive, precise, and reproducible radioimmunoassay (RIA) for measurement of rT(3) in ethanolic extracts of serum. The dose-response curves of inhibition of the binding of [(125)I]rT(3) to antibody obtained by serial dilutions of serum extracts were essentially parallel to the standard assay curve. Recovery of nonradioactive rT(3) added to serum before extraction averaged 93%. Serum rT(3) concentrations were found to be (mean+/-SD) 41+/-10 ng/100 ml in 27 normal subjects, 103+/-49 ng/100 ml in 22 hyperthyroid patients, 19+/-9 ng/100 ml in 12 hypothyroid patients, and 54+/-7 ng/100 ml in five subjects with elevated serum thyroxine-binding globulin: the values in each of the latter three groups of individuals were significantly different from normal. Reverse T(3) was detected regularly in normal or supranormal concentrations in serum of 12 hypothyroid patients rendered euthyroid or mildly hyperthyroid by treatment with synthetic T(4). It is suggested that serum rT(3) values noted here should be taken to reflect the relative changes in serum rT(3) rather than its absolute values in health and thyroid disease. True serum rT(3) may be somewhat different because: (a) D.L-rT(3) employed in the standard curve and L-rT(3) present in human serum may react differently with anti-D,L-rT(2). (b) Even though 3,3'-T(2), which cross-reacted 10% in rT(3) RIA, has been considered unlikely to be present in human serum, it may circulate in low levels. (c) Cross-reaction of T(4) in rT(3) RIA of 0.06% although small, could contribute to RIA estimates of rT(2); the effect of T(4) would be particularly important in case of serum of hyperthyroid patients. Thus, serum rT(3) concentration in hyperthyroid patients averaged 89+/-48 mug/100 ml after correction for cross-reaction effects of T(4): this value was about 14% lower than that before correction (see above). Serum rT(3) concentration in cord sera of seven newborns averaged 136+/-19 ng/100 ml; it was clearly elevated and within the range of values seen in hyperthyroid patients. This was the case when the mean T(4) concentration in the newborn cord sera was moderately higher than normal and about one-half that in hyperthyroid patients, whereas serum T(3) was markedly below the normal adult level. A Pronase hydrolysate of thyroglobulin prepared from pooled normal thyroid glands contained 0.042, 3.0, and 0.16 mug/mg protein of rT(3), T(4), and T(3), respectively. The various data suggest that: (a) rT(3) is a normal component of human serum and thyroglobulin: (b) peripheral metabolism of T(4) is an important source of the rT(3) present in serum: (c) peripheral conversion of T(4) to T(3) and rT(3) may not necessarily be a random process.
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Brown ML, Metheany J. Use of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid in radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63:1214-7. [PMID: 4212507 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600630809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Gautvik KM, Tashjian AH, Kourides IA, Weintraub BD, Graeber CT, Maloof F, Suzuki K, Zuckerman JE. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is not the sole physiologic mediator of prolactin release during suckling. N Engl J Med 1974; 290:1162-5. [PMID: 4207375 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197405232902103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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40
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Malkus H, Donabedian RK. Triiodothyronine radioimmunoassay: a study of the interactions of T3 with anti-T3 antisera and with thyroxine binding globulin in the presence of ANS (ammonium-8-anilino naphthalene-1-sulfonate). Clin Chim Acta 1974; 51:191-8. [PMID: 4208118 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Beckers C, Cornette C, Thalasso M. Serum L-triiodothyronine radioimmunoassay: measurements in normal subjects and in thyroid patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1974; 1:121-9. [PMID: 4406090 DOI: 10.1016/0047-0740(74)90016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nelson JC, Weiss RM, Lewis JE, Wilcox RB, Palmer FJ. A multiple ligand-binding radioimmunoassay of diiodotyrosine. J Clin Invest 1974; 53:416-22. [PMID: 11344555 PMCID: PMC301484 DOI: 10.1172/jci107575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (DIT) in serum. DIT was coupled to porcine thyroglobulin (PTg) with a molar ratio of 205:1. Rabbits were immunized with 1 mg of immunogen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Sera were screened for their ability to bind trace amounts of [125I]DIT. A serum that bound 40% of the tracer at a final dilution of 1:1,750 was used in the assay. Assay specificity was improved by the use of thyroxine (T4)-binding globulin as a second ligand-binding protein to decrease T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) cross-reactivity with the antibody. Double antibody and polyethylene glycol radioimmunoassays were compared. DIT present in the second antiserum shifted the double antibody assay standard curve and altered estimates of assay specificity and assay sensitivity. By using the polyethylene glycol system and butanol:ethanol extracts of serum, DIT was measured in human serum. In 35 apparently healthy young adult controls DIT levels averaged 156 ng/100 ml. Random DIT levels averaged 158 ng/100 ml in 11 untreated hyperthyroid patients and 84 ng/100 ml in 15 untreated primary hypothyroid patients. No diurnal pattern in DIT levels could be demonstrated. Thyroid-stimulating hormone administration led to a variable but small rise in DIT levels, but short term T3 suppression was not associated with a measurable fall in DIT concentrations. Paired serum samples from the carotid artery and thyroid vein of 10 euthyroid goiter patients and one patient with a toxic solitary adenoma all showed a positive transthyroidal gradient indicating the thyroidal release of DIT in each patient. Measurable DIT levels of 45, 47, 68, and 80 ng/100 ml, respectively, were found in four fasting athyrotic patients indicating that the thyroid is not the only source of serum DIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Nelson
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
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Postmes TH, Van Hout J, Saat G, Willems P, Coenegracht J. A radioimmunoassay study and comparison of seasonal variation in plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in normal healthy persons. Clin Chim Acta 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Übersichten. Clin Chem Lab Med 1974. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1974.12.11.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Samuels HH, Tsai JS. Thyroid hormone action in cell culture: domonstration of nuclear receptors in intact cells and isolated nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:3488-92. [PMID: 4357872 PMCID: PMC427265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triiodothyronine and thyroxine induce a 3-fold increase in the rate of growth of GH(1) cells in culture. To study further the action of these hormones, we examined the binding of [(125)I]triiodothyronine and purified [(125)I]thyroxine to cellular fractions after incubation with intact cells in serum-free medium. High-affinity, low-capacity binding sites for the hormones were demonstrated in nuclear but not in mitochondrial or cytosol fractions. Chromatographic analysis of the bound nuclear radioactivity from cells incubated with [(125)I]thyroxine demonstrated 97% thyroxine, 1% iodide, and 1% triiodothyronine. Apparent equilibrium dissociation constants, determined by Scatchard analysis, were 29 pM for triidothyronine and 260 pM for thyroxine. The maximal binding capacity was identical for both hormones, with about 5000 sites per cell nucleus. [(125)I]Thyroxine binding was competitively inhibited by triiodothyronine. These data suggest that triiodothyronine and thyroxine interact with identical nuclear receptors, and that conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine may not be a prerequisite for biologic activity. Similar high-affinity, low-capacity nuclear binding sites were also demonstrated by incubation of [(125)I]triidothyronine directly with isolated nuclei. Incubation of cells with increasing concentrations of nonradioactive triidothyronine results in a subsequent increase in binding when [(125)I]triiodothyronine is then incubated directly with isolated nuclei. This result suggests that nuclear receptors are not fixed, but increase after exposure of intact cells to hormone. This increase in nuclear receptor content may result from the transfer of an unstable cytosol receptor to the nucleus.
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47
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48
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Samuels HH, Tsai JS, Cintron R. Thyroid hormone action: a cell-culture system responsive to physiological concentrations of thyroid hormones. Science 1973; 181:1253-6. [PMID: 4737760 DOI: 10.1126/science.181.4106.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cells from a rat pituitary tumor cell line will respond in vitro to physiological concentrations of L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine. The cells are grown in a cultutre medium that contains serum from a hypothyroid calf. Dose-response relationships of a vacriety of thyronine derivatives indicate that this system has a specificity of response which is similar to that observed in vitro.
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50
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Shenkman L, Medeiros-Neto GA, Mitsuma T, Monteiro K, Penna M, Pupo AA, Hollander CS. Evidence for hypothyroidism in endemic cretinism in Brazil. Lancet 1973; 2:67-70. [PMID: 4123620 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)93262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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